Post on 06-Sep-2019
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teri g. jordeni da lester rountri: (Terry G. Jorden, Lester Rowntree)
“adamianTa mozaika: Tematuri Sesavali kulturis geografiaSi”
ZiriTadi sakiTxbi, romlebsac avtorebi ixilaven Semdegia:
1) ra aris kulturis geografia – kulturuli geografiis arsi;
2) adamianebi dedamiwaze (demografiuli regionebi, difuzia, adamianis
evolucia, kulturuli integracia da mosaxleobis ganlagebis
Taviseburebebi, mosaxleobis landSafti – gansaxlebis Taviseburebebi.);
3) sasoflo-sameurneo msoflio (sasoflo-sameurneo regionebi; kulturuli
difuzia, sasoflo-sameurneo ekologia, kulturuli integracia soflis
meurneobaSi; sasoflo-sameurneo landSafti)
4) politikuri Taviseburebebi (politikur-kulturis regionebi; politikuri
inovaciebis difuzia; politikuri ekologia; kulturuli integracia
politikur geografiaSi; politikuri landSafti)
5) enebis babiloni (lingvistur-kulturuli regionebi, lingvisturi
difuzia; lingvisturi ekologia; lingvistur-kulturuli integracia;
lingvisturi landSaftebi – saxelebi sivrceSi)
6) religiuri regionebi (religiur-kulturuli regionebi; religiis
difuzia; religiuri ekologia; kulturuli integracia religiaSi,
religiuri landSaftebi)
7) xalxuri kulturis geografia (religia, difuzia, ekologia, integracia,
landSafti)
8) popularul kulturis geografia (religia, difuzia, ekologia,
integracia, landSafti)
9) eTnikuri geografia (regionebi, difuzia da eTnikuri jgufebi, ekologia
da eTnikuroba, integracia da eTnikuroba, eTnikuri landSaftebi)
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10) qalaqi drosa da sivrceSi, qalaqis warmoSoba da difuzia, saqalaqo
landSaftebis evolucia, ekologia da qalaqis mdebareoba, kulturuli
integracia saqalaqo geografiaSi)
11) saqalaqo mozaika (saqalaqo kulturuli regionebi; kulturuli difuzia
qalaqebSi; qalaqis kulturuli ekologia; kulturuli integracia da
qalaqis modelebi; qalaqis landSaftebebi)
12) mrewveloba da satransporto qseli (Ways of transportation):
industriuli revoluciis warmoSoba da difuzia
industriuli ekologia
industriuli komponenti kulturis integraciaSi
industriuli landSaftebi
13) kulturis geografia da globaluri problemebi (A case study approach):
problemuri midgoma (geografebi da mosaxleobis globaluri krizisi;
globaluri sasursaTo krizisi; globaluri energetikuli krizisi)
amrigad avtorebi kulturul-geografiul midgomas iyeneben Semdegi
tradiciuli sakiTxebis mimarT – mosaxleoba, soflis meurneoba, politika,
enebi, religiebi, xalxuri da popularuli kultura, eTnikuroba, qalaqebi,
mrewveloba, globaluri problemebi.
praqtikulad yvela sakiTxi Tematurad aris ganxiluli. es Temebi (an
ufro zustad, koncefciebi Semdegia:
kulturis regioni;
kulturuli difuzia;
kulturuli ekologia
kulturuli integracia da
kulturuli landSafti.
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ian SCepalski – kulturis Sesaxeb
(ian Scepanski: sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi (gv. 38))
Zneli warmosadgenia ufro mravalmniSvnelovani da gavrcelebuli
termini vidre “kultura”. sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi, filosofiaSi,
yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi mas gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba eZleva. arsebobs
misi aRwerilobiTi da SefasebiTi gamoyeneba. SefasebiTia, rodesac
adamianze amboben rom is kulturulia. mecnierebaSi aRwerilobiTi meTodi
gamoiyeneba – anu kulturas iyeneben sagnebis, movlenis, procesebi
garkveuli klasebis aRsawerad.
Tavidan sitya cultura – laTinurad niSnavda (miwis = agri “damuSavebas”).
am mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba biologiur da sasoflo-sameurneo
mecnierebebSi (magaliTad arsebobs cnebebi – “mcenareebis gakultureba”,
“baqteriebis kultura”). sxva mniSvnelobiT “kultura” niSnavs adamianuri
TvisebebiT da qcevis wesebiT gakeTilSobilebas. mesame mniSvneloba
(adreul filosofiaSi) kulturaSi gulisxmobdnen “yvelafers imas, rac
TavisiT ar izrdeba, aramed Seqmnilia adamianis mizanmimarTuli azrovnebis
da moqmedebis Sedegad” – amrigad kultura moicavs yvelafers materialurs
da aramaterialurs, rac Seuqmnia adamians. am gagebiT kulturas
ganekuTvneba nebismieri umciresi sagani, rac gaukeTebia kacs (mag. kaJis
iaraRi), nebismieri idea romelic kacis tvinSi Caisaxa da SemdgomSi
gamosaxuleba hpova sagnis, sityvis naweris, Canaxatisa da sxva saxiT
faqtobrivad es dayofa “bunebisa” da “kulturis” Soris safuZvlad daedo
sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul mecnierebad dayofas (science and art).
xandaxan “kulturis” cnebas kidev ufro aviwroeben: igi warmoadgens
ara yvelafers, rac Seuqmnia adamians, aramed misi “umaRlesi” qmnilebebi –
mecniereba, xelovneba, literatura, religia, politikuri da socialuri
ideebi, gakeTilSobilebuli Cveulebebi.
arsebobs dayofa materialur kulturad, romelsac xandaxan
“civilizacias” uwodeben. esaa im sagnebis erToblioba, romlebic
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cxovrebis materialur moTxovnilebebs uzrunlvelyofen – Sromis
iaraRebi, sacxovrebeli, tansacmeli, transportisa da komunikaciis
saSualebebi. “sulier kulturad” ki miiCneven yvelafers rac Seqmnilia
sulieri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. – esaa ideebis, Cveulebebis
simboloebis, dawesebulebebis, institutebis erToblioba (mag.: qorwinebis
instituti, xelisuflebis institutebi, samarTali, eTika, esTetika da a.S.)
magram sinamdvileSi mkafio mijna materialur da sulier kulturebs Soris
ar arsebobs: naTelia, rom yvelaferi rac sagnad iqna qceuli adamianis
mier, adre ideis saxiT arsebobda mis tvinSi.
sociologiaSi miRebulia, rom kultura esaa adamianis saqmianobis
yvela materialuri da aramaterialuri produqti, faseuloba da qcevis
aRiarebuli normebi, romlebic miRebulia adamianTa erTobis mier da
gadaecema sxva erTobebs da momdevno Taobebs. amrigad, aq Cans, rom
kulturaSi Sedis materialuri produqtebic da faseulobaTa sistemac,
qcevis normebic da moqmedebis sistemebic. kulturis cnebaSi mniSvnelovania
is, rom arsebobs raRac, rac miRebulia (anda aqvs Sansi, rom miRebuli
iyos) mTeli socialuri jgufis mier, romelic SeiZleba gadaeces sxva
individebs an socialur jgufebs.
saWiro ganvasxvavoT erTobis kultura kulturuli memkvidreobisagan,
romelic Semdgom Taobas gadaecema. es ukanaskneli aris mxolod is nawili
sistemisa, romelmac gauZlo drois gamocdas. magaliTad dRevandeli moda
ar Sedis kulturul memkvidreobaSi anda mxolod samuzeumo eksponatis
saxiT Sedis masSi. magaliTad zogierTi idea, warmodgena, xelovnebisa da
literaturis nimuSebi, mecnierebis Teoriebi, arqiteqturis Zeglebi
Cveulebriv xdeba xolme kulturuli memkvidreobis safuZveli. es
memkvidreoba Zalian xSirad idealizacias ganicdis, faseulobaTa da
simboloTa wminda kompleqsad, romelic emociur damokidebulebas iwvevs
da amdenad xdeba jgufis integraciis faqtori, misi gaerTianebis
saSualeba, misi maradiulobisa da mdgradobis faqtori. Cvenis mxridan
davamatebdiT, rom aseT kulturul memkvidreobis magaliTad,
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qarTvelebisaTvis aris marTlmadidebeli eklesia, qarTuli mwignobroba,
TviT qarTvelobis idea.
rodesac romelime erTobis kulturas vikvlevT, Cven unda
SevimuSavod cnebebis garkveuli sistema imisaTvis, raTa kulturis Sinagani
struqtura gavaanalizoT da gamovikvlioT misi funqcionirebis
Taviseburebebi erTobis cxovrebaSi. amitom, Tavidanve unda gamovyoT
kulturis zogierTi farTo sfero, romelic Seesatyviseba individualuri
da jgufuri moTxovnilebebis calkeuli kompleqsebis dakmayofilebas.
esenia ekonomika da masTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis formebi; institutebi,
romlebic erToblivad cxovrebas aregulireben, iseTebi, rogoricaa,
samarTali, saxelmwifo, Cveulebebi, codna da mecniereba, ideologia,
xelovneba, religia. nebismieri erTobis kulturis analizi SeiZleba
daviwyoT am didi sferoebis mimoxilviT.
