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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL EXCAVATORS IN TUNNELSMECHANICAL EXCAVATORS IN TUNNELS
ITA/AITES ITA/AITES –– Training Training CourseCourseTUNNEL ENGINEERING TUNNEL ENGINEERING
ITA/AITESITA/AITES
date 11//4343
Prepared by Prepared by ““Nuh BILGIN, Cemal BALCINuh BILGIN, Cemal BALCI””
Istanbul Istanbul -- 20052005
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
5Conclusions Conclusions and and referencesreferences
ImpactImpact HammersHammers
RoadheadersRoadheaders
IntroductionIntroduction
TunnelTunnel BoringBoring MachinesMachines TBMsTBMs
Index
2
3
4
1
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Introduction
It defines the job duration and tunnel drivage economyThe performance of a tunneling machine mainly
depend on 1. Rock mass properties, rock strength and
abrasivity, inclination and orientation of geological discontinuities, water income etc.
2. Machine parameters, design of cutting head, type of cutters, machine power etc.
3. Mode of experience, operator and contractor experience, job organization, machine facilities etc. 33//4343
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11THE PERFORMANCE OF MECHANICAL
EXCAVATORS
Why the performance of a mechanical excavator is important?
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Terms Related to Machine Performance
Shift time = Boring time + Machine delays + Non-machine delays
Utilization = Boring time/Shift timeAvailability = (Boring time +Non-machine
delay time) / Shift timeReliability = Machine delay time/Shift timeAdvance rate = Penetration rate x Utilization
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Impact Hammers in Tunnel DrivageHydraulic impact hammers have been used widely in mining industry and civil engineering applications since 1960 (Rodford 1974; Pelizza 1994). Almost 11 km of metro tunnels were driven in Istanbul with impact hammers (Bilgin 1996, Bilgin 1998).
55//4343Typical view of an impact hammer (Courtesy of Schaeff)
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Working Principle of Impact Hammers
The working principle of a modern hydraulic hammer is simple. There is a piston moving up and down and striking against to tool end. To produce big energy pulses during downwards strokes, the hammer is equipped with an accumulator that is able to supply needed oil volume in a very short time. The accumulator is charged continuously by a hydraulic pump.
The technical process makes today available very highly powered machines (up to 150 kW for hammers weighting more than 78 tons) with impact energy values up to more than 12 kJ/blow, (Pelizza 1994).
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Mechanical Parameters Effecting the Performance of Impact Hammers (Wayment 1976, Bilgin 1989)
Pinp = Oil supply requred x Operating pressurePoutput= Impact rate x Impact energyEffiency of impact hammer η=Poutput/Pinput
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2
2mVE =E = Single blow energy (Joule)M = Weight of piston (kg)V =Speed of piston (m/sec)
Numerical Example:Impact rate = 500 impact/minImpact energy = 3500 J (350 kgxm)Oil supply required = 160 lt/minOperating pressure = 14 MPa
kWsxm
kNxmxs
cmkgxmxPinp 3.3760
14001016060
/14101602
33233
===−−
kWkNmxPout 2.2960
5005.3 == 78.03.372.29 ==η
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
The Modes of Operation in Impact Hammer Applications
88//****Hammer working sequence from floor to roof.
Two-phase tunneling with two hammers.
Hammer working sequence when rock layers are inclined.
(Courtesy of Sandvik Tamrock Corp.)
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Prediction of Net Breaking Rate on Impact Hammer
The following empirical equation were obtained using a database on the application of impact hammers in different tunnel
applications.
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0.567 P(RMCI)4.24IBR −=RMC = σc(RQD/100)2/3
Where,IBR = Instantaneous or net breaking rate, m3/hP = Cutting power of the machine, HPRMCI = Rock mass cuttability index, MPaσc = Uniaxial compressive strength, MPaRQD = Rock quality designation, %
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.1010//4343
Jack hammer having a power of 30 HP
05
1015202530354045
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock (MPa)
Net
Bre
akin
g R
ate
(m3 /h
)25%50%75%100%
RQD
Jack hammer having a power of 60 HP
0102030405060708090
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock (MPa)
Net
Bre
akin
g R
ate
(m3 /h
)
25%50%75%100%
RQD
The relationship between rock compressive strength and
instantaneous breaking rate of jack hammers for a given
RQD and power of the hammer
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
The application of Impact Hammers in Istanbul Metro Tunnel Drivages
New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) has been used since the tunnel diameter and ground structure changes frequently along the route. 3-4 m long rock bolts, wire mesh and shotcretewere used as temporary tunnel support. Depending on tunnel diameters the final lin-ing is undertaken with 35-45 cm thick in-situ cast concrete.
