TaxonomyTaxonomy

What is What is taxonomytaxonomy??

TaxonomyTaxonomy is the branch of is the branch of biology concerned with the biology concerned with the grouping and naming of grouping and naming of organismsorganisms

Biologists who study this Biologists who study this are called are called taxonomiststaxonomists

How did it start?How did it start?

People wanted to People wanted to organizeorganize their world so they began their world so they began groupinggrouping, or , or classifyingclassifying everything they saw.everything they saw.

Why Why classifyclassify??

To help us study the earthTo help us study the earth

To help us organize all the To help us organize all the species we discover . . . species we discover . . .

To give every species a To give every species a name based on a name based on a standard standard methodmethod so scientists from so scientists from different countries can talk different countries can talk about the same animal about the same animal without confusionwithout confusion

Who is Carolus Who is Carolus Linnaeus?Linnaeus?

Carolus Carolus LinnaeusLinnaeus was a was a Swedish botanistSwedish botanist

Developed a 7-level (Developed a 7-level (taxataxa) ) classification systemclassification system based based on similarities between on similarities between organismsorganisms

HISTORY OF HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

ARISTOTLEDIVIDED LIVING THINGS INTO TWO KINGDOMS

CAROLLUS LINNAEUS DEVELOPED THE CLASSIFICATION ON SIMILAR PROPERTIES, FOUND BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE AS A SYSTEM TO GIVE A SCIENTIFIC NAME

ROBERT WHITTAKER THE CONSIDERED FIVE KINGDOMS SYSTEM

CAROLLUS LINNAEUSCAROLLUS LINNAEUS

King--Phillip--Came--Over--For--Good--Soup

The mnemonic device to help you remember the complete hierarchy

ROBERT WHITTAKERROBERT WHITTAKERProkaryotic Cells Without Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles 1.  Kingdom Monera [10,000 species]: Unicellular and colonial--including the true bacteria (eubacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).Eukaryotic Cells With Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles: 2.  Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) [250,000 species]: Unicellular protozoans and unicellular & multicellular (macroscopic) algae with 9 + 2 cilia and flagella (called undulipodia). 3.  Kingdom Fungi [100,000 species]: Haploid and dikaryotic (binucleate) cells, multicellular, generally heterotrophic, without cilia and eukaryotic (9 + 2) flagella (undulipodia). 4.  Kingdom Plantae [250,000 species]: Haplo-diploid life cycles, mostly autotrophic, retaining embryo within female sex organ on parent plant. 5.  Kingdom Animalia [1,000,000 species]: Multicellular animals, without cell walls and without photosynthetic pigments, forming diploid blastula.

How does it work?How does it work?

There are There are 66 broad kingdoms broad kingdomsEveryEvery living thing that we living thing that we know of fits into one of the know of fits into one of the six kingdomssix kingdomsEach level gets more Each level gets more specific as fewer organisms specific as fewer organisms fit into any one groupfit into any one group

Sea-side Splat!Sea-side Splat!

An animal is known by An animal is known by twotwo names… names…

Canis lupusCanis lupus is the scientific is the scientific name for a gray wolf. name for a gray wolf.

CanisCanis is the is the genusgenus name name

lupuslupus is the is the speciesspecies name name

This system uses a This system uses a binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature

GenusGenus……

A A genusgenus consists of a consists of a group of closely related group of closely related speciesspeciesOther animals in the Other animals in the Canis Canis group include dogs and group include dogs and coyotescoyotesThe The genusgenus name is always name is always CapitalizedCapitalized

Species...Species...

A A species species consists of consists of animals that can mate and animals that can mate and produce produce fertile offspringfertile offspringOnly grey wolves are Only grey wolves are known as known as lupuslupus..The The speciesspecies name is name is always always lowercaselowercase

Binomial Binomial NomenclatureNomenclature

BiBi means means twotwo

NomenNomen means means namename

A A binomial nomenclature binomial nomenclature is is a classification system a classification system using using two namestwo names to to identify an organismidentify an organism

‘‘Binomial’ = 2 namesBinomial’ = 2 names

Fucus vesiculosusFucus vesiculosus

Genus – has a capital letter

species – all in lower case

Italics (or underlined)

-to show the words are different to ordinary text.