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kulturis cneba
Культура – лат. возделывание, воспитание, образование, развитие, почитание.
sazogadoebis (adaminis SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis da SesaZleblobebis)
ganviTarebis istoriulad ganpirobebuli done.
igi aisaxeba
cxovrebis organizaciasa da xalxis saqmianobis tipebsa da
formebSi.
xalxis mier Seqmnil materialur da sulier faseulobebSi
“kulturis” cneba gamoiyeneba dasaxasiaTeblad
“kultura” [viwro gagebiT – xalxis sulieri cxovrebis sfero]
Seicavs saqmianobis sagnobriv Sedegebs:
manqanebi, nagebobebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi
Semecnebis Sedegebi, morali, kanoni, uflebebis normebi
“kultura” SeiZleba iyos
aRwerilobiTi mecnierebaSi – sagnebis, movlenebis,
procesebis, garkveuli klasebis aRsawerad
SefasebiTi yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi – SefardebiTi,
kulturuli adamiani
istoriuli epoqis
antikuri kultura
aRorZinebis kultura
konkretuli
sazogadoebis xalxebis,
erebis
qarTuli kultura
maias kultura
cxovrebisa da
saqmianobis specifiuri
sferoebis
Sromis kultura
politikuri kultura
mxatvruli kultura
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“kulturis” sami mniSvneloba:
1. biologiuri/ sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebis gakultureba,
cxovelebis moSinaureba
2. adamianuri Tvisebebis da qcevis wesebis gakeTilSobileba
3. “yvelaferi is rac TavisiT ar izrdeba, aramed Seqmnilia adamianis
mizanmimarTuli azrovnebis da moqmedebis Sedegad”
“kultura” exeba or ZiriTad sferos:
materialuri kultura “civilizacia”: sagnebis erToblioba,
romlebic cxovrebis materialur
moTxovnilebebs uzrunvelyofs
(Sr. iaraRi, sacxovrisi, tansacmeli,
transporti, komunikaciis saSualebebi)
sulieri kultura “civilizacia”: cxovrebis sulieri
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad
magram ar arsebobs mkafio sazRvari maT Soris
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kulturis geografia
kulturis geografia – tradiciis Sesabamisad aris socialur
ekonomikuri - sazogadoebrivi geografiis qvedargi, romelic
fokusirebulia adamianis kulturis, rogorc materialuris, ise ara
materialuris, Tviseburebebze da urTierTqmedebaze, mis kavSirze bunebriv
garemosTan dReisaTvis termini “kulturuli geografia” moicavs
mravalferovan sferos, romelsac Zalian susti kavSiri aqvs tradiciul
midgomasTan.
kulturis geografiis ZiriTadi tradicia meoce saukuneSi amerikuli
iyo da kulturis geografia, rogorc sagani ufro a.S.S.-sa da kanadaSi
iswavleboda, vidre evropis universitetebSi (garda germaniisa). amerikul
geografiaSi didxans dominirebda karl zaueris (Carl Sauer) naSromebi,
romliTac cnobili iyo “berklis skola”. zauers aineteresebda adamianis
Carevis Sedegad gamowveuli bunebrivi garemos cvlilebebis gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionebSi, kerZod mcenareTa gakultureba
da cxovelTa moSinaureba; moSinaurebisa da gakulturebis Sedegebis
difuzia; meurneobis ekologia da hidrosainJinro saqmianoba, kultivaciis
tipebi; da yvela tipis adamianuri qceva, romlis geografiulad
gansxvavebul Sedegebsac vxedavT landSaftebSi. zaueri ekologiuri
poziciidan udgeboda dedamiwis gamoyenebas adamianis mier, Tumca is Rrmad
akritikebda geografiul determinisms, romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
amerikul geografiaSi am saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi. TviTon zauerze
gavlenas axdenda kulturis determinizmis koncefciebi, romlebis fesvebic
SeiZleba vipovnoT germanul inteleqtualur wyaroebSi, kerZod fridrix
ratcelis biologiur safuZvlebze agebul statiebSi. kulturis
zaueriseul gagebaze didi gavlena moaxdina aborigenuli kulturebis
amerikeli mkvlevaris antropolog a.l. kruberis Sromebma (Kroeber).
germanuli geografiidan man isesxa Landscheft-is koncefcia, romelic
inglisurad Targmna rogorc Landscape (landSafti). misi kulturuli
geografiis meTodi Camoyalibebuli iyo mis statiaSi “landSaftis
morfologia” (1925 w.) Tavis SromaSi amerikis samxreT-dasavleTisa da
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espanuri amerikis Sesaxeb zauerma moaxdina modificireba Tavisi adreuli
Tvalsazrisisa bunebrivi da kulturuli landSaftebs Soris gansxvavebaze
da Tavis kulturul geografiaSi yuradReba gaamaxvila mcenareTa
gakulturebaze da cxovelebis moSinaurebaze, inovaciebis difuziaze (anu
siaxleebis gavrcelebaze), igi ZiriTadad swavlobda sasoflo, xalxur
sazogadoebebs romlebsac istoriuli kuTxiT udgeboda.
Tavisi moRvaweobis bolo wlebSi zaueri SeSfoTebiT usvamda xazs,
rom adamianis mier dedamiwis gamoyeneba sul ufro destruqciuli xdeba: es
faqtobrivad win uswrebs Tanamedrove SeSfoTebas garemos degradaciis
gamo. am SeSfoTebam hpova gamoxatva, xolo zaueriseulma kulturulma
geografiam apoTeoss miaRwia Tomasis redaqciiT CikagoSi 1956 w. gamocemul
friad gavlenian wignSi “adamianis roli dedamiwis saxis SecvlaSi” (Man’s
role in changing the face of the Earth). es wigni Caisaxa konferenciaze, romlis
sulis Camdgmeli iyo karl zaueri. am wignis Tavebi da diskusia, romelic
mis gamosvlas mohyva, cxadyobs kulturuli geografiis zaueriseuli
koncefciis gaqanebas, mis miswrafebas iyos globaluri midgoma, magram
amasTanave aCvenebs koncefciis winaaRmdegobas Tanamedrove, urbanistuli
cxvorebis aspeqtebTan. kulturis geografiisadmi ekologiuri midgomis
mdgomareobas mowmobs is, rom bolo xanebSi xelaxla gadamowmda is
sakiTxebi, romlebic mimoxiluli iyo wignSi (Man’s role in changing the face of
the Earth) da gamoqveynda axali wigni imave problematikebze (ix. Turner - The
Earth as transformed by Human nation: global and regional changes in the biosphere over
the past 300 years. Cambridge C.U.P 1990). garda amisa zaueriseuli midgoma isev
dominirebs amerikuli universitetebis geografiuli departamentebis
kvelasa da swavlebaSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT da samxreT a.S.S.-Si.
“kulturis” zaueriseuli koncefcia Tanamedrove kulturo-
geografebis kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca, vinaidan aq ukenasknelni
cdiloben “daamiwon” kulturis idea warmoebisa da kvlavwarmoebis
socialur urTierTobebamde. (ase fiqroben, kostrouvi da piter jeqsoni).
mas Semdeg rac kulturis sakiTxebs centraluri mniSvneloba mieniWa
socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebSi, zogierT mecniers mieca
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saSualeba gamoecxadebina “axali kulturis geografia”, romelic ufro
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli socialur TeoriasTan, vidre biologiasTan
da istoriasTan. aseTi aris, magaliTad piter jeqsonis wigni “Maps of
meaning: can introduction to social geography, London 1992 (I edition, 1984)”.sinamdvileSi es zaueris ekologiasTan paralelurad ufro sxva midgomiT
gamoiyeneboda da adrec SeimCneoda: 1960-iani wlebidan p. vagneris redaqciiT
gamodioda seria “Foundations in culture geography” (kulturuli geografiis
safuZvlebi), romelSic ganxiluli iyo aseTi Temebi: kultura da
komunikacia: saxlis formebis simbolizmi da a.S.S.-s kulturuli
mravalferovneba. es asaxavda rogorc berklis skolis problematikas, ise
nawilobriv win uswrebda “axali” kulturuli geografiis amocanebsac. iyo
sxva Sromebic, romlebic ganixilavda, magaliTad evropis inteleqtualur
istorias mis kavSirSi garemosTan anda garemos mimarT damokidebulebas
istoriul WrilSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlac arsebobs ori midgomis gardamavali
Temebi, mainc SesaZlebelia mkafio gamijvna berklis skolasa da
kulturuli geografiis zogierTi axali mimarTulebisa (amaze werdnen
devid smiti da piter jeqsoni 1987 wels); berklis skolis SedarebiTma
dakninebam geografiaSi “raodenobrivi revoluciis” periodSi, romelic
centralur geografiul koncefciad miiCnevda sivrces nacvlad garemosi,
sabolood gamoiwvia kulturuli da socialuri geografiis daaxloeba.
lingvisturi Teoriis seriozulma gavlenam adamianis geografiaze
migviyvana ufro gaZlierebul interesamde kulturis mimarT, romelic
ganixileba rogorc socialuri mniSvnelobis dadgenis procesi. axali
kulturuli geografia pasuxobs Tanamedrove evropisa da CrdiloeT
amerikis qalaqebis “multikulturalizms” (mravalkulturulobas) da
postmodernizmis filosofiis moTxovnebs raTa yuradReba mieqces
“sxvebsac” anu, sxvanairad ganixilon isini vinc tradiciulad
ignorirebuli iyo dasavleTis socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebis
mier. am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi xazs usvamen kulturul
TavisTavadobas yofili kolonizebuli xalxebisa, qalebisa, materialurad
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nakleb SeZlebulebisa da sxva umciresobebisa, im samyaroSi sadac
dominirebs TeTrkanianTa, mamakacTa da burJuaziis kultura. axali
kulturis geografia akritikebs tradiciul Sexedulebas kulturaze,
rogorc rwmenebis, ganwyobebisa da materialuri sagnebis erTgvarovan
(uniform) da normatiul nakrebze – es miCneulia dominantebad
(gabatonebuli) jgufis ideologiad, romelic cdilobs Tavisi hegemonioba
moaxvios Tavs yvelas imaT, visac “sxvebad” ganixilavs. amrigad, kulturis
koncefcia, romelsac tradiciulad iyenebdnen kulturo-geografebi,
Seicvala “kulturuli politikis” Teoriad, romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva
kulturuli jgufebi ganuwyvetel brZolaSi arian erTmaneTTan
Zalauflebis mosapoveblad.
