Post on 18-Dec-2015
Taxonomy of fishes
classification hierarchical grouping of organisms (used by Linnaeus,1758)
taxonomy science of biological nomenclature (formal rules for use)
systematics the study of relationships
Taxonomic hierarchy:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinopterygii (formerly Osteichthyes)
Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Cyprinus
Species: carpio (common carp)
additional standardized endings:Suborder: - oidesSubfamily: - inaeTribe: - ini
Taxonomic hierarchy:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinopterygii (formerly Osteichthyes)
- Subclass Neopterygii - Infraclass Teleostei Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Cyprinus
Species: carpio (common carp)
Tools of taxonomy:
morphometrics - measurements relative to length
meristics - counts
Tools of taxonomy:
morphometrics - measurements relative to length
meristics - counts
anatomical traits - shape, presence/absence
Tools of taxonomy:
morphometrics - measurements relative to length
meristics - counts
anatomical traits - shape, presence/absence
color patterns
white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)
Tools of taxonomy:
morphometrics - measurements relative to length
meristics - counts
anatomical traits - shape, presence/absence
color patterns
karyotypes – chromosome counts, shape, banding patterns
biochemical methods
Tools of taxonomy:
physiological differences (e.g., temperature preferences)
behavior
steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Tools of taxonomy:
physiological differences (e.g., temperature preferences)
behavior
diet
steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
Use of standardized descriptions:
Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811). D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A 1 + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20). Scaled on the parietal region, nape, back (all), throat (all or most), abdomen, pectoral fin peduncles, and one quarter of the gill covers. Scales on the middle and anterior nape are cycloid. Head is as wide as or wider than deep; depth is 0.9‑1.2 times the width. Head length 4.2‑4.5 of total body length. Angle of the jaw below the anterior quarter of the eye. Lower jaw not prominent. Snout 1.1‑1.4 times the orbit diameter. Upper lip narrows slightly to the rear. Usually 6, rarely 7, transverse suborbital series of pit organs. Ventral fins reach or almost reach the vent. Pelvic disk is 0.6‑0.8 times the abdomen length. If present, the anterior membrane width is very shallow, with rounded, lateral lobes. Caudal peduncle depth is about two‑thirds its length. Lacks a gas bladder and chemoreceptors.
Use of standardized descriptions:
Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811).
placed in genus of nearest (known) related species
Use of standardized descriptions:
Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811).
sources of species names:descriptive (melanostomus)discoverer, etc. (hubbsi)local language (namaycush)
Use of standardized descriptions:
Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811).
Originally discovered and named by Pallas in 1811 - but name has since changed
Use of standardized descriptions:
Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811)
D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A 1 + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20).
D1 VI (V‑VII); the anterior dorsal fin has 6 spines, ranging from 5‑7
D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); the posterior dorsal fin has one spine and 14‑16 soft rays, ranging from 13-16
A 1 + 11‑13 (11‑14); the anal fin has one spine, 11-13 soft rays, ranging from 11‑14
P 18‑19 (17‑20). the pectoral fins have 18-19 soft rays, ranging from 17‑20
Use of standardized descriptions:
Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811). D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A 1 + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20).
Scaled on the parietal region, nape, back (all), throat (all or most), abdomen, pectoral fin peduncles, and one quarter of the gill covers. Scales on the middle and anterior nape are cycloid. Head is as wide as or wider than deep; depth is 0.9‑1.2 times the width. Head length 4.2‑4.5 of total body length. Angle of the jaw below the anterior quarter of the eye. Lower jaw not prominent. Snout 1.1‑1.4 times the orbit diameter. Upper lip narrows slightly to the rear. Usually 6, rarely 7, transverse suborbital series of pit organs. Ventral fins reach or almost reach the vent. Pelvic disk is 0.6‑0.8 times the abdomen length. If present, the anterior membrane width is very shallow, with rounded, lateral lobes. Caudal peduncle depth is about two‑thirds its length. Lacks a gas bladder and chemoreceptors.
