Post on 06-Mar-2016
description
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Dedicated toDedicated toDedicated toDedicated to
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my wifemy wifemy wifemy wife Sally Sally Sally Sally ,,,, and and and and the peoples of Hithe peoples of Hithe peoples of Hithe peoples of High Asiagh Asiagh Asiagh Asia who who who who allallallall
taught taught taught taught me to hearme to hearme to hearme to hear different drummer different drummer different drummer different drummerssss
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摘要 政策制定者、项目设计者和建设单位越来越确信由所谓的专业林学制定的新的社会-生态敏感战略的失败可以很好地被传统林业来证实。他们认为传统林业可以帮助发展成功的持续生态和公平政治的林业项目。然而,为了从传统林业系统中获取知识,森林官员对森林用户本土文化的适应性应当表现为能够潜在地理解和介入当地林业管理的繁杂性。文化适应性不仅要求更多地注意到那非物质的文化领域,而且更需要理解多资源的服务工作、本土的认识和洞察方法、以及本土的森林价值和管理实践。 为了确认知识和政治生态学的重要意义,本研究从知识的可持续性和协同沟通这一交替的、易忽视的角度来调查资源服务工作。同时,以常规方式调查在所谓正式和传统林业知识间认识与沟通的模式,并且特别关注明那些显具有生态文化可持续性的林业价值范例的识别。 本研究的主要产出包括东康巴藏族少数民族地区的森林价值的认知图、他们的空间分布图以及随同文化或生物物理现象而发生的森林价值的相应变化。 在概念上,本研究使用的理论方法主要有知识系统论、超级文本论以及范例论和对约翰洛克的叙述法的评论。前者主要提供一个交替比较和对照知识系统的平台和一种在他们之间协同沟通的方法,后者是封装一个被西方知识判断为现代性的轨迹。 本研究应用的定量研究方法有森林价值判定的文本分析法、森林价值认知地图的多维比例尺法、空间分析法,以及森林价值分布的克里格插值法、用于评价森林价值变化和他们与文化或生物物理现象一致变化的边界或 WOMBING 分析法。后面的 4 种方法在本研究中是一种创新,因为从来没有在森林价值研究中运用过。 本研究最终结论认为在东康巴地区明显地形成了森林价值的 4 种认知域、5种地理空间范例和 12种认知范例。 该研究结果,特别是森林价值与民族语言密切相关的现象,暗示了林业官员可以发展多种自然资源模型或依靠当地林业价值进行生物多样性服务工作。
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从广泛应用上讲,如果传统知识由于缺少跨文化认识或心理整合的概念框架而完全整合或融入到西方知识系统中,传统知识就不可能持续。不过,结合后现代主义的理念,我们确实可以发现一些能够为知识平衡、可持续发展和沟通提供一些可喜的径迹。这些径迹包括超级文本论、范例论、逻辑判断论、适应性管理、生态精神范例和后现代林业范例。这些径迹和发现为项目计划者在通往可持续林业和生物多样性服务工作的路上提供了一个全面的当地和非当地知识系统协同沟通的方式。 关键词:范例,人文林业,协同沟通,东康巴地区,森林价值,中国,西藏,知识系统,适应性管理,圣境,守护神,MDS,克里格插值法,WOMBLING 分析法,空间统计
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6KOGU 4QOCP 12 RQKPV JCU DGGP WUGF HQT OQUV PQTOCN VGZV
#TKCN UECNCDNG HQPVU JCXG DGGP WUGF HQT OCRU RNQVU CPF HKIWTGU.
6KDGVCP /CEJKPG 9GD QT 6KDGVCP /CEJKPG HQPV JCU DGGP WUGF HQT 6KDGVCP
5KO5WP )$18030 HQPV JCU DGGP WUGF HQT %JKPGUG
$4* &GXCPCICTK HQPV JCU DGGP WUGF HQT *KPFK, 4QOCPK CPF 5CPUMTKV
&CXKF HQPV JCU DGGP WUGF HQT *GDTGY
9KPFQYU +51-8859-7 EJCTCEVGT UGV JCU DGGP WUGF HQT )TGGM
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%QPVGPVU
ZXK
6#$.’ 1( %106’065 #%−019.’&)’/’065........................................................................... KK #$564#%6 ................................................................................................. KKK #$564#%6 (6KDGVCP)................................................................................... X #$564#%6 (%JKPGUG).................................................................................. Z #%410;/5............................................................................................... ZKK (1065 75’& ............................................................................................. ZX 6#$.’ 1( %106’065............................................................................ ZXK
(KIWTGU .................................................................................................... ZZK 6CDNGU...................................................................................................... ZZK 2NQVU ....................................................................................................... ZZKK /CRU ...................................................................................................... ZZKK
%*#26’4 1 +0641&7%6+10................................................................................ 1
1.1 +0641&7%6+10 ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 ,756+(+%#6+10................................................................................................. 2 1.3 %10%’267#. 14+)+0..................................................................................... 4 1.4 6*’ 4’5’#4%*................................................................................................ 5 1.5 6*’ 567&; #4’#............................................................................................ 5
%*#26’4 2 %10%’265.......................................................................................... 9
2.1 −019.’&)’ #0& −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5.............................................. 9 2.1.1 −PQYNGFIG .................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU QT 9QTNFXKGY.............................................................. 10
2.2 2#4#&+)/5.................................................................................................... 12 2.3 6;2’5 1( −019.’&)’ 5;56’/............................................................... 16
2.3.1 /QFGTP −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU ....................................................................... 16 2.3.2 %NCUUKECN '0QP-YGUVGTP' −PQYNGFIG ........................................................... 18 2.3.3 +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG................................................................................ 18
%*#26’4 3 '9’56’40' −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5 #0& 6*’+4
+0(.7’0%’ 10 ’08+410/’06#. #0& &’8’.12/’06 &+5%1745’20
3.1 6*’ ’0.+)*6’0/’06 #0& /1&’40+6; ............................................... 20 3.1.1 +PVTQFWEVKQP ................................................................................................ 20 3.1.2 /QFGTPKV[, VJG 8GPGVKCP 1NKICTEJ[ CPF VJG 0CTTCVKXGU QH ,QJP .QEMG ...... 20 3.1.3 ,QJP .QEMG .................................................................................................. 23
’XQNWVKQP.......................................................................................................... 25 /GEJCPKUVKE TGFWEVKQPKUO ................................................................................ 26 0CVWTG .............................................................................................................. 26 .KDGTCN RQNKVKECN RJKNQUQRJ[............................................................................. 27 2TQRGTV[ ........................................................................................................... 28
3.1.4 &GXGNQROGPV CV VJG '’PF' QH /QFGTPKV[ ...................................................... 30 3.2 2156/1&’40+6;......................................................................................... 33 3.3 ’08+410/’06#.+5/, &’8’.12/’06 #0& 0#674’ ........................ 35
3.3.1 /CKPUVTGCO '5WUVCKPCDNG' &GXGNQROGPV ..................................................... 38 3.3.2 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &KUEQWTUG ........................................................................... 41 3.3.3 0CVWTG &KUEQWTUG ........................................................................................ 42 3.3.4 ’EQ-URKTKVWCN CPF *QNKUVKE-QTICPKE 2CTCFKIOU .......................................... 43
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%QPVGPVU
ZXKK
3.3.5 2QUV-OQFGTP #RRTQCEJGU............................................................................ 47
%*#26’4 4 010-'9’56’40' −019.’&)’ ................................................. 50
4.1 +0641&7%6+10 ............................................................................................. 50 4.2 ’#56’40 %.#55+%#. −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5 ...................................... 50 4.3 +0&+)’0175 2’12.’5 #0& 51%+’6+’5 ................................................... 54 4.4 +0&+)’0175 −019.’&)’ (+−) &+5%1745’ .......................................... 58 4.5 24+/#. 14 +0&+)’0175 −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5................................ 63
4.5.1 6JG 0CVWTG CPF %JCTCEVGT QH +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU .................. 65 4.5.2 +PFKIGPQWU %QPUGTXCVKQP CPF 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV ............................... 67 4.5.3 2TQVGEVKQP QH +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG.......................................................... 68 4.5.4 6JTGCVU VQ +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNG CPF −PQYNGFIG ........................................... 70
6JTGCVU CU C TGUWNV QH UVCVG KPVGTXGPVKQP .......................................................... 72 )NQDCN VJTGCVU .................................................................................................. 73 6JTGCVU HTQO 'XQNWPVCT[' CEEWNVWTCVKQP ............................................................ 75
%*#26’4 5 (14’564;........................................................................................ 78
5.1 +0641&7%6+10 ............................................................................................. 79 5.2 6*’ 5%+’06+(+% (14’564; 2#4#&+)/ .................................................. 79 5.3 (14’564; #0& /1&’40+6;..................................................................... 81 5.4 5%+’06+(+% (14’564; 5%4+265 #0& *’)’/10+% &+5%1745’5 ..... 82 5.5 (14’564; #0& 2416’56 ........................................................................... 84 5.6 (14’564; #0& 6*’ %1.10+#. .’)#%; ............................................... 88 5.7 0’1-2127.+56 (14’564; .......................................................................... 88
5.7.1 5QEKCN (QTGUVT[............................................................................................ 89 5.7.2 ,QKPV (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV ........................................................................... 89 5.7.3 %QOOWPKV[ (QTGUVT[ ................................................................................... 90
5.8 2156-/1&’40 (14’564;.......................................................................... 92 5.9 2156-4+1 (14’564; 2#4#&+)/5 ............................................................ 93
5.9.1 6JG ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ #RRTQCEJ ..................................................................... 95 5.9.2 6JG (QTGUV 8CNWGU #RRTQCEJ ...................................................................... 96
%*#26’4 6 /’6*1&5 #0& /’6*1&1.1);............................................ 100
6.1 +0641&7%6+10 ........................................................................................... 100 6.2 (14’56 8#.7’5 .......................................................................................... 103 6.3 /’6*1&5 ...................................................................................................... 104
6.3.1 /GVJQF 1: %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI.................................................................. 104 6.3.2 /GVJQF 2: )GQUVCVKUVKEU ............................................................................ 107
#PKUQVTQRKE 5GOKXCTKCPEG 5WTHCEG /CRU....................................................... 108 6JG XCTKQITCO ............................................................................................... 108 −TKIKPI........................................................................................................... 108 %QTTGNQITCOU................................................................................................. 109 $GCTKPI CPCN[UKU ............................................................................................ 109 9KPFTQUG %QTTGNQITCOU ................................................................................ 109 $GCTKPI EQTTGNQITCOU.................................................................................... 109 #PIWNCT EQTTGNQITCOU ................................................................................... 109
6.3.3 /GVJQF 3: $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU .................................................................. 110 5RCVKCNN[ EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI .................................................................... 110
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%QPVGPVU
ZXKKK
9QODNKPI (RQKPV, ECVGIQT[ CPF RQN[IQP) ...................................................... 111 5WDDQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU .................................................................................... 112 1XGTNCR CPCN[UKU ............................................................................................ 112
6.4 5722146+8’ 6’%*01.1)+’5 .................................................................. 113 6.5 %106’:67#. 567&+’5.............................................................................. 115
6.5.1 (QTGUVT[ 5VWF[ KP &GPIMQ ......................................................................... 115 6.5.2 ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ 5VWFKGU COQPI VJG 2QQT - .WIW .CMG ............................... 116 6.5.3 (QTGUV 8CNWG 4CPMKPI - .WIW .CMG........................................................... 117
6.6 (+’.& 6’56+0) +0 7− #0& %*+0#........................................................... 118 6.6.1 (KGNFYQTM KP 7− ....................................................................................... 119 6.6.2 (KGNFYQTM KP %JKPC................................................................................... 121
6.7 51(69#4’ ’8#.7#6+10 ......................................................................... 124
%*#26’4 7 %*+0# #0& 6+$’6........................................................................ 128
7.1 +0641&7%6+10 ........................................................................................... 128 7.2 ’%1-52+4+67#. &+5%1745’..................................................................... 132
7.2.1 &CQKUO...................................................................................................... 133 7.2.2 (GPIUJWK ................................................................................................... 137
7.3 &+5%1745’5 1( 0#674’ .......................................................................... 142 7.3.1 #UKCP %QPEGRVU QH 0CVWTG ......................................................................... 142 7.3.2 0CVWTG KP %JKPGUG .KVGTCVWTG, #TV CPF 4GCNKV[ ......................................... 142 7.3.3 6JG ’EQNQIKECN 1TKGPVCN CPF VJGKT %CTG QH 0CVWTG................................... 143 7.3.4 6JG 4G-QTFGTKPI CPF 6COKPI QH 0CVWTG KP 6KDGV ...................................... 145
7.4 4#%+#. #0& ’6*0+% /+014+6; &+5%1745’ ...................................... 150 7.4.1 %JKPGUG '’VJPKE' 0CVKQPCNKVKGU .................................................................. 151 7.4.2 /KPQTKV[ 2QNKEKGU ...................................................................................... 153 7.4.3 5WRGTUVKVKQP............................................................................................... 156 7.4.4 6KDGVCP 4GURQPUGU VQ %JKPGUG /KPQTKV[ &KUEQWTUGU................................. 159
4KVWCNU QH RTQVGUV............................................................................................ 163 4KVWCNU QH FGHKCPEG ......................................................................................... 166
7.5 %*+0’5’ ’08+410/’06#. &+5%1745’ .............................................. 169 7.5.1 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %QPUEKQWUPGUU .................................................................. 170 7.5.2 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN /QXGOGPVU ....................................................................... 171 7.5.3 5VCVG-2WDNKE &KCNQIWG............................................................................... 174 7.5.4 %JKPGUG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGUV ................................................................ 175 7.5.5 6KDGVCP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGUV CPF %QRKPI 5VTCVGIKGU ............................ 179
.QECN RTQVGUV .................................................................................................. 179 +PVGTPCVKQPCN RTQVGUV ...................................................................................... 183 +PVGTPCVKQPCN HQTC .......................................................................................... 187 )TGGP 6KDGVCP FKUEQWTUG................................................................................ 188
7.6 ’08+410/’06#. #0& (14’564; 21.+%; ......................................... 188 7.6.1 6JG %JCNNGPIGU HQT %QPUGTXCVKQP, 0CVKQPCN 2CTMU CPF 6QWTKUO ............. 191 7.6.2 (QTGUV 2QNKEKGU .......................................................................................... 194
6JG )TGCV 9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV 5VTCVGI[..................................................... 194 6JG .QIIKPI $CP ........................................................................................... 195 0CVWTCN (QTGUV 2TQVGEVKQP 2TQITCOOG ......................................................... 201 7RNCPF %QPXGTUKQP (CITKEWNVWTG VQ HQTGUV) .................................................... 202 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCVKQP...................................................................................... 206
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%QPVGPVU
ZKZ
7.7 %10%.75+105.............................................................................................. 209
%*#26’4 8 (14’56 8#.7’5 +0 ’#56’40 −*#/: 4’57.65 1(
%1)0+6+8’ /#22+0)........................................................................................ 213
8.1 −*#/ ............................................................................................................. 213 8.1.1 −JCO......................................................................................................... 213 8.1.2 6JG −JCODC 2GQRNGU ................................................................................ 215 8.1.3 −JCO *KUVQT[............................................................................................ 217 8.1.4 −JCODC +FGPVKV[........................................................................................ 219 8.1.5 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &GITCFCVKQP ..................................................................... 220 8.1.6 %NKOCVG %JCPIG ........................................................................................ 222 8.1.7 6JG (NQQFU ................................................................................................ 224
8.2 4’57.65 ........................................................................................................ 225 8.2.1 6JG (QTGUV 8CNWGU 7UGF HQT %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI ...................................... 226 8.2.2 )GQITCRJKECN %QXGTCIG............................................................................ 227 8.2.3 /WNVKFKOGPUKQPCN 5ECNKPI ......................................................................... 230 8.2.4. (QTGUV 8CNWGU +PENWFGF KP VJG %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI .................................. 234
.KHG UWRRQTV XCNWGU......................................................................................... 234 %QPUGTXCVKQP XCNWGU....................................................................................... 234 5RKTKVWCN CPF UCETGF XCNWGU ........................................................................... 235 (QTGUV RTQFWEVU .............................................................................................. 238 +PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP ..................................................................................... 238 5QEKCNKUO........................................................................................................ 238 *WPVKPI HQT HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG ........................................................................ 239 2NCEG CVVCEJOGPV XCNWGU ................................................................................ 241
8.2.5 &KUCIITGICVGF %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI........................................................... 241 ’VJPKEKV[ ......................................................................................................... 242 )GPFGT ........................................................................................................... 244 #IG ................................................................................................................. 246 %QWPVKGU ......................................................................................................... 249 9CVGT ECVEJOGPVU........................................................................................... 251 6JG −JCODCU NKXKPI KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV .............................................. 253
8.2.6. 8CNWGU +FGPVKHKGF KP VJG (QTGUV 8CNWG 5WTXG[ DWV PQV +PENWFGF KP %QIPKVKXG
/CRRKPI............................................................................................................. 254 %QOOGTEKCN XCNWGU ........................................................................................ 254 %WNVWTCN, JKUVQTKE, U[ODQNKE CPF GOQVKQPCN XCNWGU ........................................ 255 9KNFGTPGUU XCNWGU .......................................................................................... 255
8.2.7 (QTGUV 8CNWGU +FGPVKHKGF KP VJG %QPVGZVWCN 5VWFKGU................................... 256 .GCTPKPI XCNWGU (QT YC[U QH MPQYKPI)........................................................... 257 +PVTKPUKE XCNWGU............................................................................................... 260 (WVWTG XCNWGU ................................................................................................. 261 4GETGCVKQP CPF VQWTKUO.................................................................................. 261
8.2.8 %QIPKVKXG &QOCKPU CPF (QTGUV 8CNWG 2CTCFKIOU .................................... 261
%*#26’4 9 52#6+#. #0& $170 #0#.;5+5 ................................... 267
9.1 )’156#6+56+%#. #0#.;5+5.................................................................... 267 9.2 52#6+#. #0#.;5+5..................................................................................... 274
9.2.1 %QTTGNQITCOU............................................................................................ 275
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%QPVGPVU
ZZ
9.2.2 $GCTKPI #PCN[UKU....................................................................................... 276 9.2.3 9KPFTQUG %QTTGNQITCOU ........................................................................... 278 9.2.4 $GCTKPI %QTTGNQITCOU.............................................................................. 279 9.2.5 #PIWNCT %QTTGNQITCOU ............................................................................. 280 9.2.6 %QPENWUKQPU .............................................................................................. 281
9.3 $170 #0#.;5+5 .............................................................................. 284 9.3.1 5RCVKCNN[ %QPUVTCKPGF %NWUVGTKPI ............................................................. 284 9.3.2 9QODNKPI.................................................................................................. 286
(QTGUV XCNWGU.................................................................................................. 286 (QTGUV XCNWGU D[ EQWPV[ ................................................................................. 287 (QTGUV XCNWGU D[ YCVGTUJGF ........................................................................... 288 (QTGUV XCNWGU D[ NCPIWCIG CTGC..................................................................... 289
9.3.3 1XGTNCR #PCN[UKU....................................................................................... 290 (QTGUV XCNWGU CPF YCVGTUJGFU........................................................................ 291 (QTGUV XCNWGU CPF FKCNGEVU ............................................................................. 292 (QTGUV XCNWG CPF HQTGUV EQXGT ........................................................................ 294 (QTGUV XCNWG CPF HQTGUV V[RG .......................................................................... 295 &KUVCPEG DGVYGGP RTQXKPEKCN ECRKVCNU (2T%) CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU ..................... 297
9.4 %10%.75+105.............................................................................................. 298
%*#26’4 10 (14’56 8#.7’5 +0 6*’ 9+&’4 %106’:6...................... 301
10.1 5;0’4)+56+% $4+&)+0) $’69’’0 (14’56 8#.7’ 5;56’/5..... 303 10.1.1 6JG &CPIGTU QH +PVGITCVKQP .................................................................... 303 10.1.2 ’RKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF 2U[EJQNQIKECN ,WUVKEG............................................ 304
10.2 (14’56 8#.7’5 ........................................................................................ 309 10.2.1 *WOCP &KOGPUKQP : 2U[EJQEWNVWTCN &QOCKP......................................... 310
.GCTPKPI XCNWG ............................................................................................... 310 %QPUGTXCVKQP XCNWGU CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[............................................................ 311 5RKTKVWCN CPF UCETGF XCNWGU ........................................................................... 314 +PVTKPUKE XCNWGU............................................................................................... 322 (WVWTG XCNWGU ................................................................................................. 324 %WNVWTCN, JKUVQTKE, CGUVJGVKE CPF VJGTCRGWVKE XCNWGU ...................................... 325 9KNFGTPGUU XCNWGU .......................................................................................... 328 2NCEG CVVCEJOGPV XCNWGU QT UGPUG QH RNCEG .................................................... 332 4GETGCVKQP...................................................................................................... 335
10.2.2 *WOCP &KOGPUKQP : 5QEKQ-GEQPQOKE &QOCKP........................................ 336 %QOOGTEKCN XCNWGU ........................................................................................ 336 +PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP ..................................................................................... 338 5QEKCNKUO........................................................................................................ 342 *WPVKPI HQT HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG ........................................................................ 343
10.2.3 0CVWTCN &KOGPUKQP : ’PXKTQPOGPVCN CPF 5WDUKUVGPEG &QOCKP.............. 344 .KHG UWRRQTV.................................................................................................... 344 (QTGUV RTQFWEVU .............................................................................................. 346
10.2.4 (QTGUV 8CNWGU D[ ’VJPQ-NKPIWKUVKE )TQWR............................................... 349 10.2.5 (QTGUV 8CNWGU D[ )GPFGT ........................................................................ 353
%*#26’4 11 %10%.75+105 ............................................................................ 361
11.1 (14’56 8#.7’5 +0 ’#56’40 −*#/ ................................................... 361
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%QPVGPVU
ZZK
11.2 (14’56 8#.7’ ’.+%+6#6+10................................................................. 364 11.2.1 ’NKEKVCVKQP ............................................................................................... 364 11.2.2 6JG +ORQTVCPEG QH VJG 4GUGCTEJ ............................................................. 364
11.3 #&126+10 1( (14’56 8#.7’ 2#4#&+)/5 (14 (14’56
56’9#4&5*+2 ................................................................................................... 365 11.3.1 #FQRVKQP +PVGTPCVKQPCNN[......................................................................... 365 11.3.2 #FQRVKQP KP %JKPC CPF −JCO ................................................................. 366
11.4 −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5 #0& &+5%1745’5......................................... 367 11.4.1 9GUVGTP −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU................................................................... 367 11.4.2 %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU............................................... 368
11.5 +0&+)’0175 −019.’&)’ #0& 0#674#. 4’5174%’5................ 369 11.5.1 +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG FKUEQWTUG ............................................................ 369 11.5.2 +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR ..................... 369 11.5.3 +ORNKECVKQPU HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[.................................................. 370 11.5.4 5[PGTIKUVKE $TKFIKPI ............................................................................... 372
11.6 (+0#. &+5%755+10.................................................................................... 375 11.6.1 (WVWTG 4GUGCTEJ &KTGEVKQPU.................................................................... 375 11.6.2 1XGTCNN %QPENWUKQPU ............................................................................... 376
#&&’0&7/............................................................................................................ 378
$+$.+1)4#2*;.................................................................................................... 382
+0&’: ...................................................................................................................... 428
#22’0&+: 1 : %1)0+6+8’ /#22+0) 5+6’5 (%*+0#)................................ 438
#22’0&+: 2# : (14’56 8#.7’ 5%#.+0) ................................................... 440
#22’0&+: 3 : %1)0+6+8’ /#22+0) 5748’;............................................ 442
#22’0&+: 4 : %106#%65 .................................................................................. 444
(KIWTGU (KIWTG 6-1 %QIPKVKXG CPVJTQRQNQI[ (VGZV KP TGF D[ CWVJQT)........................................ 101 (KIWTG 6-2 4KGOCPP 5RCEG......................................................................................... 105 (KIWTG 8-1 )GPGVKE RTQHKNG QH UGNGEVGF GVJPKE ITQWRU................................................. 225 (KIWTG 9-1 #PKUQVTQRKE UGOKXCTKCPEG UWTHCEG OCR CPF RTQHKNG QH OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU268 (KIWTG 9-2 #PKUQVTQRKE OQFGN QH OGCP HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC .......................................... 269 (KIWTG 9-3 +UQVTQRKE OQFGN QH OGCP HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC ............................................... 270 (KIWTG 9-4 )QQFPGUU-QH-HKV OQFGN WUGF HQT EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI ........................... 284
6CDNGU 6CDNG 2-1 %QPVTCUVU DGVYGGP RQUKVKXKUO CPF RQUV-RQUKVKXKUO ..................................... 14 6CDNG 6-1 (QTGUVT[ UVWF[ KP &GPIMQ .......................................................................... 115 6CDNG 6-2 (QTGUVT[ RTQHKNG KP &GPIMQ ........................................................................ 116 6CDNG 6-3 .WIW .CMG GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ UVWF[................................................................. 117 6CDNG 6-4 .WIW .CMG HQTGUV XCNWG TCPMKPI UVWF[ ....................................................... 117 6CDNG 6-5 .WIW .CMG HQTGUV XCNWG TCPMKPI................................................................. 118 6CDNG 6-6 (QTGUV XCNWG KFGPVKHKECVKQP KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV, 7−.................................... 119 6CDNG 6-7 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UWTXG[ QH HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV, 7−.......... 119
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%QPVGPVU
ZZKK
6CDNG 6-8 (QTGUV XCNWG KFGPVKHKECVKQP KP %JKPC .......................................................... 121 6CDNG 6-9 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UWTXG[ KP %JKPC .......................................................... 122 6CDNG 6-10 %CPFKFCVG UQHVYCTG UJQYKPI UGNGEVGF UQHVYCTG KP DQNF V[RG CPF WPFGTNKPGF
........................................................................................................................... 127 6CDNG 8-1 (QTGUV XCNWGU CFQRVGF HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI HTQO 1999-2005................. 226 6CDNG 8-2 (QTGUV XCNWGU (P=54 f=26) CV .WIW .CMG D[ IGPFGTGF TCPM QTFGT........... 246 6CDNG 8-3 (QTGUV XCNWG EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU CPF RCTCFKIOU......................................... 265
2NQVU 2NQV 6-1 QH EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV, 7− .............................................. 120 2NQV 6-2 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI KP &GMC VQYPUJKR.......................................................... 123 2NQV 8-1 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI 15 XCNWGU KP 3 FKOGPUKQPU......... 231 2NQV 8-2 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI 15 XCNWGU KP 2 FKOGPUKQPU......... 232 2NQV 8-3 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI 17 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP 2 FKOGPUKQPU232 2NQV 8-4 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI &KOGPUKQP 3 CPF 4 .................... 240 2NQV 8-5 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU COQPI −JCO URGCMGTU................... 243 2NQV 8-6 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI RNQV QH 15 OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU QH 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU....... 243 2NQV 8-7 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU HQT CNN OGP...................................... 245 2NQV 8-8 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU HQT CNN YQOGP................................. 245 2NQV 8-9 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 17 HQTGUV XCNWGU QH [QWPI TGURQPFGPVU ............................ 248 2NQV 8-10 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 17 HQTGUV XCNWGU QH QNF TGURQPFGPVU............................... 248 2NQV 8-11 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI RNQV QH 15 XCNWGU KP ;CLKCPI %QWPV[........................... 249 2NQV 8-12 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP <JQPIFKCP %QWPV[ .......................... 251 2NQV 8-13 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV .................... 252 2NQV 8-14 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJG ;CPIV\G ECVEJOGPV.................... 252 2NQV 8-15 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH −JCO URGCMGTU KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV .............. 254 2NQV 9-1 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWGU DGNQY 2.11 KP ECVGIQT[ 1 CTGCU. ..... 273 2NQV 9-2 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWGU QH 2.40+ KP ECVGIQT[ 3 CTGCU............ 273 2NQV 9-3 %QTTGNQITCO CPCN[UKU QH CNN HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU (105 RCKTU) ........................... 275 2NQV 9-4 $GCTKPI CPCN[UKU QH CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU HQT −JCODC URGCMGTU (P=65)
........................................................................................................................... 276 2NQV 9-5 $GCTKPI CPCN[UKU QH CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU HQT 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU (P=21).
........................................................................................................................... 277 2NQV 9-6 /QTCP'U + YKPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCO HQT CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU (P=86). ...... 279 2NQV 9-7 # DGCTKPI EQTTGNQITCO HQT CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU (P=86). ..................... 280 2NQV 9-8 #PIWNCT EQTTGNCVKQP HQT HQTGUV-6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO (P=86)............................ 281
/CRU /CR 1-1 /CR QH 9GUV %JKPC, %WNVWTCN 6KDGV CPF −JCO ............................................... 8 /CR 8-1 QH 9GUVGTP CPF ’CUVGTP −JCO (GCUV QH VJG ;KCPIV\G 4KXGT) ....................... 214 /CR 8-2 6JG NCPIWCIG ITQWRU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO ....................................................... 216 /CR 8-3 ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC KP TGF CPF EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UKVGU CU
TGF USWCTGU ......................................................................................................... 228 /CR 8-4 6JG EQWPVKGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO .................................................................... 229 /CR 8-5 6JG YCVGT ECVEJOGPVU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO...................................................... 230 /CR 9-1 +UQVTQRKE MTKI RNQV QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU FKURNC[GF KP 20 ECVGIQTKGU............... 271 /CR 9-2 +UQVTQRKE MTKI RNQV QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU (3 ECVGIQTKGU)................................... 272 /CR 9-3 UJQYKPI FKTGEVKQPCN VTGPFU CPF ENKPGU HTQO URCVKCN CPCN[UKU ....................... 283
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%QPVGPVU
ZZKKK
/CR 9-4 %QPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI QH OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU ............................................. 285 /CR 9-5 (QTGUV XCNWGU ((8) RQKPV YQODNKPI ............................................................ 287 /CR 9-6 /GCP HQTGUV XCNWGU D[ EQWPV[ RQN[IQP........................................................ 288 /CR 9-7 /GCP HQTGUV XCNWGU D[ OKETQ YCVGTUJGF RQN[IQP........................................ 289 /CR 9-8 /GCP HQTGUV XCNWGU D[ NCPIWCIG RQN[IQP .................................................... 290 /CR 9-9 (QTGUV XCNWGU (J) CPF YCVGTUJGF ECVGIQTKGU (I) QXGTNCR .............................. 291 /CR 9-10 (QTGUV XCNWGU (J) CPF FKCNGEV ECVGIQTKGU (I) QXGTNCR.................................. 293 /CR 9-11 (QTGUV XCNWGU (J) CPF HQTGUV EQXGT (I) QXGTNCR........................................... 295 /CR 9-12 (QTGUV XCNWGU (J) CPF HQTGUV V[RG (I) QXGTNCR............................................. 296 /CR 9-13 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN FKUVCPEG (I) CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU (J) QXGTNCR .................... 297 /CR 10-1 QH OKITCVKQP TQWVGU QH 5KPQ-6KDGVCP RQRWNCVKQPU ($KPI 5W GV CN 2000)..... 350
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 1 +PVTQFWEVKQP
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 1
%*#26’4 1 +0641&7%6+10
1.1 +0641&7%6+10
#NVJQWIJ VJG PGGF VQ RC[ CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG WPKSWG EWNVWTCN CPF GEQNQIKECN KPVGTHCEG
DGVYGGP KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG (+2) CPF VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV JCU DGGP KPETGCUKPIN[
GORJCUKUGF KP VJG NCUV VGP [GCTU, KV UVKNN TGOCKPU JKIJN[ EQPVGUVGF1. 6JKU KU KP URKVG QH VJG
HCEV VJCV PWOGTQWU UVWFKGU QP DQVJ KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG (+−) CPF HQTGUVT[ UVGYCTFUJKR
TGXGCN C YGCNVJ QH KPHQTOCVKQP QP HQTGUV RTQVGEVKQP, WUG CPF EQPUGTXCVKQP, CPF EQPHKTO
VJG KORQTVCPV TQNG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG JCXG RNC[GF KP HQTGUV RGTRGVWCVKQP CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[
OCKPVGPCPEG. 5QOG RQNKE[-OCMGTU, RTQLGEV RNCPPGTU CPF FGXGNQROGPV QTICPKUCVKQPU CTG
EQPXKPEGF VJCV, VJG HCKNWTG QH VJG PGY UQEKQ-GEQNQIKECNN[ UGPUKVKXG UVTCVGIKGU EQ-QRVGF D[
'RTQHGUUKQPCN' HQTGUVT[ EQWNF DG DGVVGT CFFTGUUGF D[ KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[. 6JG[ DGNKGXG
VJCV KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[ OKIJV CUUKUV YKVJ VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH UWEEGUUHWN HQTGUVT[
RTQLGEVU VJCV CTG GEQNQIKECNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG CPF UQEKQ- RQNKVKECNN[ GSWKVCDNG2. +P URKVG QH VJG
EWTTGPV CVVGPVKQP VQ +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG3 KP OWEJ QH VJG YQTNF, VJG FGXGNQROGPV
KFGQNQIKGU QH ECRKVCNKUO, UQEKCNKUO, /CTZKUO-.GPKPKUO, %CTVGUKCP 5EKGPEG, HQTOCN
VGEJPQNQIKGU, IQXGTPOGPV KPVGTXGPVKQPU, CPF VJG 'UEKGPVK\CVKQP QH CNVGTPCVKXG MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU '4, EQPVKPWG VQ EQNQPK\G VJG EQPUEKQWUPGUU QH OCTIKPCNK\GF RGQRNGU. #U C TGUWNV
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG TGFWEGF VQ C UKPING 'DCEMYCTF' FGUETKRVKQP CPF URGEKHKE
HQTGUV-TGNCVGF MPQYNGFIG EQPVKPWGU VQ DG XKGYGF CU KPHGTKQT CPF KP PGGF QH 'GNGXCVKQP'
CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG NQIKE QH VJG UWRGTKQT MPQYNGFIG CPF 'TGCN' UEKGPEG5. 5QOG HQTGUVGTU JCXG
CVVGORVGF VQ 'GNGXCVG' KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG VJTQWIJ 'KPVGITCVKQP' QT 'KPEQTRQTCVKQP' CPF
GXGP UWIIGUVGF VJCV KV OKIJV TGRTGUGPV C 'RCTCFKIO UJKHV'. 4CVJGT VJCP TGRTGUGPVKPI C
'RCTCFKIO UJKHV', KPVGITCVKQP CRRGCTU KP EQOOQP YKVJ 'RCTVKEKRCVKQP' CPF
'EQ-OCPCIGOGPV' VQ DG [GV CPQVJGT 'YGUVGTP V[TCPP['6 . +PVGITCVKQP, HTQO VJKU RGTURGEVKXG
EQPVCKPU VJG KORNKEKV CUUWORVKQP VJCV VJG EWNVWTCN DGNKGHU CPF RTCEVKEGU MPQYP CU HQTGUVT[
1 ,QPCU 2004, XCP .GGWYGP 1998, 2QUG[ 1999 2 &CXKU 2004, 7OCPU 1992 3 /’# 2004, &GK GV CN 2000 4 *QYCTF 1994 5 ’UVGXC 1985 6 *KNF[CTF 1998, −CKOQYKV\ 21 ,WPG 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 1 +PVTQFWEVKQP
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 2
MPQYNGFIG EQPHQTO VQ YGUVGTP EQPEGRVKQPU CDQWV 'MPQYNGFIG' CPF RQYGT TGNCVKQPU CPF
KV VGPFU VQ XKGY VTCFKVKQPCN HQTGUVT[ MPQYNGFIG HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH C
YGUVGTP/VTCFKVKQPCN FKEJQVQO[, QPN[ CU 'FCVC' WUGHWN HQT HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV
DWTGCWETCEKGU QT KPFWUVT[7. +P QTFGT VQ NGCTP HTQO KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[ U[UVGOU, VJG
CEEWNVWTCVKQP QH HQTGUVGTU KP VJG XGTPCEWNCT EWNVWTG QH VJG HQTGUV WUGTU KU CP GUUGPVKCN
RTQEGUU HQT WPFGTUVCPFKPI/KPVGTXGPKPI KP C NQECN HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV EQORNGZ.