Single track tunnel type A has a cross section of 36 m2 and excavated in two steps. The up-per bench of 28 m2 is excavated first and the lower bench of 8 m2 is excavated later, which is 30 m behind of the first bench. The overall performance of the tunneldrivage in Phases 1 and 2 are summarized in Figures 2-3. As seen from these Figures, the utilization of impact ham-mers in average is 22 % and 17 % of the total time is spent to mucking. Shotcretetakes almost 27 %of the total time.
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Performance of impact hammers in Metro Tunnels Phase 1.
Overall performance of impact hammersin Metro Tunnels Phase 2.
The overall performance of impact hammers in Istanbul Tunnels
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Roadheaders
The first roadheaderswere used for mining in the 1960’s since then they have been widely used both in civil and mining industries.
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Transverse Type Roadheader
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Cutting Mode of a Transverse TypeRoadheader
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Axial Type Roadheader
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Cutting Mode of an Axial TypeRoadheader
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Advantages and disadvantages on longitudinal and transverse cutting heads (Sandvik Handbook)
1. Transversal cutter heads cut in the direction of the face. Therefore, they are more stable than roadheaders with longitudinal heads of comparable weight and cutter head power.
2. At transversal heads majority of reactive force resulting from the cutting process is directed towards the main body of the machine.
3. On longitudinal cutter heads, pick array is easier because both cutting and slewing motions go in the same direction.
4. Roadheaders with transversal-type cutter heads are less affected by changing rock conditions and harder rock portions. The cutting process can make better use of parting planes especiallyin bedded sedimentary rock.
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Advantages and disadvantages on longitudinal and transverse cutting heads (Sandvik Handbook)
1. If the cutter boom’s turning point is located more or less in the axis of the tunnel, a cutter head on longitudinal booms can be adapted to cut with minimum overbreak. For example, cutter booms in shields where the demand can be perfectly met are often equipped with the same type of cutter head. Transverse cutter heads always cause a certain overbreakregardless of machine position.
2. Most longitudinal heads show lower figures for pick consumption, which is primarily a result of lower cutting speed.
3. The transverse cutter head offers greater versatility, and with the proper layout and tool selection, has a wider range of applications. Its performance is not substantially reduced in rock that presents difficult cutting (for example, due to the high strength or ductile behavior).
4. Additionally, the reserves inherent in the concept offer more opportunities for tailoring the equipment to existing rock conditions.
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Classification of roadheaders
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<60110-14045350-400> 100Extra heavy
<8090-11040250-30070-110Heavy
Any60-9030160-23040-70Medium
Any40-602550-1708-40Light
RQD(%)
Operation max UCS
(MPa)
Range of max. cross
section (m2)
Cutterheadpower (kW)
Range of weight
(t)
Roadheader Class
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Methods for predicting cutting performance of roadheader
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Core cutting test
Core cutting test rig in Istanbul Technical University
TToolool width of 12.7 mmwidth of 12.7 mmDDepthepth of cut of 5 mmof cut of 5 mmRRakeake angle of (angle of (--5°), 5°), BBackack clearance angle of 5°clearance angle of 5°
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Core cutting test application to roadheader performance prediction
2020//4343Correlation between laboratory specific energy and the in-situ cutting rates
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Empirical methods for roadheader performance prediction
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RMCI(0.974)P0.28ICR ⋅⋅=
32
c 100RQDσRMCI
⋅=
ICR is instantaneous cutting rate of roadheaders in m3/hRMCI is rock mass cuttability indexσC is uniaxial compressive strength in MPaP is power of cutting head in HP
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Prediction of instantaneous cutting rate of roadheaderfrom rock mass cuttability index
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y = 26.127e-0.0263x
R2 = 0.7331
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Rock Mass Cuttability Index (MPa)
Inst
anta
neou
s C
uttin
g R
ate
(m3 /h
)
Roadheader, 95 Hp
The variation of instantaneous cutting rate with Rock Mass Cuttability Index
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Prediction of instantaneous cutting rate of roadheader from machinepower and machine weight
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ICR = Instantaneous Cutting Rate, m3/hrRPI = Roadheader Penetration IndexUCS = Uniaxial Compressive Strength, MPa
W = Roadheader Weight, metric ton P= Cutterhead Power, kW e = Base of the Natural Logarithm
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Prediction of instantaneous cutting rate of roadheader from fullscale cutting tests
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Prediction of instantaneous cutting rate of roadheader from fullscale cutting tests