Authorship of scientific names International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
right of priority – you discover it, you name it
species name will (almost) never change
type specimen – archived original specimen
type locality – location of first discovery
nominal species – name of a species defined by type specimen
nomen praeoccupatum – name already in use
junior synonyms – name with later publication date than
accepted name
Authorship of scientific namesright of prioritytype specimentype localitynominal speciesnomen praeoccupatumjunior synonyms
Authorship of scientific names
Salmo Omisco Maycus - Walbaum 1792 (type locality Hudson Bay)
Percopsis guttatus - Agassiz 1850Salmoperca pellucida - Thompson 1853Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum) - Kendall 1911
_______________________Percopsis: perch-likeomiscomaycus: probably Algonquin name with root meaning “trout”
Common names: trout-perch, silver chub, omisco
Authorship of scientific namesright of prioritytype specimentype localitynominal speciesnomen praeoccupatumjunior synonyms
Salmo gairdneri Richardson 1836synonymous with Salmo mykiss Walbaum 1792
but it is really a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus)- so it becomes Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792)
On Discovering a Butterfly
I found it and named it, being versedin taxonomic Latin; thus becamegodfather to an insect and its firstdescriber -- and I want no other fame.
Wide open on its pin (though fast asleep),and safe from creeping relatives and rust,in the secluded stronghold where we keeptype specimens it will transcend its dust.
Dark pictures, thrones, the stones that pilgrims kiss,poems that take a thousand years to diebut ape the immortality of thisred label on a little butterfly.
-Vladimir Nabokov
Nomenclature (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature)
use of Latin, Greek prononciation:
ch = k (e.g., ichthyology)initial c = s (e.g., Cyprinidae)
hybrids: Rutilus rutilus x Abramis brama
genus and species always italicized Neogobius melanostomus
genus, species with subspecies - species abbreviatedN. melanostomusN. m. caspia
subgenus usually in parenthesesDreissena (Pontodreissena) polymorpha
Nomenclature (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature)
problems with common names:Oncorhynchus – true salmon
rainbow trout Chinook salmon
Salmo – trout brown trout Atlantic salmon
Salvelinus – char (or charr)lake troutbrook troutArctic char
creek chub, longjaw chub, grey chub, Bermuda chub, etc.
cisco….
What does this creature have to do with fish taxonomy???
Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
non-arbitrary, informative classifications reflect evolutionary relationships – evolutionary hypotheses
task is to identify monophyletic groups (clades)
“task” of phylogeny is to determine whether characters shared among taxa are
primitive (plesiomorphies – primitive character states)or derived (apomorphies – advanced character states)
homologous – identical by ancestryor convergent – similar by convergent evolution
Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
monophyletic groups (clades)– members share common ancestor– all members have common derived character or synapomorphy
cladogram
Coelac
anth
s
Osteog
lossif
ormes
avoid paraphyletic groups - monophyletic group that excludes some of the descendants
Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
avoid paraphyletic groups - monophyletic group that excludes some of the descendants
or polyphyletic groups - consists of members from two monophyletic groups (e.g. flying animals; eel-like animals)
Myxiniformes Petromyzontiformes Gnathostomata(hagfishes) (lampreys) (jawed fishes)
Myxiniformes Petromyzontiformes Gnathostomata(hagfishes) (lampreys) (jawed fishes)
Agnatha(jawless fishes)
Agnatha is now paraphyletic
Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
Where do these fish belong, phylogenetically?
Characteristics of the extant classes of fishes
Character Primitive Advanced
skeleton cartilaginous ossified
paired fins absent (lamprey) present*
gill arches absent present
nostril(s) one, median paired
jaws absent present
fins with spines absent (trout) present (perches)*
pectoral fins horizontal base low on vertical base high body (minnows) on body (basses)*
pelvic fins far back on belly forward, attached to pectoral girdle
tail heterocercal homocercal
scales cycloid ctenoid
mouth front of head up- or down-turned*
* subsequently modified in some advanced fishes
Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)