#EEWNVWTCVKQP GPVCKNU PQV QPN[ OQTG CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG KOOCVGTKCN EWNVWTCN TGCNO8, DWV CP
WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH OWNVKRNG TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR, CPF 'RTCEVKEGU QH ECTG' DCUGF QP
PQTOCVKXG RNWTKHQTOKV[9. 9JKNG CEMPQYNGFIKPI VJG UKIPKHKECPEG QH VJG RQNKVKEU QH
MPQYNGFIG10 CPF RQNKVKECN GEQNQI[11 VJKU UVWF[ GZCOKPGU TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR HTQO CP
CNVGTPCVKXG PGINGEVGF CPING, VJCV QH GRKUVGOKE NGCTPKPI CPF 'GRKUVGOQNQIKECN DTKFIKPI'12.
+V YKNN GZCOKPG, KP IGPGTCN, NGCTPKPI CPF VJG CEEQOOQFCVKQP QH XCTKGF YC[U QH NGCTPKPI,
CPF KP RCTVKEWNCT, DTKFIKPI VJG FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP 'HQTOCN' CPF KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[
MPQYNGFIG, CPF VJG KFGPVKHKECVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU VJCV CTG GXKFGPVN[
GZGORNCTU QH "DKQ-EWNVWTCN"13 UWUVCKPCDKNKV[.
1.2 ,756+(+%#6+10
5KPEG VJG UGEQPF YQTNF YCT CNVJQWIJ YGUVGTP FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG JCU 'OCFG URCEG'
HQT VJG TGCNKV[ QH PQP-YGUVGTP RCTCFKIOU KV EQPVKPWGU IGPGTCNN[ VQ DG RTKXKNGIGF QP
GVJPQEGPVTKE 'YGUVGTP' XCNWGU CPF GRKUVGOKE HTCOGYQTMU. +V OC[ UGGOKPIN[ OQWVJ VJG
RQNKVKECNN[ EQTTGEV OCPVTCU QH GVJPQ-GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPEGTP, CPF OGCUWTGU, UWEJ CU
RCTVKEKRCVKQP, VJCV KPENWFG VJG 'QVJGT' DWV KP TGCNKV[ KV QHVGP TGFWEGU KPFKIGPQWU
MPQYNGFIG VQ GZQIGPQWU GOKE ECVGIQTKGU, VJCV CTG FKUGODGFFGF HTQO VJGKT
UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN EQPVGZV CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, VQ GZRNQKVCDNG TGUQWTEGU, FGXQKF QH OGCPKPI
QT XCNWG.
7 5JKXC 2000, &CXKU 2004 8 6JGUG KPENWFG YQTNFXKGYU, RCTCFKIOU, EQIPKVKXG CPF GRKUVGOQNQIKECN HTCOGYQTMU. 9 4QUG 2001, 7OCPU 1992 10 5JKXC 2000 11 $T[CPV 1998, CPF UGG RCIGU 2, 79, 332 CPF 420 12 &CXKU 2004, /’# 2004, 4KUV GV CN 2004 13 *CTOQP 1998
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 1 +PVTQFWEVKQP
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 3
%NCUUKE 'YGUVGTP' FGXGNQROGPV VJGQTKGU JCXG IQPG VJTQWIJ UGXGTCN UVCIGU14 DWV VJG[ CTG
GXKFGPVN[ UVKNN RTGFKECVGF QP VJG UCOG FQOKPCPV 'MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO' YJKEJ CRRGCTU VQ
JCXG DGGP WPKXGTUCNN[ CRRNKGF. 6JGUG OGCUWTGU CPF VJKU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO UGGOKPIN[
JCXG XGT[ RQQT 'IQQFPGUU QH HKV' QT 'EQPITWGPEG' YKVJ VJG TGCNKV[ QH XGTPCEWNCT MPQYNGFIG
CPF KPFKIGPQWU UQEKGV[.
4CVJGT VJCP JGNRKPI VJG RQQT YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG CPF FGXGNQROGPV JCU GZCEGTDCVGF
RQXGTV[ CPF TGUWNVGF KP F[UHWPEVKQPCN EWNVWTG, VJG GTQUKQP QH TGUQWTEGU, UQEKCN EQJGUKQP,
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, KPVGNNGEVWCN RTQRGTV[, IGPFGT TQNGU CPF UGNH-GUVGGO. 4CVJGT VJCP
JGNRKPI VJG RQQT QP VJG OCTIKPU QH UQEKGV[, FGXGNQROGPV CRRCTGPVN[ OCFG VJGO YQTUG
QHH, DTQCFGPGF VJG ICR DGVYGGP TKEJ CPF RQQT CPF TGKPHQTEGF TGRTGUUKXG CPF GZRNQKVCVKXG
RQNKVKECN CPF ENCUU U[UVGOU15. +P TGURQPUG VQ VJGUG RTQDNGOU, PGY EQPEGRVU QH
FGXGNQROGPV DGICP VQ GOGTIG DGVYGGP VJG 1960'U CPF 1980'U. 6JGUG OQUVN[
'PGQ-RQRWNKUV' CRRTQCEJGU KPENWFGF; 'DQVVQO-WR' FGXGNQROGPV, C ITGCVGT CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG
UQEKCN, RQNKVKECN CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN CURGEVU QH FGXGNQROGPV, RGQRNG-EGPVTGF
FGXGNQROGPV, 'RQUV-OQFGTP FGXGNQROGPV'16, 'KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU'17, IGPFGT
KUUWGU CPF VJG KPXQNXGOGPV QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG KP TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV CPF
EQPUGTXCVKQP UVTCVGIKGU18.
#NVJQWIJ VJGUG PGY CRRTQCEJGU JCXG KPHNWGPEGF VJG HQEWU CPF OQFWU QRGTCPFK QH
OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPV OCP[ QH VJGO FQ PQV TGRTGUGPV FKUVKPEV PGY RCTCFKIOU HQT
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG QT HQT RNCPGV GCTVJ. 6JG[ CTG PQV RCTCFKIOU19, VJG[ QPN[ HQEWU QP
FGEQPUVTWEVKQP, CPF VJG[ QRGTCVG YKVJKP VJG UCOG FKUEWTUKXG URCEG, NCPIWCIG QH RQYGT,
CPF GRKUVGOKE HTCOGYQTM CU DGHQTG. 6JKU UVWF[ YKNN GZRNQTG VJG GZKUVGPEG QH KPFKIGPQWU
RCTCFKIOU VJCV PQV QPN[ JCXG IQQFPGUU-QH-HKV YKVJ KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTG DWV ECP DG FTCYP
QP CU GZGORNCTU QH UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV.
14 ’EQPQOKE ITQYVJ, ITQYVJ YKVJ GSWKV[, DCUKE PGGFU, RCTVKEKRCVQT[ FGXGNQROGPV , CPF UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV (#ITCYCN 1995C). 15 (TCPM 1967C + D 16 2QUVEQNQPKCNKUO, RQUVFGXGNQROGPV, EQOOWPKVCTKCPKUO 17 #U C RQUUKDNG RNCVHQTO VQ HKIJV JWPIGT, RQXGTV[ CPF WPFGTFGXGNQROGPV. 18 %JCODGTU 1983, &CXKU 1998, ’CFG 1997, 1'4KQTFCP 1981, 5JKXC 1989, 5NCVGT 1995 19 6JG[ NCEM C OGVCVJGQTGVKE CPF GRKUVGOKE DCUG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 1 +PVTQFWEVKQP
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 4
1.3 %10%’267#. 14+)+0
6JKU UVWF[ JCU KVU EQPEGRVWCN QTKIKPU KP VJG 0GRCN *KOCNC[C YJGTG VJG CWVJQT NKXGF CPF
YQTMGF HQT 7 [GCTU20 CPF NGCTPGF VQ 'JGCT FKHHGTGPV FTWOOGTU'21. &WTKPI C HQTGUVT[ UVWF[
VQWT QH 09 +PFKC KP 1985, VJG CWVJQT YCU RGTUQPCNN[ EJCNNGPIGF D[ %JKRMQ CEVKXKUVU,
8CPFCPC 5JKXC CPF 5WPFGTNCN $CJWIJCPC, PQV QPN[ KP VGTOU QH VJG PGICVKXG KORCEV QH
'5EKGPVKHKE (QTGUVT[', DWV QH VJG TGCNKV[ CPF DKQ-EWNVWTCN UWKVCDKNKV[ QH KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[
RCTCFKIOU. 6JKU EJCNNGPIG YCU CWIOGPVGF D[ 5 [GCTU QH EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ KP ,WONC22
YJGTG KP URKVG QH C DK-EWNVWTCN CRRTQCEJ VJG CWVJQT YCU EQPVKPWCNN[ EJCNNGPIGF D[ VJG
TGCNKV[ QH NQECN CPKOKUVKE CPF UJCOCPKUVKE DGNKGHU, CPF JCF VQ TGRGCVGFN[ TGXKUG HQTGUVT[
UVTCVGIKGU CPF KPKVKCVKXGU VQ 'HKV' NQECN UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN EQPFKVKQPU. .CTIGN[ CU C TGUWNV QH
KPVGTHCEKPI YKVJ RGQRNG YKVJ CP CNVGTPCVKXG YQTNFXKGY, VJG CWVJQT NGCTPGF VQ WPFGTUVCPF
CPF KPVGTRTGV VJG YQTNF, CPF CP[ HQTGUVT[ KPKVKCVKXG, HTQO CP GPFQIGPQWU RGTURGEVKXG23.
6JG UVWF[ JQYGXGT YCU DKTVJGF YJKNG VJG CWVJQT YCU NKXKPI KP %JKPC24, FWTKPI CP
KPVGTPCVKQPCN FGXGNQROGPV HGCUKDKNKV[ UVWF[ KP ’CUVGTP 6KDGV KP 199525 CPF NCTIGN[ CU C
TGURQPUG VQ VJG NCEM QH 'GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[' TGUGCTEJ QT HQTGUVT[ KORCEV CUUGUUOGPV UVWFKGU
EQPFWEVGF COQPI 6KDGVCPU.
5WDUGSWGPVN[ VJG CWVJQT YCU CDNG VQ FTCY QP QVJGT UVWFKGU CPF XKUKVU VQ %JKPC, PCOGN[
HQWT DCUGNKPG/HGCUKDKNKV[ UVWFKGU HQT VJG %CTG CPF 5JCTG (QWPFCVKQP (%5()26, VYQ TGNKGH
GHHQTVU HQT (TKGPFU QH %JKPC ((1%) KP 1996, GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ EQPUWNVCPE[ HQT ;WPPCP
’PXKTQPOGPVCN &GXGNQROGPV 2TQITCOOG (;’&2)27, GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ EQPUWNVCPE[ HQT
6JG 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCPE[ (60%)28 KP 2002, HKGNF TGUGCTEJ29 CPF RGTVKPGPV RCRGTU30.
20 $GVYGGP 1984 CPF 1991 21 6Q RCTCRJTCUG *GPT[ &CXKF 6JQTGCW (1854). 22 09 0GRCN 23 5VWFNG[ 1992 24 1993-1996 25 5VWFNG[ GV CN 1995 26 +P 1994/1995 CPF 1998/1999. 27 (WPFGF D[ &(+& KP 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 28 #P 0)1 HTQO 75#. 29 +P 1995, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 30 5VWFNG[ GV CN 1995, 5VWFNG[ GV CN 1996 C+D, 5VWFNG[ 1999 C+D, 2000, 2002 C+D, 2004 E..H
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 1 +PVTQFWEVKQP
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 5
1.4 6*’ 4’5’#4%*
6JKU TGUGCTEJ YCU DCUGF QP CECFGOKE UVWFKGU, HKGNF-VGUVKPI CPF HKGNF-YQTM CPF YCU
ETQUU-HGTVKNK\GF D[ EQNNCVGTCN NGCTPKPI HTQO FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU, HGCUKDKNKV[ UVWFKGU,
EQPUWNVCPE[, HWPFKPI RTQRQUCNU CPF RGTVKPGPV RWDNKECVKQPU
6JG RTKOCT[ CKO QH VJKU UVWF[ YCU VQ GZRNQTG VJG KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
CPF TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR YKVJ C XKGY VQ HKPFKPI UWKVCDNG GPFQIGPQWU RCTCFKIOU VJCV
YKNN CNNQY VJG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO VQ RGTRGVWCVG, RTQVGEV, WVKNK\G CPF
EQPUGTXG VJGKT HQTGUV CPF VTGGU QP C UWUVCKPCDNG DCUKU YKVJQWV EQORTQOKUKPI VJGKT
UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN U[UVGOU, EQUOQXKUKQP QT YGNN-DGKPI. +P RWTUWCPEG QH VJG CKO VJG TGUGCTEJ
YKNN EQPVTKDWVG:
� VQ VJG DTQCF VJGQTK\CVKQP QH MPQYNGFIG
� VQ VJG KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG FGDCVG
� D[ GZRNQTKPI VJG EQPVTKDWVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU VQ
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COQPI VJG OQUV FKXGTUG NKXKPI CUUGODNKGU KP #UKC40. 6JGTG CTG UVKNN DGNKGXGF VQ DG QXGT
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CPF OQTG VJCP 25 TGRVKNG, CPF CORJKDKCP URGEKGU.
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VJG NCEM QH HKV CPF QH WPFGTUVCPFKPI KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV XCNWGU.
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RGQRNG ECVGIQTK\G, EQFG, RTQEGUU CPF KORWVG OGCPKPI VQ VJGKT GZRGTKGPEGU. 6JKU KU CU OWEJ VTWG
QH 'UEKGPVKHKE' CU QH XGTPCEWNCT HQTOU QH MPQYNGFIG. 9G UJQWNF PQV VJGTGHQTG GSWCVG MPQYNGFIG
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MPQYNGFIG YKNN XCT[. −PQYNGFIG GOGTIGU QWV QH C EQORNGZ RTQEGUU KPXQNXKPI UQEKCN,
UKVWCVKQPCN, EWNVWTCN CPF KPUVKVWVKQPCN HCEVQTU. 6JG RTQEGUU VCMGU RNCEG QP VJG DCUKU QH GZKUVKPI
EQPEGRVWCN HTCOGYQTMU CPF RTQEGFWTGU CPF KU CHHGEVGF D[ UMKNNU, QTKGPVCVKQPU, GZRGTKGPEGU,
KPVGTGUVU, TGUQWTEGU CPF RCVVGTPU QH UQEKCN KPVGTCEVKQP50. /QTGQXGT, MPQYNGFIG KU EQPUVTWEVKXG
KP VJG UGPUG VJCV KV KU VJG TGUWNV QH C ITGCV PWODGT QH FGEKUKQPU CPF UGNGEVKXG KPEQTRQTCVKQPU QH
RTGXKQWU KFGCU, DGNKGHU CPF KOCIGU, DWV CV VJG UCOG VKOG FGUVTWEVKXG QH QVJGT RQUUKDNG HTCOGU
QH EQPEGRVWCNK\CVKQP CPF WPFGTUVCPFKPI. 6JKU KU PQV CP CEEWOWNCVKQP QH HCEVU DWV KPXQNXGU YC[U
QH EQPUVTWKPI VJG YQTNF. 0QT KU MPQYNGFIG GXGT HWNN[ WPKHKGF QT KPVGITCVGF KP VGTOU QH CP
WPFGTN[KPI EWNVWTCN NQIKE QT U[UVGO QH ENCUUKHKECVKQP. 4CVJGT KV KU HTCIOGPVCT[, RCTVKCN CPF
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2.1.2 −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU QT 9QTNFXKGY
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FGURKVG UNKIJV FKHHGTGPEGU KP VJGKT CPVJTQRQNQIKECN OGCPKPI. '−PQYNGFIG U[UVGOU' CTG VJG
EQNNGEVKXG EQOOWPKVKGU QH MPQYNGFIG, EQIPKVKXG HTCOGYQTMU CPF UETGGPU QH RGTEGRVWCN
EQPUEKQWUPGUU VJCV CTG UJCTGF D[ C RCTVKEWNCT UQEKGV[ VJCV VJG[ JQNF CDQWV VJGKT YQTNF, CDQWV
TGCNKV[, CPF D[ YJKEJ VJG[ QTFGT VJGKT NKHG GZRGTKGPEGU51. 6JG RTQEGUUKPI QH MPQYNGFIG52 ECP
DGUV DG WPFGTUVQQF KP VJG EQPVGZV QH VJG 'YQTNFXKGY', 'MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO' , 'NKHG-YQTNF' ,
'EQIPKVKXG U[UVGOU' QT VJG EWNVWTG QH VJG RGQRNG YJQ UJCTG KV53. #NVJQWIJ VJG VGTO 'EWNVWTG' KU PQV
GCU[ VQ FGHKPG, DGECWUG QH FKHHGTGPV GORJCUKUG54 + ECPPQV CITGG YKVJ $CPWTK VJCV 'EWNVWTG' KU
U[PQP[OQWU YKVJ YQTNFXKGY55. 6JGTG CTG OCP[, YJQ + CITGG YKVJ, VJCV TGICTF EWNVWTG CPF
YQTNFXKGY CU FKUVKPEV ECVGIQTKGU56. /QTG RTQRGTN[ YQTNFXKGY EQWNF DG TGICTFGF CU C
HQWPFCVKQPCN GNGOGPV QH EWNVWTG. 6JG VGTO EWNVWTG YKNN DG WUGF KP VJKU UVWF[: VQ TGHGT
EQNNGEVKXGN[ VQ C UQEKGV[ CPF KVU YC[ QH NKHG; VQ EQORTKUG YJCV RGQRNG VJKPM, YJCV VJG[ FQ, CPF
VJG OCVGTKCN RTQFWEVU VJG[ RTQFWEG; CPF DG EQPUKFGTGF CU C NGCTPGF UQEKCN RJGPQOGPQP57. (TQO
VJKU XKGY, EQIPKVKXG RTQEGUUGU, DGNKGHU, XCNWGU, MPQYNGFIG, YQTNFXKGYU CPF RCTCFKIOU CTG CNN
GNGOGPVU QT UWD-UGVU QH EWNVWTG. 6JG EQPEGRVWCN DCUKU QH 'YQTNFXKGY' KU FGTKXGF HTQO CP
GZVGPUKXG NKVGTCVWTG KP UQEKQNQI[, RU[EJQNQI[, CPF CPVJTQRQNQI[58. /QUV QH WU CTG PQV EQPUEKQWU
QH QWT YQTNFXKGY. 9G FQ PQV NGCTP KV UQ OWEJ CU CDUQTD KV HTQO QWT UWTTQWPFKPI EWNVWTG. +V KU
RCUUGF QP HTQO IGPGTCVKQP VQ IGPGTCVKQP YKVJ OKPKOCN EJCPIG, VJG CUUWORVKQPU TCTGN[ DGKPI
TGXKGYGF QT TGXKUGF. # YQTNFXKGY IKXGU C EWNVWTG UVTWEVWTG, C UWDEQPUEKQWU NGIKVKOCE[ KP VJG
OKPFU QH VJG RGQRNG. +V UGTXGU CU VJG DCUKU HQT GXCNWCVKPI, LWFIKPI CPF XCNKFCVKPI GZRGTKGPEG. +V
KU C [CTFUVKEM YKVJ YJKEJ RGQRNG OGCUWTG GXGPVU CPF EKTEWOUVCPEGU KP VJG EWNVWTG RTQXKFKPI
ETKVGTKC QH CEEGRVCDKNKV[. +V RTQXKFGU RU[EJQNQIKECN TGKPHQTEGOGPV HQT C UQEKGV['U YC[ QH NKHG. +V
ETGCVGU C 'YG-VJG[' F[PCOKE; VJTQWIJ C EQOOQP YQTNFXKGY RGQRNG KFGPVKH[ YKVJ VJGKT UQEKGV[
CU QRRQUGF VQ CNN QVJGT UQEKGVKGU. # YQTNFXKGY RTQXKFGU CP KPVGITCVKPI HWPEVKQP HQT PGY
KPHQTOCVKQP, XCNWGU, RJKNQUQRJKGU QT GZRGTKGPEGU. #EEQTFKPI VQ 5EJWV\ (1962) MPQYNGFIG KU
51 $CPWTK CPF /CTINKP 1993 52 1WT QYP CPF QVJGTU. 53 $CPWTK 1990 54 *KUVQTKECN ()GGTV\ 1973), DGJCXKQWTCN, PQTOCVKXG, HWPEVKQPCN, OGPVCN CPF UVTWEVWTCN (.GXK-5VTCWUU 1974). 55 $CPWTK 1990 R 76 56 ’CVQP 1998, 5CJVQWTKU 1995 57 $QFNG[ 1997 58 &WTMJGKO 1933 , )GGTV\ 1973, /GCF 1934, 9GDGT 1930,
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
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QTICPK\GF KP URCVKCN CPF VGORQTCN '\QPGU ', QT FQOCKPU QH FKHHGTGPV FGITGGU QH TGNGXCPEG.
’XGT[FC[ NKHG KU FQOKPCVGF D[ VJG UQNXKPI QH RTCEVKECN RTQDNGOU CPF VJKU QEEWRKGU C RTQOKPGPV
RNCEG KP C RGTUQP'U MPQYNGFIG. +VU XCNKFKV[ KU VCMGP HQT ITCPVGF WPVKN QPG GPEQWPVGTU C RTQDNGO
VJCV ECPPQV DG GCUKN[ UQNXGF. 6JKU TGSWKTGU QVJGT OQTG GZRNQTCVKXG V[RGU QH MPQYNGFIG, CPF
QHVGP TGSWKTGU EJQKEGU DGVYGGP CNVGTPCVKXGU. 6Q FQ VJKU YG KPVWKVKXGN[ FTCY WRQP GZKUVKPI
UVQEMU QH MPQYNGFIG, QP RTGHCDTKECVGF UVTCVGIKE OQFGNU, QT CNNQY QWTUGNXGU VQ DG IWKFGF D[
EGTVCKP PQTOCVKXG XKGYU QT UQEKCN EQOOKVOGPVU.
$GIKPPKPI KP EJKNFJQQF GCEJ RGTUQP KPVGTCEVU YKVJ VJGKT RJ[UKECN CPF UQEKCN GPXKTQPOGPV, CPF
VJTQWIJ VJKU O[TKCF QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN KPVGTCEVKQPU, YQTNFXKGY RTGUWRRQUKVKQPU CTG
WPEQPUEKQWUN[ EQPUVTWEVGF. 6JG RTQEGUU QEEWTU QXGT C NQPI RGTKQF QH VKOG, YKVJ VJG HQTOCVKXG,
EJKNFJQQF [GCTU DGKPI VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV. 5QEKCNK\CVKQP CPF UEJQQNKPI CPF HQTOCN GFWECVKQP
EQPVTKDWVG VQ YQTNFXKGY FGXGNQROGPV CPF YQTNFXKGY RTQXKFGU C HQWPFCVKQP WRQP YJKEJ
EQIPKVKXG HTCOGYQTMU CTG DWKNV FWTKPI VJG NGCTPKPI RTQEGUU. #V UQOG RQKPV QH OCVWTKV[ VJG
OCNNGCDKNKV[ QH C YQTNFXKGY DGIKPU VQ FGETGCUG CPF [GV C YQTNFXKGY JCU CP CFCRVKXG HWPEVKQP
YJKEJ CNNQYU GXGP CFWNVU VQ CFLWUV VQ PGY GPXKTQPOGPVU. 6JWU, YJKNG YQTNFXKGY
RTGUWRRQUKVKQPU CTG UVTQPIN[ JGNF VJG[ CTG PQV KOOWVCDNG. 6JG UVTGPIVJ YKVJ YJKEJ C OCVWTG
YQTNFXKGY KU JGNF CRRGCTU VQ DG KPXGTUGN[ TGNCVGF VQ VJG FGITGG QH JGVGTQIGPGKV[ KP C EWNVWTG.
6JG OQTG JGVGTQIGPGKV[, VJG NGUU UVTQPIN[ C YQTNFXKGY KU CRV VQ DG JGNF. 6JG RTQEGUU QH
YQTNFXKGY FGXGNQROGPV CPF EJCPIG KU MPQYP CU 'FKCNGEVKECN EQPUVTWEVKQPKUO'59 YJKEJ
TGUQPCVGU YKVJ 'IGPGVKE GRKUVGOQNQI['60 CPF EQPUVTWEVKQPKUV VJGQT[ QH NGCTPKPI61. +P JWOCP
OGPVCN CTEJKVGEVWTG, YQTNFXKGY62 KU VJG HQWPFCVKQP WRQP YJKEJ EQIPKVKXG CPF RGTEGRVWCN
HTCOGYQTMU CTG DWKNV. +P EQPUVTWEVKXKUV VJGQT[, EQIPKVKXG HTCOGYQTMU CTG C ETWEKCN HCEVQT KP VJG
CUUKOKNCVKQP QH PGY MPQYNGFIG63 CPF KP HQTOKPI CVVKVWFGU CPF KPVGTGUVU. +V HQNNQYU VJGP VJCV
YQTNFXKGY CU C HQWPFCVKQP HQT EQIPKVKQP CPF RGTEGRVKQP JCU C UKIPKHKECPV KPHNWGPEG QP NGCTPKPI
CPF CVVKVWFG FGXGNQROGPV.
59 −GCTPG[ 1984 60 2KCIGV 1971 61 #WUWDGN GV CN 1978 62 #PF KVU EQPUVKVWGPV RCTCFKIOU. 63 6QDKP 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
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$CUGF QP YQTNFXKGY VJGQT[, KPFKIGPQWU, OQFGTP CPF RQUV-OQFGTP EQOOWPKVKGU CTG PQV LWUV
FKHHGTGPV RQNKVKECN ITQWRU, DWV VJG[ GODQF[ FKHHGTGPV U[UVGOU QH MPQYNGFIG, FKHHGTGPV YC[U QH
WPFGTUVCPFKPI, RGTEGKXKPI, GZRGTKGPEKPI, KP UWO, QH FGHKPKPI TGCNKV[. 6JKU KPENWFGU PQV QPN[
PQVKQPU QH QPG'U TGNCVKQPUJKR VQ VJG UQEKCN OKNKGW, DWV CNUQ VJG URKTKVWCN CPF PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV.
#P WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH YQTNFXKGY VJGQT[ KU KORQTVCPV KH YG YCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF QWT YQTNFXKGY,
KPVTC-YQTNFXKGY XCTKCVKQP QP VJG DCUKU QH IGPFGT QT COQPI KPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ VTCKPGF HQTGUVGTU DWV
KV KU ETWEKCN KH YG YCPV VQ KPVGTRTGV KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF RTCEVKEG HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH
VJG NQECN KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CPF HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU RTGFKECVGF QP PQTOCVKXG RNWTKHQTOKV[.
2.2 2#4#&+)/5
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6JQOCU −WJP65, UGGOKPIN[ UJQYGF VJCV UQEKCN CPF EWNVWTCN EQPFKVKQPU CHHGEV VJG FKTGEVKQPU QH
UEKGPEG. *G CTIWGF VJCV GXGP UEKGPVKHKE MPQYNGFIG KU TGNCVKXG, FGRGPFKPI QP VJG 'RCTCFKIO' VJCV
FQOKPCVGU C UEKGPVKHKE HKGNF CV CP[ IKXGP VKOG. 5WEJ RCTCFKIOU CTG UQ FQOKPCPV VJCV VJG[ CTG
WPETKVKECNN[ CEEGRVGF CU VTWG WPVKN C 'UEKGPVKHKE TGXQNWVKQP' ETGCVGU C PGY QTVJQFQZ[ CPF C PGY
RCTCFKIO KU UGNGEVGF. −WJP'U QTKIKPCN WUG QH VJG VGTO 'RCTCFKIO' YCU PCTTQYN[ TGUVTKEVGF VQ VJG
EQPVGZV QH JKU ETKVKSWG QH RQUKVKXKUO, RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP VJG PCVWTCN UEKGPEGU, CPF KP VJKU UGPUG KV
TGUQPCVGF YKVJ 'GRKUVGOG'66.
$GIKPPKPI KP VJG 1970'U, JQYGXGT, FKURCTCVG VTCLGEVQTKGU QH VJG RQUV-OQFGTP67 DGIWP VQ
EQCNGUEG KPVQ CP GZRCPFGF FGHKPKVKQP. $CUGF QP VJKU PGY XKGY, VJQUG PQV UCVKUHKGF YKVJ 'QNF
QTVJQFQZKGU' EQWNF EJCPIG QT EJQQUG HTQO C PGVYQTM (QT UGV) QH EQ-GZKUVKPI RCTCFKIOU YKVJKP
CP[ EQPVGORQTCT[ VJGQTGVKECN QT CTVKUVKE HKGNF. #U C TGUWNV VJG VGTO YCU EQ-QRVGF D[ RQNKVKEU,
UQEKCN UEKGPEG, DWUKPGUU CPF FGXGNQROGPV UVWFKGU68. #NVJQWIJ VJG VGTO JCU URTGCF, KV KU PQV [GV
C FQOKPCPV EQPEGRV69 CPF KV EQPVKPWGU VQ DG EQPVGUVGF70 GURGEKCNN[ KP HQTGUVT[, YJKEJ KU
64 παράδειγµα KU )TGGM HQT VQ UJQY UKFG D[ UKFG. 65 −WJP 1962 66 (QWECWNV 1970 67 4COUG[ VJGQT[, )GUVCNV CPF %JCQU VJGQT[, UQEKQNQI[ QH MPQYNGFIG, CPVJTQRQNQI[ , DKQNQI[, UQEKQNQI[ CPF KPFKIGPQWU UVWFKGU. 68 %JCODGTU 1993, 2KGVGTUG 1998 69 ’URGEKCNN[ KVU RQUV-OQFGTP XKGY. 70 $GUV CPF −GNNPGT 1997, ;QWPI PF
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 13
FKUEWUUGF NCVGT 71. −JWP FKF UC[ VJCV RCTCFKIOU YGTG "VJG OQUV PQXGN CPF NGCUV WPFGTUVQQF
CURGEV QH VJKU DQQM"72 CPF VJKU KU UVKNN TGHNGEVGF KP OQUV FKEVKQPCTKGU YJKEJ GKVJGT FGHKPG
RCTCFKIO CU C OQFGN, CP GZGORNCT, CP KFGCN, CP CTEJGV[RG, QT C ITCOOCVKECN VGTO73. 5QOG WUG
−WJP'U QTKIKPCN UGPUG74, DWV HGY KPENWFG C 'RQUV-OQFGTP' FGHKPKVKQP.
9JKNG KV KU VTWG VJCV UQOG RCTCFKIOU CTG GZGORNCTU QT CTEJGV[RGU, VJG[ CTG PQV U[PQP[OQWU
YKVJ 'OQFGN', 'YQTNFXKGY' QT FKUEQWTUG, CNVJQWIJ RCTCFKIOU QHVGP OQWNF QT CTG OQWNFGF D[
FKUEQWTUG, CU GZGORNKHKGF D[ HGPIUJWK75 KP EJCRVGT 7 (UGEVKQP 7.2.2) CPF GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP
EJCRVGT 8 (UGEVKQP 8.1.8).