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Tool Spacing and Its Effect on Specific EnergySystem efficiency of some common mechanical excavators
η = 0.70 - 0.80Continuous Miner
η = 0.55 - 0.70Shaft Drill
η = 0.60 - 0.70Raise Borer
η = 0.45 - 0.55Roadheader
η = 0.85 - 0.90Tunnel Boring Machine
optSEPkICR ⋅=
ICR = Instantaneous cutting rate in m3/hk = Energy transfer ratio P = Cutting power of cutting head in kW
SEopt =Optimum specific energy in kWh/m3
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Comparison of the predicted values from full scale cutting tests and actual values obtained in Kucuksu Tunnel
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2468
101214
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
s /d
SE(k
Wh/
m3 ) SE
PkICR =
3/7904.0
mkWhkWICR =
hmICR /1.5 3=
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Prediction of instantaneous cutting rate of roadheader fromdestruction work (After Thuro)
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Estimation of the specific destruction work Wz from the stress-strain curve of a rock sample under unconfined compression
Cutting performance, correlated with destruction work of 26 rock samples
(argillaceous slates and quarzites,Zeulenroda sewage tunnel).
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Overall performance of roadheaders in Kucuksu Tunnel
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HORIZONTAL AND DRY ZONE
Machine breakdown
maintenance15%
Breakfast/ lunch/dinner
break17%
Excavation38%
Waiting for material and muck truck
9%
Muck loading13%
Machine pull and site
surveying8%
Chainage 25-50 m
INCLINED WET STICKY ZONE
Ring montage20%
Excavation8%
Machine breakdown
maintenance17%
Muck loading10%
Breakfast/ /lunch /dinner
break17%
Cutting head stuck due to
clay5%
Rail addition and water drainage
10%
Waiting for material and muck truck
9%
Machine pull and site
surveying4%
Chainage 70-80 m
INCLINED WET ZONE
Machine pull and site
surveying4%
Waiting for material and muck truck
9%
Rail addition and water drainage
10%
Stoppages due to safety concern
5%
Breakfast/ /lunch /dinner
break17%
Muck loading10%
Machine breakdown
maintenance17%
Excavation8%
Ring montage20%
Chainage 90-150 m
INCLINED AND DRY ZONE
Excavation8%
Ring montage13%
Breakfast/ /lunch/dinner
break17%
Machine breakdown
maintenance15%
Rail addition, longer distance transportation
10%
Stoppages due to safety concern
8%Muck loading
10%
Waiting for material and muck truck
13%
Machine pull and site
surveying6%
Chainage 150-275 m
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs)
The use of tunnel boring machines for underground construction has been increasing steadily for the last 30 years. However the efficient and economic use of these high capital cost machines, necessitates an intensive side and laboratory studies. The proper and correct machine performance prediction basically depends on the quality and quantity of the geological and geotechnical data collected before making the final decision.
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Tunnel Boring Machines TBMs
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Double Gripper-TBM:Single Gripper-TBM:
Shielded-TBM with articulation joint: Double Shield-TBM:
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Cutters Used for Mechanical Excavators
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Disc cutters for TBMs
Soft rock medium rock hard rock
Conical cutters
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Performance prediction using Full scale linear cutting tests
3232//4343Hypothetical relationship between specific energy and spacing/depth ratio
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
A typical example Tuzla-Dragos Tunnel in Istanbul
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The profiles of constant cross section (CCS) disc cutters
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22s/d
SE
(kW
h/m
3 )
CCS
The relationship between specific energy and s/d ratios
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Machine performance prediction for Tuzla-Dragos Tunnel
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Optimum specific energy value from Figure, is SE=2.1 kWh/m3 and s/d = 8-10As a result of cutting tests it was found that FT = 8.4 kN/mm, FR = 0.64 kN/mmFrom machine specification cutter spacing is s=7.5cmFor s/d= 8; d=7.5/8=1cmFor s/d=10; d=7.5/10=0.8cmFor d=8mm, total machine thrust is 36×8×8.34=2400 kNFor d=10mm, total machine thrust is 36×10×8.34=3000 kNTotal machine thrust must change between 2400 kN and 3000kN
Expected power of the machine for cutting depth of 10 mm. kW 200P kW; x3176062πP ==
Expected power of the machine for cutting depth of 0.8 mm. kW 160P kW; x2536062πP ==
)(kWh/m SE(kW) Pk/h)(m rate excavationNet 3
3 = •Net excavation rate=60∼ 70 m3/h
In competent rock an average machine utilization factor of 30% and 16 hours working time per day will result a daily advance rate of
m/day 15 m
425 h x π
0.3 x m 60h x 162
3
≅
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
PERFORMANCE PREDICITION USING THE METHOD DEVELOPED IN THE COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES
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The CSM model for TBM performance prediction was developed by the Earth Mechanics Institute (EMI) over a time period extendingover 25 years. The development efforts on the CSM model began with a theoretical analysis of cutter penetration into the rock without any adjacent cuts or free-faces.