“axali” kulturuli geografia yuradRebas amaxvilebs
warmomadgenlobis sakiTxze da kulturuli geografia dRes dgas
problemis winaSe (romelic analogiurad warmoiSva yvela socialur
mecnierebis winaSe) – romelsac SeiZleba ewodos “reprezentatulobis
[warmomadgenlobis] krizisi”. igi gamoixateba imaSi, rom nebismieri
moTxovna warmoadgende “sxvas” aris potenciuri uaryofa “sxvis”
TavisTavadobisa da misi sakuTari enis qonisa.
kidev erTi aspeqti reprezentatulobis krizisisa aris is interesi,
romelsac zogierTi kulturo-geografi iCens erovnuli Segnebis (National
Idenfity) mimarT. im faqtis cnoba, rom garemos, teritoriul da sxva
geografiul miTebs SeuZliaT moaxdinon sagrZnobi gavlena alternatiuli
erovnuli ideologiebis Camoyalibebaze, anaxlebs kavSirs kulturul da
politikur geografias Soris. landSaftis rolis gamokvleva
”ingliselobis” CamoyalibebaSi, anda iseTi landSafturi saxasiaTo
rolisa, rogoricaa niagaris CanCqeri, amerikelTa erovnuli Segnebis
CamoyalibebaSi, praqtikulad aRadgens axali gziT, kulturul geografiis
ineteress landSaftisa da garemosTan urTierTobis mimarT. radikaluri
cvlilebebi msoflio wesrigSi 1980-iani wlebis bolos, gansakuTrebiT
sabWoTa imperialuri sistemis rRveva evraziis sivrceSi, agreTve
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religiuri fundamentalizmis gamococxleba, am problemebs aniWebs
xelaxal mniSvnelobas da Tanamedrove pirobebis Sesabamisad aqcevs maT.
centralurobas, romelic amJamad mieniWa kulturis problemebs
geografiaSi, mivyevarT, erTis mxriv, kulturis geografiis mZlavri
aRorZinebisaken, meores mxriv ki, es iwvevs erTiani Teoriis, meTodisa da
Sesaswavli sakiTxebis nusxis arsebiT dakargvas am mecnierul qvedargSi. am
TvalsazrisiT, kultuis geografia asaxavs saerTod adamianis geografiaSi
mimdinare metaTeoriisa da safuZvlebis dakargvis process: miuxedavad
amisa, aris naTeli niSnebi, rom kulturis geografia erTi geografiuli
drois erT-erT cxovel nawilad rCeba, TumcaRa TviTon erTiani ki ara,
mravalwaxnagovania: amis dasturia kulturuli ekologiis mimarT interesis
SenarCuneba a.S.S.-Si, ganaxlebuli interesi garemos mimarT istoriul da
Tanamedrove damokidebulebebisa da qcevisa agreTve mZlavri talRa
erovnuli Segnebis gaZlierebisa mTel msoflioSi.
kulturis regioni
kulturis regioni - ariali an regioni, romelic ukavia xalxs, visac
raRaca saerTo aqvs kulturis TvalsazrisiT. esaa sivrcobrivi erTeuli,
romelic politikurad, socialurad an ekonomikurad gamoiyofa rogorc
calke organizmi.
arsebobis formaluri da funqciuri kulturis regionebi.
kulturis formaluri regioni – iseTi teritoriaa romelic
dasaxlebulia adamianebis mier visac erTi an meti saerTo kulturuli
Tavisebureba aqvT. magaliTad, germanulenovani regioni, xorblis
mwarmoebeli kulturis regioni - ZiriTadad erTi TaviseburebiT
gamoyofili regionebia;
mravalTviseburebiani kulturis regionebi SeiZleba iyos saerTo an
msgavsi religiis, eTnikurobis, ekonomikis mixedviT gamoyofili. magaliTad
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Crdilo kavkasiis kulturis regioni; a.S.S.-Si gamoyofen magaliTad, niu-
inglandis, Sua atlantikur da qvemo samxreTis kulturis regionebs; is
SeiZleba daiyos qveregionebad,
kulturis formaluri regionebi geografebis mier aris Seqmnili da
garkveulad subieqturia (magaliTad: Turqebi da berZnebi gansxvavdebian
enasa da religiaSi, magram garkveuli msgavseba aqvT kulturuli
TaviseburebebiT; anda somxebi da qarTvelebi). aseTi regioni ufro
abstraqtulia.
kulturis funqciuri regioni Cveulebriv araa kulturulad
homogenuri, magram is aris politikurad, socialurad an ekonomikurad
organizebuli. magaliTebia: qalaqi, damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, saeklesio
eparqia, saskolo ubani. funqciur regions aqvs centraluri wertilebi
(sakvanZo punqtebi = node) saidanac am funqciebis koordinireba da marTva
xdeba. aseTi kvanZebis magaliTebia qalaqis sabWo, qveynis dedaqalaqi,
saarCevno ubnis centri, qarxnis ofisi, banki da a.S. yvela kulturis
funqciur regions ar aqvs fiqsirebuli sazRvrebi. sazRvrebisken misi
gavlena mcirdeba (magaliTia romelime didi gazeTis gavrcelebis areali,
sxvadasxva tipis ludis moxmarebis zona).
perceftualuri (aRqmiTi) kulturis regioni eseTi regionia,
romelsac misi mcxovrebni aRiqvaven saxelis mixedviT (magaliTad Dixieland).
kulturuli difuzia
kulturuli difuzia – esaa kulturis elementebis gavrcelebaa misi
warmoSobis adgilidan. kulturis elementebia: ideebi, siaxleebi
(inovaciebi) da ganwyobebi. zogierTi elementi mxolod erTxel da erT
adgilas warmoiSoba da geografma SeiZleba daadginos es adgili. sxva
SemTxvevebSi xdeboda ramdenime damoukidebeli aRmoCena (magaliTad ase
fiqroben Svildisris Sesaxeb). arsebobs gafarToebiTi (expension) difuzia
da kulturul gadadgilebiTi (relocation) difuzia.
14
gafarToebiTi difuzia esaa mosaxleobaSi kulturis elementebis
gavrcelebis zvaviseburi procesi (magaliTad, romelime sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturis, vTqvaT simindis gavrceleba Zvel samyaroSi).
gadaadgilebiTi dufuzia ki xdeba, rodesac individebi anda jgufebi
migraciis Sedegad gadadian sxva adgilze da iq gadaaqvT siaxleebi,
magaliTad ase vrceldeboda ukve Camoyalibebuli religiebis umetesoba.
aseve xdeboda evropuli kulturis sxva elementebis gadatana Crdilo
amerikaSi. gafarToebiT difuzias Tavis mxriv aqvs qvetipebi, romelTac
SeiZleba vuwodoT ierarqiuli, gadamdebi da mastimulirebeli difuzia.
ierarqiuli difuziis pirobebSi ideebi “gadaxtebian” erTi
mniSvnelovani piridan meoreze, erTi saqalaqo centridan meore qalaqSi
gadadian da “gamostoveben” maT Soris myof adamianebs an sasoflo
sivrces. es Cans magaliTad, tansacmlis axali modis Tavdapirvel
gavrcelebaSi. ase xdeboda qristianobis gavrceleba aRmosavleT evropaSi.
amis sapirispirod, gadamdebi difuzia ideebis saerTo gavrcelebaSi
vlindeba, personaluri kontaqti aq mTavar rols asrulebs.
xandaxan ideis ZiriTad Tavisebureba uaryofila, magram mis
safuZvelSi myofi idea miRebula – amas mastimulirebel difuzias
uwodeben. amis magaliTad gamodgeba cimbiris adreuli kulturebis mier
polaruli irmis moSinaureba: maT es gaakeTes, rodesac gaiges, rom
samxreTiT moSinaurebulia Zroxa da cxeni. cimbirelebs adre ar
sWirdebodaT moSinaurebuli irmebi, magram idea (koncefcia) nasesxebi iqna
da CrdiloeTis irmebi moiSinaures.
kulturuli difuziis magaliTi
From: Ralph Linton, The Study of Man.1936,1964 (Printree Hall, England, Cliffs, N.Y.)
100%-iani amerikeli
15
“Cven solidaruli amerikeli moqalaqe iRviZebs sawolSi, romelic
damzadebuli im modelze, rac Seiqmna sadRac axlo aRmosavleTSi da
modificirebul iqna CrdiloeT evropaSi. is gadaswevs sabnis pirs, romelic
gakeTebulia an bambis boWkosgan (bamba gaakultures indoeTSi) anda
selisgan (seli axlo aRmosavleTSi iqna kulturaSi Semotanili) anda
abreSumisgan, romlis gamoyenebac pirvelad CineTSi daiwyes. yvela es
masala moqsovilia im meTodebiT, romelic gamoigones axlo aRmosavleTSi,
xolo manqanurad misi qsova iswavles inglisSi – XVIII saukuneSi. is fexze
icvams mokasinebs – amerikel indielTa gamogonebas da midis saabazanoSi,
romlis mTeli mowyobiloba SedarebiT Tanamedrove – evropuli da
amerikuli gamogonebebis Serwymaa. is ixdis piJamos – indoeTSi gamogonil
tansacmels da ibans sapniT, romelic Zvelma galebma gamoigones. Semdeg is
iparsavs saxes – esaa mazoxisturi operacia, romelic rogorc Cans ukve
Zvel SumerSi iyo miRebuli da Semdeg egviptidan gavrcelda.
sasauzmod is midis kafeSi (franguli gamoTqmaa) EeTiopiaSi
kulturaSi Seyvanili mcenarisa, romelic arabebis mier iqna Setanili
evropaSi da romelic Semdeg samxreT amerikaSi Seitanes evropelebma gzad.
is yidulobs gazeTs, romelic dabeWdilia qaRaldze, romelic pirvlad
Cinelebma gaakeTes da ixdis monetebiT, romlebic gamoigones Zvelma
lidielebma - mcire aziis mkvidrebma. kafeSi is iyenebs TefSs romelic
damzadebulia faifurisgan – Cinuri gamogoneba, Cangals – Sua saukuneebis
italiuri gamogonebas, kovzs – zustad Zveli romaelebis modelze
gakeTebuli, danas, romelic damzadebulia foladisgan – pirvelad samxreT
indoeTSi gakeTebuli liTonidan.
rodesac Cveni megobari amTavrebs sauzmes (romelic an inglisuri iyo
anda kontinenturi e.i. evropuli) is kiTxulobs gazeTs, romelic pirvelad
inglisSi gamouSves da romelic dabeWdilia asoebiT, romlebic
inglisurSi Semovida laTinuridan, xoli Tavidan gamogonili iqna
finikielebis mier da dabeWdila im procesiT, romelic germaniaSi iqna
gamogonebuli. rodesac igi kiTxulobs im sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, rac
16
ucxoelebs aqvT, igi ebraul RmerTs (uzustoba b.w.) Seswiravs madlobas.
indoevropul enaze, imisaTvis rom is asprocentiani amerikeli daibada.
kulturuli ekologiis Tema
kulturuli ekologia es aris fizikuri garemosa da adamianebs
(gagebuls, rogorc “kulturis matarebeli cxovelebi”) Soris rTuli
urTierTobebis Seswavla.
kultura vakuumSi ar viTardeba. is urTierTqmedebs garemosTan da
saWiroa am urTierTqmedebis Seswavla, raTa gaviazroT sivrciTi variaciebi.