&TCYKPI QP %CRTC76 CPF −WJP77 + QHHGT VJG HQNNQYKPI FGHKPKVKQP:-
# RCTCFKIO KU C EQPUVGNNCVKQP QH EQPEGRVU, XCNWGU, DGNKGHU, RGTEGRVKQPU,
OGVJQFQNQIKECN CUUWORVKQPU CPF RTCEVKEGU UJCTGF D[ C EQOOWPKV[, KPUETKDGF KP
C NCTIGT YQTNFXKGY YJKEJ HQTOU C RCTVKEWNCT XKUKQP QH TGCNKV[ VJCV KU VJG DCUKU QH
VJG YC[ C EQOOWPKV[ QTICPKUGU KVUGNH
%WTTGPV VJKPMKPI UWIIGUVU VJCV KV KU PQV CU −WJP (1962) UWIIGUVU VJCV 'OQTG OCVWTG' RCTCFKIOU
TGRNCEG 'KOOCVWTG' RCTCFKIOU YJKEJ VJGP UWDUWOG CPF GZRNCKP GXGP OQTG QH VJG FCVC QH
GORKTKE QDUGTXCVKQP, TCVJGT VJGTG CTG CP[ PWODGT QH EQ-GZKUVKPI RCTCFKIOU PQPG QH YJKEJ ECP
GPEQORCUU CNN QH VJG FCVC. 6JG PWODGT QH RQUUKDNG RCTCFKIOU FGRGPFU QP VJG PWODGT QH
GNGOGPVU KP C UGV, VJG TWNGU QH RGTEGRVKQP WUGF, KVU IGQOGVT[ KP 'RJCUG URCEG',78 CPF WRQP
RCTVKUCP JWOCP KPVGTGUVU. 5WEJ C VJGQT[ FGEGPVTGU OQUV QH VJG ECPQPU QH OQFGTP UEKGPEG, UWEJ
CU NKPGCTKV[, NQIKECN EQPUKUVGPE[ CPF EQJGTGPEG, VJG OGVJQF QH UWEEGUUKXG CRRTQZKOCVKQPU,
71 5GG UGEVKQP 5.7.3 72 −WJP 1970 RCIG 187 73 &KEVKQPCTKGU :- /GTTKCO-9GDUVGT %QNNGIKCVG &KEVKQPCT[ 2001, JVVR://YYY.HCEVOQPUVGT.EQO , 6JG 1ZHQTF ’PINKUJ 4GHGTGPEG &KEVKQPCT[ (1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 1996), 6JG 2QEMGV 1ZHQTF &KEVKQPCT[ QH %WTTGPV ’PINKUJ (1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 1996), # &KEVKQPCT[ QH )GQITCRJ[ (5WUCP /C[JGY 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 1997), 6JG 2GPIWKP &KEVKQPCT[ QH 5QEKQNQI[ (0 #DGTETQODKG GV CN 1994), 6JG 2GPIWKP &KEVKQPCT[ QH 2U[EJQNQI[ (#TVJWT 4GDGT 1995), %CODTKFIG +PVGTPCVKQPCN &KEVKQPCT[ QH ’PINKUJ 74 CU CP GXQNXKPI RCVVGTP QH UEKGPVKHKE VJQWIJV CPF KPXGUVKICVKQP. 75 6JG %JKPGUG CTV QT RTCEVKEG QH RQUKVKQPKPI QDLGEVU, GURGEKCNN[ ITCXGU, DWKNFKPIU, CPF HWTPKVWTG, DCUGF QP C DGNKGH KP RCVVGTPU QH [KP CPF [CPI CPF VJG HNQY QH EJK VJCV JCXG RQUKVKXG CPF PGICVKXG GHHGEVU. 76 %CRTC 1997 RCIG 6 77 −WJP 1970 RCIG 175 78 RJCUG URCEG KU C EQPUVTWEV WUGF KP OCVJGOCVKEU CPF RJ[UKEU VQ FGOQPUVTCVG CPF XKUWCNKUG VJG EJCPIGU KP C IKXGP U[UVGO, VJCV JCU CRRNKECVKQP VQ RCTCFKIO VJGQT[ QT EQIPKVKQP (5GG XCP )GNFGT CPF 2QTV (GFU.) 1995).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 14
RTGFKEVCDKNKV[, TGRNCEGCDKNKV[, HCNUKHKCDKNKV[, CPF CP[ ITCPF WPKHKGF VJGQTKGU79. +P QTFGT VQ UGNGEV
(QT 'UJKHV' VQ) QPG UWDUGV QWV QH VJG VQVCN UGV QH RCTCFKIOU YG JCXG VQ VWTP VQ VJG UQEKQNQI[ QH
MPQYNGFIG VQ UWEJ EQPEGRVU CU EWNVWTG, UQEKQ-NKPIWKUVKEU, U[ODQNKE KPVGTCEVKQP, EQIPKVKXG CPF
GRKUVGOQNQIKECN U[UVGOU, EQPUVTWEVKQP VJGQT[, KPVGTGUV VJGQT[ CPF UVTCVKHKECVKQP VJGQT[. +V KU
CTIWCDN[ VJG UVTCVKHKECVKQP QH RQYGT CPF YGCNVJ YJKEJ UJCRGU VJG UGNGEVKQP CPF NGIKVKOCE[ QH
RCTCFKIOU QP VJG TQCF VQ MPQYNGFIG. −WJP'U OQTG TGEGPV YQTMU80 UWIIGUV JKU OQTG TGEGPV
RQUKVKQP KU OQTG CMKP VQ EWTTGPV VJGQT[. 6YGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[ RCTCFKIO UJKHVU CETQUU C YKFG
XCTKGV[ QH HKGNFU ECP DG UGGP CU RCTV QH C NCTIGT UJKHV (5GG 6CDNG 2-1) HTQO RQUKVKXKUO VQ
RQUV-RQUKVKXKUO81.
6CDNG 2-1 %QPVTCUVU DGVYGGP RQUKVKXKUO CPF RQUV-RQUKVKXKUO
2QUKVKXKUV
2QUV-RQUKVKXKUV
0GWVTCN
8CNWG-EQPUEKQWU
1PG QDLGEVKXG OCVGTKCN TGCNKV[
/WNVKRNG UWDLGEVKXG TGCNKVKGU (OCVGTKCN CPF URKTKVWCN)
(TCIOGPVGF
+PVGITCN - CEVKQP QTKGPVCVGF
’VKE TGUGCTEJ
’OKE TGUGCTEJ
3WCPVKVCVKXG JCTF FCVC
3WCNKVCVKXG UQHV FCVC
4GRTGUGPVCVKXKV[ QH FCVC
#WVJGPVKEKV[ QH FCVC
6JGQTGVKECN DCEMKPI CPF XCNKFCVKPI QH *[RQVJGUKU
(GGFDCEM QH KPHQTOCVKQP VQ CEVQTU/ RGQRNG
+PHQTOCVKQP HQT GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQP
+PHQTOCVKQP HQT UGNH-FGVGTOKPCVKQP
5WDLGEV-1DLGEV TGNCVKQPUJKR
5WDLGEV-5WDLGEV TGNCVKQPUJKR (.GCTPKPI 2TQEGUU)
(QEWU QP EQPVTQN
(QEWU QP WPFGTUVCPFKPI
6QR-FQYP
$QVVQO-WR
79 $GUV CPF −GNNPGT 1997, ;QWPI PF 80 −WJP 1970, 1977C + D, 1979 81 $GTOCP 1981, %CRTC 1983, /GTEJCPV 1992
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 15
#NVJQWIJ FQOCKP CUUWORVKQPU, DGNKGHU, XCNWGU, ETKVKSWGU, FKUEQWTUG CPCN[UKU, 'CVVTCEVKXG
HGCVWTGU', CURKTCVKQPU CPF PQTOCVKXG QTKGPVCVKQPU CTG QHVGP EQORQPGPVU QH RCTCFKIOU, VJG[ FQ
PQV KP VJGOUGNXGU EQPUVKVWVG C RCTCFKIO CPF VJG KPVGITCVKQP QH 'PGY' MPQYNGFIG KPVQ CP GZKUVKPI
RCTCFKIO FQGU PQV WUWCNN[ TGRTGUGPV C 'RCTCFKIO UJKHV'82.
(QT CP[ RJGPQOGPC, FQOCKP, YQTNFXKGY 'UWD-UGV', QT OGVCRJQT, VQ DG CEEGRVGF CU C RCTCFKIO
KV OWUV OGGV C PWODGT QH TGSWKTGOGPVU83. +V OWUV:
• 2TQXKFG C EQJGUKXG OWVWCNN[ UWRRQTVKPI OGVCVJGQT[
• $G EQPUKUVGPVN[ HTGG QH OCLQT EQPVTCFKEVKQPU
• )WKFG GZRGEVCVKQPU
• *GNR CFJGTGPVU VQ UQTV, QTICPKUG CPF ENCUUKH[ KPHQTOCVKQP
• 2TQXKFG CP GZRNCPCVQT[ HTCOGYQTM VJCV FGHKPGU RTCEVKEG
• $G CEEGRVGF D[ C EQOOWPKV[ QH CFJGTGPVU
• $G CRRNKGF KP RTCEVKEG
• +PENWFG GZGORNCTU VJCV ECP DG JGNF WR CU RCTCFKIOU KP RTCEVKEG
• .GPF KVUGNH VQ KPVGTTQICVKQP (NGCTPKPI HTQO) QP VJG DCUKU QH EQIPKVKQP, OGVCEQIPKVKQP CPF
GRKUVGOKE EQIPKVKQP
• $G KPUETKDGF YKVJKP CPF JCTOQPK\G YKVJ C YQTNFXKGY
• +PHQTO CFJGTGPVU QH YJCV KU KORQTVCPV CPF NGIKVKOCVG YKVJQWV JCXKPI VQ TGHGT VQ NGPIVJ[
PQTOCVKXG CPF OGVJQFQNQIKECN FKUEWUUKQPU
2CTCFKIOU KPENWFG F[PCOKE OGEJCPKUOU VJCV GPCDNG PGY KFGCU CPF VGEJPQNQIKGU VQ DG
CEEGRVGF QT TGLGEVGF, CPF KVGTCVKXG HGGF-DCEM OGEJCPKUOU VJCV CNNQY HQT UQOG OQFKHKECVKQP.
9JGP OCLQT CPQOCNKGU QT KPEQPUKUVGPEKGU CTKUG YKVJKP C IKXGP RCTCFKIO VJCV RTGUGPV RTQDNGOU
YG CTG WPCDNG VQ UQNXG, QWT XKGY QH TGCNKV[ OWUV EJCPIG, CU OWUV VJG YC[ YG RGTEGKXG, VJKPM CPF
XCNWG VJG YQTNF. 9G OWUV VCMG QP PGY FQOCKP CUUWORVKQPU CPF GZRGEVCVKQPU, CPF VJKU TGSWKTGU
VJG UGNGEVKQP (UJKHV QT EJCPIG) QH CP CNVGTPCVKXG OQTG CRRTQRTKCVG RCTCFKIO. 6JKU GSWCNN[
CRRNKGU KP C 'ETQUU-EWNVWTCN' EQPVGZV KH YG CTG UGGMKPI VQ CFQRV, DWKNF QP, NGCTP HTQO, QT
WPFGTUVCPF GPFQIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG QT RTCEVKEGU QP VJG DCUKU QH CNKGP YQTNFXKGYU QT RCTCFKIOU
82 2KGVGTUG 1998, 9KGTUWO 2000 83 %JCODGTU 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 16
2.3 6;2’5 1( −019.’&)’ 5;56’/
#NVJQWIJ VJG VGTOU 'YGUVGTP', 'UEKGPVKHKE', 'ENCUUKECN', CPF 'KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG' U[UVGOU, YKNN
DG WUGF VJTQWIJQWV VJKU UVWF[, CU EQPUVTWEVU, KV UJQWNF DG WPFGTUVQQF VJCV VJGTG KU C OWNVKRNKEKV[
QH NQIKEU CPF RTCEVKEGU VJCV WPFGTNKG VJG ETGCVKQP CPF OCKPVGPCPEG QH GCEJ U[UVGO. %GTVCKP
EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU HTQO GCEJ U[UVGO YKNN, JQYGXGT, DG JKIJNKIJVGF HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH EQORCTKUQP.
6JG VGTOU 'YGUVGTP' CPF 'KPFKIGPQWU' CTG RCTVKEWNCTN[ RTQDNGOCVKE CPF VJKU UVWF[ YKNN CTIWG VJG
PGGF VQ OQXG CYC[ HTQO VJG UVGTKNG FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP KPFKIGPQWU CPF 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG.
# PGY XKGY QH UEKGPEG84 YJKEJ TGUQPCVGU YKVJ RQUV-OQFGTP UEKGPEG, TGEQIPK\GU 'OWNVKRNKEKV[,
RCVEJKPGUU CPF JGVGTQIGPGKV[' KP FKUEWTUKXG 'TGUGCTEJ URCEG', QHHGTU C TGUQWTEG VQ DWKNF PGY
GRKUVGOKE HQWPFCVKQPU. +V KU QPN[ YJGP YG DGIKP VQ TGEQIPK\G KPVTC-ITQWR FKHHGTGPVKCVKQP CPF
YJGP YG UGGM QWV DTKFIGU85 CETQUU VJG EQPUVTWEVGF EJCUO DGVYGGP VJG VYQ, VJCV YG YKNN KPKVKCVG
C RTQFWEVKXG FKCNQIWG VQ UCHGIWCTF VJG KPVGTGUVU QH VJQUG YJQ CTG FKUCFXCPVCIGF86.
2.3.1 /QFGTP −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU
#NVJQWIJ VJG VGTOU 'OQFGTPKV[' QT 'OQFGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU' CTG WUGF WPKXGTUCNN[ VJG[ CTG
D[ PQ OGCPU JQOQIGPQWU, CPF DQVJ KPENWFG FKURCTCVG GNGOGPVU CPF EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU. 6JG
EQPUVGNNCVKQP QH DGNKGHU, VTCKVU, UEKGPVKHKE VJGQTKGU CPF OGVCRJQTU VJCV WPFGTRKP 'OQFGTP
MPQYNGFIG' YGTG HQTOWNCVGF KP VJG UKZVGGPVJ CPF UGXGPVGGPVJ EGPVWTKGU. $GVYGGP 1500 CPF
1700 VJGTG YCU C FTCOCVKE UJKHV KP VJG YC[ RGQRNG WPFGTUVQQF CPF KPVGTRTGVGF VJG YQTNF. 6JKU
PGY QTVJQFQZ[, V[RKHKGF D[ VJG '%CTVGUKCP YQTNFXKGY', RTKXKNGIGF KVUGNH CDQXG CNVGTPCVKXG
'OQFGTP' VTCLGEVQTKGU, CPF ICXG YGUVGTP EKXKNK\CVKQP VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH VJG OQFGTP GTC. 6JGUG
EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU KPENWFGF VJG WUG QH VJG YQTNF-OCEJKPG CU VJG FQOKPCPV OGVCRJQT QH VJG CIG CPF
VJG 'CUEGPFCPE[ QH JWOCPMKPF'87.
#NVJQWIJ OQFGTPKV[ YCU FQOKPCVGF D[ VJG %CTVGUKCP YQTNFXKGY88 CPF KVU RTQLGEVU QH
ECRKVCNKUO, UQEKCNKUO CPF PGQENCUUKECN FGXGNQROGPV GEQPQOKEU, VJGTG JCXG CNYC[U DGGP
UWDFQOKPCPV VTCLGEVQTKGU VJCV JCXG EQORGVGF HQT URCEG, YKVJKP QT CU C EQWPVGTRQKPV VQ
84 2KEMGTKPI 1992 RCIG 8 85 %QIPKVKXG CPF GRKUVGOQNQIKECN. 86 #ITCYCN 1995 C + D 87 5GG 6JQOCU 1983 88 %CRTC 1982, 2KGVGTUG 2001, 5JKXC 1989
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 17
OQFGTPKV[. 6JGUG JCXG TCPIGF HTQO VJG TQOCPVKEU89 VJTQWIJ %JTKUVKCP UQEKCNKUO90 CPCTEJKUO91,
HCUEKUO92, QTICPKE CPF JQNKUVKE VTCFKVKQPU93, VTCFG WPKQPKUO, VJG UWHHTCIGVVG OQXGOGPV94,
CPVK-KPFWUVTKCN ECRKVCNKUO95, CPF PQP-YGUVGTP OQFGTPKV[ UWEJ CU %JKPGUG JWOCPKUO QT
%QPHWEKCPKUO96. 6JG %CTVGUKCP YQTNFXKGY TGOCKPGF FQOKPCPV HQT QXGT VJTGG JWPFTGF [GCTU
DWV FWTKPI VJG 20VJ EGPVWT[ CP KPETGCUKPI PWODGT QH CPQOCNKGU CPF EQPVTCFKEVKQPU EQWNF PQV DG
KIPQTGF CPF KV DGECOG KPETGCUKPIN[ SWGUVKQPGF97. 6JKU TGUWNVGF KP PQV QPN[ C 'ETKUKU HQT
OQFGTPKV[' DWV C UGCTEJ HQT CNVGTPCVKXG YQTNFXKGYU VJCV TGHNGEVGF EWTTGPV TGCNKVKGU. #V VJG
DGIKPPKPI QH VJG NCUV EGPVWT[ RJ[UKEKUVU DGIWP VQ KPXGUVKICVG CVQOKE CPF UWDCVQOKE RJGPQOGPC
YJKEJ EWNOKPCVGF KP VJG VJGQT[ QH TGNCVKXKV[ CPF SWCPVWO VJGQT[. 6JG[ DGECOG CYCTG VJCV VJG
%CTVGUKCP YQTNFXKGY VJG[ JCF CFQRVGF JCF XGT[ RQQT IQQFPGUU QH HKV YKVJ VJG TGCNKV[ QH VJGKT
UVWFKGU. 6JG SWGUVKQPKPI QH VJG XGT[ DCUKU QH VJGKT OQUV EJGTKUJGF KFGCU TGUWNVGF KP C OCLQT
TGYQTMKPI QH VJGKT YQTNFXKGY98. 2J[UKEKUVU YGTG HQNNQYGF D[ CXCPV IWCTF GNGOGPVU YKVJKP
QVJGT FKUEKRNKPGU99, YJQ CFQRVGF PGY RCTCFKIOU CPF RGTURGEVKXGU, KPENWFKPI
'RQUVUVTWEVWTCNKUO'100, YJKEJ EQCNGUEGF YKVJKP YJCV DGECOG MPQYP CU C 'RQUV-OQFGTP'
YQTNFXKGY101. +P URKVG QH VJG TJGVQTKECN CUEGPFCPE[ QH 'RQUVOQFGTPKUO' VJGTG CTG VJQUG VQFC[
YJQ DGNKGXG YG JCXG PGXGT DGGP OQFGTP CPF VJQUG YJQ CTIWG VJCV YG CTG UVKNN RCTV QH VJG
EWNVWTCN RGTKQF QH OQFGTPKV[102. /CP[ FKUEKRNKPGU, GURGEKCNN[ VJQUG OQUV KPHNWGPEGF D[ VJG
%CTVGUKCP YQTNFXKGY103 JCXG PQY TGCEJGF VJG NKOKV QH VJGKT YQTNFXKGY CPF YKNN UGGOKPIN[
PGGF VQ CFQRV CP CNVGTPCVKXG RCTCFKIO VQ DG EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ OQFGTP RJ[UKEU CPF PGY TGCNKVKGU.
6JGTG KU CP CRRCTGPV PGGF HQT VJGO VQ VTCPUEGPF VJG ENCUUKECN OQFGNU, VQ IQ DG[QPF OGEJCPKUVKE
CPF TGFWEVKQPKUV RCTCFKIOU CPF GODTCEG JQNKUVKE CPF GEQNQIKECN RCTCFKIOU.
89 )QGVJG, 6JQTGCW, ’OGTUQP, 9QTFUYQTVJ 90 +PIG, $T[CPV, 6GORNG 91 )QFYKP, −TQRQVMKP 92 5EJQRGPJCWGT, 0KGV\UEJG, $GTIUQP, 5QTGN, &'#PPWP\KQ, )GPVKNG 93 4WUMKP, 5CKPV-5KOQP, %QOVG, &WTMJGKO, 6GKNJCTF FG %JCTFKP, ,WPI 94 2CPMJWTUV 95 /KNN, /QTTKU, .GYKU, 9KNNKCOU, ’NNKQV 96 ’EMGTUNG[ 1992, 6W 9GKOKPI 1998 97 %CRTC 1982 98 %CRTC 1982 99 5EKGPEG, GEQNQI[, CTV, OWUKE, CTEJKVGEVWTG, NKVGTCVWTG, RJKNQUQRJ[, RQNKVKEU CPF UQEKCN VJGQT[. 100 (QWECWNV 1970 101 .[QVCTF 1986 102 )QQFNKHH 1987, .CVQWT 1993 103 $KQNQI[, OGFKECN UEKGPEG, RU[EJQNQI[, RU[EJQVJGTCR[, GEQPQOKEU, UEKGPEG, 'UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[' CPF FGXGNQROGPV UVWFKGU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 18
2.3.2 %NCUUKECN '0QP-YGUVGTP' −PQYNGFIG
(QT VJG RWTRQUG QH VJKU UVWF[ + UJCNN OQFKH[ VJG VGTO 'ENCUUKECN MPQYNGFIG' WUGF D[ *CXGTMQTV
GV CN (1999) VQ FGUETKDG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU FGXGNQRGF WUWCNN[ D[ VJG 'TWNKPI ENCUUGU'104 KP VJG
'PQP-YGUVGTP' YQTNF' DGVYGGP EC 1766 $% CPF 1500 #&, CPF YJKEJ QHVGP TGOCKP KP C TGUKFWCN
HQTO GXGP VQFC[105. %NCUUKECN MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU EQPVKPWG VQ UWTXKXG VQFC[ CPF QHVGP QXGTNC[
CPF KORCEV KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU. 6JG[ CTG DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ GZCOKPGF CU VJG DCUKU
HQT OQTG JQNKUVKE RCTCFKIOU QH UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV.
2.3.3 +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG
6JG VGTOU 'KPFKIGPQWU'106 'PCVKXG' CPF 'VTKDCN' YKNN DG WUGF KPVGTEJCPIGCDN[ FGURKVG UNKIJV
FKHHGTGPEGU KP VJGKT CPVJTQRQNQIKECN OGCPKPI. #NVJQWIJ FGHKPKPI 'KPFKIGPQWU' JCU RTQXGF
RTQDNGOCVKE HQT KPVGTPCVKQPCN QTICPKUCVKQPU, KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU JCXG RTQXKFGF UGXGTCN
FGHKPKVKQPU107. 6JG 9QTNF %QWPEKN QH +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU JCU CFQRVGF VJG HQNNQYKPI
FGHKPKVKQP:-
"+PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG UWEJ RQRWNCVKQP ITQWRU YJQ HTQO CPEKGPV VKOGU JCXG KPJCDKVGF
VJG NCPFU YJGTG YG NKXG, YJQ CTG CYCTG QH JCXKPI C EJCTCEVGT QH QWT QYP, YKVJ UQEKCN
VTCFKVKQPU CPF OGCPU QH GZRTGUUKQP VJCV CTG NKPMGF VQ VJG EQWPVT[ KPJGTKVGF HTQO QWT
CPEGUVQTU, YKVJ C NCPIWCIG QH QWT QYP, CPF JCXKPI EGTVCKP GUUGPVKCN CPF WPKSWG
EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU YJKEJ EQPHGT WRQP WU VJG UVTQPI EQPXKEVKQP QH DGNQPIKPI VQ C RGQRNG, YJQ
JCXG CP KFGPVKV[ KP QWTUGNXGU CPF UJQWNF DG VJWU TGICTFGF D[ QVJGTU"108
+PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU VJTQWIJQWV VJG YQTNF, QEEWR[KPI FKHHGTGPV CITQ-GEQNQIKECN \QPGU JCXG
IGPGTCVGF XCUV DQFKGU QH MPQYNGFIG TGNCVGF VQ VJG OCPCIGOGPV QH VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV. 6JKU UVQTG
QH MPQYNGFIG KU MPQYP D[ OCP[ PCOGU. +V KU VGTOGF 'KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG', 'VTCFKVKQPCN
MPQYNGFIG', 'KPFKIGPQWU VGEJPKECN MPQYNGFIG'109, 'NQECN MPQYNGFIG', 'VTCFKVKQPCN EWNVWTCN
104 +P /CTZKUV RQNKVKECN GEQPQOKEU, VJG TWNKPI ENCUU TGHGTU VQ VJCV UGIOGPV QT ENCUU QH UQEKGV[ VJCV JCU VJG OQUV GEQPQOKE CPF RQNKVKECN RQYGT. 105 ’ZCORNGU KPENWFG +PFKCP MPQYNGFIG DCUGF QP VJG 8GFCU, %JKPGUG MPQYNGFIG DCUGF QP %QPHWEKCPKUO CPF &CQKUO, 6KDGVCP MPQYNGFIG DCUGF QP $WFFJKUO, CPF ’I[RVKCP, #\VGE, +PEC CPF 5JQPC MPQYNGFIG. 106 $WTIGT 1990, )TKOGU 1988 107 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997 108 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997 RCIG 27 109 *QYGU CPF %JCODGTU 1980
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 2 %QPEGRVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 19
MPQYNGFIG', ' VTCFKVKQPCN GEQNQIKECN MPQYNGFIG' CPF 'VTCFKVKQPCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN MPQYNGFIG'110
FGPQVKPI UNKIJVN[ FKHHGTGPV OGCPKPIU VQ FKHHGTGPV WUGTU QH VJG EQPEGRV. 6JGTG KU, JQYGXGT,
EQPUGPUWU COQPIUV UEKGPVKUVU WUKPI XCTKQWU VGTOU VJCV UWEJ MPQYNGFIG:-
• KU NKPMGF VQ C URGEKHKE RNCEG, EWNVWTG QT UQEKGV[
• KU F[PCOKE KP PCVWTG
• DGNQPIU VQ ITQWRU QH RGQRNG YJQ NKXG KP ENQUG EQPVCEV YKVJ PCVWTCN U[UVGOU CPF
• EQPVTCUVU YKVJ 'OQFGTP' QT 'YGUVGTP HQTOCN UEKGPVKHKE' MPQYNGFIG.
+PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG GPEQORCUUGU URKTKVWCN TGNCVKQPUJKRU, TGNCVKQPUJKRU YKVJ VJG PCVWTCN
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF VJG WUG QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU, TGNCVKQPUJKRU DGVYGGP RGQRNG, CPF KU TGHNGEVGF
KP NCPIWCIG, UQEKCN QTICPK\CVKQP, XCNWGU, KPUVKVWVKQPU, NCYU CPF OCVGTKCN RTCEVKEGU.
+P VJKU EJCRVGT YG JCXG FGHKPGF CPF EQPUKFGTGF VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH VJTGG MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU DWV KP QTFGT VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJGKT CPCVQO[ CPF OCMG EQORCTKUQP DGVYGGP VJGO CP
WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG 'GPNKIJVGPOGPV', 'RQUV/OQFGTPKV[' CRRGCTU VQ DG C RTG-TGSWKUKVG.
6JG PGZV EJCRVGT YKNN EQORTKUG C ETKVKSWG QH VJG GPNKIJVGPOGPV CPF RQUV/OQFGTPKV[ CPF
KVU KORCEV QP GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG
110 ,QJPUQP 1992 C + D
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 20
%*#26’4 3 '9’56’40' −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5 #0&
6*’+4 +0(.7’0%’ 10 ’08+410/’06#. #0&
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3.1 6*’ ’0.+)*6’0/’06 #0& /1&’40+6;
3.1.1 +PVTQFWEVKQP
6JG NCUV EGPVWT[ JCU UGGOKPIN[ YKVPGUUGF OCLQT EJCPIGU KP VJQWIJV HTQO C OQUVN[ %CTVGUKCP
YQTNFXKGY VQ CP GOGTIKPI 'RQUV-OQFGTP' YQTNFXKGY. +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF JQYGXGT VJCV
VJG %CTVGUKCP YQTNFXKGY YCU VJG RTQFWEV QH CP GRKUVGOQNQIKECN ECTVGN, YJKEJ UVKNN RTGXCKNU KP
OWEJ QH VJG YQTNF VQFC[. (QT VJKU TGCUQP YG YKNN DGIKP VJKU EJCRVGT D[ GZCOKPKPI VJG TQQVU QH
VJG ECTVGN CPF VJG PCTTCVKXGU QH QPG QH KVU RTQRQPGPVU CU C RNCVHQTO HQT GZCOKPKPI
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG.
3.1.2 /QFGTPKV[, VJG 8GPGVKCP 1NKICTEJ[ CPF VJG 0CTTCVKXGU QH ,QJP .QEMG
6JG EWNVWTCN RGTKQF QH 'OQFGTPKV[' KU QHVGP GSWCVGF YKVJ VJG UQ ECNNGF 'CIG QH GPNKIJVGPOGPV'111,
DWV KVU TQQVU IQ OWEJ FGGRGT VJCP VJCV. 5QOG QH VJG HCEVQTU VJCV OCFG OQFGTPKUO RQUUKDNG YGTG:
VJG 4QUKETWEKCP/(TGGOCUQP KPHNWGPEG QH C 8GPGVKCP QNKICTEJ[112 VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH ECRKVCNKUO
YKVJ 9KNNKCO 2GVV[113, VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG 'UEKGPVKUO'114 YKVJ (TCPEKU $CEQP115, VJG
FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG 'GPNKIJVGPOGPV' YKVJ ,QJP .QEMG, CPF VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH VGEJPQNQI[116.
&GRGPFKPI WRQP YJKEJ HCEVQTU [QW KPENWFG, VJG OQFGTP YQTNF YCU DQTP UQOGYJGTG DGVYGGP
VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH VJG +VCNKCP 4GPCKUUCPEG117 CPF VJG ’PNKIJVGPOGPV'U QTKIKPU KP VJG NCVGT
UGXGPVGGPVJ, YKVJ VJG ETWEKCN RJCUG VCMKPI RNCEG DGVYGGP 1750 CPF 1850118.
111 .CVG-UGXGPVGGPVJ VQ GKIJVGGPVJ-EGPVWT[. 112 5QOGVKOGU TGHGTTGF VQ CU VJG 'DNCEM' PQDKNKV[. 113 1623-1687 114 #PVK-UEKGPEG 115 1561-1626 116 $CEQP 1870C-H, /GTEJCPV 1989 117 (TQO EC 1470 118 )QQFNKHH 1987
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 21
&WTKPI VJG 4GPCKUUCPEG C OCLQT RCTCFKIO UJKHV QEEWTTGF VJCV YCU EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ C PGY
KPVGTGUV KP ENCUUKECN NCPIWCIGU, EWNVWTG, JWOCPKUVKE NKVGTCVWTG, CPF CP CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE
YQTNFXKGY. +P VJG OGFKGXCN RGTKQF, C VJGQEGPVTKE YQTNFXKGY YCU EGPVTCN VQ 9GUVGTP EWNVWTG,
GXKFGPEGF D[ TGNKIKQWU CTV CPF VJG CTEJKVGEVWTG QH *KIJ )QVJKE. 0QY JWOCPKV[119 VQQM EGPVTG
UVCIG CPF DGECOG VJG OGCUWTG QH CNN VJKPIU. .GQPCTFQ FC 8KPEK'U FTCYKPI QH C OCNG HKIWTG
GPEQORCUUGF D[ C USWCTG CPF C EKTENG GRKVQOKUGU VJKU EJCPIG120
6JG ’PNKIJVGPOGPV ICXG DKTVJ VQ CPQVJGT TCFKECNN[ VTCPUHQTOGF RCTCFKIO QH JWOCP UQEKGV[ CPF
C PGY WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH YJCV KV KU VQ DG JWOCP: C EQPHKFGPV DGNKGH KP VJG CDKNKV[ VQ RTQITGUU
VQYCTFU C WVQRKC QH TCVKQPCNKUVKE, JWOCPKUVKE CPF CWVQPQOQWU JCTOQP[. 6JKU RCTCFKIO
JQYGXGT YCU DCUGF QP CP GRKUVGOQNQIKECN ECTVGN CPF C UEKGPVKHKE FKEVCVQTUJKR, QTEJGUVTCVGF KP
’PINCPF D[ C '8GPGVKCP QNKICTEJ[' WPFGT VJG CGIKU QH VJG 4Q[CN 5QEKGV[, OCUVGTOKPFGF D[ 2CWNQ
5CTRK. 6JG QTKIKPU QH VJG '8GPGVKCP QNKICTEJ['121 ECP DG VTCEGF DCEM VQ VJG )WGNRJU QT '$NCEM
0QDKNKV[', DGNKGXGF VQ DG QH −JC\CT122 GZVTCEVKQP CPF OCTTKGF KPVQ VJG TQ[CN JQWUGU QH ’WTQRG KP
VJG GCTN[ VYGNHVJ EGPVWT[. 6JG RQYGT QH VJG )WGNRJU GZVGPFGF VJTQWIJ VJG +VCNKCP CPF )GTOCP
HKPCPEKCN EGPVTGU CPF VJG '.QODCTFU' DGECOG DCPMGTU PQV QPN[ VQ VJG −KPIU QH ’PINCPF123 DWV
VJG GPVKTG /GFKGXCN YQTNF. +P QTFGT VQ CKF VJGKT EQPVTQN QH HKPCPEG CPF RQNKVKEU VJG[ RGTRGVWCVGF
119 ’URGEKCNN[ OGP. 120 )QQFNKHH 1987 121 6JG 8GPGVKCP QNKICTEJ[ GCTPGF VJG VKVNG QH 'DNCEM' PQDKNKV[ HTQO VJGKT TWVJNGUU NCEM QH UETWRNG, CPF VJGKT GORNQ[OGPV QH OWTFGT, TCRG, MKFPCRRKPI, CUUCUUKPCVKQP, TQDDGT[ CPF FGEGKV QP C ITCPF UECNG, DTQQMKPI PQ QRRQUKVKQP VQ CVVCKP VJGKT QDLGEVKXGU. 1PG YC[ VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJG PCVWTG QH VJG 8GPKEG QNKICTEJ[ KU VQ NQQM CV VJG RQGVU' RQTVTC[CN QH VJG WPDGNKGXCDNG FWRNKEKV[ VJCV VJG 8GPGVKCPU TGRTGUGPVGF: RQTVTC[CNU D[ /CTNQYG KP 6JG ,GY QH /CNVC (1633), CPF D[ 5JCMGURGCTG (YJQUG OKUVTGUU YCU C 8GPGVKCP ,GYGUU) KP 6JG /GTEJCPV QH 8GPKEG (1600) CPF GURGEKCNN[ KP 1VJGNNQ, VJG /QQT QH 8GPKEG (1622). 6JG SWKPVGUUGPVKCN 8GPGVKCP KU +CIQ. ;GV VJG OQUV DTKNNKCPV RQTVTCKV QH 8GPGVKCP OGVJQF YCU FQPG D[ (TKGFTKEJ 5EJKNNGT KP JKU DQQM, 6JG )JQUVUGGT (1795). 9JGP /CTNQYG'U '&T (CWUVWU' (1604) YCU UVCIGF KV ECWUGF EQORNGVG RCPFGOQPKWO KP 8GPGVKCP EKTENGU, KP ’PINCPF, YJGP JG KFGPVKHKGU (TCPEGUEQ )KQTIK (<QT\K) YKVJ 5CVCPKUO. 5JQTVN[ CHVGT VJG RNC[ YCU RGTHQTOGF /CTNQYG YCU CUUCUUKPCVGF. 122 JVVR://YYY.MJC\CTKC.EQO/ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 123 6JG TQQVU QH 8GPGVKCP KPHNWGPEG KP ’PINCPF TWP FGGR. &WTKPI VJG 1200U *GPT[ +++ YCU DCPMTWRVGF D[ .QODCTF $CPMGTU CPF KP VJG 1500U 8GPGVKCP HCEVKQPU ( (TCPEGUEQ )KQTIK (<QT\K), 6JG *QYCTFU, 4WUUGNU, *GTDGTVU, %CXGPFKUJGU, 6JQOCU %TQOYGNN) YGTG FQOKPCPV KP VJG EQWTV QH *GPT[ 8+++ CPF/QT ’NK\CDGVJ 1UV. (TCPEGUEQ )KQTIKQ (<QT\K), UGPV VQ ’PINCPF CU VJG UGZ CFXKUGT VQ *GPT[ 8+++, KPVTQFWEGF %CDDCNKUV 4QUKETWEKCPKUO VQ VJG EQWTV. *KU *CTOQPKEG /WPFK (1525) CPF +P 5ETKRVWTCO 5CETCO 2TQDNGOCVC (1574) NCKF VJG HQWPFCVKQP DQVJ HQT CP QEEWNV VCMGQXGT QH ’PINCPF CPF VJG ETGCVKQP QH URGEWNCVKXG HTGGOCUQPT[.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 22
IPQUVKE124 EWNVU NGCFKPI VQ 4QUKETWEKCP125 (TGGOCUQPT[. #HVGT VJG DCVVNG QH %CODTCK126 KP 1509
CPF DCVVNGU VJCV HQNNQYGF, VJG 8GPGVKCP )KQXCPK127 FGEKFGF KV YCU VKOG VQ OQXG VJGKT HCOKN[
HQTVWPGU CPF YQTNFXKGY VQ ’PINCPF CPF ENQPG VJG $TKVKUJ OQPCTEJ[ CU VJG HWVWTG 'FQIGU'128 QH
C TWNKPI, INQDCN HKPCPEKGT QNKICTEJ[. 6JG OQXG VQ ’PINCPF CPF VJG ETGCVKQP QH VJG $TKVKUJ
’ORKTG YCU QPN[ RCTV QH VJG CPUYGT. #U NQPI CU VJG HQTYCTF OQVKQP QH 4GPCKUUCPEG UEKGPEG
EQPVKPWGF, CNN YQWNF DG HQTEGF VQ KOKVCVG KV QP RCKP QH DGKPI OKNKVCTKN[ FGHGCVGF. 6JG 8GPGVKCP
QNKICTEJ[ FKF PQV VJKPM KV EQWNF FQOKPCVG KP VJG HCEG QH EQPVKPWQWU RTQITGUU KP UEKGPEG CPF
VGEJPQNQI[. 4CVJGT VJCP CVVCEMKPI UEKGPEG HTQO QWVUKFG VJG[ GUVCDNKUJGF CP GRKUVGOQNQIKECN
ECTVGN QT UEKGPVKHKE FKEVCVQTUJKR KP QTFGT VQ EQPVTQN KV. 6JKU VCUM HGNN VQ VJG 8GPGVKCP KPVGNNKIGPEG
NGCFGT, 2CQNQ 5CTRK, YJQ NKXGF HTQO 1552 VQ 1623. *G YCU PQOKPCNN[ C 5GTXKVG129 OQPM, VJG
NGCFKPI QTICPK\GT QH VJG )KQXCPK, CPF VJG 'OCUVGT QH CNN UEKGPEGU'130 YKVJ CP GUVKOCVGF XGT[ JKIJ
+3131. *G YCU C OCVJGOCVKEKCP, VJG FKTGEVQT QH )CNKNGQ'U VGNGUEQRG RTQLGEV, VJG ETGCVQT QH
OQFGTP GORKTKEKUO CPF JG YTQVG UGOKPCN RCRGTU QP MPQYNGFIG, GRKUVGOQNQI[, EQIPKVKQP,
JWOCP PCVWTG, UQEKCN VJGQT[, CPF NQIKE.