CSM model, rock compressive and tensile strengths were used asinput to characterize the rock boreability by disc roller cutters. The compressive strength was used to describe the rock crushing beneath the cutter tip while the tensile strength accounted for the chip formation between adjacent cuts. Hence, using these two rock properties, a correlation was developed between cutters thrust force and the depth of penetration achieved as a function of cutter edge geometry and the cutter diameter.
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
PERFORMANCE PREDICITION USING THE METHOD DEVELOPED IN THE COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES
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The CSM model predicts the penetration rate without any consideration given to the influence of existing joints/fissures in the rock. To account for these effects, the model makes use of the correlation factors developed for joint effects by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NTNU). Depending on joint/fissure spacing and angle that these weakness planes make with the tunnel axis (i.e. the alpha angle), NTNU has derived a set of relationships between TBM penetration rate and the fracturing factor. The CSM model results are then adjusted accordingly to account for the joint/fissure effects using the relationships similar to those developed by NTNU.
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
PERFORMANCE PREDICITION USING THE METHOD DEVELOPED IN THE NORWEGIAN UNIVESITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (NTNU MODEL)
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The prediction model is based on job site studies and statistics from 33job sites with 230 km of tunnels. Data have been carefully mappedsystematized and normalized. The methodology is well explained in ITA recommendations and guidelines for tunnel boring machines working group no 4. Specific tests such as drilling rate index, Siever J-value SJ, angle between tunnel axis and plane of weakness, fracturing factor and several correction indexes are need forperformance estimation.
Mckelvey and co-workers in their comparative studies included that generally predicted penetration rates from NTNU model were significantly more comparative than the achieved penetration values.
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
A Typical Overall performance of TBMs
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TBM Boring Time41%
Downtime - Other causes
22%
Cutter change14%
TBM re-grip time11%
Cutter inspection6%
Backup downtime3%
TBM downtime3%
Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Conclusions and referencesThe performance of a mechanical excavators plays and important
role in tunnel drivage which manly depends on: a) Rock mass properties, rock strength and abrasivity, inclination
and orientation of geological discontinuities, water income, inclination of tunnel etc.
b) Machine parameters, design of cutting head, type of cutters, machine power etc.
c) Modes of operation, operator and contractor experience, job organization, maintenance facilities etc.
In this presentation rock mass properties and some machine parameter affecting the performance of impact hammers,roadheaders and TBMs are widely explained including most common performance prediction models. Some numerical examples on calculating instantaneous breaking and cutting rates are also given. Overall performance of different mechanical excavators is summarized for some tunnels.
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Performance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnelsPerformance prediction of mechanical excavators in tunnels by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.by Bilgin,N & Balci,C.
Conclusions and referencesBalciBalci, C., , C., DemircinDemircin, M.A., , M.A., CopurCopur, H. &, H. & TuncdemirTuncdemir, H. 2004. Estimation of optimum specific energy based on rock p, H. 2004. Estimation of optimum specific energy based on rock properties for roperties for
assessment ofassessment of roadheaderroadheader performance. performance. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and MetallurgyJournal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 104 (11): 633104 (11): 633--643.643.
BilginBilgin N, N, YaziciYazici, S. & , S. & EskikayaEskikaya, S.1996. A model to predict the performance of, S.1996. A model to predict the performance of roadheadersroadheaders and impact hammers in tunnel and impact hammers in tunnel drivagesdrivages. In: . In: BarlaBarla G, editor. G, editor. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the EurockEurock ’96 on Prediction and Performance in Rock Mechanics and Rock ’96 on Prediction and Performance in Rock Mechanics and Rock EngineeringEngineering, 2: 715, 2: 715--720.720.