Oikos berZnulad niSnavs “saxls”, “habitats”, Logia-sityvebia, codna. amrigad
berZnuli Oikologia esaa mecniereba sacxovrisis Sesaxeb, xolo kulturuli
ekologia esaa mecniereba kulturebsa da garemos Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi
(cause-and effect) kavSirebis Sesaxeb. fizikuri garemo moicavs klimats,
reliefs, niadagebs, bunebriv mcenareuls, gareul cxovelTa samyaros da
sxva.
kulturul ekologiasTan erTad gamoiyeneba termini adamianis
ekologia. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom zogierTi mecnieri
adamianis ekologias miiCnevs ufro metad orientirebulad imis
Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor axdenen adamianebi garemos modifikacias, maSin
roca kulturuli ekologia esaa fizikuri garemos da adamianebs Soris
urTierTqmedebis Seswavla, rodesac adamianebi gagebulia rogorc
“kulturis matarebeli cxovelebi” (culture-bearing animals). sinamdvileSi
orive es termini geografebs Soris urTierTSenacvlebiT gamoiyeneba. sxva
termini, romelic amave konteqstSi gvxvdeba aris termini “ekosistema” –
rac aRniSnavs ekologiuri sistemis funqcionirebas, romelSic (ekologiur
sistemaSi) biologiuri da kulturuli homo sapiens-ebi cxovroben da
urTierTqmedeben fizikur garemosTan.
kulturuli ekologiis Tema aris Sexebis wertili kulturis
geografebsa da fizikur geografes Soris da tradiciulad qmnida erT-erT
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mZlavr fokuss geografiis mecnierul disciplinaSi. zogierTi geografi
saerTod Tvlida, rom “geografia es kulturuli ekologiaa”. marTalia
Zalian cota eTanxmeboda geografiis aseT viwro gagebas, magram yvela
daeTanxmeba, rom adamianisa da garemos rTuli urTierTobis Seswavla
seriozuli amocanaa pasuxismgeblobis mqone moqalaqeebisaTvis XX-XXI
saukuneebis mijnaze.
kulturis geografebma kulturuli ekologiis Temis irgvliv
sxvadasxva midgomebi ganaviTares, romlebic oTxi skolis saxiT
Camoyalibda. esenia – geografiuli (an garemos) determinizmi, posibilizmi,
garemos aRqma da adamiani, rogorc dedamiwis gardaqmneli.
geografiuli determinizmi
XX saukunis I meoTxedSi bevri inglisurenovani geografi mxars
uWerda geografiuli determinizmis ideas, romelic fizikur garemos,
gansakuTrebiT klimatsa da reliefs aniWebda gadamwyvet rols sxvadasxva
kulturis CamoyalibebaSi da Tvlida, rom kacobrioba aris fizikuri
garemos pasiuri produqti. msgavsi fizikuri garemo msgavs kulturebs
warmoSobda. arsebiTad geografiuli deterministebi kulturul ekologias
“calmxrivi moZraobis quCad” miiCnevdnen. deterministebs sjerodaT, rom
mTielebi, danawevrebuli reliefis wyalobiT, ganwirulni iyvnen
yofiliyvnen tluebi, CamorCenilebi, konservatiulebi, fantasias
moklebulni da Tavisuflebis moyvarulni (magaliTad, elen sempli 1911
wels werda, rom swored aseTebi arian Sveicarlebi). udabnos mcxovrebni
aucileblad erT RmerTs unda aRiarebdnen, magram tiranTa xelisuflebis
qveS unda cxovrobdnen. zomieri klimati xels uwyobs gamomgoneblobas,
Sromismoyvareobas da demokratias, sanapiroebi didi zRvaosnebisa da
meTevzeebis warmoCenas uwyobs xels. deterministebs magaliTad inglisi
mohyavdaT, romlis mowinave mdgomareoba (im epoqaSi) maTi azriT
ganpirobebuli iyo kunZulovani mdgomareobiT, rodesac zRva mezRvaurTa
simravles uwyobs xels, xolo optimaluri klimati – geniosebs warmoSobs
xelisuflebaSi da Sromis maRal eTikas uwyobs xels.
18
XX saukunis miwurulis poziciidan aSkarad Cans, rom deterministebi
SefasebaSi aWarbeben garemos rols adamianis kulturis CamoyalibebaSi da
sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi (magaliTad, ingliselebi sakmaod cudi
zRvaosnebi iyvnen Sua saukuneebamde, xolo XX saukunis meore naxevridan
misi roli msoflioSi mkveTrad Semcirda; mTieli Sveicarlebi aSkarad ver
CaiTvlebian CamorCenilebad). es ar niSnavs, rom garemos roli umniSvneloa
da kulturis geografebma misi gavlena ar unda Seiswavlon. ufro imaze
unda iyos laparaki, rom fizikuri garemo erT-erTi faqtoria, romelic
zemoqmedebs adamianis kulturis Camoyalibebaze da ganviTarebaze da Zalian
iSviaTad Tu aris erTaderTi determinanti adamianis saqmianobisa da
rwmenebisa.
posibilizmi
1930-iani wlebidan kulturul-geografebs Soris geografiuli
determinizmi Secvala posibilizmma, romelic ar uaryofs fizikuri
garemos gavlenis rols kulturaze, magram xazs usvams, rom kulturuli
memkvidreoba yovel SemTxvevaSi igive gavlenis mqonea adamianis qcevaze,
rac fizikuri garemo (posibilistebis mixedviT, TviT adamianebi arian
kulturis ZiriTadi arqiteqtorebi, xolo nebismieri fizikuri garemo
iZleva mraval SesaZleblobas sxvadasxva kulturebis ganviTarebisaTvis).
rogor uyureben adamianebi teritorias da rogor saxldebian masze,
damokidebulia im arCevanze, romelsac adamianebi akeTeben im
SesaZleblobebs Soris, romelsac maT garemo sTavazobT. am arCevans
warmarTavs kulturuli memkvidreoba, garemo ki iZleva rogorc
SesaZleblobas, ise SezRudvasac. mokled rom vTqvaT, kulturisa da
ekonomikis adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi aris kulturaze dafuZnebuli im
gadawyvetilebebis produqti, romlebic miRebulia garemos mier
SemoTavazebuli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi.
es posibilisturi TvalsazrisiT sakmaod kargadaa asaxuli
kulturuli adaptaciis koncefciaSi, rac niSnavs fizikur garemosTan da
garemos cvlilebebTan kulturis gziT adamianebis aragenetur,
19
xanZlivvadian Seguebas. es Segueba sxvadasxva kulturebSi sxvadasxvanairia,
rac imas gviCvenebs, rom swored kultura qmnis sivrciT mravalferovnebas.
posibilisturi midgomis magaliTia mark jefersonis statia
“gamomgoneblobis geografiuli ganawileba” (Geographical review, 19 (1929),
660-661), sadac igi wers: “yvela evropuli sapatento ganyofileba iZleva
informacias, rom Sveicarlebi gamogonebaTa raodenobiT bevrad win arian ...
TviT Sveicarlebi ki imas miaweren religiur devnas mezobel qveynebSi XVI-
XVII saukuneebSi, ramac aTasobiT ganaTlebuli adamiani aiZula eZebna
TavSesafari sxvagan [da ipovna kidec am mTian, miudgomel qveyanaSi]... nantis
ediqtis gauqmebam 1685 wels 60 aTasi hugenoti miiyvana SveicariaSi; maT
daarses abreSumis warmoeba ciurixsa da bernSi, saaTebis warmoeba –
JenevaSi. holandiaSi espanelTa intolerantobam da Sveicariis
neitralitetma 30 wlian omSi kidev bevri adamianuri resursi SesZina
Sveicarias”. daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad ucvleli bunebrivi
garemosi, sxvadasxva kulturis matarebelma jgufebma sul sxvanairad
aiTvises igi da ara piriqiT – ar moeqcnen garemos gavlenis qveS.
garemos percefcia (aRqma)
maSin, roca posibilizmi xedavs kacobriobas rogorc erTsa da imave
garemoSi sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebSi arCevanis mqones, garemos
percefcionisti (aRmqmeli) miiCnevs, rom adamianebis arCevani
damokidebulia ufro imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini garemos, vidre imaze,
Tu rogoria teritoriis realuri mdgomareoba. aRqma ki, Tavis mxriv,
damokidebulia kulturis Taviseburebebze. percepcionistebi amtkiceben,
rom adamianebs ar SeuZliaT absoluturad zustad aRiqvan TavianTi garemo
da amdenad maTi gadawyvetilebebi realobis damaxinjebazea damokidebuli.
imisaTvis, rom daadginon ratom ganviTarda garkveuli kulturis mqone
jgufi sakuTar fizikur garemoSi swored ase, da ara sxvanairad,
geografebma unda icodnen ara marto is, Tu ras warmoadgens garemo, aramed
isic, Tu ras fiqroben (rogor aRiqvamen) am garemos kulturuli jgufis
wevrebi.
20
yvelaze nayofieri kvleva, rac garemos percefcionistebs
SeusrulebiaT, ganxorcielda riskis mqone bunebis movlenebTan (natural
hazards) dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa wyaldidobebi, gvalva da sxva). sxvadasxva
kulturis jgufebi gansxvavebulad reagireben erTsa da imave bunebis
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT. zogjer jgufi Tvlis, rom bunebis movlenebi
aris RvTis gardauvali nebis gamoxatuleba; sxvebi cdiloben Tavidan
aicilon es movlenebi RmerTebis gulis mogebiT (mag. msxverplTSewirviT);
sxva jgufebi miiCneven, rom am movlenebis Tavidan acilebaze
pasuxismgebloba xelisuflebas ekisreba. yvela es midgoma (gansxvavebuli
aRqma) damaxasiaTebeli iyo ufro adreuli kulturebisaTvis. Tanamedrove
dasavlur kulturebSi xalxs miaCnia, rom bunebis movlenebi da bunebrivi
katastrofebi SeiZleba Tavidan aicilon, anda Seamciron zarali
teqnologiis gamoyenebiT.
percefcionistebis ideebi gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia, rodesac isini
migraciebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, dadginda, rom rodesac
adamianebi gadadian erTi garemodan meoreSi, maT Cveulebriv warmoudgeniaT,
rom es orive garemo ufro msgavsia, vidre sinamdvileSia. magaliTad,
rodesac amerikeli fermerebi teniani axali inglisidan gadasaxldnen
ufro dasavleTiT, did vakeebSi, sadac hava ufro mSralia, isini Zalian
didxans uSvebdnen Secdomebs soflis meurneobis gaZRolisas da ver
eguebodnen axal klimatur pirobebs.
sxvadasxva kulturebi, rodesac TavianT garemos afaseben da iyeneben,
gamodian sul sxvadasxva aRqmidan: rac erTi jgufisaTvis mniSvnelovani
resursia, meore kulturis jgufisaTvis SeiZleba usargeblo an mavnec ki
iyos. magaliTad, Crdilo amerikeli indielebisaTvis, romlebic
monadireobasa da Semgroveblobas misdevdnen, teritoria fasobda, Tu iq
iyo tye savse kenkriT, veluri xiliT an nadiriT da iyo kaJi maTi qvis
iaraRisaTvis. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis matarebeli jgufebi, romlebic
iqve dasaxldnen XVII saukuneSi, tyes uyurebdnen rogorc mters (Tumca is
erTdroulad Sesis da saSeni masalis wyaro iyo). maTTvis ufro fasobda
movakebuli Ria sivrceebi, kargi niadagi da wyali. industriuli
21
sazogadoebis kultura, romelic imave adgilze warmoiSva XIX saukuneSi,
ufro afasebda miwis qveS arsebul sasargeblo wiaRiseuls – qvanaxSirs,
madans, navTobs, gazs, romelTac adreuli kulturebi saerTod ar
icnobdnen da amdenad ar aRiqvamdnen garemos nawilad.
adamiani, rogorc dedamiwis gardaqmneli (modifier).