5CTRK NCWPEJGF VJG GPNKIJVGPOGPV WPFGT VJG CGIKU QH C UGETGV UQEKGV[132 RTGFKECVGF QP CP
GRKUVGOQNQIKECN ECTVGN EQORTKUKPI C PGVYQTM QH (TGGOCUQP RTQVÃIÃGU, $CEQP, *QDDGU, .QEMG,
CPF 0GYVQP, YJQ RNCIKCTK\GF OWEJ QH JKU YQTM. 6JKU EQPUEKQWUN[ KPFWEGF RCTCFKIO UJKHV
HCEKNKVCVGF VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH '/CUQPKE 5EKGPEG' QT 'UEKGPVKUO'133 KP UWEJ C YC[ VJCV VJG
KPXGUVKICVKQPCN OGVJQFU QH VJG PCVWTCN UEKGPEGU YGTG KORQUGF WRQP CNN HKGNFU QH KPSWKT[. 6JG
124 6JG FQEVTKPG QH UCNXCVKQP D[ MPQYNGFIG. 125 6JG 4QUKETWEKCPU CTG C NGIGPFCT[ CPF UGETGVKXG QTFGT FCVKPI HTQO VJG 15VJ QT 17VJ EGPVWT[, IGPGTCNN[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG U[ODQN QH VJG 4QUG %TQUU, YJKEJ KU CNUQ WUGF KP EGTVCKP TKVWCNU QH VJG (TGGOCUQPU. 126 JVVR://YYY.DQINGYQQF.EQO/VKOGNKPG/CIPCFGNNQ.JVON CEEGUUGF 9VJ /C[ 2005 127 6JG )KQXCPK YGTG C RQNKVKECN HCEVKQP OGCPKPI "[QWPI JQWUGU" GSWKXCNGPV VQ ";QWPI 6WTMU" (*CPKQğNW 1995) YJQ OCPCIGF VQ ICKP EQPVTQN QH 8GPKEG KP 1582. 6JG )KQXCPK YGTG OGP YKVJ FGGR KPVGNNGEVWCN TQQVU, JKIJN[ EQPUEKQWU QH VJG FKUVKPEV JKUVQTKECN RQUKVKQP QH 8GPKEG KP VJG NKHG QH VJG 9GUV, CPF XGT[ GCIGT HQT VJGKT EKV[ VQ QXGTEQOG JGT EQOOGTEKCN, CITKEWNVWTCN, CPF UVTCVGIKE RTQDNGOU CPF UWTXKXG JVVR://YYY.UGCVVNGECVJQNKE.EQO/CTVKENGA20040921.JVON CEEGUUGF 3TF 0QXGODGT 2005. 128 6JG GNGEVGF EJKGH OCIKUVTCVG QH VJG HQTOGT TGRWDNKEU QH 8GPKEG CPF )GPQC. 129 6JG 5GTXKVG (TKCTU QT 5GTXCPVU QH /CT[ CTG QPG QH VJG HKXG QTKIKPCN OGPFKECPV QTFGTU. 130 6TGXQT-4QRGT 2001 131 %QZ 1926 132 8CTKQWUN[ EJCTCEVGTK\GF (#DGPFUGP 2000, /KNNGVV 1969, 9GDGT 1972) CU:- C JGTOGVKE QTFGT, C IPQUVKE
4QUKETWEKCP/ (TGGOCUQP EWNV, RCVTKCTEJCN, CP KPXKUKDNG EQNNGIG, CPF D[ 'JGTTUEJCHV' FQOKPCVKQP, UGZWCN RQNKVKEU CPF JQOQUGZWCN RTCEVKEG QP VJG DCUKU QH UGZWCN QTKGPVCVKQP CPF/QT KPKVKCVKQP/EWNVKE TKVWCNU. 133 6JG DGNKGH VJCV VJGTG KU QPG CPF QPN[ QPG OGVJQF QH UEKGPEG CPF VJCV KV CNQPG EQPHGTU NGIKVKOCE[ WRQP VJG EQPFWEV QH TGUGCTEJ.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 23
EQPVTQN QXGT VJG MPQYCDNG YCU CEJKGXGF VJTQWIJ VJG RTQOWNICVKQP QH C '5EKGPVKHKE
&KEVCVQTUJKR'134 VQ CEETGFKV UEKGPEG, VJG UGZWCN RQNKVKEU QH RCVTKCTEJCN 'JGTTUEJCHV', CPF C
4QUKETWEKCP/ /CUQPKE KPUVKVWVKQP, PCOGN[ VJG 4Q[CN 5QEKGV[, VQ FKUUGOKPCVG KV 135.
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DTGCM YKVJ RTGXKQWU ’PINKUJ JKUVQT[. (QT VJG HKTUV VKOG, VJG MKPI YCU DGJQNFGP VQ CP ’PINKUJ
QNKICTEJ[, VJQWIJ 9KNNKCO YCU PQV RCTVKEWNCTN[ JCRR[ CDQWV JKU RQYGT DGKPI EKTEWOUETKDGF.
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)WGNRJU YGTG PQV QPN[ TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG UNCXG CPF FTWI VTCFG DWV URTGCF VJGKT QNKICTEJKE
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$CPM CPF VJG HQTOCVKQP QH VJG $TKVKUJ ’ORKTG. 6JG[ EQPVKPWGF VQ OCKPVCKP RQNKVKECN, GEQPQOKE
CPF GRKUVGOQNQIKECN EQPVTQN VJTQWIJ (TGGOCUQPT[139.
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KPHNWGPVKCN RJKNQUQRJGTU QH VJG ’PNKIJVGPOGPV KP DQVJ ’PINCPF CPF (TCPEG CPF VQ JCXG
RTQXKFGF VJG KPURKTCVKQP HQT VJG 75 EQPUVKVWVKQP CPF VJG DCUKU HQT ENCUUKE NKDGTCNKUO141.
6JGTG KU GXGT[ TGCUQP, JQYGXGT, VQ UWIIGUV VJCV OCP[ QH JKU KFGCU YGTG PQV QTKIKPCN. /QUV QH
134 *WZNG[ 1958 135 #DGPFUGP 2000, $CKIGPV GV CN 1982, *QHHOCP 2001, .QOCU 2004, /KNNGVV 1969, 2QW\\PGT 2001, 9GDGT 1972 136 6JG 5RGPEGTU, )QFQNRJKPU, CPF %JWTEJKNNU. 137 9KNNKCO VJG 6JKTF 1650-1702 138 4QDGTV &WFNG[ 139 .QTF 5JGNDWTPG, HQT GZCORNG, WUGF JKU RQUKVKQP, KP IQXGTPOGPV ((QTGKIP 5GETGVCT[ CPF 2TKOG /KPKUVGT) CPF CU CP 'KNNWOKPCVGF' (TGGOCUQP, VQ EQPVTQN VJG ’CUV +PFKC %QORCP[ CPF $CTKPIU $CPM, VQ HWPF VJG ,CEQDKP TGXQNV KP 7−, VQ RTG-QTEJGUVTCVG (YKVJ VJG /CTVKPKUVU) VJG (TGPEJ 4GXQNWVKQP CPF FGUVTQ[ VJG VTCFKPI OQPQRQN[ QH VJG GPINKUJ-URGCMKPI EQNQPKGU KP 0QTVJ #OGTKEC. 5JGNDWTPG'U CKO YCU VQ DCPMTWRV CPF TG-CDUQTD 0QTVJ #OGTKEC KPVQ VJG $TKVKUJ KORGTKCN FQOCKP, CPF JG YQWNF JCXG RTQDCDN[ UWEEGGFGF KH VJG #OGTKECP HQWPFKPI HCVJGTU JCF PQV ENGCTN[ WPFGTUVQQF VJG FCPIGT KP 5JGNDWTPG'U HTGG VTCFG TWUG. 140 1632-1704 141 %QORCTGF VQ *QDDGU VQVCNKVCTKCPKUO
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 24
.QEMG'U GFKVQTU CPF DKQITCRJGTU OCMG PQ OGPVKQP QH 5CTRK CNVJQWIJ .QTF /CECWNG[142 VTGCVU
5CTRK CU QPG YJQ CPVKEKRCVGF .QEMG. +P TGCNKV[, CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG &QIG143 QH 8GPKEG, /CTEQ
(QUECTKPK, .QEM RNCIKCTK\GF 5CTRK'U YQTM GZVGPUKXGN[ CPF VJG ECVCNQIWG QH .QEMG'U NKDTCT[
KPENWFGU 13 YQTMU D[ 5CTRK144.
+P URKVG QH VJKU, CPF JKU FGCVJ 300 [GCTU CIQ145 .QEMG'U YQTMU FQ 'RQRWNCTK\G' VJG GPNKIJVGPOGPV
CPF JKU XKGYU MGGR TGUWTHCEKPI VQ VJKU FC[. 9G HKPF TGHGTGPEGU VQ .QEMGCP VJQWIJV KP TKIJVU QH
EQOOQP146 CPF NCPF QYPGTUJKR147, DKQRKTCE[148 ,VJG RNWPFGT QH MPQYNGFIG149 CPF KPVGNNGEVWCN
RTQRGTV[150, INQDCN FKURQUUGUUKQP151, GCTVJECTG152, YCVGT YCTU153, VTGCVOGPV QH KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNG154, IGPFGT KUUWGU155, RQNKVKECN VJGQT[156, CPF GXGP CU C RQUV 0GY .CDQWT157 "RTQRJGV HQT
QWT VKOGU"158. (QT VJGUG TGCUQPU JG KU YQTVJ EQPUKFGTKPI KP UQOG FGVCKN159.
,QJP .QEMG YCU TGCTGF KP 2GPUHQTF160, VJG UQP QH C EQWPV[ CVVQTPG[ YJQ YCU CP #PINKECP YKVJ
2WTKVCP NGCPKPIU. .QEMG ITCFWCVGF HTQO %JTKUV %JWTEJ, 1ZHQTF YKVJ C $# CPF /#, CNVJQWIJ
OQUV QH JKU CECFGOKE KPVGTGUVU NC[ QWVUKFG JKU EQWTUG YQTM. *G YCU UVGGRGF KP VJG PGY RJ[UKECN
UEKGPEGU, CP CXKF TGCFGT QH &GUECTVGU, $CEQP, 2CUECN CPF 0GYVQP, CPF C ENQUG HTKGPF QH 4QDGTV
142 /CECWNG[ 1863 143 6JG VKVNG DQTPG D[ VJG TWNGT QH 8GPKEG. YYY.PGVUGTH.QTI/)NQUUCT[/&.EHO CEEGUUGF 3TF ,WN[ 2004 144 6CTRNC[ 1996 145 6JWTUFC[ 28VJ 1EVQDGT 1704
146 5JKXC 1997C
147 %JKNUQP 1997, (TG[HQING 1998, 6GKUEJ 1997 148 5JKXC 1997D 149 5JKXC 1997D 150 &WVHKGNF 1999 151 #PFTGCUUQP 2004 152 /GTEJCPV 1996, 1997 153 5JKXC 2002 154 5CJVQWTKU 1992 155 #TPGKN 2001 156 −TGKU 1998 157 0GY .CDQWT KU CP CNVGTPCVKXG PCOG QH VJG $TKVKUJ RQNKVKECN .CDQWT 2CTV[. 6JG PCOG KU RTKOCTKN[ WUGF D[ VJG RCTV[ KVUGNH KP KVU NKVGTCVWTG DWV KU CNUQ UQOGVKOGU WUGF D[ RQNKVKECN EQOOGPVCVQTU CPF VJG YKFGT OGFKC. 6JG TKUG QH VJG PCOG EQKPEKFGF YKVJ C UJKHV VQYCTFU VJG TKIJV (HTQO VJG NGHV) QH VJG $TKVKUJ RQNKVKECN URGEVTWO (CNDGKV C VTGPF VQ OQTG EGPVTKUV RQNKEKGU HKTUV EQOOGPEGF WPFGT VJG NGCFGTUJKR QH 0GKN −KPPQEM) GP.YKMKRGFKC.QTI/YKMK/0GYA.CDQWT CEEGUUGF 12VJ 1EVQDGT 2005. 158 −GVVNG 2004 JVVR://RQNKVKEU.IWCTFKCP.EQ.WM/RTKPV/0,3858,5047440-107865,00.JVON CEEGUUGF 12VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 159 0QUQVTQ 2004 160 0QTVJ ’CUV 5QOGTUGV.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 25
$Q[NG. *G YCU C 33 FGITGG161 /CUVGT /CUQP, C OGODGT QH VJG 4Q[CN UQEKGV[, CPF C UJCTGJQNFGT
KP VYQ UNCXG-VTCFKPI EQORCPKGU162. 6JG XKGYU JG GZRTGUUGF CDQWV GORKTKECN EQIPKVKQP CPF
'NKDGTCN' UQEKCN, RQNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE VJGQT[ DGECOG VJG EQTG QH GKIJVGGPVJ-EGPVWT[ VJQWIJV
YGTG VQ JCXG C OCLQT KPHNWGPEG QP 'YGUVGTP' XKGYU QH; VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, VJG PQP-JWOCP,
TCVKQPCNKV[ CPF TGCUQP, TCEG, IGPFGT, RTQRGTV[, RTQITGUU CPF UQEKCN GXQNWVKQP, EKXKNK\CVKQP, EKXKN
UQEKGV[, FGOQETCE[, KPFKXKFWCNKUO, HTGG OCTMGVU, NCKUUG\-HCKTG ECRKVCNKUO, CPF TGRTGUGPVCVKXG
IQXGTPOGPV163. .QEM'U XKGYU QP GXQNWVKQP, OGEJCPKUVKE TGFWEVKQPKUO, PCVWTG, NKDGTCN RQNKVKECN
RJKNQUQRJ[ CPF RTQRGTV[ CTG GURGEKCNN[ IGTOCPG HQT VJKU UVWF[, CNVJQWIJ JKU XKGYU QP TCEG,
IGPFGT, CPF RTQITGUU CTG CNUQ KORQTVCPV, URCEG FQGU PQV RGTOKV.
’XQNWVKQP
'$GEQOKPI' WPFGTRKPU (TGGOCUQPKE 'UEKGPEG' KP EQOOQP YKVJ QVJGT CPEKGPV *GTOGVKE
O[UVGTKGU164. +VU RWTRQUG YCU VJG URKTKVWCN 'GXQNWVKQP' QH VJQUG YJQ CURKTG VQ RGTHGEV VJGKT QYP
PCVWTG CPF RTGUGPV TCVKQPCN UVCVG CPF VTCPUHQTO KV KPVQ C OQTG IQF-NKMG SWCNKV[, WPKH[KPI VJGKT
EQPUEKQWUPGUU YKVJ VJG 1OPKUEKGPV165. 6JGTG KU NKVVNG FQWDV VJCV DQVJ ’TCUOWU166 CPF .QEMG
ETKDDGF HTQO VJG .QFIGU QEEWNV FQEVTKPG QH 'DGEQOKPI'. .QEMG JQYGXGT CNUQ CRRGCTU VQ JCXG
GZVTCRQNCVGF VJG *KPFW/%CVJCT FQEVTKPG QH TGKPECTPCVKQP KPVQ VJG EQPVGZV QH OGVCRJ[UKECN
PCVWTCNKUO CPF HQTOWNCVGF C VJGQT[ QH GXQNWVKQP. 6JG $TKVKUJ ’CUV +PFKC %QORCP[ JCF
KORQTVGF VJG *KPFW DGNKGH KP TGKPECTPCVKQP VQ ’PINCPF YJGTG KV YCU CFQRVGF D[ VJG 4Q[CN
5QEKGV[. #U C RTQOKPGPV OGODGT QH VJG 4Q[CN 5QEKGV[ .QEMG UVWFKGF TGKPECTPCVKQP GZVGPUKXGN[
CPF YQTMKPI YKVJ VJG QEEWNV FQEVTKPG CU CP GZVTCRQNCVKXG KPURKTCVKQP FGXGNQRGF JKU QYP
GXQNWVKQPCT[ KFGCU. .QEMG'U VJGQT[ QH GXQNWVKQP TGEGKXGF VJG UWRRQTV QH C PWODGT QH %JCTNGU
&CTYKP'U RTGFGEGUUQTU167 YJQ YGTG CNN /CUQPU. *KU VJQWIJVU CPF YTKVKPIU YGTG JCPFGF FQYP
VQ CPQVJGT /CUQP CPF 4Q[CN 5QEKGV[ (GNNQY, &T 6JQOCU *WZNG[, YJQ CFXCPEGF VJG UVWF[ QH
GXQNWVKQP CPF EQPXKPEGF %JCTNGU &CTYKP VQ YTKVG '6JG 1TKIKP QH 5RGEKGU'168. 6JG VYQ FQEVTKPGU
QH TGKPECTPCVKQP CPF GXQNWVKQP JCXG EQPVKPWGF CU TGEWTTKPI VJGOGU KP (TGGOCUQPT[
161 6JG JKIJGUV /CUQPKE FGITGG - 33 FGITGGU KU DCUGF QP 8GFKE CUVTQNQI[ CPF VJG OQQP'U OQXGOGPVU CICKPUV #NE[QPG (VJG OQVJGT UVCT) YJKEJ KU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ OCUVGT[. 162 4Q[CN #FXGPVWTGTU CPF 4Q[CN #HTKECP. 163 #TPGKN 2001 164 $CTFQP 2001 165 9KNOJWTUV 1980 166 ’TCUOWU 1794 167 &T ’TCUOWU &CTYKP, 5KT (TCPEKU &CTYKP CPF 4GIKPCNF &CTYKP. 168 &CTYKP 1859
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 26
NKVGTCVWTG169 , YJKEJ GPXKUCIGU VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH VJG −KPIFQO QH )QF (QP GCTVJ) VJTQWIJ
OGP YJQ JCF GXQNXGF KPVQ IQF-NKMG DGKPIU170 171.
/GEJCPKUVKE TGFWEVKQPKUO
$QTTQYKPI HTQO 5CTRK CPF QVJGTU172 .QEMG FGXGNQRGF C RJKNQUQRJ[ QH CVQOKE TGFWEVKQPKUO
UVCTVKPI YKVJ KPFKXKFWCNU CPF CRRN[KPI VJG UCOG RTKPEKRNGU VQ RQNKVKEU CPF GEQPQOKEU. 6JG DCUKE
QPVQNQIKECN CPF GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CUUWORVKQPU QH TGFWEVKQPKUO CTG DCUGF QP JQOQIGPGKV[. +V
UGGU CNN U[UVGOU CU OCFG WR QH VJG UCOG DCUKE EQPUVKVWGPVU, FKUETGVG, WPTGNCVGF CPF CVQOKUVKE,
CPF KV CUUWOGU VJCV CNN DCUKE RTQEGUUGU CTG OGEJCPKUVKE. 6JG OGEJCPKUVKE CPF UGZKUV OGVCRJQTU
QH TGFWEVKQPKUO TGEQPUVTWEVGF MPQYNGFIG, PCVWTG CPF UQEKGV[ CNNQYKPI HQT VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH
GNKVG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF VJG FQOKPCVKQP QH PCVWTG, YQOGP CPF VJG PQP-YGUV. 4QDGTV $Q[NG,
C ENQUG HTKGPF QH .QEMG WUGF VJKU UCOG RJKNQUQRJ[, CU )QXGTPQT QH VJG 0GY ’PINCPF %QORCP[
CU CP KPUVTWOGPV QH RQYGT QXGT PCVWTG CPF VJG QTKIKPCN KPJCDKVCPVU QH #OGTKEC173.
0CVWTG
,QJP .QEMG'U 6YQ 6TGCVKUGU QH )QXGTPOGPV174 UGV HQTVJ JKU KFGCNU HQT VJG VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH
PCVWTG VJTQWIJ FQOKPCVKQP CPF QYPGTUJKR. $GECWUG EQPVTCFKEVQT[ KORNKECVKQPU GZKUV
FGRGPFKPI QP RCTVKEWNCT TGCFKPIU QH JKU VGZV, KV KU GCUKGUV VQ TGEQPEKNG .QEMG'U XKGYU CU GNGOGPVU
QH CP QXGTCTEJKPI OGVCPCTTCVKXG QH ’FGPKE TGEQXGT[. 6JG RJCUGU QH VJG .QEMGCP TGEQXGT[
PCTTCVKXG ECP DG EQPUVTWEVGF CU HQNNQYU
• 6JG ETGCVKQP QH #FCO CPF ’XG
• 6JG (CNN CPF KVU EQPUGSWGPEGU
• 6JG 'UVCVG QH PCVWTG'
• 6JG GXQNWVKQP QH RTKXCVG RTQRGTV[
• 6JG UVCVG QH EKXKN UQEKGV[175
169 6JG 0GY #IG /CIC\KPG, /CTEJ 1922 RCIG 7 170 '.. CPF [G UJCNN DG CU IQFU' - )GP 3:5 −KPI ,COGU 8GTUKQP (QPNKPG) JVVR://YYY.DKDNGICVGYC[.EQO/RCUUCIG/!UGCTEJ=)GPGUKU%203:5CPFXGTUKQP=47;9; CEEGUUGF 27VJ ,WPG 2005. 171 6JKU XKGY CRRGCTU VQ TGUQPCVG YKVJ )TGGM CPF 4QOCP O[VJQNQI[. 172 #TKUVQVNG, 6JQOCU #SWKPCU, 9KNNKCO QH 1EMJCO, &GUECTVGU, *QDDGU, $CEQP, 0GYVQP, $Q[NG CPF &W 6TKGW 173 ’CUNGC 1981, /GTEJCPV 1980, 5JKXC 1989 174 .QEMG 1690 175 G.I. 'ECRKVCN' HCTOGTU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 27
6JG WPHQNFKPI QH C .QEMG'U TGEQXGT[ PCTTCVKXG KP ’WTQRG CPF #OGTKEC RTQXKFGF VJG
NGIKVKOK\CVKQP HQT EQPXGTVKPI HQTGUVU CPF FGUGTVU KPVQ VJG KORTQXGF, QTFGTGF ICTFGPU QH
ECRKVCNKUV EWNVWTG. +PVGITCN VQ VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH TGEQXGT[ KU VJG KFGC QH 'FQOKPKQP QXGT PCVWTG'176
CPF YGUVGTP UEKGPEG CPF KPFWUVT[ HTQO VJG QWVUGV UJCTGF VJG EQPXKEVKQP VJCV OCP KU OCUVGT QH
CNN PCVWTG CPF YQWNF DTKPI CDQWV C IQNFGP CIG HQT CNN JWOCPKV[ D[ EQPSWGTKPI, UWDFWKPI CPF
VTCPUHQTOKPI OCVGTKCN PCVWTG VQ JKU QYP GPFU. .QEMG FQGU PQV EQPEGKXG QH JWOCP DGKPIU
TGNCVKQPCNN[, DWV TCVJGT CU 'HTGG' KPFKXKFWCNU, YJQ CTG FKUGPICIGF HTQO VJG YQTNF, 'VJKPIU' CPF
RGQRNG CPF XKGYU PCVWTG HTQO CP KPUVTWOGPVCN XKGY RQKPV. (QT .QEMG PCVWTG KU PQV UCETGF CPF
JCU PQ XCNWG KP KVUGNH, ICKPKPI XCNWG QPN[ YJGP VTCPUHQTOGF D[ KPFWUVTKCN "OCP"177. 6JG
FGUCETCNK\CVKQP QH PCVWTG FGTKXGU GUUGPVKCNN[ HTQO UEKGPEG'U FGPKCN QH VKOG CPF EQORNGZKV[, VJG
CUUWORVKQP VJCV PCVWTG KU IQXGTPGF D[ WPKXGTUCN, VKOGNGUU CPF UKORNG NCYU , YJKEJ ECP DG
WPFGTUVQQF D[ VGEJPKEKCPU KP VJG UCOG OCPPGT CU VJG[ WPFGTUVCPF VJG YQTMKPI QH OCEJKPGU.
'5EKGPVKHKE (QTGUVT[', YJKEJ YKNN DG FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 5 UGEVKQP 5.4, JCU CNN VJG KPITGFKGPVU
QH ENCUUKECN UEKGPEG, OQUV PQVCDN[ VJG ENCKOU QH UKORNKEKV[ CPF TGXGTUKDKNKV[, ENCKOU YJKEJ CTG
TGLGEVGF KP KPFKIGPQWU OQFGU QH MPQYKPI 178
.KDGTCN RQNKVKECN RJKNQUQRJ[
.QEMG YCU QPG QH VJG HKTUV VJKPMGTU VQ HQTOWNCVG C EQORTGJGPUKXG NKDGTCN RJKNQUQRJ[ YJKEJ YCU
JQUVKNG VQ VJG RTGTQICVKXGU QH MKPIU, CTKUVQETCVU CPF VJG EJWTEJ CPF GORJCUKUGF HTGGFQO,
RQUUGUUKXG KPFKXKFWCNKUO, 'JCRRKPGUU' DCUGF QP CEEWOWNCVKQP, TGRTGUGPVCVKXG IQXGTPOGPV,
RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU, TGNKIKQWU VQNGTCVKQP, CPF GZRCPFKPI NCKUUG\-HCKTG ECRKVCNKUO. #NVJQWIJ .QEMG
EQPUKFGTGF RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU CU CP GUUGPVKCN EQORQPGPV QH JWOCP HTGGFQO JG HCKNGF VQ EQPUKFGT
UQEKGVCN RQYGT CU[OOGVTKGU, YJKEJ CNNQYGF ENGXGT WUWTRCVKQP (QH NCPF QT VKVNG) VQ DG
EQPUKFGTGF CP KTTGXQECDNG TKIJV179. #U C TGUWNV .QEMG'U FKUEQWTUGU RTQXKFGF NGIKVKOCE[ HQT VJG
OCUU GZRTQRTKCVKQP QH EQOOQP NCPF, TKIJVU QH EQOOQP CPF EQR[JQNF YJKEJ PQV QPN[ NGF VQ C
OCTMGF FGENKPG KP NKXKPI UVCPFCTFU, CPF GXGP HCOKPG HQT VJG RQQT DWV VQ VJG VQVCN GZVKPEVKQP QH
’PINCPF'U [GQOCP HCTOGTU180. .QEMG CTIWGU VJCV GPENQUKPI EQOOQPU, CPF GZRTQRTKCVKPI NCPF
176 )GPGUKU 9:2 177 2NGCUG PQVG .QEMG'U (1690 ++. 5. 37) IGPFGTGF NCPIWCIG. 9JGP JG WUGU OCP JG KU PQV TGHGTTKPI VQ JWOCPMKPF. 178 $CPWTK CPF /CTINKP 1993, ’EMGTUNG[ 1992, /GTEJCPV 1996, 2TKIQIIKPG CPF 5VGPIGTU 1984, 5JKXC 1992, 179 #PFTGCUUQP 2004 180 )QNFKG 1997, *C[ CPF 4QIGTU 1997, .CXGNG[G 1878, 6TCXKU 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 28
CPF CEEWOWNCVKPI YGCNVJ, KU 'HCKT' DGECWUG KV KU CITGGF YKVJ VJG VCEKV CPF XQNWPVCT[ 'EQPUGPV' QH
'EKXKN UQEKGV[', CPF KU YKVJKP RTGUETKDGF NKOKVU181. $[ EQPUGPV JQYGXGT .QEMG FQGU PQV OGCP
WPCPKOKV[ CPF CU RCTNKCOGPVCT[ GNGEVKQPU YGTG NKOKVGF VQ RTQRGTV[ QYPGTU, CP[ CRRTQRTKCVKQP
QT 'GPENQUWTG ', KP GHHGEV, QPN[ TGSWKTGF VJG EQPUGPV QH 1% QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP, YJQ YGTG OQUVN[
RTQRGTV[ QYPGTU182. .QEM'U XKGYU RTKXKNGIGF VJG TKIJVU QH 'EKXKN UQEKGV['183 QXGT VJG TKIJVU QH VJG
[GQOGP, RGCUCPVU, 'EQOOQPGTU', VJG PQP-YGUV, VJG PQP-JWOCP CPF PQP-OCNG CPF VJGKT
EQTPWEQRKCP CUUWORVKQPU YGTG RTGFKECVGF QP JWOCPMKPF'U KPIGPWKV[184 CPF VGEJPKECN
QRVKOKUO185. *KU XKGYU QP NKOKVU QH NCPF CRRTQRTKCVKQP YGTG UQQP HQTIQVVGP QT XKQNCVGF. *G CNUQ
YGPV DG[QPF RTQRGTV[ CEEWOWNCVKQP HQT RGTUQPCN PGGF CTIWKPI KV YQWNF OCZKOK\G VJG YGCNVJ
QH UQEKGV[ CPF VJGTGD[ VJG YGNN-DGKPI QH CNN. *G, NKMG OCP[ GEQPQOKUVU VQFC[, DCUGF JKU XKGYU
QP HCVCNN[ HNCYGF CUUWORVKQPU, PCOGN[ VJCV C) PCVWTCN YGCNVJ KU CDWPFCPV TGNCVKXG VQ PGGF, CPF
D) VJG DGPGHKVU QH CP QXGTCNN KPETGCUG KP GEQPQOKE CEVKXKV[ CTG YKFGN[ UJCTGF GXGP YJGP YGCNVJ
KU FKUVTKDWVGF WPGSWCNN[. (QT OKNNKQPU QH RQQT RGQRNG PGKVJGT RTGOKUG KU XCNKF, DGECWUG RTQRGTV[
TKIJVU JCXG GZENWFGF VJGKT CEEGUU VQ NCPF, CPF VGEJPQNQI[ JCU QHVGP GNKOKPCVGF VJGKT LQDU186.
2TQRGTV[
6JG HQWTVJ RJCUG QH .QEMG'U PCTTCVKXG KU VJG GXQNWVKQP QH RTKXCVG RTQRGTV[, YJKEJ KU UWD-FKXKFGF
KPVQ VJTGG UVCIGU
• *WPVKPI/ICVJGTKPI/HKUJKPI
• (CTOKPI
• 6JG OCTMGVKPI QH EQOOQFKVKGU.
2TQRGTV[ 'QYPGTUJKR' JG DGNKGXGF YCU VJG UCETGF TKIJV QH VJG 'TCVKQPCN CPF KPFWUVTKQWU'187 CPF
YCU 'HKZGF' D[ 'GPENQUKPI' CPF OKZKPI 'NCDQWT'188 YKVJ EQOOQP NCPF. 6JG CEV QH GPENQUWTG JG
EQPUKFGTGF YCU UWHHKEKGPV 'NCDQWT' VQ LWUVKH[ VJG GZENWUKQP QH QVJGTU189. .QEMG CVVGORVU190 VQ WUG
181 VJG NCPF OWUV PQV DG 'QYPGF' D[ CPQVJGT, CPF VJG NCPF NGHV HQT QVJGTU OWUV DG QH VJG UCOG SWCNKV[ CU VJCV CRRTQRTKCVGF. 182 )QNFKG 1997, *C[ CPF 4QIGTU 1997, .QEMG 1690, 6TCXKU 2000 183 K.G. YGUVGTP RTQRGTV[ QYPKPI OGP. 184 6Q IQ DG[QPF VJG NCYU QH PCVWTG. 185 )QNFKG 1997, 6TCXKU 2000 186 ’EMGTUNG[ 1992, −QTVGP 1996, .QEMG 1690 187 K.G. GEQPQOKECNN[ RTQFWEVKXG RTQRGTV[ QYPKPI HCTOGTU. 188 +PVGPUKXG GEQPQOKE GZRNQKVCVKQP. 189 )QNFKG 1997 190 .QEMG 1690
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 29
VJG $KDNG VQ CFF NGIKVKOCE[ VQ JKU ECUG HQT RTQRGTV[ QYPGTUJKR CPF GEQPQOKE GZRNQKVCVKQP QH
TGUQWTEGU QP VJG DCUKU QH JKIJN[ UWURGEV JGTOGPGWVKEU191. *G 'GZVGPFU' VJG OGCPKPI QH
)GPGUKU 1:28192 HTQO OGTGN[ 'UWDFWKPI'193 VJG GCTVJ VQ GPENQUKPI NCPF HTQO VJG EQOOQPU CPF
'QYPKPI' KV CU RTKXCVG RTQRGTV[, CNVJQWIJ VJG $KDNG KU GZRNKEKV VJCV )QF 'QYPU' VJG PCVWTCN
GPXKTQPOGPV194 CPF JWOCPMKPF CTG QPN[ UVGYCTFU195. *G WUGU 1 6KO 6:17 VQ SWGUVKQP VJG
[GQOCP'U TKIJVU QH EQOOQP, CPF JKU EQR[JQNF DGECWUG QH JKU HCKNWTG VQ HWNN[ EQOOGTEKCNN[
GZRNQKV JKU TGUQWTEGU. *G RTQPQWPEGU196 VJCV DGECWUG JG KU PQV OCMKPI HWNN WUG QH KV, JG KU PQV
"GPLQ[KPI VJKPIU TKEJN["197 CPF VJCV "PQVJKPI YCU OCFG D[ )QF HQT OCP VQ URQKN QT FGUVTQ["
198.