Taxon Cat Man

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

Animalia Animalia

Chordata Chordata

Mammalia Mammalia

Carnivora Primates

Felidae - cats Anthropoids - apes

Felis Homo

cattus sapiens

Example: Cinnamon rose Example: Cinnamon rose (Rosa cinnamomea)(Rosa cinnamomea)

Specific epithet --- Specific epithet --- cinnamomeacinnamomea

Genus --- Genus --- RosaRosa

Family --- RosaceaeFamily --- Rosaceae

Order --- RosalesOrder --- Rosales

Class --- DicotyledonaeClass --- Dicotyledonae

Subdivision --- AngiospermaeSubdivision --- Angiospermae

Division --- SpermatophytaDivision --- Spermatophyta

Kingdom --- PlantaeKingdom --- Plantae

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Early Taxonomists

•2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist•Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals•He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

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Early Taxonomists• John Ray, a

botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming

• His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant

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Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778

• 18th century 18th century taxonomisttaxonomist

• Classified Classified organisms by organisms by their their structurestructure

• Developed Developed naming systemnaming system still used todaystill used today

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Carolus Linnaeus

•Called the “Father of Taxonomy”

•Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature

•Two-word name (Genus & species)

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

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Binomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?

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Rules for Naming Organisms

• The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms

• All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)

• This prevents duplicated names

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

Domain Domain KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum ((Division – used for plants) ClassClass OrderOrder Family Family GenusGenus Species Species

BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON

Most Specific

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DDumbumb

KKinging

PPhilliphillip

CCameame

OOverver

FForor

GGooseberrooseberryy

SSoup!oup!

2929copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale

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Where Do Viruses Where Do Viruses Fit? Fit?

Not a cellNot a cell

Not “alive”? Not “alive”? – Do not grow, Do not grow, – do not maintain homeostasis do not maintain homeostasis

Nucleic acids in protein shellNucleic acids in protein shell

Use host cell to replicateUse host cell to replicate

Early Stage of Influenza Virus

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Basis for Modern Taxonomy

• Homologous structures (same structure, different function)

• Similar embryo development

• Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

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Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

Embryology

EmbryologyEmbryology

THE CAT THE CAT FAMILYFAMILY

Mountain lion, Puma,Panther, Mountain lion, Puma,Panther, Cougar,Cheetah,Tiger,Leopard,Jaguor Cougar,Cheetah,Tiger,Leopard,Jaguor

Felis concolor – mountain lion, puma, panther, cougar

Sumatran Tiger - Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia,

Order Carnivora, Family Felidae, Genus Pathera, Species tigris

Panthera leoPanthera tigrisPanthera pardus

CHEETAH

TIGER

PantherPanther

PumaPuma

CougarCougar

Mountain LionMountain Lion

Complete classsificationComplete classsification

TaxonomyTaxonomy RiceRiceKingdomKingdom : : PlantaePlantae

Division Division : : AngiospermaeAngiospermae

ClassClass : :MonocotyledonaeMonocotyledonae

OrderOrder : : PoalesPoales

FamilyFamily : : PoaceaePoaceae

Genus Genus : : OryzaeOryzae

SpeciesSpecies : : Oryza sativaOryza sativa

CatCatKingdomKingdom : : AnimaliaAnimalia

PhylumPhylum : Ch: Chordataordata

ClassClass : Mammalia: Mammalia

OrderOrder :Carnivore:Carnivore

FamilyFamily : Felidae: Felidae

Genus Genus : : FelisFelis

SpeciesSpecies : :

Felis domesticusFelis domesticus

““Latin is a language,Latin is a language,as dead as dead can be.as dead as dead can be.First it killed the Romans:First it killed the Romans:

Now it’s killing me.”Now it’s killing me.”

““A name is a handle by A name is a handle by which we get to know which we get to know

certain people, places and certain people, places and plants.”plants.”

- Michael Dirr- Michael Dirr

But what about “rilver” maple But what about “rilver” maple trees?trees?

PLANTS MAKEPLANTS MAKE

BUT DO NOTBUT DO NOT

READ BOOKS!READ BOOKS!