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT es aris geografiuli determinizmis
diametrulad sawinaaRmdego midgoma, vinaidan aseTi midgomiT momuSave
kulturis geografebi yuradRebas amaxvileben ZiriTadad imaze, Tu rogor
ayalibeben bunebas adamianebi.
ukve antikur epoqaSi mecnierebi amCnevdnen, rom adamianebi gavlenas
axdendnen TavianT garemoze da, rom kacobrioba bunebis gardamqmnelia.
platoni, rodesac msjelobda niadagis eroziaze aTenis garSemo
daaxloebiT 400 w. Zv. w. wuxda, rom erT dros nayofieri mxare niadagis
gareSe darCa. adamianis gavlena fizikur garemoze am ukanasknelis Secvlas
iwvevs, magram mTavari isaa, rom Tu es cvlilebebi winaswar araa gaTvlili,
misi efeqti SeiZleba uaryofiTi iyos TviT adamianisaTvis. kulturis
geografebi yuradRebas aqceven imas, rom bunebrivi garemos mimarT
damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia kulturebis mixedviT. magaliTad,
iudaistur-qristianuli tradiciis Sesabamisad (bibliis mixedviT) bunebis
gardaqmna RvTis mier boZebuli nebarTvaa, ramdenadac RmerTma adamians
misca miwa (“Cven kacTa mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa” – werda
SoTa rusTaveli) da admianebi RmrTis Semweni arian miwis gardaqmnaSi.
Crdilo amerikelebi (a.S.S.-is mosaxleoba) gansakuTrebiT mkafiod
grZnobdnen adamianebs dapirispirebulad bunebasTan, xSirad “omis”
mdgomareobaSic ki. sabWoeTis kulturis epoqaSi iyo gamoTqma – “Cven ar
unda velodoT wyalobas bunebisagan, Cveni valia TviTon aviRoT misi
simdidre”. aseTi utilitaruli midgoma sabolood bunebis degradaciaSi
vlindeba. zogierTi kulturuli jgufi ki ufro frTxilad ekideba bunebas,
erideba bunebis Zalebis “ganrisxebas”: bevri aseTi kulturisaTvis
22
(romlebic amJamadac dasavluri civilizaciisagan Sors dganan) adamianebi
bunebis nawilia da harmoniaSi unda imyofebodes masTan.
kulturuli integraciis Tema
urTierToba adamiansa da bunebas Soris, anu kulturuli ekologiis
Temaa, saerTod tradiciuli geografiis dedaboZia. magram adamianTa
modgmis sivrcobrivi variaciebis axsna moiTxovs kulturuli faqtorebis
mTeli rigis moSveliebas. kulturis geografi scnobs, rom kulturis
yvela aspeqti urTierTgadaxlarTulia, anu integrirebulia. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, kultura aris kompleqsuri mTeli da ara daukavSirebeli
Taviseburebebis seria. kultura aris integrirebuli erTeuli, romlis
yvela nawili erTmaneTTan (kauzalurad) mizezobrivad aris dakavSirebuli.
kulturuli integraciis Tema asaxavs geografis saqmeSi Caxedulobas, rom
erTi kulturuli fenomenis uSualo Sedegi aris meore kulturuli
fenomeni. SeuZlebelia kulturis erTi aspeqtis gavrcelebulobis Seswavla
Tu ar SeviswavliT imave kulturis sxva aspeqtebs, raTa davadginoT rogor
arian isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni da integrirebulni.
magaliTad, religiurma rwmenam SeiZveba moaxdinos gavlena jgufis
qcevaze, arCevnebze xmis micemisas, kvebaze, vaWrobis Taviseburebebze,
dasaqmebis tipebze, socialur mdgomareobaze.
tradiciuli induizmi, yvelaze gavrcelebuli sarwmunoebaa indoeTSi,
adre axdenda adamianebis segregacias kastebad (oficialurad es praqtikaSi
akrZalulia, magram faqtobrivad indoeTSi isev arsebobs kastobrivi
dayofa), kasta ki windawinve gansazRvravs ra profesiisa iqneba adamiani, ra
socialuri pozicia eqneba mas sazogadoebaSi. islami krZalavs
alokoholis, narkotikebis moxmarebas, da mkacr sasjels awesebs am wesis
darRvevisaTvis (iranSi, saudis arabeTSi narkotikebiT vaWrobisTvis
sikvdiliT dasjaa gaTvaliswinebuli). iudaizmi da islami Roris xorcis
moxmarebas krZalavs, xolo indoeTSi Zroxaa akrZaluli. marTlmorwmune
23
iudaisti (ebraeli) mkacrad icavs SabaTs srulebiT ar muSaobs paraskevs
mzis Casvlidan SabaTs mzis Casvlamde. Sesabamisad gansxvavdeba kvebis,
vaWrobis Taviseburebebi, dasaqmeba. arsebobs mravali faqti rodesac
kulturis erTi waxnagi ganapirobebs sxva waxnagis warmoSobas. kulturuli
integraciis Tema saSualebas aZlevs geografs TvalnaTlad dainaxos Tu
rogor exmareba es Sidakulturuli mizezobrivi Zalebi sivrcobrivi
variaciebis dadgenaSi.
marTlac kulturuli integraciis Temis meSveobiT geografebma
miaRwies didi warmatebebs kulturis sivrcobrivi variaciebis amxsneli
Teoriebis SeqmnaSi. paradoqsulad, imisaTvis rom avxsnaT rogor aris
kultura integrirebuli, geografebs uxdebaT kulturis elementebis cal-
calke ganxilva, kulturis kauzaluri faqtorebis gancalkeveba. maT kargad
uwyian, rom realur cxovrebaSi imdenad bevri mizezobrivi (kauzaluri)
faqtori moqmedebs, rom yvela maTganis erTad Seswavla SeuZlebelia;
amitomac isini iyeneben kulturis Seswavlis gamartivebul meTods,
romelsac modelireba ewodeba. gansxvavebiT bunebismetyvelebisagan,
romelTac SeuZliaT laboratoriul pirobebSi Seiswavlon bevri movlena
kulturis Semswavlel geografebs uxdebaT warmoidginon modeluri
mdgomareoba, sadac calkeuli faqtorebi izolirebulad iqneba
Seswavlili. magaliTad 1830-ian wlebSi germanelma mecnierma iohan hainrix
fon Tiunenma Seqmna izolirebuli saxelmwifos modeli. man igi
warmoadgina, rogorc vake, romelic gars akravs centralur qalaqs. man
dauSva, rom niadagebi da klimati mTels saxelmwifoSi erTnairia da rom
yvela pirs vinc cxovrobs mocemul manZilze qalaqidan SeuZlia moitanos
gasayidi saqoneli Tanabar droSi da Tanabar fasad. Tiunenis mizani iyo
Seeqmna izolirebuli saxelmwifos modeli, raTa Seeswavla
transportirebis xarjebisa da bazramde mzardi manZilis gavlena sasoflo-
sameurneo miwis gamoyenebaze. Sedegad miRebul iqna Teoria, romelic
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ufro rTul realur situaciebSi. misi modeli
dRemde Rirebulia da gamoiyeneba geografebis mier. analogiur modelebs
24
qmnian kulturis Semswavleli geografebic (amis magaliTia torsten
hagerstrandis koncefcia difuziis Sesaxeb).
magram kulturis geografTa sagrZnobi, Tu ara udidesi nawili
cdilobs axsnas sivrcobrivi kulturuli variaciebi yovelgvari modelebis
gareSe. isini ganixilaven geografias rogorc idiografiul mecnierebas,
anu iseT movlenebis Semswavlel mecnierebas, romlebic arasodes arian
identuri da amitom ar eqvemdebarebian generalizacias, romelic esaWiroeba
Teoriebis formulirebas. meores mxriv Teoretikosebs sjeraT, rom
geografia nomoTeturi mecnierebaa, anu kanon-Camoyalibebuli da rom misi
mTavari mizani unda iyos universaluri principebis aRmoCena. bevri
geografi orive am midgomas afasebs da Tvlis rom yovel maTgans SeuZlia
Tavisi wvlilis Setana mecnierebebSi.
safrTxe romelic Tan sdevs kulturul integracias da modelirebas
is aris, rom maT SeiZleba geografebi kulturul determinizmamde
miiyvanos. am ukiduresi TvalsazrisiT momxreebi, romelTac es idea
geografiul-determinizmis sapirispirod ganaviTares, amtkiceben, rom
bunebrivi garemo umniSvnelo faqtoria kulturisaTvis. kulturis
nebismieri aspeqti, maTi azriT, mTlianad ganpirobebulia kulturis sxva
aspeqtiT. Tvlian, rom adamianebi da kultura iZleva pasuxs, yvela
sivrcobrivi variaciis asaxsnelad. adamianebi da kultura aqtiuri Zalaa;
buneba-pasiuria da advilad dasamorCilebeli. sinamdvileSi kulturuli
determinizmi iseve calmxrivia rogorc geografiuli determinizmi.
kulturuli landSafti
kulturuli landSafti aris xelovnuri landSafti, romelsac
kulturis matarebeli jgufebi qmnian dedamiwaze gansaxlebis procesSi.
kulturebma gamokveTes Tavisi sakuTari landSaftebi im nedli masalidan,
romelic maT dedamiwam misca. yvela dasaxlebul teritorias aqvs
kulturuli landSafti, romelic Camoyalibda bunebrivi landSaftis
25
gardaqmnis gziT da yvela maTgani asaxavs im kulturas vinc es axali
landSafti Seqmna. landSafti kulturis sarkea da masze (kulturul
landSaftze) dakvirvebiT kulturis geografs SeuZlia bevri gaigos
adamianTa im jgufis Sesaxeb, vinc es landSafti Seqmna. kulturebis
“vizualuri Canaweri”, romelic landSaftSi ikiTxeba, imdenad
mniSvnelovania, rom zogierTma kulturis geografma landSaftis Seswavla
geografiis centralur interesad miiCnia (aseTi iyo magaliTad berklis
geografiuli skolis fuZemdebeli – karl zaueri).
