TEST FOUR NOTES

AMERICAN MIGRATION

9/10/13

World History Standard 8The student will demonstrate

an understanding of the development of

societies in Central and South America.

A. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca

empires.

B. Compare the culture of the Americas; include government,

economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

• How did the Olmec influence later Meso-American cultures?

last Ice Age migrated from Asia to the Americas

land-bridgeBering Strait.

water body had frozen over animals begin to migrate south

grazing land. food source.

series of waves different people groups.

thousands of years. moved as far south as South

America and stayed as far north as Canada.

earliest traces of farming Western Hemisphere

south-central and northeastern Mexico, along the coast of Peru,

and in the southwestern US. Farming began about the same

time in both hemispheres, but was adopted more gradually in the

Americas.

plow late invented here; no animals large enough

wheel

agriculture productive enough support village life and the

beginnings of towns. By the time of the arrival of Columbus

in 1492, tribes were largely dependent on farming for their

food supply.

None of the inhabitants of the Americas learned to make iron. Copper was used only rarely

to make tools.

Gold and silver were widely known. Jewelry from the

America’s amazed European artists and artisans when they

saw it for the first time.

By about 1500 B.C. the peoples along the coast of Peru

and in central Mexico were beginning to live in villages. By

1,000 B.C. trading centers began to appear. The earliest of these cultures (in Mexico) is

called the Olmec.

These people left giant stone heads and many objects made of jade. There is also evidence that the Olmecs had priests and

worshipped a god that looked like a jaguar.

Near the modern city of Oaxaca (wah-HAH-kah) in Mexico is

Monte Alban, a high hill topped by ceremonial structures that

may be as ancient as the Olmecs.

Here human sacrifice was practiced. Both the Olmec

culture and the Monte Alban cultures appear to have been

devastated by civil war.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7MvBf3mFLI&feature=related

Crossword Puzzles

chapters 10 & 11

ESSENTIAL QUESTION9/11/13

• What brought the Aztecs to the America’s?

most advanced culture Americas Maya.

tropical lowlands of southern Mexico and Central America

1,000 BC. By 300 BC they were building steep pyramids.

The Maya were advanced astronomy.

predict solar eclipses devised a calendar accurate Europe at that time. counting

system and a writing system. The chief Mayan city was Chichen Itza

(chee-CHEN- eet-ZAH)

farming practices were very simple they were very

productive. high standard of living

usually peaceful, although there is evidence that in extended

periods of drought they would make human sacrifices to please

the gods and bring rain.

800 AD the civilization suddenly declined sharply. not sure

whether this is because of a war, or their farming techniques

just wore out the soil.

1100 AD Central Mexico was invaded from the north by a people called the Toltecs

(TAHL_tecks). Yucatan Peninsula and there

they met the Mayas.

The influence of the Toltecs on the Maya was noticeable. The Toltecs also built pyramids, and introduced the working of gold

and silver.

spread the worship of their god Quetzalcoatl

(ket-sahl-koh-AT l), the feathered serpent. The Toltecs practiced human

sacrifice and loved warfare.

1200 AD invasions of Central Mexico Aztecs.

wandering warriors, fighting for whoever would pay them.

Mercenaries

legend priests saw a sign from their god, and that sign

would be an eagle sitting on a cactus eating a serpent.

an island in Lake Texcoco, in Mexico.

Built city Tenochtitlan. 1325 power grew

dominated central Mexico. causeways and stone

foundations expand their city great pyramids, marketplaces,

and palaces.

Aztecs perfected farming on floating artificial islands

chinampas. greatest period Tenochtitlan over 100,000

people living in it.

Aztec society was dominated by the military. Warfare carried the most prestige and led to

wealth and power.

They believed that the sun would not move in the sky without human sacrifices being made to it, and their

god of war demanded human sacrifices also.

The victims were captives from defeated tribes, and hundreds

were put to death each year. In 1478, there is evidence of 20,000 sacrifices that year.

Study for Benchmark!

CE due Thursday!

Terms Quiz Friday!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4oPY-nDTvo

World History Standard 8The student will demonstrate an

understanding of the development of

societies in Central and South America.

A. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca

empires.

B. Compare the culture of the Americas; include government,

economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE3TVVetX_8&feature=related

ESSENTIAL QUESTION9/16/13

• What caused the decline of the Meso-American cultures?

INCAS

• About the same time the Aztecs were in Mexico, another group was building a civilization in the Andes Mountains of South America. The religion of these tribes was based on sun worship.

Their name – Incas – meant “children of the Sun”. By the late 1400’s it extended along

most of the west coast of South America and far into the Andes covering what is today Peru,

Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile.

In the Inca Empire everything belonged to the Inca Ruler. The

capital was Cuzco, known as the “City of the Sun”.

The Incas built fortresses and irrigation systems and laid

paved roads from one end of their realm to the other. Pack

animals carried goods and swift runners carried news to the Inca

capital.

They had food storage areas if crops failed to prevent local famine. They had a public

school system

The result was that the Inca language (Quechua – Kech-wah) is still spoken today by

millions of native people in four South American countries.

The Incas did not have a system of writing. They did

keep records by means of the quipu – a kind of knotted string

that was used to assist the memory.

They were quite advanced in the practice of medicine,

anesthetics and even brain surgery.

Both the Inca and Aztec empires were brought to a

sudden end by the Spanish conquest.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKeB82retLs&feature=related

World History Standard 5The student will trace the

origins and expansion of the Islamic World

between 600 CE and 1300 CE.

A. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire.

B. Identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe, and Africa and assess the economic impact of

this trade.

C. Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shia/Shiitte Muslims.

D. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in medicine

(Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta).