.QEM'U GEQPQOKE ECUG HQT RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU UGTXGU VQ FGHKPG CPF FGNKOKV 'RTQRGTV['. 6JG ETWEKCN
RTQVQ-WVKNKVCTKCP EQPEGRV QH 'YCUVG' FKUVKPIWKUJGU VJG ENCKOU QH VJQUG YJQ HGPEG CPF KPVGPUKXGN[
GZRNQKV HTQO VJG UWDUKUVGPEG CEVKXKV[ QH [GQOGP CPF RGCUCPVU199. #U C TGUWNV QH .QEMG'U
VJKPMKPI PQV QPN[ YCU EQOOQP NCPF KNNGICNN[ CESWKTGF D[ 'ECRKVCN HCTOGTU' DWV CFFKVKQPCNN[ VJG
[GQOCP'U EWUVQOCT[ TKIJVU, RTKXKNGIGU CPF GXGP EQR[JQNF, YGTG CNN GZRTQRTKCVGF, CPF VJQUG
UGGMKPI VQ GZGTEKUG TKIJVU KP EQOOQP YGTG TGICTFGF CU ETKOKPCNU. /CP[ [GQOGP HCTOGTU CPF
RGCUCPVU NQUV VJGKT KPFGRGPFGPV UVCVWU CPF YGTG HQTEGF HTQO VJG NCPF QP YJKEJ VJG[ JCF VJG
UCOG HGWFCN TKIJV CU C .QTF. /CP[ [GQOGP GKVJGT DGECOG CITKEWNVWTCN NCDQWTGTU QT HCEVQT[
YQTMGTU, CPF VJGKT FYGNNKPIU YGTG TC\GF VQ VJG ITQWPF QT NGHV VQ DGEQOG FGTGNKEV200. .QEMG'U
CEEQWPV QH RTQRGTV[ RTQXKFGF PQV QPN[ VJG DCUKU HQT GZEGUUKXG NCPF JQNFKPIU KP VJG 7−, EQNQPKCN
RQNKE[ KP VJG 75#, DWV HQT INQDCN NCKUUG\-HCKTG ECRKVCNKUO201. *KU VTGCVKUG GHHGEVKXGN[ NGIKVKOK\GF
191 6JG VJGQT[ CPF OGVJQFQNQI[ QH KPVGTRTGVCVKQP, GURGEKCNN[ QH UETKRVWTCN VGZV. JVVR://YYY.CPUYGTU.EQO/VQRKE/JGTOGPGWVKEU CEEGUUGF 11VJ #WIWUV 2005. 192 $KDNG: ’PINKUJ 5VCPFCTF 8GTUKQP (QPNKPG) JVVR://YYY.IPRED.QTI/GUX/UGCTEJ/!S=)GPGUKU+1%3#28+ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. .MCDCUJ KU *GDTGY HQT UWDFWG ככש 193194 2UCNO 24:1 $KDNG: ’PINKUJ 5VCPFCTF 8GTUKQP (QPNKPG) JVVR://YYY.IPRED.QTI/GUX/UGCTEJ/!S=2UCNO+24%3#1 CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 2UCNO 89:11 $KDNG: ’PINKUJ 5VCPFCTF 8GTUKQP (QPNKPG) JVVR://YYY.IPRED.QTI/GUX/UGCTEJ/!S=2UCNO+89%3#11+ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 1 %JTQP 29:11 $KDNG: ’PINKUJ 5VCPFCTF 8GTUKQP (QPNKPG) JVVR://YYY.IPRED.QTI/GUX/UGCTEJ/!S=1+%JTQP+29%3#11+ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 195 #EVU 4: 32-35 $KDNG: ’PINKUJ 5VCPFCTF 8GTUKQP (QPNKPG) JVVR://YYY.IPRED.QTI/GUX/UGCTEJ/!S=#EVU+4%3#32-35 CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 196 .QEMG 1690 (UGEVKQP 31) 197 1 6KO 6:17 $KDNG: ’PINKUJ 5VCPFCTF 8GTUKQP (QPNKPG) JVVR://YYY.IPRED.QTI/GUX/UGCTEJ/!S=1+6KO+6%3#17+ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 198 .QEMG 1690 2PF 6TGCVKUG - 2TQRGTV[ %JCRVGT 5 #31, 6TCXKU 2000 199 )QNFKG 1997, .QEMG 1690, 6TCXKU 2000 200 /CTZ 1976, 2TKEG 1803, 4QIGTU 1866 201 #TPGKN 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 30
VJGHV D[ TGOQXKPI TGUQWTEGU 'HTQO PCVWTG' VJTQWIJ OKZKPI NCPF YKVJ NCDQWT CPF NCKF VJG
HQWPFCVKQPU HQT GPENQUWTG OQXGOGPV KP 7−, ’WTQRG CPF VJG EQNQPKCN EQPUVTWEV QH VGTTC PWNNKWU
202 QT TGU PWNNKWU203
. #U KP ’PINCPF VJKU FGPKGF VJG GZKUVGPEG CPF RTKQT TKIJVU QH QTKIKPCN
KPJCDKVCPVU CPF PGICVGF VJG TGIGPGTCVKXG ECRCEKV[ CPF NKHG RTQEGUUGU QH VJG GCTVJ204. 6QFC[ JKU
XKGYU EQPVKPWG VQ RTQXKFG VJG DCUKU HQT VJG GZRTQRTKCVKQP QH CNN OCPPGT QH EWUVQOCT[ TKIJVU QH
EQOOQP CPF 'KPVGNNGEVWCN RTQRGTV[' KP VJG YGUV CPF PQP-YGUV205.
6JG CIG QH OQFGTPKV[, RTGFKECVGF QP VJG XKGYU QH ,QJP .QEMG, NGF VQ VJTGG RTQLGEVU QH RTQITGUU,
UQEKCNKUO, ECRKVCNKUO, CPF FGXGNQROGPVCNKUO206. 6JGUG RTQLGEVU, JQYGXGT CRRGCT VQ JCXG GKVJGT
HCKNGF QT CTG KP ETKUKU, CPF VJG KFGQNQI[, XCNKFKV[ CPF FQOCKP CUUWORVKQPU QH OQFGTPKV[ CTG
DGKPI SWGUVKQPGF207.
3.1.4 &GXGNQROGPV CV VJG '’PF' QH /QFGTPKV[
6JG VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[, YJKEJ KU QHVGP ENCKOGF VQ DG VJG OQUV EKXKNK\GF GXGT, YCU KPUVGCF, VJG
ETWGNNGUV CPF DNQQFKGUV KP JWOCP JKUVQT[. 1XGT HKHV[ OKNNKQP NKXGU YGTG FGUVTQ[GF D[ 9QTNF 9CT
++ CNQPG CPF CP CVQO DQOD ECWUGF FGUVTWEVKQP QP CP WPRTGEGFGPVGF UECNG. $QVJ YQTNF YCTU
YGTG UGGOKPIN[ KPUVKICVGF D[ EQPSWGTQTU YJQ DGNKGXGF VJGKT 'TCEG' YCU UWRGTKQT VQ QVJGTU, CPF
VJCV VJG[ FGUGTXGF C ITGCVGT UJCTG QH VJG YQTNF. 6JG 5GEQPF 9QTNF 9CT YCU UVCTVGF D[ C
FKEVCVQT YJQUG TWNG UGGOKPIN[ NGF VQ OCUU IGPQEKFG QH 'TCEKCN KPHGTKQTU' QP CP WPRCTCNNGNGF UECNG.
;GV JG YCU UWRRQTVGF D[ C PCVKQP VJCV YCU EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG CV VJG RGCM QH 9GUVGTP EKXKNK\CVKQP.
6JG YQTNF VJCV NGF VQ VJGUG ECVCUVTQRJGU ECOG VQ CP GPF CHVGT VJG VYQ DNQQFKGUV YCTU KP JWOCP
JKUVQT[ CPF OQFGTPKV[ NQUV KVU ETGFKDKNKV[ YKVJ #WUEJYKV\ CPF 5VCNKP208. ’ORKTGU HGNN, FKEVCVQTU
CPF OQPCTEJU YGTG FGRQUGF CPF EQNQPKCNKUO GPFGF209. 6JG HCKVJ KP CWVJQTKV[ JCF DGGP UJCMGP,
CU YCU KVU GNKVKUV RQUVWTKPI, KVU JKGTCTEJKECN ENCUU U[UVGOU, CPF VJG EQPEGRV QH RTQITGUU KVUGNH.
*WOCPMKPFU NQPIKPI HQT WNVKOCVG OGCPKPI HCKNGF VQ DG TGCNKUGF D[ VJG RTQITGUU DTQWIJV CDQWV
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 31
D[ UEKGPEG, VGEJPQNQI[ CPF ITQYVJ GEQPQOKEU210 QT FGXGNQROGPVCNKUO. 6JG FGRGPFGPE[
CRRTQCEJ RTQXKFGF FKOKPKUJKPI TGVWTPU DQVJ EQPEGRVWCNN[ CPF RQNKVKECNN[. +P VJCV UGPUG VJGTG
YCU CP 'KORCUUG', DGECWUG VJG OQFGTPK\CVKQP CPF FGRGPFGPE[ CRRTQCEJGU CRRGCTGF VQ
EJGEMOCVG GCEJ QVJGT, CPF VJKU YCU GZCEGTDCVGF D[ VJG 'ETKUKU QH OCTZKUO' CPF VJG EQNNCRUG QH
UQEKCNKUO CU YG MPQY KV211. 6JG ETKUKU KP ENCUUKECN FGXGNQROGPV EQWRNGF YKVJ VJG UVTGPIVJ QH
0)1'U CPF ITCUUTQQVU RQNKVKEU, VJG TQNN-DCEM QH VJG UVCVG, VJG CFXCPEG QH OCTMGV HQTEGU, CPF VJG
DTGCMFQYP QH TGIWNCVKQP, HQTEGF FGXGNQROGPV VQ TGFGHKPG KVUGNH CPF NGF VQ PGY EJCNNGPIGU HTQO
C TCPIG QH PGQ-RQRWNKUV CPF RQUV-OQFGTP FGXGNQROGPV CRRTQCEJGU. %NCUUKECN OCKPUVTGCO
FGXGNQROGPV212 TGURQPFGF D[ FGXGNQRKPI VYQ UVTGCOU, QPG DCUGF QP PGQNKDGTCNKUO CPF
5VTWEVWTCN #FLWUVOGPV 2TQLGEVU (5#2U) , V[RKHKGF D[ VJG +/(, CPF VJG QVJGT DCUGF QP 'JWOCP
CPF UQEKCN FGXGNQROGPV', V[RKHKGF D[ VJG 70. 6JG KOCIG QH FGXGNQROGPV YCU TGFGHKPGF CPF
YCU PQ NQPIGT XKGYGF QPN[ KP VGTOU QH )&2 ITQYVJ. *WOCP CPF UQEKCN FGXGNQROGPV YCU UGGP
CU OQTG CRRTQRTKCVG IQCNU CPF OGCUWTGU QH FGXGNQROGPV, CPF RTCEVKEG. 6JGUG IQCNU, JQYGXGT
JCXG DGGP CEJKGXGF NCTIGN[ D[ EQ-QRVKPI VJG TJGVQTKE CPF RTCEVKEGU QH 'PGQ-RQRWNKUV' CRRTQCEJGU,
CPF JCXG UGGOKPIN[ TGUWNVGF KP 'UEJK\QRJTGPKC' CU FGXGNQROGPV KPUVKVWVKQPU213 JCXG CVVGORVGF
VQ OCVEJ PGY TJGVQTKE YKVJ QNF RTCZKU214. 6JG FGXGNQROGPV VTCLGEVQTKGU KPENWFGF WPFGT VJG
TWDTKE QH PGQ-RQRWNKUO, RQUVEQNQPKCN CPF RQUVOQFGTPKUO CTG FKURCTCVG CPF PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ PGY,
CU KP UQOG ECUGU VJG[ TGUQPCVG YKVJ CPVK-GPNKIJVGPOGPV CPF 'RTG-OQFGTP' KFGQNQIKGU215. 5RCEG
QPN[ RGTOKVU OG VQ OGPVKQP VJTGG CRRTQCEJGU (CNVGTPCVKXG, RQUVEQNQPKCN CPF RQUVFGXGNQROGPV)
VJCV CTG GXKFGPVN[ IGTOCPG YKVJ VJKU UVWF[. 9G YKNN EQPUKFGT 'CNVGTPCVKXG FGXGNQROGPV' CPF
'RQUVEQNQPKCNKUO' KP VJKU UGEVKQP DGECWUG PGKVJGT TGRTGUGPVU OCLQT FGRCTVWTGU HTQO OCKPUVTGCO
FGXGNQROGPV CPF 'RQUVFGXGNQROGPV' YJKEJ KU EQPUKFGTGF KP UGEVKQP 3.2.
#NVGTPCVKXG FGXGNQROGPV DGICP KP VJG 1970'U CU C XGT[ FKUVKPEV CNVGTPCVKXG VQ ENCUUKECN
FGXGNQROGPV CPF CNVJQWIJ *GVVPG (1990) VTKGU VQ CTIWG VJCV CNVGTPCVKXG FGXGNQROGPV TGRTGUGPVU
C EQWPVGTRQKPV VQ OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPV, KVU TGEGPV RQUKVKQP EQWNF DGUV DG FGUETKDGF CU C
210 −YQM 1998, 9KGPGT 1981, 211 *GVVPG 1995, /WPEM 1999, 5EJWWTOCP 1993 212 $NCKMKG 1996 213 GI 6JG 9QTNF $CPM 214 2KPEWU 2001, 4KEJ 1994 215 %QQRGT 1990D, 0CPF[ 1986
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 32
TGCEVKXG RQUKVKQP VJCV NCEMU VJGQTGVKECN EQJGUKQP. /CP[ QH KVU QPEG FKUVKPEV GNGOGPVU216 , YJKEJ
OC[ JCXG EQPUVKVWVGF CP CNVGTPCVKXG FGXGNQROGPV 'RTQHKNG' JCXG UWDUGSWGPVN[ DGGP EQ-QRVGF D[
OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPV. +VU ETKVKECN EQPEGTPU JCXG DGGP KPUVTWOGPVCNK\GF CPF TCVJGT VJCP
EJCNNGPIKPI VJG FGXGNQROGPV-CU-ITQYVJ OQFGN JCXG CNNQYGF FGXGNQROGPV VQ TG-KPXGPV KVUGNH
WPFGT C FKHHGTGPV PCOG217. +V JCU PGXGT DGGP CPVK-VJGQTGVKECN DWV KV KU KPVGNNGEVWCNN[ UGIOGPVGF
CPF KV NCEMU DQVJ VJG EQJGUKQP CPF C FKUVKPEV GRKUVGOKE CPF C OGVCVJGQTGVKECN HTCOGYQTM VQ DG
EQPUKFGTGF CU CP CNVGTPCVKXG FGXGNQROGPV RCTCFKIO218.
#NVJQWIJ RQUV-EQNQPKCN UVWFKGU219 CRRGCT VQ TGUQPCVG YKVJ VJG RQUV-OQFGTP KP VJCV VJG[ QHHGT
VQQNU HQT; FGEQPUVTWEVKPI 9GUVGTP FKUEQWTUGU, VJG CGUVJGVKEK\CVKQP QH RQNKVKEU CPF HQT VJG
RQNKVKEU QH FKHHGTGPEG, VJG[ CTG GXKFGPVN[ EQPUGTXCVKXG, QHHGT NKVVNG KP VJG YC[ QH TGEQPUVTWEVKQP,
QT C PGY GZGORNCT QT OCUVGT RCTCFKIO CPF RTQNQPI VJG KORGTKCN. #NN YG CTG UGGOKPIN[ QHHGTGF
CTG WPETKVKECN EGNGDTCVKQPU QH FKHHGTGPEG, CPF CP GORJCUKU QP CECFGOKE YTKVKPI CPF
UGNH-TGHNGZKXKV[220.
/CKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPV CPF OCP[ QH KVU VTCLGEVQTKGU CRRGCT VQ DG KPETGCUKPIN[ ECWIJV QP VJG
JQTPU QH C FKNGOOC DGVYGGP VJG '70 UVTGCO'221 CPF VJG '+/( UVTGCO'222 YJKNG VJG 9QTNF $CPM
RNC[U 'VWI-QH-YCT' DGVYGGP VJG VYQ. +P URKVG QH VJG EJCPIGU CPF VJG TJGVQTKE OCKPUVTGCO
FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG UVKNN CRRGCTU VQ DG CP GNKVG JGIGOQPKE V[TCPP[ VJCV FQGU PQV EJCNNGPIG
INQDCNK\KPI ECRKVCNKUV ITQYVJ RCTCFKIOU, CPF HCXQWTU VTCPUPCVKQPCN EQTRQTCVKQPU CV VJG GZRGPUG
QH VJG RQQT CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV. # OWEJ OQTG HWPFCOGPVCN EJCPIG, JQYGXGT VJCV TGUWNVGF PQV
QPN[ HTQO FKUGPEJCPVOGPV YKVJ OQFGTPKV[ CPF VJG HCKNWTGU QH FGXGNQROGPV, DWV YKVJ CFXCPEGU
KP RJ[UKEU, UEKGPEG CPF GEQNQI[ TGUWNVGF KP PGY VTCLGEVQTKGU QH YJCV DGECOG MPQYP CU VJG
'RQUV-OQFGTP' YQTNFXKGY.
216 $CUKE PGGFU, RCTVKEKRCVKQP, GPXKTQPOGPVCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, RJ[UKECN YGNN-DGKPI GVE. 217 2KGVGTUG 1998 218 2KGVGTUG 1998, /WPEM 1999 219 %TWUJ 1995, 5NCVGT 1998, 9CVVU 1995 220 9CVVU 1995 221 *WOCP CPF UQEKCN FGXGNQROGPV. 222 5#2U CPF INQDCN OQPGVCTKUO.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 33
3.2 2156/1&’40+6;
#NVJQWIJ RQUVOQFGTPKUO KU UVKNN GXQNXKPI, CPF KV JCU C EGTVCKP UGOCPVKE KPUVCDKNKV[ VJGTG KU
UQOG EQOOQP ITQWPF DGVYGGP KVU UWD-UGVU. 5KPEG VJG 1980'U GNGOGPVU QH RQUVOQFGTPKUO223
JCXG JCF CP KPETGCUKPI KPHNWGPEG QP FGXGNQROGPV CPF GEQNQI[. (TQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH VJKU
UVWF[ KV FQGU CNNQY HQT C RTQNKHGTCVKQP QH OGCPKPI CPF HQTO, KV FQGU GPCDNG WU VQ ETKVKSWG VJG
'YGUVGTP' YQTNFXKGY, CPF VQ EQPUKFGT VJG PQP-YGUVGTP YQTNF CPF CNVGTPCVKXG MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU. 6JG RQUV-OQFGTP RCVJ JCU DGGP UGGFGF D[ UGXGTCN KORQTVCPV HCEVQTU:-
• # ITQYKPI FKUGPEJCPVOGPV YKVJ GPNKIJVGPOGPV FQIOC, VJG HCKNWTGU QH OQFGTPKUO CPF
FGXGNQROGPVCNKUO
• #P GOGTIKPI INQDCN EWNVWTG224
• 2QUVTWEVWTCNKUO CPF FKUEQWTUG VJGQT[225
• ’EQNQIKECN CPF GEQUQEKCNKUV UVWFKGU226
• 0GY GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UQEKCN OQXGOGPVU 227
• 0QP-YGUVGTP FGXGNQROGPV RCTCFKIOU 228
• %JCPIGU YKVJKP UEKGPEG CPF RJ[UKEU 229 CPF
• (GOKPKUV ETKVKSWGU QH FGXGNQROGPV CPF GEQHGOKPKUO230
6JG QPN[ 'FGXGNQROGPV' GZRTGUUKQP QH RQUVOQFGTPKUO, JQYGXGT VJCV CRRGCTU VQ DG CRRQUKVG HQT
VJKU UVWF[ KU 'RQUVFGXGNQROGPV'231. #NVJQWIJ RQUVFGXGNQROGPV KPENWFGU GVJPQUGPUKDKNKVKGU
IGTOCPG VQ VJKU UVWF[ KV CRRGCTU VQ DG NCTIGN[ RTGFKECVGF QP FKUEQWTUG CPCN[UKU CPF TGUKUVCPEG
TCVJGT VJCP GOCPEKRCVKQP CPF KVU RQUKVKQP CRRGCTU VQ DG HNCYGF. +V CVVTKDWVGU VQ FGXGNQROGPV C
UKPING CPF PCTTQY OGCPKPI, C EQPUKUVGPE[ YJKEJ FQGU PQV OCVEJ GKVJGT VJGQT[ QT RQNKE[, CPF
VJWU TGRNKECVGU VJG TJGVQTKE QH FGXGNQROGPVCNKUO, TCVJGT VJCP IGVVKPI VQ ITKRU YKVJ RQN[UGOKE232
TGCNKVKGU. 6JGTG CTG CNUQ FCPIGTU QH GVJPQEJCWXCPKUO QT VJG TGKHKECVKQP QH EWNVWTG, NQECNG,
223 2QUVUVWEVWTCNKUO KP RCTVKEWNCT. 224 )TKHHKP 1988, (GCVJGTUVQPG 1995 225 #ITCYCN 1996, (QWECWNV 1980 226 %QDD 1988, ’EMGTUNG[1992 227 ’EMGTUNG[ 1992, 2CTCLWNK 1991, 2GGV CPF 9CVVU 1996, 2KGVGTUG 1998, 4QWVNGFIG 1993 228 ’UEQDCT 1984, 1992C CPF D, 1995, (GTIWUQP 1990, .CVQWEJG 1993, 1996 /CE[ 1985, /C[DWT[-.GYKU 1992,
/WPEM CPF 1'*GCTP 1999, 2KGVGTUG 1991, 5JKXC 1989 229 %CRTC 1988, %CNNKEQVV 1982, 1986, )TKHHKP 1988, 2KGVGTUG 1999 230 ’EMGTUNG[ 1992, 5JKXC 1989, <KOOGTOCP 1994 231 2KGVGTUG 1998, 5CEJU 1992 232 # YQTF YKVJ UGXGTCN OGCPKPIU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 34
RGQRNG CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF KVU QPG-FKOGPUKQPCN XKGY QH INQDCNK\CVKQP OC[ DG
GSWCVGF YKVJ JQOQIGPK\CVKQP. #V DGUV KV ECP DG KPVGTRTGVGF CU C PGQ-VTCFKVKQPCNKUV TGCEVKQP VQ
OQFGTPKV[233.
6JG QPN[ EQOOQP ITQWPF UJCTGF D[ VJG FKHHGTGPV UWD-UGVU QH RQUV-OQFGTP FGXGNQROGPV KU CP
CVVGORV VQ IQ DG[QPF VJG NKOKVCVKQPU QH OQFGTPKUO CPF VJG ’PNKIJVGPOGPV YQTNFXKGY VJCV
FGXGNQRGF QWV QH )CNKNGCP-%CTVGUKCP-$CEQPKCP-0GYVQPKCP UEKGPEG CPF VTCPUEGPF KVU
KPFKXKFWCNKUO, CPVJTQRQEGPVTKUO, GWTQEGPVTKUO, WPKXGTUCNKUO, RCVTKCTEJ[, OGEJCPK\CVKQP,
GEQPQOKUO, RQUKVKXKUO, TGNCVKXKUO, PCVKQPCNKUO CPF OKNKVCTKUO234. 2QUV-OQFGTP FGXGNQROGPV
GZRTGUUKQPU FQ PQV CRRGCT VQ KPENWFG CP CFGSWCVG RCTCFKIO HQT VJG RWTRQUGU QH VJKU UVWF[,
DGECWUG QH VJGKT NCEM QH FKTGEVKQP CPF VJGKT TGHWUCN VQ VTCPUNCVG ETKVKSWGU KPVQ EQPUVTWEVKQP.
2QUVOQFGTPKUO FQGU, JQYGXGT, CRRGCT VQ QHHGT C UWKVG QH VQQNU CPF VTCLGEVQTKGU VJCV CTG
IGTOCPG VQ VJKU UVWF[. 6JG VQQNU KV QHHGTU YKNN GPCDNG WU:-
• VQ DTKPI RQNKVKEU KPVQ FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG, ETKVKSWG EGTVCKP CURGEVU QH VJG YGUVGTP
YQTNFXKGY CPF EQPUKFGT VJG PQP-YGUVGTP YQTNF235.
• VQ DTKPI CDFWEVKXG NQIKE KPVQ VJG UVWF[ CPF CP +6236 EQPEGRVWCN HTCOGYQTM VJCV GPCDNGU WU
VQ GZCOKPG UQEKGV[ KP ITGCVGT UWDUVCPVKXG FGVCKN VJCV KU YGD-NKMG, PQP-JKGTCTEJKECN,
OWNVKNKPGCT, J[RGTVGZVWCN, FGEGPVTGF, TGNCVKQPCN CPF EQPVGZVWCN237.
• VQ CFQRV C TGHNGZKXG URKTKV VJCV IQGU DG[QPF GVJPQEGPVTKUO CPF OQXG VQYCTFU C OQTG
IGPWKPGN[ INQDCN GZRCPUKQP QH MPQYNGFIG CPF WPFGTUVCPFKPI.
• FGEQPUVTWEV YGUVGTP FGXGNQROGPV O[VJU WUKPI EWNVWTCN CPCN[UKU CPF JGTOGPGWVKEU.
• TGURGEV CPF NGCTP HTQO PQP YGUVGTPGTU, CNKGP RCTCFKIOU CPF YQTNFXKGYU CPF GPICIG KP VJG
EWNVWTCN RQNKVKEU QH VTCPUHQTOCVKQP238.
+P VJKU EJCRVGT YG YKNN, WUG UQOG QH VJG 'ETKVKECN VQQNU' QH RQUVOQFGTPKUO VQ ETKVKSWG
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG CPF TGXKGY VYQ VTCLGEVQTKGU VJCV CTG UGGOKPIN[
233 2KGVGTUG 1998 234 )TKHHKP 1988 235 /WPEM 1999 236 +PHQTOCVKQP 6GEJPQNQI[ 237 .CPFQY 1993, 4[FGT 1997 238 5NCVGT 1997, 6WEMGT 1999
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 35
IGTOCPG239 VQ VJKU UVWF[.
3.3 ’08+410/’06#.+5/, &’8’.12/’06 #0& 0#674’
&KUEQWTUGU QH FGXGNQROGPV, GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO, CPF PCVWTG JCXG DGGP KPHNWGPEGF D[
'FGXGNQROGPVCNKUO'240 CPF 'ITGGP IQXGTPOGPVCNKV['241 CNVJQWIJ VJG[ CTG DGKPI EQPVGUVGF D[
TGNKIGQ-GPXKTQPOGPVCN, QTICPKE CPF RQUV-OQFGTP CRRTQCEJGU
0KPGVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ GXQNWVKQP FKUEQWTUG EQPHQTOGF VQ C RCVVGTP VJCV JCF ENCUUKECN CPVGEGFGPVU.
8KEVQTKCP CPVJTQRQNQI[, TCEG UEKGPEG, UQEKCN UEKGPEG CPF GXQNWVKQPKUO YGTG CNN RCTV QH EQNQPKCN
FKUEQWTUG242. &WTKPI VJG PKPGVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ TCEG UEKGPEG, YJKEJ FTGY QP VJG YQTMU QH .QEMG243
UGTXGF CU VJG PGZWU DGVYGGP PCVWTCN JKUVQT[ CPF UQEKCN JKUVQT[ CPF DGVYGGP DKQNQIKECN CPF
UQEKCN GXQNWVKQPKUO. 4CEG UEKGPEG CPF GXQNWVKQPKUO DQVJ GZRNCKPGF CPF LWUVKHKGF ’WTQRGCP
UWRTGOCE[; KFGPVKH[KPI VJG %CWECUKCP, 0QTFKE, CPF KP RCTVKEWNCT VJG #PINQ-5CZQP TCEG CU
UWRGTKQT KP KVU GPFQYOGPVU, YKVJ ’WTQRG NGCFKPI VJG YC[ KP VJG VTCLGEVQT[ QH GXQNWVKQP, CPF
GZJKDKVKPI VJG OQUV CFXCPEGF UVCIG QH 'JWOCP RGTHGEVKDKNKV[' GZRTGUUGF KP TCVKQPCNKV[,
EKXKNK\CVKQP, HCXQWT YKVJ )QF, CPF OQTCN UWRGTKQTKV[244. 0KPGVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ UQEKCN UEKGPEG YCU
GPICIGF KP UVWFKGU UWTTQWPFKPI EJCPIGU VCMKPI RNCEG KP ’WTQRG YJKEJ YGTG XCTKQWUN[
CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ KPFWUVTKCNK\CVKQP, WTDCPK\CVKQP CPF VJG GPNKIJVGPOGPV. 6JG[ YGTG EJCTCEVGTK\GF
D[: UVCIG VJGQTKGU, FKEJQVQOQWU VJGQTKGU CPF ETKVKECN XCTKCDNG VJGQTKGU245. 6JG[ UJCTGF C
FGRKEVKQP QH UQEKCN GXQNWVKQP KP UVCIGU; RTKOKVKXG, UCXCIGT[, DCTDCTKUO, EKXKNK\CVKQP246 , YJKEJ
YGTG PQV FKUUKOKNCT VQ VJG UVCIGU FGXGNQRGF D[ VJG %JKPGUG 247. 6YGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[ UQEKCN
UEKGPEG, JQYGXGT TGLGEVGF TCEG UEKGPEG CPF UQEKCN GXQNWVKQP DWV KV TGUWTHCEGF CHVGT VJG UGEQPF
YQTNF YCT KP OQFGTPK\CVKQP VJGQT[ CPF KP VJG FKUEQWTUG QH FGXGNQROGPV248. 6JG GCTN[ EQPEGTPU
QH FGXGNQROGPV TGHNGEVGF VJG KPVGTGUVU QH VJG TWNKPI GNKVGU KP DQVJ VJG FGXGNQRGF CPF FGXGNQRKPI
EQWPVTKGU. 6JG OQFGTPK\CVKQP RCTCFKIO VQQM KV HQT ITCPVGF VJCV VJG UQEKGVKGU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[
239 6YQ QVJGT HQTGUVT[-TGNCVGF VTCLGEVQTKGU YKNN DG EQPUKFGTGF KP %JCRVGT 5. 240 #UGPKGTQ 1985, 2KGVGTUG 1991 241 .WMG 1999D 242 5CKF 1979, 1993 243 .QEMG 1690 244 .QEMG 1690 245 2KGVGTUG 1991 246 .QEMG 1690, /CTZ 1986, /QTICP 1877 247 $CTHKGNF 1989, %CPPQP 1989, &KMQVVGT 1992, &TG[GT 1976, )NCFPG[ 1994C , *GDGTGT 1987, CPF 1989 248 ’UVGXC 1992
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 36
KPFWUVTKCN ECRKVCNKUO CTG WPKXGTUCNN[ FGUKTGF249 DWV KP HCEV PQ RGQRNG GXGT XQVGF HQT ECRKVCN
CEEWOWNCVKQP CPF KPFWUVTKCNK\CVKQP, RTQEGUUGU VJCV JCXG WUWCNN[ KORNKGF C UWDUVCPVKCN COQWPV
QH EQGTEKQP. /QFGTPK\CVKQP VJGQT[ CPF ITQYVJ YCU TGNCVKXGN[ WPEQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG RTQDNGO QH
UECTEKV[, EJCPIG, NKOKVU VQ ITQYVJ QT GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGUVTWEVKQP QT EQPHNKEV.
#NVJQWIJ PGY YQTNF XKGYU250 GOGTIGF KP VJG 1960'U VJCV YGTG ETKVKECN QH FQOKPCPV YGUVGTP
CVVKVWFGU VQYCTFU VJG PQPJWOCP YQTNF, VJG[ TGRTGUGPVGF VJG GZEGRVKQP. +V VQQM QXGT C FGECFG
QH RQNKVKECN CIKVCVKQP DGHQTG VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN ETKUKU251 CPF 'NKOKVU VQ ITQYVJ'252 YCU FKUEWUUGF
CPF YGUVGTP EQWPVTKGU DGICP VQ EQPUKFGT GPXKTQPOGPVCN NCYU253. (TQO VJG 1970'U QPYCTFU
TGUGCTEJGTU254 FTGY QWT CVVGPVKQP VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP CPF KVU TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ
RTQVGUV CPF EQPHNKEV. +V DGECOG CRRCTGPV VJCV GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP CPF FKOKPKUJKPI
UJCTGF TGPGYCDNG PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU EQWNF ECWUG XKQNGPV EQPHNKEV CPF HQTO C ETWEKCN RCTV QH VJG
EQORNGZ QH RQXGTV[. 1PEG YG UVWFKGF VJG FGUVTWEVKXG EQPUGSWGPEGU QH QWT GZRNQKVCVKQP QH QWT
GPXKTQPOGPV, VJG OCLQTKV[ YQTNF CPF VJG PQPJWOCP YQTNF, VJG HCEVU DGECOG KPFKURWVCDNG255.