ratomaa esoden mniSvnelovani kulturuli landSaftis Seswavla.
albaT pasuxis nawilia is, rom landSafti vizualurad asaxavs
kacobriobis yvelaze arsebiT moTxovnebs – sacxovrebelze, sursaTze,
tansacmelze da garTobaze. kulturuli landSafti agreTve asaxavs
sxvadasxva jgufebis damokidebulebas dedamiwis gardaqmnis mimarT. garda
amisa, kulturuli landSafti Seicavs Zvirfas informacias kulturebis
warmoSobis, gavrcelebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, samxreT
inglisis borcvebis Txemebze jerac SeiZleba davinaxoT e.w. “kulturul
mindvrebis” kvadratis formis mqone Zveli saxnavebis kvali, rac imaze
migviTiTebs, rom 2000 wlis win aq keltebi cxovrobdnen). aseTi
intepretaciuli analizis SesaZleblobis gamoa, rom geografebs izidavs
kulturul landSaftis Seswavla. Tu swored iqneba Seswavlili,
dRevandelma kulturuli landSaftis xilulma mxarem SeiZleba ukve
uxilavi kulturis aspeqtebi gvaCvenos, dRevandel mcxovrebTa mier
daviwyebuli warsulis praqtika dagvanaxos. zogjer imazec ki migviTiTos,
rogor SeiZleboda da SeiZleba ukeT gamoviyenoT bunebrivi resursebi
(magaliTad, samxreT saqarTveloSi - mesxeTSi, dRemde SemorCenili
terasisebuli ferdobebi Zveli samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis kvalia, romelic
praqtikulad mitovebuli iqna 1944 wels, mas Semdeg rac aq mcxovrebi
gamuslimebuli qarTveli-mesxebi, e.w. “mesxeTeli Turqebi” (Turqi mesxebi)
aqedan gaasaxles kremlis brZanebis Tanaxmad. Semdgom mosuli
mosaxleobisaTvis aseTi terasireba ucnobi iyo da saTanadod ver mouares
maT. sxva magaliTia, dasavleT TurqeTis Tambaqos plantaciebi, romlebic
26
aq damkvidrda XVIII saukunidan da adgilobrivi berZnuli mosaxleobis
ZiriTadi saqme gaxda. 1923 wels berZnebis gasaxlebis Semdeg, es
plantaciebi dakninda, magram saberZneTis Tambaqos mwarmoebeli raionebidan
gadmosaxlebulma Turqma glexebma, romelTac berZnebisagan SeiTvises es
kultura, aaRorZines Tambaqos plantaciebi, SemdgomSi ki gafarToebiTi
kulturuli difoziis wyalobiT Tambaqos moyvana sxva soflebSic daiwyes.
kulturuli landSafti mudmivad icvleba drosa da sivrceSi, Tumca
Tanamedroveebi xSirad ver amCneven amas.
kulturuli landSaftis Sinaarsi mravalferovani da rTulia.
geografiuli kvleva koncentrirebulia landSaftis ZiriTad aspeqtze –
dasaxlebis sistema, miwis danawilebisa da gamoyenebis Taviseburebebi da
arqiteqtura.
dasaxlebis Seswavlisas kulturis geografebi aRweren da axsnian
Senobebis, gzebis sxva nagebobebis ganlagebas da sivrcobriv
Taviseburebebs. miwis gamoyenebis struqturis Seswavlisas kulturis
geografi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor anawileben miwas
adamianebi TavianTi ekonomikuri da socialuri miznebisaTvis. danawilebis
kulturuli asaxva SeiZleba saxelmwifo an korporaciul sakuTrebaSi
myofi uzarmazari miwis masivebSi glexuri meurneobis patara nakveTebis
SemoRobviT, kerZo mflobelobaSi myofi nakveTSi, qalaqSi mWidrod
ganaSenianebul ubanSi. magaliTad, inglisis sasoflo kulturuli
landSaftis yvelaze TvalSisacemi elementia qvis mdgradi yoreebi
romlebiTac momijnave miwis nakveTebi erTmaneTisagan aris gamoyofili.
esaa Suasaukunebidan dawyebuli “SemoRobvebis” xiluli Sedegi, rodesac
adre saTemo miwa Ria mindvrebis sistemiT kerZo mflobelobaSi
umtkicdeboda calkeul pirebs, romlebsac SeeZlo TviTon aerCia soflis
meurneobis dargi (Cveulebriv SemoRobvas Tan sdevda miwaTmoqmedebidan,
magaliTad qeris moyvanidan mecxoveleobaze, ZiriTadad nazmatylian
mecxvareobaze gadasvlas, romelic bevrad ufro momgebiani iyo sabazro
ekonomikis pirobebSi. amis sapirispirod samxreT ruseTis uzarmazari
27
SemouRobavi nakveTebi erTgvarovani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturiT,
ZiriTadad maCvenebelia aq sabWoTa periodSi Catarebuli miwis
nacionalizaciisa, rodesac kolmeurneobebi da sabWoTa meurneobebi
“zemodan daSvebuli” gegmis Sesabamisad awarmoebdnen masobrivad
produqcias. saqarTveloSic ki, rolmlis mTagoriani reliefi nakveTebis
mcirekonturianobas uwyobs xels, 1930-iani wlebis koleqtivizaciis
periodidan nakveTebis gamasivebiT gamoirCeoda da iSviaTi iyo adgilobrivi
masStabiT didi venaxebis zvrebis gaSeneba (gavixsenod tician tabiZe –
“netav sada aqvs am zvarebs bolo, vin dargo erTad amdeni vazi?”) magram
1990-iani wlebis Suagulidan dawyebuli privatizaciis procesi
TandaTanobiT cvlis, miwis danawilebas da gamoyenebis sistemas, rac
daetyoba sasoflo raionebis kulturul landSaftebs. yvelaze kargi
saSualebaa davakvirdeT dasaxlebisa da miwis gamoyenebis naxazs,
TviTfrinavis an Sveulmfrenis sarkmelidan.
rogorc Cans, adamianuri landSaftis arcerTi aspeqti ise kargad ar
Cans miwis zedapiridan, rogorc arqiteqturuli stili. Senobebi yvelaze
kargad migviTiTeben gansxvavebul kulturebze; magaliTad tradiciuli
sataZro arqiteqtura dasavleT evropaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, samxreT
aziaSi da iaponiaSi, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba: sakmarisia davinaxoT minareTi,
rom mivxvdeT im ubanSi muslimuri kulturaa gavrcelebuli (anda is
rodesac igi aigo). espanuri barokos stilSi nagebi eklesia, laTinuri
amerikis kaTolikur kulturis utyuari niSania. niu-iorkis caTambrjenebis
landSafti mkveTrad gansxvavdeba amerikuli qalaqis gareubnisgan sadac
erTsarTuliani saxlebi SemouRobav ezoebSi dganan. kulturis geografebi
garkveulad ganasxvaveben xalxur arqiteqturas (magaliTad, sasoflo
saxlebs, romlebic tradiciuli stiliTaa agebuli da xSirad aTaswlovan
tradicias eyrdnoba) da profesiul arqiteqturas. am ukanasknelSic aris
kulturuli gansxvavebebi, romlebic sivrcobrivad vlindeba (magaliTad,
igive niu-iorkis da yofili sabWoTa qalaqebis masivebi maRali
ganaSenianobiT, sadac gansxvavebulia rogorc gegmareba aseve saxlebis
tipi).
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sxvasasxva tipis saxlebSi cxovreba TviTon qmnis gansakuTrebul
kulturas: magaliTad, mravalsarTulian saxlebSi izolirebuli binebiT
mezoblebs Soris kontaqti Zalian sustia, socializacia ZiriTadad xdeba
skolis, samuSao adgilis doneze, piriqiT dabalsarTuliani gareubnis
tipis ganaSenianeba met mezoblur kontaqtebs uwyobs xels, sadac
kulturuli difuzia ufro advilia.
kulturuli landSafti droSi
imanuel kantma, XVIII saukunis (1724-1804) saxelganTqmulma mecnierma
mkveTri mijna gaavlo istoriasa da geografias Soris: man CaTvala rom
geografia esaa msgavsebisa da gansxvavebebis Seswavla sxvadasxva adgilebs
Soris; geografebs ainteresebT gansxvaveba sivrceSi, istorikosebs –
gansxvaveba droSi. sinamdvileSi mijna aseTi mkveTri araa. kulturuli
Tvisebebis sivrcobrivi ganawileba droSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegia,
amdenad kulturis geografebi yovelTvis swavlobdnen sivrcobriv
Taviseburebebis warmoSobas drois ganmavlobaSi. kulturuli landSaftebi
xSirad aris xolme adamianis saukunovani saqmianobis Sedegi. ekologiuri
gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac adamianebi Rebuloben, fesvgadgmulia
garemosTan warsul urTierTobebSi, xolo kulturuli difuzia ukve
Tavisi bunebiT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi unda xdebodes. kultura
droSi ganviTarebis Sedegia da misi Seswavla droiTi ganzomilebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia.
kulturuli landSafti am Tvalsazrisis ilustraciaa. bevri ram, rac
anjamad TvalSi gvxvdeba momdinareobs DdReisTvis gamqrali faqtorebiTa
da garemoebebiT. amaSi davrwmundebiT, Tu did qalaqSi gavivliT. rogorc
Zvel qalaqebSi, romelTac arqeologebi Txrian da sadac kulturuli
fenebi erTmaneTzea dalagebuli aqac SeiZleba vnaxoT qalaqi qalaqze,
qalaqi qalaqSi. ase magaliTad Tbilisis centrSi is rac adre savaWro
dawesebuleba iyo amJamad SeiZleba ofisad gamoiyenebodes. sololakSi XIX
saukunis didi kerZo binebi, romlebic “kulakebma” Tavisi ojaxis
29
saWiroebisaTvis aiSenes, rovoluciis Semdgom danawevrda mraval ojaxze
da “komunaluri binebi” warmoiSva. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam Secvala
zogierTi ubnis funqciac da mosaxleobis socialuri Semadgenloba
(magaliTad i. WavWavaZis gamzirze, romelic mTavar savaWro arteriad
iqceva, maSin roca Tavidan mxolod sacxovrebeli funqcia hqonda).