9/13/13 ESSENTIAL QUESTION

• What led to the split of the Muslim religion?

MUSLIM WORLD• South of the Fertile Crescent is the great

peninsula of Arabia. The Arabs who lived here were nomadic and they were called the Bedouin.

They lived in tribes and were ruled by a sheik or chief. Some of the coastal areas got rainfall

and could support more people. Towns sprung up in these

areas.

Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born in Mecca in

572 AD. orphaned youth in poverty

no school

He was a camel driver and a caravan trader. But, he

belonged to the Koreish, one of the distinguished Arabian tribes.

He married a wealthy widowdays in leisure

At that time, certain Arabian tribes had adopted Judaism and

Christianity, idol worship

Muhammad would annually go to Mt. Hira to meditate and

pray. When he was 40 Muhammad had a great religious experience. He

believed that the archangel Gabriel ordered him to preach

to the Arabs.

Muhammad considered himself a prophet or teacher.

His teachings were bitterly opposed by the rulers of Mecca and fearing for his life he and

his followers fled to the town of Medina.

In Medina he made many converts and became the leader

of the community. In a few years he returned to Mecca with an army and captured the city.

He then converted many of the Bedouin tribes to his religion. By 632 (when Muhammad died) most of Arabia was

Islam.

followers wrote down his words and visions (direct from Allah). In 645 A.D. ( ten years- death, 'Ali (Mohammad's brother in law) created the book of the

Qur'an, (Koran) which has 114 chapters, and 6236 verses.

TUE – 9/17/13

What led to the split of the Muslim religion?

Mohammed - alive, Muslims granted - provide them the best

guidance in Islam.

death left the Muslims in a state of serious confusion, because

(at least in view of the majority), the Prophet did not give any

guidance regarding his successor.

did agree The successor - not be another prophet.

They believed Mohammed was the only true prophet of Allah.

Abu Bakr, was elected as successor. He took the title of Khakifa ("Caliph" in English).

This branch of the Islamic faith is called the Sunnis.

The Sunnis claimed that the only mediator between believers

and Allah was the Quran.

minority group in Medina who believed that 'Ali b Abi Talib, first

cousin and son in law of Mohammed (married to

Mohammed's daughter Fatima), was better qualified than any other

candidate

This minority group came to be known as the Shi'at 'Ali (the

party of Ali) and then simply as the Shia or Shiitte.

Shiittes - a direct descendent of Muhammad (rather than the

Quran) was the proper mediator between Allah and his believers.

called the Imam.

Five Pillars of IslamThere are 5 things that all

Muslims must do.

– 1. They must say the Muslim Creed: Allah is the one true god and Muhammad is his Prophet.

• 2. They must pray 5 times a day. Always facing toward the city of Mecca.

3. They must give to the poor.4. They must fast during the

month of Ramadan. (Can’t eat or drink for the entire month from sun-up to sundown). They are supposed to pray during meal

times to get closer to Allah.

5. Must make at least one trip to the city of Mecca in their lifetime (if possible) to visit

Mohammed’s birthplace.

Thur 9/19/13

EQ –

How did the Muslim religion affect the culture of the Middle

East?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZDe9DCx7Wk

SILK ROADS1252

father and uncleNiccolò and Maffeo Polo

Constantinople1264 – Kublai Khan

Marco Polo 1271 - Mongolia

17 years oldTibet – China

17 years

government tightly organized. rulers had great authority, title Caliph. As the empire grew it

was divided into three parts called caliphates.

The 3 caliphates were: Persia - Baghdad; Egypt - Cairo, and

Spain - Cordova

Goods from India and China had been brought across the Indian Ocean to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea; then carried across land to Syria and the Egyptian cities of

Cairo and Alexandria

The empire produced silk, cotton, and linen textiles, as

well as carpets and tapestries. They had jewelry,

spices, gold, silver, brass, and steel swords from

Damascus became world famous.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpMxhsNYJ0g&feature=relmfu

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) was Persian – Islamic Russia. Child prodigy – 10 reciting the Quran.Great doctor and philosopher

Canon of Medicine600 years

nerves responsible for muscle pain

disease can spread through water and soil

Ibn BattutaMorocco (Berber)– spent 30

years traveling the world1325 - 1354

73,000 miles –

THE TURKS

• In the 1300’s a group of Turks appeared. They were called the Ottoman Turks after their first ruler Osman.

Ottoman success in battle and in government was due in part to a group of slaves known as

the Janissaries.

Many of the Janissaries were taken as children from Christian families.

They became an army of disciplined soldiers. They also served as bodyguards to the Turkish rulers (sultans). The Ottoman Turks will conquer

Constantinople, and then spread east to India.

Fri 9/20/13ESSENTIAL QUESTION

• What impact did Clovis have on the spreading of Christianity among the Germanic tribes?

MEDIEVAL EUROPE

• When the Roman Empire fell apart in the 400’s Western Europe was overrun by Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths and Vandals.

But the most important were the Franks. They first entered the

Roman Empire in the 300’s, near the mouth of the Rhine

River. They settled in northern Gaul (what is today Belgium

and the Netherlands).

In 481 a ruler of great ability became king of the Frankish

tribes. His name was Clovis. He was brutal, but an excellent

military leader.

He soon conquered the other Frankish tribes and controlled

all of northern Gaul. A few years after Clovis became King

he was influenced by his Christian wife Clotilda.

He promised to accept her religion if he won a certain

battle. He did win, and not only kept his vow but forced 3,000 of

his warriors to be baptized.

Clovis became a strong supporter of Christianity, and he and his Franks gained the

support of the church.

Later he conquered southwestern Gaul from the Visigoths and ruled most of present-day France. (Which

took its name from the Franks).

Test four

Mon (SORRY!)

3/11/13