$GECWUG VJG FGUVTWEVKQP JCU DGGP XCUVN[ CEEGNGTCVGF D[ VJG KPFWUVTKCN TGXQNWVKQP YJ[ JCXG YG
JCXG DGGP UQ QDNKXKQWU. 9G KPVGTRTGV GXGPVU CEEQTFKPI VQ QWT YQTNFXKGY, PCOGN[ VJG RTGXCKNKPI
UEKGPVKHKE256 CPF VGEJPKECN- EQOOGTEKCN RCTCFKIOU YJKEJ YGTG GUVCDNKUJGF KP VJG EQPVGZV QH
OCVGTKCNKUVKE FWCNKUVKE YQTNF XKGYU YJKEJ NCEM GEQNQIKECN KPVGTEQPPGEVGFPGUU257. #EEQTFKPI VQ
VJGUG RCTCFKIOU SWGUVKQPU QH EQOOWPKV[ YGNHCTG QT GPXKTQPOGPVCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CTG QPN[
KUUWGU QH RWDNKE TGNCVKQPU. #U HQT VJG KPVTKPUKE XCNWGU QH HQTGUVU CPF YKNFNKHG VJG[ CTG CNN TGFWEGF
VQ VJGKT QDLGEVKXG EQOOGTEKCN RQVGPVKCN258. +P VJG EQPVGZV QH FWCNKUO, VJG JWOCP UEKGPEGU CNQPI
YKVJ GVJKEU CPF VJGQNQI[ CEEGRV PCVWTG CU VJG IKXGP UVCIG HQT JWOCP FTCOC. 6JG[ FQ PQV
GPEQWTCIG CVVGPVKQP VQ EJCPIGU KP VJG UVCIG. +P VJG EQPVGZV QH OGEJCPKUO PCVWTG CRRGCTU CU
CJKUVQTKECN. *GPEG, QPN[ VJQUG YJQ CEVWCNN[ YGPV CPF NQQMGF PQVKEGF VJG EJCPIGU, DWV DGECWUG
VJG[ FKF PQV FGXGNQR OGEJCPKUVKE VJGQTKGU QH YJCV VJG[ UCY VJGKT HKPFKPIU YGTG GKVJGT KIPQTGF
249 5NCVGT 1995 250 $QQMEJKP 1962, %CTUQP 1962, 4GKEJ 1971 251 1'%QPPQT 1989 252 %NWD QH 4QOG 1972, /GCFQYU 1972 253 *GVVPG 1995 254 6KODGTNCMG CPF 6KPMGT 1984 255 1'*CICP 1995 256 $QVJ PCVWTCN CPF JWOCP 257 %CTUQP 1962, /CPFGT 1997 258 /CPFGT 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 37
QT YTQPIN[ KPVGTRTGVGF259 260. 6JQUG VJGQTKGU YJKEJ YGTG FGXGNQRGF VQ EQPEGRVWCNN[ EQPPGEV
'GPXKTQPOGPV 'FGXGNQROGPV'261, TGFWEGF GEQNQI[ VQ 'TGUQWTEG GHHKEKGPE[' CPF 'TKUM OCPCIGOGPV'
CPF YGTG DNKPF CPF KIPQTCPV QH FKXGTUKV[ QWVUKFG VJG GEQPQOKE UQEKGV[ QH VJG 9GUV262. #NVJQWIJ
OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPVCN CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN CRRTQCEJGU CTG DGKPI EJCNNGPIGF D[ PGY UQEKCN
OQXGOGPVU, D[ RQUVOQFGTPKUO, TCFKECN UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV, D[ CNVGTPCVKXG FGXGNQROGPV
UVTCVGIKGU CPF D[ PQP-YGUVGTP EQPEGRVU QH RTQITGUU, VJGTG CTG FCPIGTU QH VJG EQQRVKQP YJKEJ
OC[ TGUWNV KP NKVVNG FKHHGTGPEG VQ OCKPUVTGCO XCNWGU, RCTCFKIOU, VJGQTGVKECN QT GRKUVGOKE
HTCOGYQTMU263. 6JKPIU RCVGPVN[ CTG PQV KORTQXKPI CU KV YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV KP DQVJ VJG 9GUV CPF
VJG ’CUV, VJCV FQOGUVKE CPF INQDCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN CIGPFCU CTG KPETGCUKPIN[ DGKPI UWDXGTVGF CPF
TGCTVKEWNCVGF D[ UVCVG, 0)1, EQTRQTCVG CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN DQFKGU, IKXKPI TKUG VQ GVJPQEGPVTKE
UVTCVGIKGU QH UQEKCN EQPVTQN CPF (QWECWNV KPURKTGF RTQLGEVU QH 'ITGGP IQXGTPOGPVCNKV['264
RTGFKECVGF QP OCKPUVTGCO FKUEQWTUGU QH UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV YJGTG VJG OGCPKPI QH
'GPXKTQPOGPV' CPF 'PCVWTG'265 CTG DGKPI EQPVGUVGF266.
)QXGTPOGPVCNKV[ KPXQNXGU VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH EQORNGZ UQEKCN VGEJPKSWGU CPF KPUVKVWVKQPU VQ
KPVGPUKH[ VJG OGEJCPKUOU QH EQPVTQN QXGT VJG RQRWNCVKQP267. &CTKGT (1996) TGCTVKEWNCVGU
(QWECWNV'U KFGCU KP VGTOU QH VJTGG FKOGPUKQPU QT ECVGIQTKGU YJKEJ TGRTGUGPV VJG OCKP RQYGT
GHHGEVU YJKEJ OQFGTP UVCVG RQNKEKGU ECP JCXG QP RTKXCVG CPF UQEKGVCN NKXGU. 6JGUG KPENWFG VJG
• %GPVTCNK\CVKQP QH RQYGT CTQWPF VJG IQXGTPOGPV,
• 6JG KPVGPUKHKECVKQP QH VJG GHHGEVU QH RQYGT CV CNN NGXGNU,
• 6JG GOGTIGPEG QH PGY MPQYNGFIG WUGHWN HQT KORNGOGPVCVKQP QT KPVGPUKHKECVKQP QH
RQYGT.
259 %QDD 1988 260 (QT GZCORNG, VJG VGPFGPE[ VQ VTGCV GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUV CU CP CURGEV QH RQYGT CPF YGCNVJ UJCTKPI YCU EQOOQP WR VQ VJG 1980'U (’EMGTUNG[ 1992, 4QFOCP 1980). 6JKU YCU KP URKVG QH VJG HCEV VJCV OCP[ QH VJG YGUVGTP RTQVGUVGTU YGTG VJG EJKNFTGP QH VJG CHHNWGPV, YJQ YGTG UGGMKPI CP CNVGTPCVKXG YQTNFXKGY VJCV QRRQUGF VJG 'HWPEVKQPCN TCVKQPCNKV[' QH OQFGTPKV[ ($GTIGT 1974). 261 GI GEQ-ETCVKE FKUEQWTUG. 262 5CEJU 1992 263 4QWVNGFIG 1993 264 &CTKGT 1999, .WMG 1999D 265 .WMG 1999D 266 6JG VGTO IQXGTPOGPVCNKV[ YCU RTGUGPVGF CPF GZRNQTGF D[ (QWECWNV (1991,1984) CV VJG GPF QH VJG 1970U CPF KORNKGU C PQXGN FGHKPKVKQP QH RQYGT VJCV JCU RTQHQWPF KORNKECVKQPU HQT QWT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH RQNKVKECN RQYGT CPF RWDNKE RQNKE[. 267 (QWECWNV 1991, .WMG 1995
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 38
)QXGTPOGPVCNKV[ KU C FKHHKEWNV EQPEGRV VQ FGHKPG, CPF KU OQTG QH CP CRRTQCEJ HQT WPFGTUVCPFKPI
CPF KPVGTRTGVKPI VJG GNGOGPVU QH RQYGT KP VJG RQNKE[ RTQEGUU VJCP C ENGCTN[ FGHKPGF CPCN[VKECN
EQPEGRV. +TTGURGEVKXG QH KVU FGHKPKVKQP KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF YJCV KV OGCPU VQ KPFKXKFWCNU,
RQRWNCVKQPU, QT QTICPK\CVKQPU VQ DG IQXGTPGF CPF DG WPFGT IQXGTPCPEG, CPF JQY OQFGU QH
IQXGTPCPEG KPHNWGPEG QWT NKXGU, EWNVWTGU, CPF CEVQT TGNCVKQPU.
3.3.1 /CKPUVTGCO '5WUVCKPCDNG' &GXGNQROGPV
6JG VGTO 'UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV' YJKEJ UWHHWUGF FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG KP VJG 1980'U CPF
GCTN[ 1990'U HQNNQYGF VJG TGRQTV QH VJG 9QTNF %QOOKUUKQP QP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF
&GXGNQROGPV268 CPF VJG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU %QPHGTGPEG QP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV ’CTVJ
5WOOKV KP 4KQ269. 6JG DGUV MPQYP FGHKPKVKQP QH UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV URGCMU QH:-
"FGXGNQROGPV YJKEJ OGGVU VJG PGGFU QH VJG RTGUGPV, YKVJQWV
EQORTQOKUKPI VJG CDKNKV[ QH HWVWTG IGPGTCVKQPU VQ OGGV VJGKT QYP
PGGFU"270
#U C FGHKPKVKQP KVU UVTGPIVJU CRRGCT VQ NKG KP VJG YC[ FKXGTUG CPF UQOGVKOGU FKXGTIGPV KFGCU CTG
DNGPFGF QHVGP WPETKVKECNN[ KPVQ CP CRRCTGPV U[PVJGUKU271 DWV CU C EQPEGRV KV NGPFU KVUGNH VQ
EQPUKFGTCDNG CODKIWKV[272 CPF VJG CDUGPEG QH C ENGCT VJGQTGVKECN CPF CPCN[VKECN HTCOGYQTM273.
#U C 'ECVEJ RJTCUG' YJKEJ YQWNF CRRCTGPVN[ 'KPVGITCVG GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUGTXCVKQP YKVJ
GEQPQOKE FGXGNQROGPV' KV JCU VTCPUHQTOGF VJG TJGVQTKE DWV TCTGN[ VJG TGCNKV[ QH GUVCDNKUJGF
FGXGNQROGPV KPUVKVWVKQPU CPF OCP[ 0QP )QXGTPOGPVCN 1TICPKUCVKQPU (0)1U). &KHHGTGPV
CEVQTU JCXG KPVGTRTGVGF KV KP FKHHGTGPV YC[U VQ UWKV VJGKT KPUVKVWVKQPCN PGGFU CPF XKGYU274. +V JCU
DGEQOG C 'UNQICP'275 HQT CNN VJQUG YJQ YCPV VQ CRRGCT VQ KPEQTRQTCVG GPXKTQPOGPVCN
EQPUKFGTCVKQPU KPVQ VJG FGXGNQROGPV RTQEGUU YKVJQWV WPFWN[ 'TQEMKPI VJG DQCV'276. /CP[ QH VJG
KPKVKCVKXGU FGXGNQRGF CU C TGUWNV QH ’CTVJ 5WOOKV CPF RTGFKECVGF QP UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV
JCXG UGGOKPIN[ HCKNGF. +PFGGF OCP[ DWUKPGUU CPF RQNKVKECN NGCFGTU JCXG CRRGCTGF VQ CXQKF
268 $TWPFVNCPF 1987 269 #FCOU 1995 270 $TWPFVNCPF %QOOKUUKQP 1987 RCIG 8 271 #FCOU 1990 272 #FCOU 1995 273 .GNG 1991 274 2GGV CPF 9CVVU 1996 275 %QPTQ[ 1988 276 $T[CPV 1998, 4GFENKHV 1987, 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 39
OCMKPI VJG EJQKEGU VJCV C VTCPUKVKQP VQ UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV YQWNF PGEGUUKVCVG. 6JG
+PUVKVWVG QH %JCTVGTGF (QTGUVGTU (7−) QPN[ CFFGF VJG YQTF 'UWUVCKPCDNG' VQ VJGKT GVJKECN EQFG
CHVGT RTQVTCEVGF RTGUUWTG277. 6JG CDUGPEG QH CP[ CITGGOGPV CDQWV YJCV 'UWUVCKPCDNG
FGXGNQROGPV' CEVWCNN[ OGCPU, UVKNN NGUU YJGVJGT KV ECP DG CEJKGXGF KP VJG TGCN YQTNF, FQGU PQV
OGCP KV UJQWNF DG FKUECTFGF. #EEQTFKPI VQ 4GFENKHV278 'UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV' KU C RQYGTHWN
EQPEGRVWCN VGTO CPF RTQXKFGU C RNCVHQTO HQT FKUEWUUKPI FGXGNQROGPV CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV. #U
UWEJ, KV ECP CUUKUV WU VQ KFGPVKH[ CTGCU QH EQPXGTIGPEG CPF FKXGTIGPEG KP VJG FKUEQWTUG CDQWV
FGXGNQROGPV CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, CPF KP VJG YC[ VJGUG RTQEGUUGU CTG WPFGTUVQQF. #NVJQWIJ
VJKPMKPI CDQWV UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV KU FKXGTUG, VJGTG KU C ENGCTN[ FKUEGTPCDNG OCKPUVTGCO
YKVJKP KV279 , YJKEJ FTCYU QP LWUV QPG TGHQTOKUV UWD-UGV QH C EQPVKPWWO QH KFGCU CDQWV
UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV. 1VJGT UWD-UGVU RTQXKFG C XGT[ FKHHGTGPV CPF OQTG TCFKECN CIGPFC HQT
FGXGNQROGPV CEVKQP. /CKPUVTGCO VJKPMKPI UGGU UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV CU UQOGVJKPI VJCV
VCMGU RNCEG YKVJQWV VJTGCVGPKPI GEQPQOKE ITQYVJ.280 +V PQV QPN[ HCKNU VQ EJCNNGPIG VJG ECRKVCNKUV
ITQYVJ RCTCFKIO, KV KU CNUQ CRRGCTU VQ DG TGOCTMCDN[ TGUKUVCPV VQ GEQEGPVTKUO. +V NKGU CV VJG
EGPVTG QH VJG GZKUVKPI 9GUVGTP KPFWUVTKCN GEQPQOKE CPF VGEJPQEGPVTKE RCTCFKIOU, CPF ITQYVJ KU
VJG OQUV RTQOKPGPV HGCVWTG QH KVU RQNKE[ QDLGEVKXGU281. 6JG EQTG QH VGEJPQEGPVTKUV VJKPMKPI KP
UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV KU .QEMGCP DQVJ KP VGTOU QH KVU WVKNKVCTKCP XKGY282 QH UEKGPEG CPF VJG
CRRNKECVKQP QH UEKGPEG VQ UQNXG JWOCP RTQDNGOU283. +P VJG ECUG QH HQTGUVU, VJG RKEVWTG KU
RCTVKEWNCTN[ ITKO, IKXGP VJG TGCNKVKGU284, CU VJKU XKGY TGFWEGU HQTGUVU VQ UQ OCP[ 'EWDKE OGVTGU'
QT d'U RGT JGEVCTG. %QPUKFGTCVKQP QH VJG GPVKTG HQTGUV DKQVKE EQOOWPKV[ KU QWV QH VJG RKEVWTG:
KPVTKPUKE XCNWGU CTG PGXGT FKUEWUUGF; VJG URKTKVWCN GOCPCVKQPU QH CPEKGPV HQTGUVU CTG PQV
RGTEGKXGF; UWUVCKPCDNG GEQPQOKE RTQEGUUGU CTG 'KPGHHKEKGPV' CPF VQQ UNQY HQT VJG OCTMGV
OCEJKPG; CPF NQPI-VGTO RNCPGVCT[ JGCNVJ DGEQOGU OWEJ VQQ NQPI-VGTO HQT C VGEJPKECN-
EQOOGTEKCN XCNWGU EQPUVTWEV285. # WVKNKVCTKCP XKGY ECP DG HQWPF DQVJ KP VJG 9QTNF
277 5VWFNG[ 1995 278 4GFENKHV 1992 279 $TWPFVNCPF 1987, +7%0 1980, .GNG 1991 280 $TWPFVNCPF 1987 281 1'4KQTFCP 1981, 1'4KQTFCP CPF 6WTPGT 1983 282 K.G. 9JCV KU WUGHWN KU IQQF 283 .QEMG 1690, /GTEJCPV 1997 284 # TGEGPV UVWF[ KP %JKPC TGXGCNGF VJCV KPVTKPUKE XCNWGU YGTG EC 11% QH 6QVCN ’EQPQOKE 8CNWG CPF EQOOGTEKCN CPF URKTKVWCN XCNWGU YGTG EC 5% (5VWFNG[ GV CN 2005). 285 /CPFGT 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 40
%QPUGTXCVKQP 5VTCVGI[ (9%5) CPF KP %CTKPI HQT VJG ’CTVJ286. 9%5 JCU VJTGG OCKP CKOU: VQ
OCKPVCKP GUUGPVKCN NKHG-UWRRQTV U[UVGOU, VQ RTGUGTXG IGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[, CPF VQ RTQOQVG
UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV QH URGEKGU CPF GEQU[UVGOU. 6JKU CIGPFC, EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ C WVKNKVCTKCP
XKGY QH UEKGPEG CPF GEQNQI[287 JCU DGGP CRRNKGF VQ 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV KP IGPGTCN CPF VQ
VJG 9%5 KP RCTVKEWNCT288. 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV CRRGCTU VQ DG TQQVGF OWEJ OQTG KP
YGUVGTP GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO VJCP FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG CPF HQT VJKU TGCUQP, KV NCEMU
GPICIGOGPV YKVJ FGXGNQROGPV VJGQT[289 CPF VJKU OCTMU VJGO290QWV HTQO VJG PQTOCN FKUEQWTUG
QH FGXGNQROGPV291.
6JGTG CTG UGXGTCN VTCLGEVQTKGU VJCV WPFGTRKP OCKPUVTGCO GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO, YJKEJ VGPF VQ
HCXQWT VJG VGEJPQEGPVTKE, KPUVTWOGPVCN292 CPF TGHQTOKUV RQUKVKQPU. 6JGUG KPENWFG:
• 4GUQWTEG EQPUGTXCVKQP293
• 6JG KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQPUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV294
• 6JG RTGUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV295 CPF
• RQUUKDN[ JWOCP YGNHCTG GEQNQI[296.
4GUQWTEG EQPUGTXCVKQP297, VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQPUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV, CPF VJG RTGUGTXCVKQP
OQXGOGPV298 JCXG NGF VQ WPTGCNKUVKE CPF EQPVTCFKEVQT[ VGPGVU KP QWT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG RQNKEKGU.
4GUQWTEG EQPUGTXCVKQP CRRGCTU VQ DG RGTOGCVGF YKVJ CP CEEGRVCPEG QH FGUVTWEVKXG RTCEVKEGU,
IGPGTCVGF HTQO C DGNKGH VJCV .QEMGCP OKVKICVKPI OGCUWTGU ECP JCNV QT TGXGTUG GPXKTQPOGPVCN
FGRNGVKQP CPF FGITCFCVKQP. +PVGTPCVKQPCN EQPUGTXCVKQP CRRGCTU VQ DG RCTV QH VJG INQDCN
JGIGOQP[ QH YGUVGTP EWNVWTG VJCV VGPF VQ KIPQTG NQECN RGQRNG CPF CTG UVTQPIN[ DKCUGF D[ GNKVKUV
286 +7%0 1980 287 &GGRN[ GODGFFGF KP EQNQPKCN FKUEQWTUG KORGTKCN TWNG CPF YGUVGTP INQDCN EWNVWTCN JGIGOQP[ (#FCOU 1995, &CUOCPP 1979, .QEMG 1690). 288 #FCOU 1993, 1995 , $JCDJC 1991, 9QTNF $CPM 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 289 #FCOU 1990 290 5WUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV CPF ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO. 291 %TWUJ 1995, )CTG 1995 292 0Q PQPJWOCP DGKPI ECP JCXG XCNWG KP KVUGNH , KV ECP QPN[ JCXG XCNWG CU C OGCPU HQT JWOCPU (*CDGTOCU 1971). 293 &GXCNN 1979, &TGPIUQP CPF 6C[NQT 1997 294 #FCOU 1990 295 6JQTGCW 1858, 6WTPGT 1996 296 ’EMGTUNG[ 1992 297 6JG UEKGPVKHKE ECRCEKV[ CXCKNCDNG VQ JCTPGUU CPF OCPCIG PCVWTG VJG YC[ YG UGG HKV. 298 6JG RGTEGKXGF RTKUVKPG UVCVG QH YKNFGTPGUU CTGCU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 41
WTDCP RGTEGRVKQPU QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF KUUWGU QH VJG WTDCP YQTNF299. 2TGUGTXCVKQP CRRGCTU VQ
DG RTGFKECVGF QP C TGUQWTEG-OCPCIGOGPV RQNKE[ DCUGF QP VJG DGNKGH VJCV UGVVKPI CUKFG UQ ECNNGF
RTKUVKPG VTCEVU QH NCPF YKNN CWVQOCVKECNN[ RTGUGTXG VJGKT DKQNQIKECN KPVGITKV[. 0QPG QH VJG CDQXG
VCMGU KPVQ EQPUKFGTCVKQP VJG RQUUKDKNKVKGU HQT PCVWTCN-TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV VJCV OKIJV CTKUG
HTQO NGCTPKPI HTQO CNVGTPCVKXG RCTCFKIOU KP C EQ-FGXGNQROGPV CRRTQCEJ YKVJ UEKGPVKHKE
KPHQTOCVKQP CPF OCPCIGOGPV300.
4GUGCTEJGTU YCPVKPI VQ IQ DG[QPF VJG TJGVQTKE QH 'UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV' JCXG KFGPVKHKGF
HQWT "FKOGPUKQPU" 301 QH UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV PCOGN[; GEQPQOKEU, RQNKVKEU, EWNVWTG CPF
GRKUVGOQNQI[. 6JG NCUV VYQ CTG GXKFGPVN[ RCTVKEWNCTN[ IGTOCPG HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH VJKU UVWF[ CPF
YKNN DG GZRNQTGF DGNQY.
3.3.2 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &KUEQWTUG
’PXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG JCU KVU TQQVU KP KPFWUVTKCN UQEKGV[, CPF OCP[ QH VJG EQORGVKPI
KFGQNQIKGU QH KPFWUVTKCN UQEKGV[302 HTQO CP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RGTURGEVKXG CTG EQOOKVVGF VQ
'KPFWUVTKCNKUO'303. 6JKU EQOOQPCNKV[ OKIJV UWTRTKUG KVU CFJGTGPVU, YJQ CTG HCT OQTG EQPUEKQWU
QH VJGKT KFGQNQIKECN FKHHGTGPEGU VJCP QH VJGKT KPFWUVTKCN EQOOQPCNKVKGU. #NN VJGUG KFGQNQIKGU
KIPQTGF GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPEGTPU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU YGTG QPN[ EQPUKFGTGF KP VGTOU QH
KPRWVU VQ KPFWUVTKCN RTQEGUUGU304. ’PXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG JCU CVVGORVGF VQ FGXGNQR FKURCTCVG
VTCLGEVQTKGU VJCV CRRGCT VQ TGRTGUGPV C FGRCTVWTG HTQO KPFWUVTKCNKUO. 6JGUG FGRCTVWTGU ECP DG
ECVGIQTK\GF C PWODGT QH FKHHGTGPV YC[U. &QDUQP305 OCMGU C VJTGGHQNF FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP
QNF-HCUJKQPGF EQPUGTXCVKQP, TGHQTO GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CPF TCFKECN GEQNQIKUO, ’EMGTUNG[306
VJKPMU VJCV VJG MG[ FKHHGTGPEG KU DGVYGGP CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE CPF GEQEGPVTKE RGTURGEVKXGU CPF
&T[\GM307 TGEQIPK\GU HQWT FKUEQWTUGU :- RTQDNGO UQNXKPI, UWTXKXCNKUO, UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF ITGGP
TCFKECNKUO. /GTG TGHQTOKUV VKPMGTKPI YKVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTCLGEVQTKGU FQGU PQV CRRGCT VQ IQ HCT
GPQWIJ, KH UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR KU C XCNKF QDLGEVKXG, C HWPFCOGPVCNN[ FKHHGTGPV
299 )QOG\-2QORC CPF −CWU 1992 300 )QOG\-2QORC CPF −CWU 1992 301 #FCOU 1993 RCIG 395, 1995, 4GFENKHV 1992 302 0COGN[ NKDGTCNKUO, EQPUGTXCVKUO, UQEKCNKUO, OCTZKUO CPF HCUEKUO. 303 &T[\GM 1997 304 (QT GZCORNG VJG 75 EQPUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV'U CVVGORVU VQ GPUWTG PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU CTG PQV USWCPFGTGF UQ VJGTG KU CNYC[U RNGPV[ VQ UWRRQTV C ITQYKPI KPFWUVTKCN GEQPQO[. 305 1990 306 1992 307 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 42
CRRTQCEJ KU TGSWKTGF. 6JG YQTNFYKFG ETKUKU KP TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV CRRGCTU VQ DG ECWUGF
OQUVN[ D[ .QEMGCP OCVGTKCNKUO CPF VJG GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF EQIPKVKXG HTCOGYQTMU QH
MPQYNGFIG FQOKPCVKPI GEQNQIKECN UEKGPEG. 6JKU JCU NGF VQ KPVGTRTGVKXG GTTQT QT "KPHQTOCVKQP
HNQY RCVJQNQIKGU"308, C FGGRGPKPI QH VJG GEQNQIKECN ETKUKU CPF CP KPCDKNKV[ VQ RTGUETKDG
UWUVCKPCDNG QWVEQOGU309. %JCTCEVGTKUVKECNN[ OCP[ QH GEQNQIKECN FKHHKEWNVKGU VGPF VQ DG U[UVGOU
TGNCVGF, CPF VJG[ CTG PQP-NKPGCT KP PCVWTG, ETQUU-UECNG KP VKOG CPF URCEG CPF JCXG CP
GXQNWVKQPCT[ EJCTCEVGT. #U C TGUWNV KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[ CPF KPVGITCVGF OQFGU QH KPSWKT[ RTGFKECVGF
QP UQEKCN CPF GEQNQIKECN U[UVGOU CTG TGSWKTGF HQT WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPF HQT RQNKE[ HQTOWNCVKQP310.
3.3.3 0CVWTG &KUEQWTUG
+P FKUEWUUKPI 'PCVWTG' YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ C XGT[ EQORNGZ 9GUVGTP EQPEGRV VJCV JCU C
EQORNKECVGF TGRGTVQKTG QH OGCPKPIU311. 1P VJG DCUKU QH EQORNGZ )TGGM CPF .CVKP TQQVU, KV JCU
DGGP OQWNFGF KPVQ C UKPING OWNVKHCEGVGF EQPEGRV YJKEJ HKPFU C XCTKGV[ QH WUGU CPF KU UVKNN KP C
RTQEGUU QH EJCPIG. 4GEWTTKPI KPVGTXCNU QH TQOCPVKEKUO JCXG IKXGP KV OWEJ QH KVU HNCXQWT. +H YG
KPXGUVKICVG 'PCVWTG' QT 'NCPFUECRG' VJG[ TGHGT PQV QPN[ VQ RJ[UKECN CURGEVU QH GCTVJ, DWV CDUVTCEV
URCEG EQPVCKPKPI C XCTKGV[ QH KFGCU CPF RTKPEKRNGU, FGH[KPI GCU[ FGHKPKVKQP312. 9G FKHHGTGPVKCVG
PCVWTG D[ OGCPU QH CEEWTCVG FGHKPKVKQPU, ENCUUGU CPF U[UVGOU, KPENWFKPI UJCRGU CPF EQNQWTU, DWV
CVVTKDWVG VQ KV OGCPKPIU CPF GOQVKQPU. #EEQTFKPIN[ EQPEGRVU NKMG PCVWTG OC[ DG UGGP CU
CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE CPF UWDLGEVKXG VQQNU QH VJG OKPF KP VJG RWTUWKV QH QTFGT COQPI CRRCTGPV EJCQU.
6JG EGPVTCN EQPUVTWEVKQPU QH PCVWTG YKVJKP OCKPUVTGCO 9GUVGTP CPF ’CUVGTP GPXKTQPOGPVCN
RTCEVKEG TGHNGEV CP GPICIGOGPV YKVJ RQUV-$TWPFVNCPF313 FKUEQWTUGU QH 'UWUVCKPCDNG
FGXGNQROGPV' YJKEJ JCXG GTQFGF RTGXKQWU FKUEQWTUGU QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[314. 1P VJG DCUKU QH VJKU
XGT[ CODKIWQWU FKUEQWTUG KV JCU DGGP RQUUKDNG VQ TGKPXGPV PCVWTG CU GPXKTQPOGPVCN 'ECRKVCN' VJCV
OC[ DG OCKPVCKPGF315 CPF VQ RCUVG QXGT CP[ EQPHNKEVU DGVYGGP GEQPQOKEU CPF VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV316. /WEJ QH VJG EWTTGPV NKVGTCVWTG GPICIKPI YKVJ VJG EQPEGRV QH PCVWTG XKGYU KV CU
308 /E)QXGTP GV CN 1988 RCIG 245 309 *QNNKPI GV CN 1998, .GG 1992 310 *QNNKPI GV CN 1998 311 .GYKU 1960 312 9KNNKCOU 1976 313 $TWPVNCPF 1987 314 &T[\GM 1997 315 1'%QPPQT 1994 316 #FCOU 1995, ’UEQDCT 1996, 4GFENKHV 1992
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 43
C EQPVGUVGF UQEKCN EQPUVTWEVKQP317 YJGTG UVTWIINGU QXGT OGCPKPI CTG CU KORQTVCPV CU NKXGNKJQQF
UVTWIINGU318. 5KPEG VJG NCVG UKZVKGU PCVWTG JCU DGEQOG C RTGUUKPI KUUWG, GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG NKIJV QH
RQNKVKEQ-GEQPQOKE TGUVTWEVWTKPI CPF CP GEQNQIKECN CPF EWNVWTCN ETKUKU319. 6JGTG KU KPETGCUKPI
TGEQIPKVKQP VJCV OCP[ RGQRNG NKXKPI KP VJG YGUV CTG RCTVKEKRCVKPI KP C EWNVWTG QH FGPKCN CDQWV
PCVWTG CPF VJCV GFWECVKQP TGKPHQTEGU WPUWUVCKPCDNG XCNWGU CPF RTCEVKEGU320. 6JG TGEQIPKVKQP VJCV
PCVWTG KU PQ NQPIGT GXGT[YJGTG, NKOKVNGUU CPF GZVGTPCNN[ CXCKNCDNG VQ ECRKVCNKUV CEVQTU JCU NGF VQ
C UJKHV YJGTGD[ PCVWTG JCU DGEQOG CP CEEWOWNCVKQP UVTCVGI[ HQT ECRKVCN321. 9KVJKP VJKU UVTCVGI[
PCVWTG KU PQ NQPIGT UGRCTCVG HTQO UQEKCN CPF EWNVWTCN RTQEGUUGU322 ECPPQV DG UGRCTCVGF QHH KPVQ
KVU QYP QPVQNQIKECN URCEG323 CPF UJQWNF DG UVWFKGF CU RCTV QH RQNKVKQ-GPQPQOKE CPF
VGEJPQNQIKECN EJCPIGU. 6JG RTQEGUU QH PQTOCNKUCVKQP/TGUKUVCPEG ECP DG QDUGTXGF QP C
OKETQ-UECNG324 KP VJG EQPVGZV QH FGXGNQROGPV EQPHNKEVU YJGTG PCVWTG KU EQPUVTWEVGF VQ LWUVKH[
CNVGTPCVKXG RQUKVKQPU325. +V ECP DG XKGYGF CU C HQTO QH EWNVWTCN RQNKVKEU YKVJ FKHHGTGPV ITQWRU
NQEMGF KPVQ C UVTWIING QXGT VJG OGCPKPI CPF XCNWGU QH RNCPVU, CPKOCNU CPF NCPFUECRGU
VJTGCVGPGF D[ FGXGNQROGPV326.
/CKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPVCN CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN CRRTQCEJGU CTG PQV QPN[ DGKPI EJCNNGPIGF
FKUEWTUKXGN[ DWV CTG DGKPI EQPVGUVGF D[ GEQ-URKTKVWCN, JQNKUVKE-QTICPKE CPF RQUV-OQFGTP
CRRTQCEJGU.
3.3.4 ’EQ-URKTKVWCN CPF *QNKUVKE-QTICPKE 2CTCFKIOU
6JG 1960'U YGTG PQV QPN[ EQWPVGTEWNVWTCN; VJG[ YGTG CNUQ CPVK-ECRKVCNKUV, CPVK-EQNQPKCN, CPVK-
KORGTKCNKUV CPF CPVK-YGUVGTP. +P VJGUG VWTDWNGPV [GCTU ETKVKEKUO QH YGUVGTP TGNKIKQP, UEKGPEG CPF
VGEJPQNQI[, KP EQODKPCVKQP YKVJ CP KPVGTGUV KP PCVKXG #OGTKECP CPF QTKGPVCN TGNKIKQPU DGECOG
317 &CTKGT 1999, ’UEQDCT 1996 318 )TCOUEK 1971 319 %CUVTGG CPF $TCWP 1998 320 $QYGTU 1999, 5VGTNKPI 2001 321 −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
326 $WTIGUU 1992
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 44
RCTV QH VJG RQNKVKECN EQPHTQPVCVKQP DGVYGGP VJG YGUV CPF KVU ETKVKEU. #ICKPUV VJKU DCEMITQWPF
TGNKIKQWU CPF GEQNQIKECN KFGCU HQWPF VJGKT YC[ VQ VJG 'OCLQTKV[ YQTNF'327 YJGTG VJG[ GEJQGF C
ITQYKPI RQNKVKECN CPF EWNVWTCN UGNH-EQPUEKQWUPGUU. %QPUGSWGPVN[, FWTKPI VJG NCUV VYGPV[ [GCTU
YG JCXG PQV QPN[ YKVPGUUGF VJG 'ITGGPKPI QH TGNKIKQP'328 DWV PCVKXG #OGTKECPU, #WUVTCNKCP
#DQTKIKPGU, *KPFWU, $WFFJKUVU, /WUNKOU CPF OCP[ QVJGTU JCXG RTGUGPVGF VJGKT TGNKIKQWU
VTCFKVKQPU CU CWVJGPVKECNN[ GEQNQIKECN CPF EQPUGTXCVKQPKUV.
+P VJG YGUV CP KPEQORNGVG TGCFKPI QH 9JKVG'U UGOKPCN GUUC[329 EQPXKPEGF C IGPGTCVKQP QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUVU VJCV TGNKIKQP YCU VJG RTQDNGO, CPF NGF OCP[ GPXKTQPOGPVCN QTICPK\CVKQPU VQ
UJWP TGNKIKQWU EQOOWPKVKGU KP VJGKT YQTM, CPF KIPQTG VJG OKUUKQP QH TGNKIKQP KP RTGUGTXKPI
PCVWTG. 9JKNG KV KU VTWG VJCV 9JKVG FKF FGET[ VJG FQOKPCPEG QH C RCTVKEWNCT CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE
VTCFKVKQP KP %JTKUVKCPKV[, JG CNUQ CEMPQYNGFIGU C EQORGVKPI, OQTG GEQNQIKECN, VTCFKVKQP. *G
EQPENWFGU JKU GUUC[ D[ RTQRQUKPI 5V (TCPEKU CU RCVTQP UCKPV HQT GEQNQIKUVU330. 5KPEG VJG OKF
1990'U VJGTG JCU DGGP C EQPXGTIGPEG DGVYGGP TGNKIKQWU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN ITQWRU331. +V KU
CPVKEKRCVGF VJCV YKVJ VJG ITQYVJ QH TGNKIKQWU GPXKTQPOGPVCN UVGYCTFUJKR ITQWRU332 VJG[ YKNN
FTCOCVKECNN[ VTCPUHQTO VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV KP 21UV EGPVWT[. /CKPUVTGCO TGNKIKQPU
ITQWRU, JQYGXGT, MPQYP OQTG HQT VJGKT UWRRQTV QH VJG UVCVWU SWQ, UJQWNF PQV PGINGEV VJGKT
RTQRJGVKE ECNNKPI333.