tolerantobaze: (ix. М. Вебер, Избранные)
“Cven saWirod miviCnevT kidev erTxel xazi gavusvaT, rom zogjer
gaJRerebuli mosazreba, TiTqos tolerantobam (Semwynarebloba), rogorc
aseTma, Seqmna xelsayreli pirobebi kapitalizmis ganviTarebisaTvis,
srulebiT ar Seesatyviseba sinamdviles. rjulSemwynarebloba – araa
specifikurad Tanamedrove da specifikurad dasavluri movlena. piriqiT
CineTSi, indoeTSi, elinizmis periodis winaaziur imperiebSi, romis
imperiaSi, islamis qveynebSi rjulSemwynarebloba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
batonobda (da izRudeboda mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi mosazrebebiT, rac
Cvens droSic xdeba xolme). aRmosavleTSi da romis imperiaSi
rjulSemwynarebloba met siRrmes aRwevda vidre XVI-XVII saukuneebis
dasavleT evropaSi. gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac
puritanizmi batonobda, magaliTad holandiaSi (zelandiaSi) misi udidesi
politikuri da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodSi, puritanul inglisSi da
axal inglisSi (CrdiloeT amerikaSi), dasavleTisTvis, rogorc
reformaciamde, ise mis Semdeg, ufro damaxasiaTebeli iyo konfesiuri ara
Semwynarebloba (iseve, rogorc magaliTad sasanuri iranisaTvis). igive
intelorantoba calkeul periodebSi arsebobda iseT qveynebSic rogoricaa
CineTi, iaponia, indoeTi, magram iq is umeteswilad politikur motivebTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. amgvarad tolerantoba (Semwynarebloba) rogorc aseTi
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris dakavSirebuli kapitalizmTan. yvelaferi
imazea damokidebuli visTvis aris is sasargeblo” (May Weber)
amasTan erTad veberi wers: (gv. 232)
“dasavleTSi tolerantobis ZiriTadi istoriuli wyaroebi iyo (Tu ar
mivaqcevT yuradRebas humanistur ganmanaTleblur indeferentizms,
30
romelmac didi praqtikuli gavlena ver moaxdina masze): 1) wminda
politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi mosazrebebi (argetipia viliam III iraneli
inglisSi) 2) puritanizmi (argetipia amsterdami da sxva qalaqebis rigi,
agreTve sxvadasxva memamuleebi da mflobelebi romlebic siamovnebiT
Rebulobdnen seqtantebs, visac ekonomikuri progresisaTvis SeeZloT xeli
SeewyoT) 3) radikaluri mimdinareoba kalvinistur rwmenaSi (magaliTad,
indepentebi - inglisSi). 4) baptisturi seqtebi, romlebic icavdnen im
principebs, rom saeklesio Temebi daSvebul unda iqnen mxolod
aRorZinebulni da amitom ebrZodnen eklesiis dogmatikas.
soflis meurneobis regionebi
soflis meurneoba adamianTa saqmianobis uZvelesi sferoa, Sesabamisad
sakmaod mravalferovania sxvadasxva kulturebis gavlena bunebriv
lanSaftze da miwis gamoyenebis Taviseburebeze.
cvladi kultivacia
miwis damuSaveis es stili ZiriTadad tropikul sartyelSia
gavrcelebuli. primitiuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT glexebi kafaven tyis
zonebs, Semdeg gamxmari mcenareebi iwveba da niadagi kultivaciisTvis
mzaddeba. aseT nakveTebze sxvadasxva kulturebi iTeseba, dabali da maRali
mcenareebi erTmaneTs enacvleba. aq ar xdeba raime sasuqebis gamoyeneba da
miwis damuSaveba mosavlis aRebamde. aseT tipis savargulebi rogorc wesi 4-
5 wlis manZilze gamoiyeneba, vidre miwis srul gamofitvamde. Semdeg
glexebi gadadian axali masivebis aTvisebaze, da amiT asveneben Zvel
nakveTebs, romelsac daaxloebiT 20 wlis Semdeg ubrundebian. mosavali
mxolod piradi moxmarebisTvis gamoiyeneba da komerciuli datvirTva ara
aqvs.
mecxovoeloba aseT kulturebSi Zalzed sustadaa ganviTarebuli da
xalxi ZiriTadad meTevzeobas an monadireobas eweva.
31
rudimenturi-mkvidri kultivacia
esec, tropikul sartyelSi, miwis damuSavebis tradiciuli formaa,
romelic ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia tropikebis mTianeTsa da mdinareebis
xeobebSi. cvladi kultivaciisagan ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia is,
rom miwis nakveTebi ufro organizebuli da mudmivia. aq mesaqonleobacaa
ganviTarebuli. mosaxleoba ufro mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli, rac intensiuri
soflis meurneobis Sedegia. miwis damuSaveba aq ZiriTadad kacebi misdeven
(cvladi kultivaciis pirobebSi ZiriTad muSa xels qalebi warmoadgenen).
Tumca SinaarsiT es tipic primitiulia (naturaluri).
plantaciuri soflis meurneoba
tropikuli sartylis garkveul zonebSi evropulma da amerikis
kolonialurma kulturebma Camoayalibes sabazro orientaciis soflis
meurneobis sistema. plantacia aris didi sasoflo sameurneo savarguli,
romelzec erTi tropikuli an subtropikuli kulturis moyvana xdeba,
komerciuli mizniT. igi didi raodebobis muSa xels saWiroebs, uaxloes
warsulSi ZiriTadad monebis xarjze. adamianebi, rogorc wesi plantaciebis
teritoriaze cxovroben da aSkaraa socialuri jgufebis mkveTri
segregacia dabali (muSebi) da maRali (menejerebi, mepatroneebi) klasebis
mixedviT.
plantaciebis umetesoba zRvispira zolSia koncentrirebuli,
satransporto danaxarjebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan warmoebuli
produqciis ZiriTadi nawili eqsportze gadis. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom
plantaciur soflis meurneobas safuZveli XV saukuneSi Cauyares
portugalielebma, tropikuli afrikis dasavleT kunZulebze. amJamad
plantaciebis umetesoba amerikis tropikul sartyelSia gaSlili.
tropikul zonebSi xdeba plantaciuri masivebis specializacia erT
kulturaze (mag. Cai, yava, romelime tropikuli xilis kultura an
32
teqnikuri kultura). umetes SemTxvevaSi aqve xdeba am kulturebis
gadamuSaveba.
miCneulia, rom swored plantaciurma soflis meurneobam Seqmna
safuZveli evropuli da Semdgom amerikuli kapitalis eqspansias aziaSi,
afrikaSi da laTinur amerikaSi.
xmelTaSuazRviuri soflis meurneoba
antikur periodSi, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro zonaSi Camoyalibda
soflis meurneobis absoluturad gansxvavebuli tipi, romelic aqamde
inarCunebs TviTmyofad saxes. am regionis tradiciuli kulturebia
xorbali da qeri – zamTris wvimian sezonebSi; gvalvagamZle yurZeni,
zeTisxili da leRvi; agreTve gavrcelebulia mcire mecxoveleoba (cxvari,
Txa, Rori). ukanasknel periodSi sairigacio sistemebis ganviTarebis
Sedegad moyavT citrusebi.
aq praqtikulad ar iyeneben bunebriv sasuqebs da gamwev pirutyvs.
maRalmTiani regionebi da cicabo ferdobebi koleqtiuri saZovrebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac mTispira zonebi da dablobebi venaxebs, baRebsa
da mindvrebs ukavia. imis gamo rom ar xdeba miwis xelovnuri ganayofiereba,
xorblis mindvrebs weliwadgamoSvebiT amuSaveben.
TiToeuli fermeri SeiZleba misdevdes rogorc marcvleulis
moyvanas, ise mebaReobasa da mecxoveleobas. aseTi divesifikaciis Sedegad
TiToeul ojaxs aqvs arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli praqtikulad yvela
produqti: puri, sasmeli, xili, xorci, rZis produqti, matyli da tyavi.
daaxloebiT XIX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan xmelTaSuazRviurma
soflis meurnobam garkveuli transformacia ganicada da tradiciuli
diversificirebuli tipidan, komerciuli mebaReobis regionad Camoyalibda.
komerciuli mebaReoba
bolo saukuneebSi saqalaqo centrebisa da bazrebis ganviTarebam,
komerciuli soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva saxes Seuwyo xeli. amis erT-
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erTi magaliTia komerciuli mebaReoba. es aris intensiuri soflis
meurneobis tipi, sadac TiToeuli fermis specializacia xdeba romelime
konkretul kulturaze (xili, bostneuli). aq ZiriTadad mohyavT sufris
yurZeni, saRvine jiSebi, saqiSmiSe yurZeni, forToxali, vaSli, latuki da
kartofili. aq praqtikulad gamoricxulia mecxoveleoba. fermebi
kooperatiuli sabazro orientaciisaa, sadac muSaxels ZiriTadad sezonuri
migrantebi warmoadgenen. produqcia Semosavlis miRebis mizniT mohyavT.
komerciuli mebaReoba industriuli sazogadoebebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli da saqalaqo zonebis maxlobladaa ganlagebuli. mag. aSS-
Si aseTi zona gaWimulia kaliforniidan samxreTiT, meqsikis yurisaken da
atlantis okeanispira aRmosavleTi Statebisaken.
komerciuli memarcvleoba
es aris sabazro soflis meurneobis kidev erTi tipi, sadac dominanti
kulturebia xorbali brinji da simindi. xorblis mwarmoebeli udidesi
regionebi gadaWimulia avstraliaze, Crdilo amerikis kontinentalur
zonaze, ruseTis stepebsa da argentinis pampasebze. msoflios xorblis
warmoebis 45% modis kanadaze, aSS-ze ruseTze. es aris soflis meurneobis
eqstensiuri tipi, savargulebi sakmaod didia, maTi farTobebi meryeobs 400
heqtaridan (aSS-s kerZo fermebi) - 40,000 heqtarande (sabWoTa
kolmeurneobebi).
memarcvleoba, soflis meurneobis dargia, sadac yvelaze intensiurad
gamoiyeneba teqniqa, igi yvelaze meqanizirebulia. ukanaskneli periodis
tendenciebis mixedviT didi savrgulebis mepartoneebi ar arian miwasTan
mibmulebi, isini xSir SemTxvevaSi cxovroben gacilebiT Sors, saqalaqo
aglomeraciebSi. marcvleuli kulturebi agrobiznesis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani kapitalia.
politikuri ekologia
34
kulturis politikuri regionebi vakuumSi ar iqmneba da arc
politikuri ideebis gavrcelebaa warmosadgeni konkretul sivcesTan da
teritoriasTan kavSiris gareSe.