Bilgin, N., Balci, C., Acaroglu, O., Tuncdemir, H., Eskikaya, S.Bilgin, N., Balci, C., Acaroglu, O., Tuncdemir, H., Eskikaya, S., Akgul, M. & Algan, M. 1999 Performance, Akgul, M. & Algan, M. 1999 Performance Prediction of a TBM Prediction of a TBM in Tuzlain Tuzla--DragosDragos SewerageSewerage Tunnel, Tunnel, WorldWorld TunnelTunnel CongressCongress, Oslo 29th May , Oslo 29th May ––3rd June, 3rd June, Rotterdam: Rotterdam: BalkemaBalkema..
Bilgin, N., Kuzu, C. & Eskikaya, S. 1997. Bilgin, N., Kuzu, C. & Eskikaya, S. 1997. Cutting performance of rock hammers andCutting performance of rock hammers and roadheadersroadheaders in Istanbul Metro in Istanbul Metro drivagesdrivages. . Proceedings, Word Tunnel Congress’97, Tunnels for PeopleProceedings, Word Tunnel Congress’97, Tunnels for People: 455: 455--460. Rotterdam: 460. Rotterdam: BalkemaBalkema..
BilginBilgin,N., ,N., DincerDincer, T. & , T. & CopurCopur, H., 2002. The performance prediction of impact hammers from Sc, H., 2002. The performance prediction of impact hammers from Schmidt hammer rebound values in hmidt hammer rebound values in Istanbul metro tunnel Istanbul metro tunnel drivagesdrivages, , TunnellingTunnelling and Underground Space Technology and Underground Space Technology 1717: : 237237––247247
BilginBilgin,N., ,N., DincerDincer, T., , T., CopurCopur, H., , H., ErdoganErdogan, M. 2004. Some geological and geotechnical factors affecting th, M. 2004. Some geological and geotechnical factors affecting the performance of a e performance of a roadhederroadheder in an in an inclişnedinclişned tunnel, tunnel, TunnellingTunnelling and Underground Space Technology and Underground Space Technology 1919: 629: 629––636.636.
CopurCopur H, H, RostamiRostami J, J, OzdemirOzdemir L & L & BilginBilgin N. 1997. Studies on performance prediction ofN. 1997. Studies on performance prediction of roadheadersroadheaders based on field data in mining based on field data in mining and and tunnellingtunnelling projects. In: projects. In: GurgenciGurgenci H, Hood M, editors. H, Hood M, editors. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mine Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mine Mechanization and AutomationMechanization and Automation, Brisbane, Queensland. A4, Brisbane, Queensland. A4--1/A41/A4--7.7.
Dunn, P.G., Dunn, P.G., HowarthHowarth, D.F., , D.F., ScmidthScmidth, S.P.J. & Bryan, I.J. 1997. A review of non explosive excavatio, S.P.J. & Bryan, I.J. 1997. A review of non explosive excavation projects for the Australian n projects for the Australian metalliferrousmetalliferrous mining industry. In: mining industry. In: GurgenciGurgenci H, Hood M, editors. H, Hood M, editors. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mine Mechanization and AutomationMine Mechanization and Automation, Brisbane, Queensland. A5, Brisbane, Queensland. A5--2/132/13
Evans, I. 1974. Energy requirements for impact breakage of rocksEvans, I. 1974. Energy requirements for impact breakage of rocks. . Proceedings, Fluid Power Equipment in Mining, Quarrying and Proceedings, Fluid Power Equipment in Mining, Quarrying and TunnellingTunnelling, IMM London:, IMM London:11--88
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FowellFowell, R.J. & , R.J. & JohsonJohson, S.T. 1982. Rock classification and assessment of rapid excavat, S.T. 1982. Rock classification and assessment of rapid excavation. ion. In: Farmer I, editor. Proceedings of the In: Farmer I, editor. Proceedings of the Symposium on Strata MechanicsSymposium on Strata Mechanics, Newcastle Upon Tyne: 239, Newcastle Upon Tyne: 239--242.242.
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ITA/AITESITA/AITES
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Clause de non-responsabilité pour les rapports des groupes de travail de l'AITESL’Association Internationale des Travaux en Souterrain (AITES) publie ce rapport, conformément à ses Statuts, pour faciliter les échanges d’informations afin :
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