4GNKIKQPU CTG OCLQT FTKXGTU QH UQEKGVCN CPF KPFKXKFWCN DGJCXKQWT EJCPIG334 KPENWFKPI VJG
PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV335. 4GEGPV GZCORNGU KPENWFG VJG TQNG QH VJG EJWTEJ CPF NKDGTCVKQP VJGQNQI[
KP VJG 0KECTCIWCP 4GXQNWVKQP336 VJG 75 %KXKN 4KIJVU /QXGOGPV, VJG 5JK'KVG +TCPKCP 4GXQNWVKQP,
VJG FGOQETCE[/ KPFGRGPFGPEG OQXGOGPV KP VJG ’CUVGTP $NQE337 VJG DQ[EQVV QH 0GUVNG
327 TGRTGUGPVKPI 83% QH VJG YQTNFU RQRWNCVKQP PQV RCTV QH VJG "0QTVJ #VNCPVKE 5[UVGO" (’NYQTVJ[ CPF 4QIGTU
2001 RCIG 3). 328 ,GPUGP 1999 329 9JKVG 1967 330 2QRG 1997 331 6WEMGT CPF )TKO 2001
332 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 5VGYCTFUJKR %QOOKUUKQP JVVR://YYY.GPX-UVGYCTF.EQO/NKPMU.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 333 4QJT 2002 334 $GTT[ 1999 335 )CTFPGT CPF 5VGTP 1996 336 )WVKGTTG\ 1973 337 )TGGPYCNF 1990, 4QIGTU 1990
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 45
RTQFWEVU338 HQT NCWPEJKPI ,WDKNGG 2000 HQT FGDV TGFWEVKQP339 CPF KP DNQEMKPI CVVGORVU KP VJG 75
%QPITGUU VQ YGCMGP VJG ’PFCPIGTGF 5RGEKGU #EV340.
4GNKIKQP DTKPIU CV NGCUV HKXG CUUGVU VQ UQEKGVCN CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN EJCPIG:
� 6JG[ RTQXKFG OGCPKPI D[ UJCRKPI YQTNFXKGY341
� 6JG ECRCEKV[ VQ KPURKTG CPF VJG YKGNFKPI QH OQTCN CWVJQTKV[342
� 5JGGT PWODGTU QH HQNNQYGTU343
� 5WDUVCPVKCN RJ[UKECN CPF HKPCPEKCN TGUQWTEGU344
� # RCTVKEWNCT ECRCEKV[ VQ IGPGTCVG 'UQEKCN ECRKVCN'345
#NN QH VJGUG CUUGVU ECP DG WUGF VQ JGNR DWKNF C UQEKCNN[ LWUV CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG
YQTNF346. 6QFC[ VJG 'TGNKIKQWU GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV'347 QT VJG 'GEQNQIKECN URKTKVWCNKV[' RCTCFKIO348
JCU C YGNN GUVCDNKUJGF RQUKVKQP KP INQDCN GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV FKUEWUUKQP349 YJKEJ OC[ JCXG
RTQHQWPF RGTEWUUKQPU QP VJG YC[ KPFKXKFWCNU CPF VJGKT UQEKGVKGU RGTEGKXG VJG GPXKTQPOGPV,
NGCFKPI VQ OQTG UWUVCKPCDNG GCTVJ ECTG350 .
(TQO C UQEKQNQIKECN RGTURGEVKXG, TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQPU TGRTGUGPV CPF EQPUVTWEV VJG EQNNGEVKXG
XCNWGU CPF U[UVGOU QH OGCPKPI QH JWOCP UQEKGVKGU. #U UWEJ, TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQPU KPHNWGPEG VJG
YC[ VJGKT CFJGTGPVU KPVGTRTGV VJGKT GZRGTKGPEG QH VJG YQTNF CPF, EQPUGSWGPVN[, KPHNWGPEG VJGKT
CEVKQPU WRQP KV. 4GNKIKQWU KFGQNQIKGU, JQYGXGT, CTG VJGOUGNXGU CNYC[U KP OGFKCU TGU351
CPF
GXGP VJQWIJ VJGKT CFJGTGPVU OC[ WRJQNF CP GVGTPCN XKUKQP QH CTEJCKE RTKPEKRNGU JCPFGF FQYP
QXGT IGPGTCVKQPU, KP CEVWCNKV[ VJKU XKUKQP KU EQPVKPWQWUN[ TGPGIQVKCVGF CPF TGEQPUVTWEVGF KP
EQPXGTUCVKQP YKVJ VJG EJCPIKPI FGOCPFU QH JKUVQTKECN CPF EWNVWTCN EQPVGZV. 3WKVG CRCTV HTQO
338 $TQCF CPF %CXCPCIJ 1998 339 YYY.LWDKNGG2000WM.QTI CEEGUUGF 12VJ ,WN[ 2004. 340 )CTFPGT 2002 341 #PFGTUQP 1996, %JCRRNG CPF 6WEMGT 2000 342 $GTPUVGKP CPF 2QNKVK 1996, 5EJYCTV\ 1994 343 $CTTGVV CPF ,QJPUQP 2001, )TKO 2001 344 )CTFPGT 2002 345 6JKU KU C EQPVGUVGF VGTO (5GG $CTQP GV CN 2004, .GWPI 2002, 5VQNNG CPF .GYKU WPFCVGF). 346 &CUIWRVC CPF 5GTCIGNFKP 2000, )CTFPGT 2002 347 2GFGTUGP 1995 348 −KPUNG[ 1995 349 #VKUJC 1991, &YKXGFK CPF 6KYCTK 1987, 5YCKP 1991 350 −KPUNG[ 1995, 2QUG[ 1999 351 .KVGTCNN[ 'KP VJG XGT[ OKFUV QH VJKPIU' - YJKNG UVQTKGU WUWCNN[ DGIKP CV VJG EJTQPQNQIKECN DGIKPPKPI PCTTCVKXGU VJCV DGIKP KP VJG 'VJKEM QH VJKPIU' CPF HKNN KP VJG DCEMITQWPF NCVGT CTG FGUETKDGF CU KP OGFKC TGU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 46
CP[ EQPVTKDWVKQP VJCV TGNKIKQP OC[ DTKPI VQ C RGTEGRVKQP QH PCVWTG, KP VJG YGUVGTP YQTNF, VJGTG
KU C ITQYKPI CYCTGPGUU QH VJG KPCFGSWCEKGU QH VJG %CTVGUKCP YQTNFXKGY, KP YJKEJ CP KPVGPUKHKGF
FKEJQVQO[ QH TGCNKV[, UGRCTCVGF UWDLGEV HTQO QDLGEV, EWNVWTG HTQO PCVWTG, CPF EWNVWTCN UEKGPEGU
HTQO PCVWTCN UEKGPEGU. /QTG RTGEKUGN[, DQVJ UEKGPEGU CPF RQRWNCT KFGQNQIKGU JCXG EQOG VQ
SWGUVKQP VJG FKXKUKQP DGVYGGP 'UEKGPEG HQT RGQRNG CPF UEKGPEG HQT PCVWTG'. 9KVJ VJG EJCNNGPIGF
YGUVGTP RCTCFKIOU, CP GPVKTGN[ PGY GEQNQIKECN RCTCFKIO KU HTGSWGPVN[ ECNNGF HQT , C RCTCFKIO
YJGTG 'JWOCPMKPF' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPV' PQ NQPIGT CTG UGGP CU UGRCTCVG CPF QRRQUKVG GPVKVKGU DWV
YJGTG 'QTICPKUOU CPF GPXKTQPOGPV HQTO RCTV QH QPG CPQVJGT'352.
5EKGPVKUVU CPF NC[RGQRNG JCXG UGCTEJGF HQT PGY KPURKTCVKQP HTQO QWVUKFG YGUVGTP VTCFKVKQPU. #
NCTIG DQF[ QH NKVGTCVWTG QHHGTU CNVGTPCVKXG YQTNFXKGYU VQ VJG RTGXCKNKPI YGUVGTP QPGU: WUWCNN[
FGRKEVKPI JWOCPMKPF CU CP KPVGITCN RCTV QH PCVWTG KPUVGCF QH DGKPI UGRCTCVGF HTQO KV CPF VT[KPI
VQ FQOKPCVG KV. 6JG[ RQTVTC[ JWOCPMKPF CPF GPXKTQPOGPV CU C JCTOQPKQWU WPKV[ QH OWVWCN
TGURGEV, EQORNGOGPVCTKV[ CPF U[ODKQUKU, VJGKT XKGYU CTG JQNKUVKE-QTICPKE TCVJGT VJCP
CVQOKUVKE-OGEJCPKUVKE CU KP VJG KPFWUVTKCN YGUV353.
6JG RGTEGRVKQP QH PCVWTG HQWPF COQPI KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CPF VTKDCN UQEKGVKGU JCXG RTQXKFGF
WU YKVJ C TCPIG QH CNVGTPCVKXG RCTCFKIOU VJCV CRRGCT VQ KPENWFG GZCORNGU QH GZRNKEKV
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP354. 6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU JQYGXGT QH QXGT-TQOCPVKEK\CVKQP QH VJGKT
VTCFKVKQPU, YJKEJ YKNN DG CFFTGUUGF KP VJG PGZV EJCRVGT, CPF QH 'KFGQNQIKECN ECRVWTG'. +P VJG NCVVGT
ECUG KPFKIGPQWU RJGPQOGPC JCXG DGGP OCTMGVGF HQT KFGQNQIKECN GPFU CPF VJWU DGEQOG
GPVCPINGF YKVJ C EQPVKPWKPI ETKVKSWG QH YGUVGTP EWNVWTG. 0CVKXG #OGTKECP DGNKGHU, HQT KPUVCPEG,
ITGCVN[ KPURKTGF VJG HQWPFGTU QH )TGGPRGCEG, YJQ UCY VJGOUGNXGU CU TCKPDQY YCTTKQTU, YJQ
CEEQTFKPI VQ %TGG VTCFKVKQP 'YQWNF VGCEJ VJG YJKVG OCP TGXGTGPEG HQT VJG GCTVJ'355. 6JWU HCT HGY
QH VJG OCKPUVTGCO CRRTQCEJGU, YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG GEQ-URKTKVWCN-GPXKTQPOGPVCN RCTCFKIO
JCXG OWEJ IQQFPGUU-QH-HKV YKVJ VJG XCNWGU CPF YQTNFXKGYU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG, DWV VJGTG CTG
VYQ VTCLGEVQTKGU QH VJG RQUV-OQFGTP VJCV CRRGCT VQ DG IGTOCPG VJCV YKNN DG GZCOKPGF KP VJG PGZV
UGEVKQP.
352 %CVVQP CPF &WPNCR 1978, 1980, &KEMGPU 1992 353 %CNNKEQVV CPF #OGU 1989 354 5GGNCPF 1986 355 $TQYP CPF /C[ 1991
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 47
3.3.5 2QUV-OQFGTP #RRTQCEJGU
6JG QPN[ RQUV-OQFGTP VTCLGEVQTKGU VJCV CTG UGGOKPIN[ CRRQUKVG KPENWFG U[UVGOU CPF
RGQRNG-EGPVTGF CRRTQCEJGU. 6JG U[UVGOU CRRTQCEJ KU DCUGF QP CFCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV CPF
CDFWEVKQP356, YKVJ CP GORJCUKU QP NKPMCIGU CPF HGGFDCEM EQPVTQNU357. 7PNKMG VTCFKVKQPCN
UEKGPEG, VJKU CRRTQCEJ KU KPVGITCVKXG CPF KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[, KV KPENWFGU VJG KPVGTCEVKQPU QH UQEKCN
U[UVGOU YKVJ PCVWTCN U[UVGOU, CPF KV KU RTGFKECVGF QP C TGNCVKQPCN, RCTVKEKRCVQT[ CPF QTICPKE
YQTNFXKGY. +VU CRRTQCEJ KU DQVJ U[PVJGVKE CPF JQNKUVKE KP VJG UGPUG VJCV KV HQEWUGU WRQP
UVWF[KPI VJG RCVVGTPU QH TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP VJG RCTVU, TCVJGT VJCP VJG RCTVU VJGOUGNXGU358. 6JG
OQUV CTVKEWNCVG UVCVGOGPV QH VJKU PGY OGVJQFQNQI[ KU RTQXKFGF D[ $CVGUQP359 YJQ WUGU VJG
EQPEGRV QH 'CDFWEVKQP'360 VQ WPFGTUVCPF RCVVGTPU QH TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ QPG CPQVJGT, CPF VJGKT
FGITGG QH U[OOGVT[.
#FCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV RTGFKECVGF DQVJ QP CDFWEVKQP CPF C U[PVJGVKE CPF TGNCVKQPCN CRRTQCEJ
QHHGTU VJG RTQURGEV QH GODTCEKPI UWTRTKUG, CPF QH TGFGHKPKPI, TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV, JWOCP
KPUVKVWVKQPU, CPF VGEJPKSWGU CPF XCNWGU QP VJG DCUKU QH VJG RCVVGTPU QH VJG NCTIGT U[UVGO QH
YJKEJ VJG[ CTG RCTV. +PFKIGPQWU TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV KU UKOKNCT KP UQOG YC[U VQ CFCRVKXG
OCPCIGOGPV. 6JGUG VTCFKVKQPCN U[UVGOU RTQEGGF KP CP CFCRVKXG HCUJKQP D[ OWVWCN HGGFDCEM
OGEJCPKUOU CPF EQ-GXQNWVKQP. 6JG[ RCTCNNGN CFCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV KP VJGKT TGNKCPEG QP
NGCTPKPI-D[-FQKPI CPF VJG WUG QH HGGFDCEM HTQO VJG GPXKTQPOGPV VQ RTQXKFG EQTTGEVKQPU HQT
OCPCIGOGPV RTCEVKEG. 6JG[ FKHHGT HTQO HQTOCN U[UVGOU IGPGTCNN[ D[ VJG CDUGPEG QH VGUVCDNG
J[RQVJGUGU CPF IGPGTCNK\CVKQP VJGQTKGU CPF D[ VJG KPVGITCVKQP QH OQTCN CPF TGNKIKQWU DGNKGH
U[UVGOU YKVJ OCPCIGOGPV361.
6JG RGQRNG-QTKGPVCVGF CRRTQCEJ HQEWUGU QP VJG TGUQWTEG WUGT CPF VJGKT MPQYNGFIG, KPUVKVWVKQPU
CPF TKIJVU. 6QQNU HQT VJKU CRRTQCEJ JQYGXGT CTG RQQTN[ FGXGNQRGF, CPF VJG KORQTVCPEG QH C
UQEKCN CPF EQIPKVKXG UEKGPEG QH TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV KU PQV YGNN TGEQIPK\GF. 5QOG TGUGCTEJGTU
JQYGXGT JCXG CVVGORVGF VQ CFFTGUU VJKU ICR CPF VJG[ KPENWFG UVWFKGU QP XCTKQWU FKOGPUKQPU QH
356 6JG RTQEGUU QH KPHGTGPEG VQ VJG DGUV GZRNCPCVKQP. 357 *QNNKPI 1978, 9CNVGTU 1986 358 *QNNKPI GV CN 1998 359 $CVGUQP 1972C, 1972D, 1988 360 #U CRRQUGF VQ KPFWEVKQP QT FGFWEVKQP. 361 )CFIKN GV CN 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 48
UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, KPUVKVWVKQPU CPF EQNNGEVKXG CEVKQP, RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU, EQOOWPKV[-DCUGF TGUQWTEG
OCPCIGOGPV, CPF KPUVKVWVKQPCN NGCTPKPI CPF TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV362.
+P VJKU EJCRVGT YG JCXG EQPENWFGF VJCV YKVJ C HGY GZEGRVKQPU363 OQUV QH VJG OCKPUVTGCO
VTCLGEVQTKGU QH FGXGNQROGPV CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CTG HCVCNN[ HNCYGF, KP VGTOU QH VJGKT QYP
QDLGEVKXGU. ’PXKTQPOGPVCN CPF PGQ-RQRWNKUV TJGVQTKE EQPVKPWG VQ DG UCVWTCVGF YKVJ VJG
EWNVWTCNN[ EQPUVTWEVGF O[VJU QH GVJPQEGPVTKE 9GUVGTP JGIGOQP[. 9G JCXG PQVGF VJG FGOKUG QH
OQFGTPKV[ YKVJ 9QTNF 9CT ++, #WUYKV\ CPF 5VCNKP, CPF VJG CRRCTGPV UGC EJCPIG QHHGTGF D[
RQUVOQFGTPKUO. +VU FGXGNQROGPV VTCLGEVQTKGU, JQYGXGT, EQPVKPWG VQ DG RTGFKECVGF QP YGUVGTP
GVJPQEGPVTKUO CPF CP GRKUVGOQNQI[ VJCV JCU NKVVNG VQ QHHGT VJQUG UGGMKPI C JQNKUVKE
KPVGTEQPPGEVGF YQTNFXKGY. +V FQGU PQV OCMG TQQO HQT: TGCNKV[ QWVUKFG QH NCPIWCIG; C DCUKU HQT
JWOCP KFGPVKV[ QT C EQNNGEVKXG KFGPVKV[; C DCUKU HQT GVJKEU; CP[ HQTO QH KPVGTEQPPGEVKQP DGVYGGP
PCVWTG, JWOCPMKPF CPF VJG UCETGF; RTQITGUU DG[QPF KPFKXKFWCNKUVKE UGNHKUJ EQPUWOGTKUO; C
RNCVHQTO VQ LWFIG QT GXCNWCVG; CP[ JKUVQTKECN TGHGTGPEG RQKPVU; C DCUKU HQT RQNKVKECN WPKV[ QT
UQEKCN EQJGUKQP; CP[ XKGYU CPF XCNWGU PQV DCUGF QP CP 1EEKFGPVCN DKPCT[ HTCOGYQTM.
9G PQVGF HWTVJGT VJCV YJKNG OCKPUVTGCO GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CPF UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV,
CRRGCT VQ JCXG CFQRVGF VJG 'RQNKVKECNN[ EQTTGEV' TJGVQTKE QH EQPEGTP HQT VJG RQQT, VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, VJG[ EQPVKPWG VQ DG RTGFKECVGF QP VJG NGICEKGU QH KORGTKCN CPF
EQNQPKCN FKUEQWTUG. 6JGKT XKGY QH PCVWTG EQPVKPWGU VQ DG WVKNKVCTKCP CPF VJG[ TGOCKP DNKPF VQ
FKXGTUKV[ QWVUKFG QH GEQPQOKEU. 6JG[ FQ PQV QHHGT CP[ UQTV QH EJCNNGPIG VQ ECRKVCNKUV ITQYVJ,
CPF VJG[ CTG RCVGPVN[ TGUKUVCPV VQ GEQEGPVTKUO. 6JG[ CTG RNCKPN[ DNKPF VQ VJG EWNVWTCNN[
EQPUVTWEVGF O[VJU WRQP YJKEJ VJG[ CTG RTGFKECVGF CPF VJG[ JCXG HCKNGF VQ CFFTGUU VJG EWNVWTCN
RQNKVKEU QT VJG KPFKIGPQWU 'U[UVGOU' QH PQP-YGUVGTP UVCMG-JQNFGTU.
#NVJQWIJ CVVGORVU CTG DGKPI OCFG VQ TGEQIPKUG CPF KPVGITCVG YGUVGTP CPF PQP-YGUVGTP
'MPQYNGFIG', VJG KPVGITCVKQP EQPVKPWGU VQ DG RTKXKNGIGF QP YGUVGTP YQTNFXKGYU, UEKGPEG, XCNWGU,
FGHKPKVKQPU QH RTQITGUU CPF PGQNKDGTCN GEQPQOKEU. (GY CVVGORVU CTG DGKPI OCFG; VQ FGEQPUVTWEV
362 $GTMGU CPF (QNMG 1998 363 4GNKIKQWU GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF JQNKUVKE-QTICPKE RCTCFKIOU, OWNVKRNG FKOGPUKQPU QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, CFCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV CPF RGQRNG-EGPVTGF CRRTQCEJGU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 3 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 49
YGUVGTP O[VJU, YGUVGTP YQTNFXKGYU QT RCTCFKIOU, VQ GZVTCRQNCVG HTQO XGTPCEWNCT MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU, QT VQ CFFTGUU U[PGTI[ COQPI MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU.
6JKU UVWF[ YKNN CTIWG KP VJG HQNNQYKPI EJCRVGTU VJCV KP QTFGT VQ CFFTGUU UWUVCKPCDNG
FGXGNQROGPV PQV QPN[ FQ YG PGGF VQ FGEQPUVTWEV YGUVGTP O[VJU, DWV YG PGGF VJG EWNVWTCN CPF
GRKUVGOQNQIKECN EQORGVGPE[ VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJG TGCNKV[ QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ HTQO PQP-YGUVGTP CPF
KPFKIGPQWU RGTURGEVKXGU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 50
%*#26’4 4 010-'9’56’40' −019.’&)’
4.1 +0641&7%6+10
+P VJG NCUV EJCRVGT + EQPENWFGF VJCV YKVJ C HGY GZEGRVKQPU OQUV QH VJG OCKPUVTGCO VTCLGEVQTKGU
QH FGXGNQROGPV CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CTG HCVCNN[ HNCYGF, KP VGTOU QH VJGKT QYP QDLGEVKXGU CPF
GKVJGT FQ PQV EQPUVKVWVG RCTCFKIOU QT EQPVKPWG VQ DG UCVWTCVGF YKVJ VJG EWNVWTCNN[ EQPUVTWEVGF
O[VJU QH GVJPQEGPVTKE YGUVGTP JGIGOQP[. +P VJKU EJCRVGT, IKXGP VJG RTGXCKNKPI MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU QH #UKC CPF %JKPC, KP IGPGTCN, CPF ’CUVGTP −JCO, KP RCTVKEWNCT, + YKNN GZCOKPG
PQP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG.
9G PGGF VQ EQPUKFGT PQP-YGUVGTP 'ENCUUKECN MPQYNGFIG' U[UVGOU DGECWUG VJG[ QHVGP UWTXKXG
COQPI VJG 'GNKVG ENCUUGU'364 QH RQRWNCVKQPU YJGTG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG HQWPF, QHVGP 'QXGTNC['
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU, CTG DGKPI TG-GZCOKPGF CU VJG DCUKU HQT OQTG JQNKUVKE
RCTCFKIOU365, CPF CRRGCT VQ RTQXKFG UQOG UQTV QH TGUQWTEGU KP UWRRQTV QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN
EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF RTQVGEVKQP.
4.2 ’#56’40 %.#55+%#. −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5
6JG HQNNQYKPI ENCUUKECN MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU RTQXKFG C DCEM-FTQR VQ QWT UVWF[ CTGC:- *KPFWKUO,
$WFFJKUO, 6JG 6KDGVCP $QP TGNKIKQP, 6CK %JK, %QPHWEKCPKUO, CPF &CQKUO, CPF CNVJQWIJ C
XGT[ GZVGPUKXG NKVGTCVWTG GZKUVU366 YG CTG OQUVN[ KPVGTGUVGF KP VJGKT XKGY QH VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF,
YJKEJ YKNN DG GZRNQTGF KP OQTG FGRVJ KP %JCRVGT 7.
364 G.I. ’NKVG GFWECVGF NCOCU KP 6KDGV JCXG CFQRVGF 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO YJKNG PQOCFU CPF HCTOGTU JCXG RTKOCTKN[ CFQRVGF CPKOKUO. 365 )CTFPGT 2002 366 *KPFWKUO -$WEM 1973, ’FIGTVQP 1972, ,CEMUQP CPF −KNNKPING[ 1988, −CPVKMCT 1989, −KPUNG[ 1993, −QNNGT 1982, .KRPGT 1994 $WFFJKUO - &QWINCU CPF 9JKVG 1976, *WORJTG[U 1989, .GUVGT 1987, .KPI 1972, .QD\CPI .JCNWPIRC 1977, .W 1971, /QTICP 1987, 2CDQPIMC 4KPDQEJG 1994, 2CNVTWN 1994, 2QYGNN 1989, 4CJWNC 1990, 4QDKPUQP CPF ,QJPUQP 1982, 5PGNNITQXG 1987, 5PGNNKPI 1987, −CTOC 6JKPNG[ 1978, 6JQPFWR 1987, %JQIC[ 6TKEJGP 1983, 6WEEK 1980, 9CPIW 1993, 9KNNKCOU 1989, 9KNNKU 1995 6KDGVCP $QP - #DDQVVU 1987, $CVEJGNQT 1987, %JCP 1994, %TQQM CPF 1UOCUVQP 1994, )[WTOG &QTLG 1996, −CTOC[ 1972, 5COWGN 1993C, 1993D, 5PGNNITQXG CPF 4KEJCTFUQP 1968, 5PGNNITQXG 1981, 5VGKP 1972, 9CFFGNN 1967 6CK EJK - %JGP /CP %JKPI GV CN 1985, 9C[UWP .KCQ 1990, 1995, 9KNG 1995 %QPHWEKCPKUO - %JGP 1986, %JKPI 1978, %JWCPI-6\W 1981, %QPHWEKWU 1987, 1998, %TCORVQP 1996, *QQDNGT CPF *QQDNGT 1993, /QQTG 1996 &CQKUO - %JWCPI-6\W 1981, %NGCT[ 1991, %QQRGT 1990C, .CQ\K 1993, 1998, 0GGFJCO 1954, 1956, 1982, 5EJKRRGT 1993, 9NGEJ GV CN 1979
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 51
1PG QH VJG OQUV EQOOQP CPF GPFWTKPI YGUVGTP UVGTGQV[RGU KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN NKVGTCVWTG KU VJG
KFGC VJCV ENCUUKECN GCUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU RTQOQVG C UGPUG QH JCTOQP[ CPF TGURGEV
DGVYGGP JWOCPMKPF CPF PCVWTG. 1P VJG QVJGT UKFG QH VJG UVGTGQV[RG UVCPF VJG MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU QH VJG 'YGUV' YJKEJ; CTG OQTCNN[ KPHGTKQT, GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ KPUGPUKVKXG, RTQOQVG VJG
UGRCTCVKQP QH JWOCP DGKPIU CPF PCVWTG, CPF GPEQWTCIG CEVU QH FQOKPCVKQP, GZRNQKVCVKQP CPF
EQPVTQN367. 6JGTG CTG IQQF TGCUQPU VQ VJKPM, JQYGXGT, VJCV VJKU KU PQV VJG YJQNG RKEVWTG. +P C
TGOCTMCDNG CTVKENG, −GNNGTV368 JCU IKXGP ENGCT UVCVKUVKECN UJCRG VQ VJG UWURKEKQP VJCV ’CUVGTP
EWNVWTGU CTG LWUV CU ECRCDNG QH UJQYKPI FKUTGURGEV HQT PCVWTG369 CU VJGKT 9GUVGTP EQWPVGTRCTVU.
+P EQPVTCUV VQ JKIJN[ RQUKVKXG ’CUVGTP CVVKVWFGU VQYCTF PCVWTG, OQFGTP ,CRCP CPF %JKPC, HQT
GZCORNG, JCXG DGGP EKVGF HQT VJGKT RQQT EQPUGTXCVKQP TGEQTF; KPENWFKPI YKFGURTGCF VGORGTCVG
CPF VTQRKECN FGHQTGUVCVKQP, GZEGUUKXG GZRNQKVCVKQP QH YKNFNKHG RTQFWEVU, KPFKUETKOKPCVG CPF
FCOCIKPI HKUJKPI RTCEVKEGU, CPF YKFGURTGCF RQNNWVKQP. +P C 70’2 UWTXG[370 ,CRCP TCPMGF
'NQYGUV KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPEGTP CPF CYCTGPGUU' QH VJG HQWTVGGP EQWPVTKGU UWTXG[GF. #NVJQWIJ
UGXGTCN #UKCP %QWPVTKGU371 OC[ JCXG CFQRVGF YGUVGTP- UV[NG GEQPQOKE FGXGNQROGPV KV CRRGCTU
VQ DG VQQ QXGTN[ UKORNKUVKE VQ CVVTKDWVG VJKU EQPVTCFKEVKQP OGTGN[ VQ VJG KPHNWGPEG QH VJG 9GUV.
9KVJ VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH %QPHWEKCPKUO CPF %JKPGUG $WFFJKUO CPF '4GNKIKQWU
&CQKUO'CNVJQWIJ YG HKPF GZRNKEKV EQPUGTXCVKQP KPLWPEVKQPU VJGTG CRRGCTU VQ DG NGUU EQPITWGPE[
DGVYGGP DGNKGH CPF RTCEVKEG, C TG-KPVGTRTGVCVKQP QH VTCFKVKQPCN URKTKVWCN EQPEGRVU, CPF C
TGFWEVKQP QH PCVWTG VQ U[ODQNKUO CPF TGRTGUGPVCVKQP.
/QUV %JKPGUG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU KPENWFG VJG EQPEGRV QH [KP/[CPI. &TCYKPI QP VJGUG VYQ
QRRQUKVG EQPEGRVU 6WCP372 JCU KFGPVKHKGF VYQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN RCTCFKIOU; C VGTTGUVTKCN CPF C
EGNGUVKCN QPG. 6JG 'VGTTGUVTKCN PCVWTCNKUVKE RCTCFKIO' HKPFU GZRTGUUKQP KP; RJKNQUQRJ[, PCVWTG
367 5QWNG 1995 368 −GNNGTV 1995 369 '0CVWTG' KU C RWTGN[ YGUVGTP EQPEGRV, JQYGXGT UQOG PGCT %JKPGUG GSWKXCNGPVU KPENWFG 'YKNF' (野野野野 [G3 KU
RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 3TF VQPG), YJKEJ KU PQV NKMGF, 'VJG URQPVCPGQWU' (自然自然自然自然 \K4 TCP2 : \K KU RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 4VJ VQPG
CPF TCP KP VJG 2PF VQPG), 'YJCV YG CTG DQTP YKVJ CPF JCXG KPUKFG' (性性性性 ZKPI4 KU RTQPQWEGF KP VJG 4VJ VQPG),
'GXGT[VJKPI' (万物万物万物万物 YCP4 YW4 : DQVJ YCP CPF YW CTG RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 4VJ VQPG ), EQPEGRVU QH RNCPVU, CPKOCNU CPF OQWPVCKPU, CPF 6JG &CQ KP UQOG &CQKUV WUCIG (RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP #PFGTUQP 25/1/2000 YGDNQI). 5QOG PGCT
6KDGVCP GSWKXCNGPVU KPENWFG PCVWTG (:$-06m,-> m-"1=k TCPI-D\JKP-I[K-MJCOU) CPF GPXKTQPOGPV/PCVWTG (
"}:-9v#k MJQT-[WI) (RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP )[WTOG &QTLG 21/3/2000). 370 ’EMGN 1997 371 G.I. %JKPC CPF ,CRCP. 372 6WCP 1968
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 52
RQGVT[, VJG TGHKPGF UGPVKOGPVU QH &CQKUO CPF %QPHWEKCPKUO, GPNKIJVGPGF EQPUGTXCVKQP
OGOQTKCNU, CPF C 'EQUOKE EGNGUVKCN RCTCFKIO' QH IGQOGVTKE QTFGT, IGQOCPE[, HGPIUJWK,
CITKEWNVWTCN CNOCPCEU, CPF HQTOCN ICTFGPU. 9JKNG VJG HQTOGT CRRGCTU VQ UWRRQTV GPXKTQPOGPVCN
EQPUGTXCVKQP VJG NCVVGT CRRGCTU VQ JCXG 'NGIKVKOK\GF' C UQEKCN JKGTCTEJ[ CPF CWVJQTKVCTKCP EQPVTQN
QXGT PCVWTG CPF JWOCPMKPF, CPF QHVGP TGUWNVGF KP FGHQTGUVGF OQWPVCKPU, GTQUKQP, ENQIIGF
UVTGCOU CPF VQVCNKVCTKCPKUO.
%QPHWEKCPKUO CRRGCTU VQ JCXG WUGF VJG EQPEGRV QH [KP/[CPI VQ FGXGNQR KVU JKGTCTEJKECN UQEKCN
EQFG CPF EQUOQNQI[373, YJKEJ NGIKVKOK\GF VJG FQOKPCVKQP, UWDLWICVKQP CPF EQPVTQN QH %JKPC'U
RGQRNG, OKPQTKV[ TCEGU, YQOGP CPF PCVWTG. #NVJQWIJ %QPHWEKWU CRRGCTU VQ JCXG TGICTFGF VJG
PCVWTCN YQTNF CU C OQFGN HQT CGUVJGVKE RNGCUWTG CPF GVJKECN XKTVWGU, %QPHWEKCPKUO JCU PGXGT
FKTGEVN[ EQPEGTPGF KVUGNH YKVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU CPF VJWU ECPPQV RTGVGPF VQ JCXG VJG CPUYGT
VQ VJG GCTVJ'U GEQNQIKECN RTQDNGOU, JQYGXGT KV CRRGCTU VQ RTQXKFG, UQOG RJKNQUQRJKECN CPF
URKTKVWCN 'TGUQWTEGU'374.
%JKPGUG, ,CRCPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO CTG TQQVGF KP *KPFWKUO CPF +PFKCP $WFFJKUO CPF KV
KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ KPVGTTQICVG VJGUG VTCFKVKQPU VQ HWNN[ WPFGTUVCPF VJG CRRCTGPV RCTCFQZGU KP
GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTGCVOGPV. +V CRRGCTU VJQWIJ VJCV 'PCVWTG' KP VJG +PFKCP VTCFKVKQP KU C YQTNF VQ DG
VTCPUEGPFGF, CPF KP ,CRCP CPF %JKPC KV JCU VCMGP QP VJG ECRCEKV[ VQ U[ODQNK\G VTCPUEGPFGPEG
KVUGNH, CPF VJCV VJG YQTNFU QH 'JGCNVJ, JCTOQP[ CPF YGNN-DGKPI' TGRTGUGPVGF D[ PCVWTG (ETGCVGF
QT YKNF) CTG QPN[ CP KFGCN UGVVKPI HQT 'GPNKIJVGPOGPV' VQ VCMG RNCEG QT VQ YQTUJKR C FKXKPKV[375.
6JKU CRRGCTGF VQ DG VJG ECUG COQPI VJG 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUVU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO376.
+P %JKPC CPF ,CRCP VJG EQPVTKDWVKQP QH $WFFJKUO, VQ C EQNNGEVKXG RGTEGRVKQP CDQWV PCVWTG, CPF
CP GZRNCPCVKQP HQT EQPVCEV YKVJ VJG GPXKTQPOGPV YCU VJG EQPEGRV QH '$WFFJC-PCVWTG'. 6JKU
RGTEGRVKQP JQYGXGT, CRRGCTU VQ DG RTGFKECVGF PQV QP PCVWTG KP KVU TCY HQTO, DWV QP VJG EWNVWTCN
VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH PCVWTG, YJGTG PCVWTCN GNGOGPVU CTG TGHKPGF CPF CDUVTCEVGF UQ VJCV VJG[ ECP
UGTXG CU U[ODQNU QH JCTOQP[, QTFGT, QT DCNCPEG377.