xalxuri cixesimagreebi (Folk fortresses)
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebamde, sahaero sivrcis
aTvisebamde da samxedro-sahaero Zalebis arsebobamde. saxelmwifoebis
usarTxoebas da stabilurobas, zog SemTxvevaSi garemomcveli bunebrivi
pirobebi uzrunvelyofda. mTaTa sistemebi da Rrma xeobebi; udabnoebi da
zRvebi; Waobebi an tyis masivebi warmoadgenda bunebriv zRudeebs, mterTa
SemoWrebisagan, rasac politikur geografiaSi “xalxur cixesimagreebs”
uwodeben. xSir SemTxvevaSi “xalxuri cixesimagreebi” qveynis saxelmwifo
sazRvrebis dacvis an teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebis winapiroba
iyo. britaneTis kunZulovani mdebareoba da zRva, Tavdacvis karg
saSualebas warmoadgenda ukanaskneli 900 wlis manZilze. egviptis
aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT gaSlilma didma udabnom, nilosis auzSi
civilizaciis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. nidelandebi tradiciulad
daculi iyo daWaobebuli dablobebiT, Tumca es TavisTavad warmoadgenda
qveynis datborvis safrTxes. saukuneebis manZilze ruseTis bunebrivi dacva,
iyo tyis masivebi, daWaobebuli teritoriebi, mkacri zamTari da didi
manZilebi.
qveynebma, romelTac ar gaaCnda Tavdacvis msgavsi bunebrivi
saSualebebi, sakmaod didi istoriuli wnexi ganicades damoukideblobis
SenarCunebisaTvis. korea, romelic CineTsa da iaponias Soris saxmeleTo
xids warmoadens, iSviaTad iyo damoukidebeli da gamTlianebuli, vinaidan
mudmivad ori qveynis konfliqtSi iyo CarTuli. poloneTi, romelic
aRmsavleT evropis vakeze mdebareobs xSirad iyo daqsaqsuli da darbeuli
mezoblebis mier.
landSaftis Taviseburebebi
“xalxuri cixesimagreebis” koncepciis msgavsia landSaftis
mniSvneloba qveynis ganviTarebaSi. xelsayreli mdebareobisaa saxelmwifo,
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romelic sazRvrebTan garSemortymulia mTebiTa da maRlobebiT, xolo
centralur nawilSi vakeebiTaa warmodgenili. aseTi teritoriuli
mdebareoba ara mxolod saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiTaa
mniSvnelovani, aramed qmnis qveynis mTlianobisa da erovnuli erTobis
bunebriv winapirobas. cotaode qveyanas aqvs aseTi xelsayreli mdebareoba –
maT Soris safrangeTs, romlis bunebriv sazRvrebs alpebis, pireneebis,
ardenisa da iuras mTebi warmoadgens, xolo centraluri nawili ki
nayofier vake teritoriebs Seadgens. magaliTad mdinare arc Tu iseT
saimedo bunebrivi sazRvaria. mdinarebis nayofieri xeobebi mWidrodaa
dasaxlebuli, Tanac mdinare xSirad icvlis kalapots da xSirad xdeba
konfliqtebi or napirze mcxovreb kulturebs Soris.
bunebrivi lanSati Tavad SeiZleba qmnides barierebs qveynis
politikuri da erovnuli erTianobisaTvis. magaliTad araxelsayreli
mdebareobis qveynebSi sadac centraluri nawili mTebiTaa danawvrebuli,
xolo mosazRvre-periferiul teritoriebze vakeebi an dablobebia; didia
ara mxolod qveynis fizikuri usafrTxoebis riski, aramed Zalzed sustia
erovnuli erTobis gancda, rTulia qveynis marTva, sazRvrebisaken Zlieria
erovnebaTaSorisi kavSirebi da Sida separatizmis riski arsebobs.
araxelsayreli mdebareobis qveynebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT magaliTad peru
da espaneTi.
religiuri difuzia
religia aris adamianis mier aRiarebuli RirebulebaTa sistema,
romelic gulisxmobs siwmindis, zebunebrivi da RvTiuri Zalis rwmenasa da
Tayvaniscemas.
religia, rogorc kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze mdgradi elementi,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, gansakutrebiT zustad gansazRvravs misi warmoSobis
regions da im kulturebis RirebulebaTa sistemas, cxovrebis wess,
sazogadoebriv qcevas da garemosTan damokidebulebas, rolebic ama Tu im
konfesiis mimdevrebi arian.
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religias sxva kulturuli elementebis msgavsad; da metadac
(msoflio religiebi) aqvs gavrcelebis unari. xSir SemTxvevaSi, misi
aRiarebis geogrfiuli areali gacilebiT cdeba im adgils saidanac
iweboda misi popularizacia.
religias axasiaTebs kulturuli difuziis orive saxe –
gadaadgilebiTi da gafarToebiTi difuzia. gafarToebiTi difuziis Sedegs
warmoadgens msoflio religiebis (qristianoba, musulmanoba da budizmi)
gavrceleba Zvel samyaroSi (evraziis kontinenti), xolo gadaadgilebiTi
difuziis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT, piligrimebis meSveobiT,
qristianobis gavrceleba axal samyaroSi (amerikis da afrikis
kontinentebi).
gafarToebiTi difuzia
rogorc wina TevebSi iyo aRniSnuli, gafarToebiT difuzias
ramodenime saxe aqvs - mag. ierarqiuli da gadamdebi.
ierarqiuli difuziis pirobebSi axali rwmenis damkvidreba,
Tavdapirvelad socialuri struqturis umaRles ierarqiaSi xdeboda da
Semdeg moyveboda gavrceleba dabali fenebisaken. ideebi naxtomiseburad
vrceldeboda - jer did qalaqebsa da gavlenian pirebze, amiT
gamotovebuli iyo SedarebiT “umniSvnelo” provinciebi Tu sasoflo
dasaxlebebi, romelic momdevno etapze eziareboda axal rwmenas. swored
adreuli urbanuli dasaxlebebi iyo qristianobis Semdgomi popularizaciis
centrebi warmarTul periferiebze. msgavs magaliTad gamodgeba
marTlmadideblobis Tavdapirveli gavrceleba saqarTveloSi da samxreT
evropaSi. ierarqiuli difuziis kvali lingvistikaSic Cans. ase magaliTad
laTinuri sityva - pagus (sasoflo dasaxleba) aris fuZe misgan warmoebuli
ori inglisuri terminisa – peasant (glexi) da pagan (warmarTi), anu periferia
crurwmenasTan iyo gaigivebuli.
gadamdebi difuziis pirobebSi ideebis gavrcelebas sazogadoebebsa da
teritoriaze masobrivi, saerTo xasiaTi aqvs. adamianebs Soris personaluri
da yoveldRiuri kontaqti aq Zalzed mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs da
ierarqiuli faqtori ugulobelyofilia.
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“religiuri difuziac, sxva kulturuli elementebis msgavsad,
sustdeba gavrcelebis manZilis da istoriuli periodis zrdis
proporciulad”1. zog SemTxvevaSi garkveuli winaRobebi (barierebi) aCerebs
an amcirebs religiuri ideebis gavrcelebis areals an dinamikas. rwmena
Tavad SeiZleba iyos winaRoba (barieri) zogierTi inovaciis
gavrcelebisaTvis, magaliTad religiuri tabu sakvebze. sigaretze, ojaxis
dagegmarebis politikaze, garTobaze, adamianTa qcevaze da a.S.
gadaadgilebiTi difuziis winaRobebi: CineTi da qristianoba
amerikeli da evropeli kaToliki da protestanti misionerebis
mosazrebiT, romlebmac CineSi aqtiuri moRvaweoba XIX saukuneSi daiwyes, es
sazogadoeba watrmoadgenda nayofier niadags RvTis sityvis saqadageblad.
Sesabamisad, maT SeaRwies im kulturul regionSi, romelic aTaswlian
istorias iTvlida da romlis sazogadoebrivi azrovnebac SedarebiT
gaxsnili iyo qristianobisaTvis. Tumca misionerebi garkveuli sirTuleebis
winaSe aRmoCndnen. pirveli aseTi principuli dabrkoleba iyo
dakavSirebuli azris swor da ideis mniSvnelobis gadmocemasTan. sityva
“codva”-s romelic warmoadgens qristianuli dogmatikis safuZvels, ar
gamouCnda eqvivalenturi Sinaarsis termini Cinur enaSi. mravali mosazreba
iyo am mcnebis Targmnis Sesaxeb: cdilobdnen SeerCiaT Cinur enaSi
miaxloebuli koncepcia “cudi” an “ara kargi”, rac ufro gulisxmobda -
uRirss, mdabios. sabolood miRebul iqna termini “tsui”, romelic
popularuli budisturi seqtebidan iyo nasesxebi da Sinaarsobrivad
“araswor saqciels” gulisxmobda, anu axal budistur azrovnebaSi,
pirovnul faseulobebSi Rirsebebisa da naklebis mniSvnelobas atarebda.
ra Tqma unda, SerCeuli Targmani ver gadmoscemda definiciis srul
datvirTvas, romelsac Tavad idea atarebda. mniSvnelovani problemebi
Cinur azrovnebasa da msofmedvelobasTanac iyo dakavSirebuli:
kulturisaTvis romelic cdilobda aexsna samyaros mowyobis harmoniuli
sistema da adamianis, rogorc am struqturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli (da ara
1 Terry G. Jordan – The Human Mosaic. A thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 1982, gv. 179 – definiciasakamaToa (b.w.)
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dominanti) komponentis roli; romelic filosofiuri midgomiT da
Seswavlis gziT gadmoscemda azrs; sakmaod rTuli da gaugebari gaxda
qristianuli religious zogierTi dogmaturi sakiTxi: samoTxidan
ufskrulSi dacema da ukan dabrunebis SeuZlebloba, Semecnebisa da
Seswavlis Sedegad codvis Cadena da RmerTisaTvis sruli mindoba.
gaugebrobebi simbolikasTanac iyo dakavSirebuli – gveli
qristianebisaTvis borotis niSania, maSin rodesac Cinur kulturaSi
drakonebis kulti sakmaod popularuli da saTayvanebelia.
sbolood CineTi qristianobisaTvis aranayofieri niadagi aRmoCnda.
XXs. dasawyisSi xalxis raRac nawilma ki miiRo qristianoba, isic Raribi
glexebis fenam, romlebic ufro misionerebisagan sursaTiT daxmarebis
sanacvlod icvlidnen religias, vidre ideologiuri Sexedulebebis
gadafasebis gamo. es faqti naTlad dadasturda momdevno periodSi,
rodesac CineTi socialistur banaks SeurTda, qristianobis kvali swrafad
gaqra.