373 ’ORGTQT/UWDLGEVU, JWUDCPF/YKHG, JGCXGP /GCTVJ, *CP /$CTDCTKCPU GVE. 374 6WEMGT CPF $GTVJQPI 1998 375 5VQVV 1978 376 5VWFNG[ GV CN 1999 377 −GNNGTV 1991, 1995
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 53
6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO378 CPF $QP379 CTG PQV KPUGPUKVKXG VQ VJG ENCKOU QH VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, DWV
VJGTG KU OQTG QH CP GORJCUKU QP VJG RWTKHKECVKQP QH VJG OKPF, CPF VJG FQEVTKPG QH GORVKPGUU380
CU C RTG-TGSWKUKVG HQT GXGP EQPUKFGTKPI CP GVJKECN TGURQPUG VQ VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF381. 6JG
UVGTGQV[RG XKUKQP QH 6KDGV CU VJG NCPF QH PQP-XKQNGPEG, OGFKVCVKQP CPF 'ITGGP XCNWGU' CRRGCTU VQ
DG C EQPUVTWEV RTGFKECVGF OQUVN[ QP VJG "YGUVGTP TQOCPEG CPF KFGCNK\CVKQP QH CHHNWGPV,
FKUGPEJCPVGF ’WTQRGCPU CPF #OGTKECPU"382. 9GUVGTP TQOCPVKE PQVKQPU QH 6KDGVCPU JCXG
DGEQOG UQ RGTXCUKXG VJCV 6KDGVCPU KP GZKNG JCXG UVCTVGF VQ CFQRV VJG 9GUVGTPGT'U KFGCNK\CVKQPU
CPF VQ TG-HCUJKQP VJG KOCIG QH 6KDGVCP EWNVWTG383
6JG &CQKUV KFGCN QH NKXKPI YKVJ VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, KP 'JCTOQP[ YKVJ VJG URQPVCPGQWU UGNH' FQGU
CRRGCT VQ RTQXKFG UQOG UQTV QH 'GVJKE' VJCV XCNWGU OQTG QTICPKE CPF NGUU FCOCIGF GPXKTQPOGPVU
CPF '6JG &CQ', KP UQOG &CQKUV WUCIG EQOGU ENQUG VQ UQOG OGCPKPIU QH 'PCVWTG' KP ’PINKUJ. 6JKU
YKNN DG GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.1.3 CNVJQWIJ VJGTG KU NKVVNG EQPETGVG
EQPUGTXCVKQPKUV QT GEQNQIKECN NQTG GODGFFGF KP &CQKUO384. $QVJ $WFFJKUO CPF %QPHWEKCPKUO
JCF CP KPETGCUKPI KPHNWGPEG QP &CQKUO CPF CU C TGUWNV KVU XKGY QH VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF OQXGF HTQO
QPG QH KPVTKPUKE XCNWG VQ U[ODQNKUO CPF TGRTGUGPVCVKQP.
+V KU GXKFGPV VJCV OQUV ’CUVGTP ENCUUKECN MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU FQ CRRGCT VQ QHHGT UQOG TGUQWTEGU
VJCV UWRRQTV VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH PCVWTG. 6JGKT XKGY QH VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, JQYGXGT KU QHVGP
U[ODQNKE QT UGEQPFCT[, NCEMKPI GZRNKEKV RTQVGEVKQP QT 'DQPFU QH CHHGEVKQP' CPF CV DGUV QPN[
TGRTGUGPVU C FGKV[ QT KVU FKXKPG CURGEV385. #U C TGUWNV VJGUG U[UVGOU ECP LWUV CU GCUKN[ RTQXKFG VJG
DCUKU HQT VJG FQOKPCVKQP, GZRNQKVCVKQP CPF EQPVTQN QH PCVWTG CPF JWOCPMKPF.
378 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO (5GG 5VGKP 1972, 6WEEK 1980) CU C YJQNG KU C EQORNGZ DWV EQJGTGPV DQF[ QH /CJC[CPC FQEVTKPGU CPF GUQVGTKE RTCEVKEGU CPF EQORTKUGU HQWT OCLQT TGNKIKQWU QTFGTU : 5CM[CRC, −CI[WRC, 0[KOGRG, CPF )GNWIRC.
379 6Q CNN KPVGPVU CPF RWTRQUGU VJG OQFGTP $QP-RQ CTG HQNNQYGTU QH C $WFFJKUV TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQP YKVJ EGTVCKP FKHHGTGPEGU QH XQECDWNCT[ HTQO VJG QVJGT HQWT OCLQT VTCFKVKQPU QH 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO, DWV PQ OCLQT FKHHGTGPEG KP EQPVGPV. (QT OQTG QP $QP CPF KVU VJTGG RJCUGU (5GG 5COWGN 1993C, CPF 1993D).
380 vÉÑlrÉiÉ 5WP[CVâ KU 5CPUMTKV HQT XQKF QT GORVKPGUU
381 ’EMGN 1997 382 −GCTPG[ 1998, RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 4CODNG 2000 YGDNQI 383 −QTQO 1997, .QRG\ 1998 384 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP #PFGTUQP 24/12000 YGDNQI 385 5GGNCPF 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 54
+PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU, JQYGXGT CRRGCT VQ JCXG GEQNQIKECN EQUOQNQIKGU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN GVJKEU
GODGFFGF KP VJGKT YQTNFXKGYU. (QT OCP[ CPKOKUVKE/UJCOCPKUVKE RGQRNGU, QPG CURGEV QH PCVWTCN
TGUQWTEGU CEVWCNN[ KU VJG FGKV[, CPF VJG[ GZJKDKV 'DQPFU QH CHHGEVKQP' HQT VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF.
’ZRNKEKV GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP KU GODGFFGF KP VJGKT YQTNFXKGYU, DGECWUG VJG[ JQNF VJG
PCVWTCN YQTNF CU UCETGF. 6JKU KU GXKFGPV KP VJG EQORNGZ TGEKRTQECN QDNKICVKQPU UWTTQWPFKPI
NKHG-VCMKPI CPF TGUQWTEG-ICVJGTKPI YJKEJ EJCTCEVGTK\G C EQOOWPKV['U TGNCVKQPU YKVJ VJG NQECN
DKQTGIKQP. 6JG TGNKIKQWU RCTCFKIOU VJCV EQPUVKVWVG KPFKIGPQWU NKHG CTG RTGFKECVGF QP: TGURGEV
HQT VJG UQWTEGU QH HQQF ENQVJKPI CPF UJGNVGT VJCV PCVWTG RTQXKFGU, C UGPUG QH ITCVKVWFG VQ VJG
ETGCVQT CPF VQ VJG URKTKVWCN HQTEGU KP ETGCVKQP, TKVWCN ECNGPFCTU EQQTFKPCVGF YKVJ VJG UQWPF QH
TGVWTPKPI DKTFU, VJG DNQQOKPI QH EGTVCKP RNCPVU QT VJG OQXGOGPV QH VJG RNCPGVU386.
)KXGP VJG CRRCTGPV HNCYU KP VJG OCKPUVTGCO VTCLGEVQTKGU QH FGXGNQROGPV CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO
CPF VJG HCKNWTG QH GCUVGTP ENCUUKECN MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU VQ RTQXKFG OQFGNU QH GZRNKEKV RTQVGEVKQP
YG YKNN GZCOKPG RTKOCN CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU HQT RQVGPVKCN RNCVHQTOU HQT
CRRQUKVG GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU.
4.3 +0&+)’0175 2’12.’5 #0& 51%+’6+’5
1P VJG DCUKU QH URQMGP NCPIWCIGU CNN VJG YQTNF'U RGQRNG DGNQPI VQ 6,000 EWNVWTGU; CPF QH VJGUG
4,000 VQ 5,000 CTG KPFKIGPQWU. 6JKU OGCPU VJCV KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU OCMG WR DGVYGGP 70 CPF
80 RGTEGPV QH VJG YQTNF'U EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[387. 6JKU EQORTKUGU CV NGCUV 200 OKNNKQP RGQRNG CPF
WR VQ 600 OKNNKQP RGQRNG KH YG KPENWFG GVJPKE PCVKQPU VJCV NCEM RQNKVKECN CWVQPQO[ UWEJ CU VJG
6KDGVCPU, −WTFU CPF <WNWU388. 6JG[ VGPF VQ KPJCDKV CTGCU QH VJG YQTNF YKVJ VJG JKIJGUV
DKQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[ UGGOKPIN[ RTQXKFKPI CP 'KPGZVTKECDNG NKPM' DGVYGGP DKQNQIKECN CPF EWNVWTCN
FKXGTUKV[. +P HCEV 10 QWV QH 12 'OGICFKXGTUKV[ EQWPVTKGU'389 CNUQ HKIWTG COQPI VJG VQR 25
EQWPVTKGU QH JKIJGUV GPFGOKE NKPIWKUVKE FKXGTUKV[, CPF YJKNG VJGTG CTG GZEGRVKQPU390 CPF PQ
FKCIPQUVKE OGCUWTG CEEQWPVU HQT UWEJ C EQORNGZ RJGPQOGPQP VJG QXGTCNN EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP
NKPIWKUVKE CPF DKQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[ KU UVTKMKPI391.
386 2QUG[ 1999 387 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997 RCIG 30 388 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1989 389 +7%0 390 G.I. 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC. 391 &WTPKPI 1992, /CHHK 1999C+D,/E0GGN[ GV CN 1990
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 55
+PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU NKXG KP GZVTGOGN[ XCTKGF GPXKTQPOGPVU, IGPGTCNN[ JCTUJ CPF TGOQVG, UWEJ
CU VWPFTCU, FT[NCPFU CPF TCKPHQTGUVU, HTQO YJKEJ VJG[ UCVKUH[ CNN VJGKT PGGFU. 6JGKT NKXGNKJQQF
UVTCVGIKGU CTG CU XCTKGF CU VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV; VJG[ OC[ RTCEVKEG HKUJKPI, JWPVKPI, ICVJGTKPI,
RCUVQTCN PQOCFKUO, EWNVKXCVKQP, QT C TCPIG QH VJGUG KP EQODKPCVKQP. ’EQPQOKE CEVKXKVKGU CTG C
RCTV QH VTCFKVKQPCN NKHG CPF CTG EQPVTQNNGF VJTQWIJ UQEKCN KPUVKVWVKQPU UWEJ CU OCTTKCIG, MKPUJKR,
CIG ITQWRU, ENCPU CPF RWDNKE TKVWCNU. 6TCFKVKQPCN UQEKGVKGU ICKP ITGCV UVTGPIVJ HTQO VJG
KPVGITCVKQP QH GEQPQOKE, UQEKCN, TGNKIKQWU CPF RQNKVKECN CHHCKTU392. /CP[ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU ECP
PQ NQPIGT OGGV VJGKT UWDUKUVGPEG PGGFU HTQO VJGKT QYP TGUQWTEGU, CPF GPICIG KP QVJGT
KPEQOG-IGPGTCVKPI CEVKXKVKGU. #NN VQQ QHVGP, VJKU OGCPU ECUWCN YCIG NCDQWT, QHVGP OKITCPV
EQPVTCEVGF QP XGT[ WPHCXQWTCDNG VGTOU. 6JG[ OC[ CEEGRV VJKU CU VJG QPN[ YC[ QH MGGRKPI VJGKT
EWNVWTG CNKXG CPF VJGTG KU QDXKQWUN[ C EQPVKPWWO HTQO VTWN[ UWDUKUVGPEG KPFKIGPQWU UQEKGVKGU VQ
VJQUG YKVJ C UWDUVCPVKCN GPICIGOGPV YKVJ VJG PCVKQPCN GEQPQO[393.
&GURKVG VJG XCTKGV[ COQPI KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTQWPF VJG YQTNF, KV KU RQUUKDNG VQ OCMG UQOG
IGPGTCNK\CVKQPU CDQWV VJGO CPF VJGKT 'JQOGNCPFU':
� 6JG GEQPQOKGU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG ENQUGN[ CFCRVGF VQ VJGKT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU QH
YJKEJ VJG[ TGXGCN C JKIJ FGITGG QH MPQYNGFIG DCUGF QP QDUGTXCVKQP CPF NQPI RTCEVKEG.
� # RCTVKEWNCT HGCVWTG QH VJG VGEJPQNQIKGU FGXGNQRGF D[ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU HQT UWDUKUVGPEG KU
VJGKT GORJCUKU QP VJG UWUVCKPCDNG WUG QH VJGKT TGUQWTEGU.
� +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU RTCEVKUKPI VTCFKVKQPCN UWDUKUVGPEG QHVGP KPENWFG GZGORNCTU QH
GEQNQIKECN DCNCPEG YKVJ VJGKT UWTTQWPFKPIU394. 6JKU DCNCPEG FQGU PQV OGCP VJCV KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNG FQ PQV OQFKH[ VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV, DWV VJGTG KU C UVCDKNKV[ WPFGTN[KPI VJGKT PCVWTCN
TGUQWTEG WUG KP OQUV ECUGU.
� /QDKNKV[ KU QHVGP C MG[ HCEVQT YKVJ RCUVQTCN PQOCFU, HQT GZCORNG, QHVGP OQXKPI 3 QT 4 VKOGU
C [GCT VQ VCMG CFXCPVCIG QH KTTGIWNCT UWRRNKGU QH YCVGT CPF ITC\KPI395.
� +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU IGPGTCNN[ TGICTF QYPGTUJKR QH NCPF CU EQOOWPCN, XGUVGF KP CNN VJG
OGODGTU QH C RCTVKEWNCT ITQWR, QT RGTJCRU C ENCP QT UWDITQWR.
392 0GUVK 1999 393 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988 394 2QUG[ 1999 395 $CJWEJGV 1979, $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988, )QNFUVGKP CPF $GCNN 1990, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 56
� 6TCFKVKQPCNN[, RWTEJCUG RNC[U PQ RCTV KP TKIJVU VQ NCPF. 6JG TGUQWTEG-JQNFKPI ITQWR OC[
QYP C VGTTKVQT[, QT C ITQWR QH TGNKIKQWU UKVGU, QT C YCVGT JQNG; KP TCTG ECUGU VJGTG OC[ DG PQ
ITQWR CUUGTVKPI QYPGTUJKR QH TGUQWTEGU.
� #EEGUU VQ VJG ITQWR OC[ DG D[ KPJGTKVCPEG, QT D[ RNCEG QH DKTVJ, QT D[ CFOKUUKQP D[ VJG
ITQWR.
� 6JG TGNCVKQPUJKR QH VJG RGQRNG VQ VJGKT VGTTKVQTKGU KU TCTGN[ LWUV GEQPQOKE; PQTOCNN[ KV KU
ENQUGN[ KFGPVKHKGF YKVJ VJGKT URKTKVWCN DGNKGHU.
� 2CUVQTCN ITQWRU OC[ UJCTG NCPF QT YCVGT YKVJ QVJGT ITQWRU, QHVGP WUKPI KV CV FKHHGTGPV VKOGU
DWV UVKNN FGRGPFKPI QP KV HQT UWTXKXCN; VJGKT TKIJVU OC[ DG QH CEEGUU VQ YCVGT TCVJGT VJCP
NCPF396.
� $[ VJGKT XGT[ PCVWTG, OCP[ TCPIGNCPFU CPF HQTGUV TGUGTXGU JCXG PQ RJ[UKECN OCTMU
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� (QTCIGTU QT JWPVGT-ICVJGTGTU, CTG CP GZVTGOG ECUG CU VJG OGCPU QH RTQFWEVKQP CTG
EQNNGEVKXGN[ QYPGF; GXGT[QPG JCU CEEGUU VQ VJG OCMKPI QH VQQNU, CPF TKIJVU QH TGEKRTQECN
CEEGUU VQ VJG TGUQWTEGU QH QVJGTU CTG EQOOQP397.
6JG GEQPQOKGU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG CNUQ EQORCTCVKXGN[ WPFKHHGTGPVKCVGF, YKVJ VJG
RTKPEKRCN FKXKUKQPU QH NCDQWT GUVCDNKUJGF QP NKPGU QH IGPFGT CPF CIG. 6JG OKPKOWO RTQFWEVKQP
WPKV KU CP GUUGPVKCNN[ UGNH-UWHHKEKGPV ITQWR QH HCOKNKGU QT ENCP. 9KVJKP VJG KPFKIGPQWU GEQPQO[
VJGTG KU QHVGP NKVVNG QRRQTVWPKV[ HQT KPFKXKFWCN CEEWOWNCVKQP QH YGCNVJ; RGQRNG VGPF VQ OCKPVCKP
UQEKCN EQJGUKQP D[ GPEQWTCIKPI IGPGTQUKV[. +PFGGF VJGTG CTG HTGSWGPVN[ UQEKCN OGEJCPKUOU VJCV
IQXGTP VJG TGFKUVTKDWVKQP QH YGCNVJ YKVJKP VJG ITQWR. )GPGTQUKV[ OC[ DG CP CFCRVCVKQP VQ
URQTCFKE UWRRN[, QT OC[ DG CP KPFGRGPFGPV GVJQU, DWV GSWKVCDNG UJCTKPI KU C EQOOQP QWVEQOG.
6JGUG CTG PQV UQEKGVKGU YKVJQWV RTQDNGOU, DWV VJG RTQDNGOU FGTKXG VJGKT RCTVKEWNCT EJCTCEVGT
HTQO VJGKT TGNCVKQPU QH RTQFWEVKQP. (QT KPUVCPEG, HQTCIKPI RGQRNGU WUWCNN[ XCNWG UJCTKPI,
TGEKRTQEKV[, JCTF YQTM CPF GXGP VGORGT; KPFKXKFWCNU YJQ YKUJ VQ JQCTF, VQ DG NC\[, VQ FQOKPCVG
QVJGTU, VQ KUQNCVG VJGOUGNXGU QT DG SWKEM VQ CTIWG CPF HKIJV, HCEG TKFKEWNG, OKUHQTVWPG CPF UQEKCN
KUQNCVKQP398.
396 $CTHKGNF 1984, 1989, 1993 397 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988, 9QTNF $CPM 2004 398 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988, $WTIGT 1990
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 57
’XGT[ KPFKIGPQWU ITQWR JCU C FKUVKPEV YC[ QH QTICPKUKPI KVU QYP UQEKGV[ CPF VJGTG CTG CNYC[U
EQNNGEVKXG UVTWEVWTGU IQXGTPKPI VJG DGJCXKQWT QH KPFKXKFWCNU KP GXGT[ CURGEV QH NKHG. 6JG
UVTGPIVJ QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU WNVKOCVGN[ TGUVU QP VJG MKPUJKR ITQWRU CPF VJG YC[ VJGUG ITQWRU
KPFKXKFWCNN[ QT EQNNGEVKXGN[ EQPFWEV VJGKT RQNKVKECN, GEQPQOKE CPF TGNKIKQWU CHHCKTU. #OQPI
OQUV KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU, ITQWRU GPLQ[ EQPUKFGTCDNG NQECN CWVQPQO[ KP VJG GZGTEKUG QH
CWVJQTKV[ CPF QPN[ C UJCTGF VJTGCV YKNN DTKPI C NCTIG PWODGT QH ITQWRU VQIGVJGT HQT C EQOOQP
GPVGTRTKUG UWEJ CU FGHGPEG QH NCPF. −KPUJKR UVTWEVWTGU RTQXKFG KPFKXKFWCNU YKVJ UGEWTKV[ CPF
IKXG VJGO CP GUVCDNKUJGF TQNG YKVJKP VJG ITQWR CU C YJQNG. # EQOOQP NCPIWCIG, EWNVWTG CPF
U[UVGO QH TGNKIKQWU DGNKGHU OC[ TGKPHQTEG KFGPVKHKECVKQP QH VJG KPFKXKFWCN YKVJKP VJG ITQWR. 1P
VJG QVJGT JCPF, EQPHNKEVU DGVYGGP CPF YKVJKP ITQWRU OC[ GZKUV CPF KP UQOG ECUGU OC[ DG
TGUQNXGF D[ XKQNGPEG. /CP[ QH VJGUG TKXCNTKGU CPF CPVCIQPKUOU CTG TKVWCNKUGF CPF NKOKVGF D[
VTCFKVKQP, VJQWIJ QWVUKFG KPHNWGPEG OC[ FKUTWRV VJKU399.
6JG XGT[ EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU VJCV JCXG GSWKRRGF KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG VQ UWTXKXG KP JCTUJ
GPXKTQPOGPVU CPF FGXGNQR XKCDNG CPF UCVKUH[KPI UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE U[UVGOU ECP OCMG VJGO
XWNPGTCDNG YJGP EQPVCEVU CTG OCFG YKVJ OGODGTU QH PCVKQPCN UQEKGVKGU. /QUV EQWPVTKGU YKVJ
KPFKIGPQWU RQRWNCVKQPU YKVJKP VJGKT DQWPFCTKGU JCXG JKIJN[ EGPVTCNKUGF RQNKVKECN, NGICN CPF
GEQPQOKE U[UVGOU YKVJ EQORNGZ FKXKUKQP QH NCDQWT. 9KVJQWV EWNVWTCN CFLWUVOGPV, KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNGU ECPPQV GZRTGUU VJGKT EQNNGEVKXG KPVGTGUVU CV PCVKQPCN NGXGN. −KPUJKR CPF TGEKRTQEKV[ ECP
GCUKN[ DTGCM FQYP YJGP OQPGVCT[ TGNCVKQPU CTG GUVCDNKUJGF. 6TCFKVKQPCN NCPF QYPGTUJKR KU PQ
FGHGPEG CICKPUV VJG EQPEGRV QH RTKXCVG RTQRGTV[ QT NCPF PCVKQPCNKUCVKQP. 2QRWNCVKQP FGPUKVKGU
OC[ DG NQY, NKXGNKJQQFU OC[ DG DCUGF QP OQDKNKV[ CPF PQ VCZCDNG UWTRNWU OC[ DG RTQFWEGF;
IQXGTPOGPVU OC[ UGG VJGUG CU LWUVKHKECVKQP HQT FKURQUUGUUKPI KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU. ’EQNQIKECNN[
UQWPF UWDUKUVGPEG U[UVGOU OC[ PQV DG TGICTFGF CU C DGPGHKV VQ VJG EQWPVT[, DWV TCVJGT CU C YCUVG
QH TGUQWTEGU. +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU YJQ UGGM VQ FGHGPF VJGKT VGTTKVQTKGU CPF VJGKT CWVQPQO[ HKPF
KV FKHHKEWNV VQ CFCRV UWHHKEKGPVN[ YKVJQWV NQUKPI VJGKT KFGPVKV[400.
399 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988, )TKO 2001, 0GUVK 1999 400 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988, 0GUVK 1999, 70 2000 JVVR://YYY.WPJEJT.EJ/JWTKECPG/JWTKECPG.PUH/0/783013(#$6%4(1#4%125697&002($7#(!QRGPFQEWOGPV CEEGUUGF 12VJ (GD 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 58
#NVJQWIJ VJGTG KU UQOG KPVGTPCVKQPCN TGEQIPKVKQP QH VJG TQNG QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU KP
DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV, CPF HQT VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH VJGKT 'EWNVWTCN
NCPFUECRGU '401 VJKU KU D[ PQ OGCPU WPKXGTUCN. 5QOG IQXGTPOGPVU, CPF GXGP PQP-IQXGTPOGPVCN
QTICPK\CVKQPU, UVKNN JCXG RQNKEKGU QH TGOQXKPI NQECN RGQRNG HTQO RTQVGEVGF 'EWNVWTCN NCPFUECRGU'.
1VJGTU KPENWFG NQECN RGQRNG QPN[ CU VQMGP 'RCTVKEKRCPVU' QT 'EQPUWNVCPVU' CPF NKVVNG CVVGORV KU
OCFG VQ VTGCV NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU CU GZRGTV EQNNCDQTCVQTU YKVJ VJGKT QYP ETKVGTKC, OGVJQFU CPF
RTKQTKVKGU.
4.4 +0&+)’0175 −019.’&)’ (+−) &+5%1745’
$GHQTG YG ECP GZRNQTG 'KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG' CPF EQORCTG KV YKVJ CNVGTPCVKXG MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU, KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF KVU RGFKITGG CPF VJG FKUEWTUKXG URCEG KV EWTTGPVN[
QEEWRKGU.
+P VJG EQPVGZV QH NCVG 9GUVGTP EQNQPKCN UEKGPEG KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG YCU GXKFGPV DWV OWVG,
JQYGXGT YKVJ VJG KPGZQTCDNG TKUG QH OQFGTPKV[ KV DGECOG C MKPF QH KIPQTCPEG402. 6TCFKVKQP YCU
UQOGVJKPI VQ DG QXGTEQOG TCVJGT VJCP GPEQWTCIGF CPF UGXGTCN IGPGTCVKQPU QH 'VQR-FQYP'
FGXGNQROGPV GZRGTVU CPF QTICPKUCVKQPU GPICIGF KP TGUQWTEG GZVTCEVKQP CPF OCPCIGOGPV KP VJG
'OCLQTKV[ YQTNF' JCXG GKVJGT FGNKDGTCVGN[ CXQKFGF KV QP VJG ITQWPFU VJCV VJGKT QYP MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU YGTG UWRGTKQT QT UKORN[ PGXGT TGCNKUGF VJCV KV OKIJV DG C TGUQWTEG VQ DG 'VCRRGF'. 6JG
FQOKPCPV OQFGN QH FGXGNQROGPV JCU HQT UQOG HKHV[ [GCTU QT OQTG DGGP DCUGF QP 'WUGHWN
MPQYNGFIG' IGPGTCVGF KP NCDQTCVQTKGU, TGUGCTEJ UVCVKQPU CPF WPKXGTUKVKGU, CPF QPN[ VJGP
VTCPUHGTTGF VQ 'KIPQTCPV' RGQRNGU403. 0QV QPN[ YCU KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG ITQUUN[ WPFGTXCNWGF
KP VGTOU QH KVU RQVGPVKCN RTCEVKECN CRRNKECVKQPU, KV YCU KPUWHHKEKGPVN[ XCNKF VQ OGTKV CP[ NGICN
UVCVWU QT RTQVGEVKQP HTQO VJG RCVGPVU QT EQR[TKIJVU YJKEJ IKXG XCNWG CPF QYPGTUJKR VQ YGUVGTP
MPQYNGFIG CPF GZRGTVKUG. ’XGP YJGP VJG MPQYNGFIG YCU ENGCTN[ DGKPI WVKNK\GF, KV YCU QHVGP
TG-FGUETKDGF KP YC[U VJCV GNKOKPCVGF CP[ ETGFKV VQ VJQUG YJQ JCF DTQWIJV KV VQ VJG CVVGPVKQP QH
UEKGPEG KP VJG HKTUV RNCEG404. 6JG KPJGTGPV GVJPQEGPVTKUO CPF GNKVKUO QH NCVG VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[
UEKGPEG, VJGTGHQTG, JCU OCFG KV FKHHKEWNV HQT UEKGPVKUVU VQ CEEGRV VJCV VTCFKVKQPCN RGQRNG JCXG CP[
401 %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[ 1992, 4KQ &GENCTCVKQP 1992, 70’5%1 EQPXGPVKQP 1972 402 *WPP 1993 403 %JCODGTU CPF 4KEJCTFU 1995 404 &WVHKGNF 1999, *CTTKU 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 59
MPQYNGFIG QH YQTVJ405. 6JKU XKGY YCU TGKPHQTEGF D[ RGTEGRVKQPU VJCV VTCFKVKQPCN RGQRNGU QHVGP
CFQRVGF YCUVGHWN, GXGP FGNKPSWGPV RCVVGTPU QH TGUQWTEG GZVTCEVKQP, CU ENCUUKECNN[ GZGORNKHKGF KP
VJG NKVGTCVWTG QP UJKHVKPI EWNVKXCVKQP CPF VJCV YJGP UWDUKUVGPEG RTCEVKEGU YGTG GXKFGPVN[
FCOCIKPI KV YCU C OCVVGT QH RTGHGTGPEG TCVJGT VJCP CP QWVEQOG QH RQXGTV[406. 5KPEG VJG OKF
1960'U, VJG RTQEGUU QH OCTIKPCNKUKPI KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG JCU DGGP RWV KPVQ TGXGTUG, HQT DQVJ
TQOCPVKE CPF RTCEVKECN TGCUQPU. 6JG TQOCPVKE TGCUQPU JCXG VJGKT KOOGFKCVG RQNKVKECN
TGPCKUUCPEG KP VJG EQWPVGT-EWNVWTG407 QH VJG 1960'U YKVJ VJG PQVKQP VJCV VTCFKVKQPCN, KPFKIGPQWU
QT RTKOKVKXG RGQRNGU CTG KP UQOG MKPF QH KF[NNKE JCTOQP[ YKVJ PCVWTG. 5WEJ C XKGY YCU KPKVKCNN[
RTQORVGF D[ C ETKUKU KP VJG RGTEGRVKQP QH UEKGPEG CPF VGEJPQNQI[, KP VGTOU QH VJG KPETGCUKPI
TGOQVGPGUU CPF CTECPG EJCTCEVGT QH UEKGPEG, KVU RGTEGKXGF CTTQICPEG CPF PGICVKXG VGEJPQNQIKECN
QWVEQOGU, CPF KVU KPCDKNKV[ VQ GZRNCKP OWEJ CDQWV VJG YQTNF VJCV QTFKPCT[ RGQRNG UQWIJV
GZRNCPCVKQPU HQT. +V QHVGP KPXQNXGF VJG UGNGEVKXG TG-OQFGNNKPI QH #UKCP CPF QVJGT GZQVKE
VTCFKVKQPU VQ UWKV VJG PGGFU QH 9GUVGTP GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV TJGVQTKE FTCYP HTQO CP KPVGNNGEVWCN
RGFKITGG VJCV HCXQWTGF KFGCNK\GF PCVKXG KOCIGU408. +P VJKU XKUKQP, KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG IKXGP
EGPVTCN HQEWU DGECWUG QH, TCVJGT VJCP KP URKVG QH, VJGKT EWNVWTCN FKHHGTGPEGU. 6JKU RGTEGRVKQP CPF
EQPUGSWGPV CNNKCPEG DGVYGGP KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CPF UEKGPEG KU C HTCIKNG QPG, DCUGF WRQP
CUUWOGF KFGCNU QH (KPFKIGPQWU) TGCNKVKGU , YJKEJ EQPVTCUVU YKVJ VJG TGCNKVKGU QH VJG NQECN RGQRNG
VJGOUGNXGU. 5WEJ CUUWORVKQPU CTG KP FCPIGT QH NGCFKPI VQ ETQUU-EWNVWTCN OKURGTEGRVKQPU CPF
UVTCVGIKE OKUTGRTGUGPVCVKQPU.
6JG TG-EQPUVKVWVKQP KP CP #UKCP EQPVGZV JCU QHVGP KPXQNXGF DQVJ VJG 'ITGCV VTCFKVKQPU' CPF VJG
'NKVVNG VTCFKVKQPU'409 QHVGP HCKNKPI VQ FKUVKPIWKUJ DGVYGGP VJG VYQ CPF EQPHWUKPI KFGCN U[ODQNKE
TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU YKVJ JCTF-JGCFGF GORKTKECN RTCEVKEG. +V KU PQV CNVQIGVJGT UWTRTKUKPI, VJGTGHQTG,
VJCV VJKU OWFFNG JCU TGKPHQTEGF UEKGPVKHKE RTGLWFKEG CPF C DCEMNCUJ GZRTGUUGF KP RJTCUGU UWEJ
CU 'VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN O[VJ'410. 0GXGTVJGNGUU, YKVJ VJG FKUECTFKPI QH VJG OQTG HCPEKHWN
RQTVTC[CNU QH VJG YKUFQO QH VTCFKVKQPCN RGQRNGU, UGXGTCN CNVGTPCVKXG CRRTQCEJGU JCXG GOGTIGF.
1PG FKUVKPEV CRRTQCEJ JCU DGGP GPEQWTCIGF D[ CFXQECVGU QH +− CPF UQOG VGEJPQETCVU, YJQ
405 ,QJCPPGU 1987 406 &QXG 1983 407 ’NNGP 1986 408 %QPMNKP CPF )TCJCO 1995 409 5EJQNCTN[ CPF KPFKIGPQWU. 410 &KCOQPF 1987, ,QJCPPGU 1987
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 60
JCXG DGGP FGUETKDGF D[ CU 'PGQ-KPFKIGPKUVCU'411. 6JG FKUUGOKPCVKQP QH VJKU CRRTQCEJ JCU DGGP
RCTV QH C TJGVQTKE RTCKUKPI VJG XKTVWGU QH 'RCTVKEKRCVKQP', 'GORQYGTOGPV', 'DQVVQO-WR', CPF
'HCTOGT-HKTUV'412. 5QOG OGCUWTG QH VJG KPUVKVWVKQPCNK\CVKQP QH VJKU XGTUKQP QH +−413 KU VJG PWODGT
QH PGVYQTMKPI QTICPKUCVKQPU CPF TGUGCTEJ WPKVU414. 1PG QH VJG FKHHKEWNVKGU, JQYGXGT YKVJ VJG
'PGQ-KPFKIGPKUVCU' CRRTQCEJ, KP EQOOQP YKVJ OQFGTPK\CVKQP VJGQTKUVU, KU VJG FCPIGT QH NGCXKPI
KPVCEV VJG FKEJQVQO[ QH YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CU JQOQIGPQWU CPF
GZENWUKXG GPVKVKGU415.
6JG FCPIGTU QH VJKU FKEJQVQO[ PGGF VQ DG JKIJNKIJVGF, DGHQTG YG EQPUKFGT +− KP FGRVJ, CPF VJG[
KPENWFG VJG HQNNQYKPI:
• /QPQEWNVWTCN O[QRKC YJKEJ OCUMU VJG RNWTCNKV[ QH CEVQTU, VJG OWNVKRNG KFGPVKVKGU VJG[
JCXG, CPF VJG OWNVKVWFKPQWU TGNCVKQPU VJG[ JCXG416.
• 6JG WPETKVKECN RNCEGOGPV QH NQECN MPQYNGFIG YKVJKP C FKEJQVQO[, VJG
FGEQPVGZVWCNK\CVKQP QH +− KU PGEGUUCTKN[ KORNKGF CPF VJG WPKSWG CPF KORQTVCPV
MPQYNGFIG QH URGEKHKE ITQWRU DGEQOGU UWDLGEV VQ VJG UCOG NKOKVCVKQPU CPF ETKVKEKUOU CU
9GUVGTP UEKGPEG CPF FGXGNQROGPV VJGQTKGU417.
• #VVGORVU VQ UGRCTCVG CPF HKZ KP VKOG CPF URCEG VYQ MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CTG DQWPF VQ HCKN
WPNGUU VJG VYQ U[UVGOU JCXG VYQ VQVCNN[ UGRCTCVGF JKUVQTKECN UGSWGPEGU QH EJCPIG.
%QPVCEV CPF GZEJCPIG, HQT GZCORNG, DGVYGGP #UKC CPF VJG #OGTKECU JCU VCMGP RNCEG
HQT VJQWUCPFU QH [GCTU CPF YGUVGTP CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU JCXG JCF
KPVKOCVG KPVGTCEVKQP CPF EQ-GXQNXGF UKPEG VJG 15VJ EGPVWT[418.
• +− KU IGPGTCVGF KP VJG KOOGFKCVG EQPVGZV QH VJG NKXGNKJQQFU QH RGQRNG, CPF KV KU C
F[PCOKE GPVKV[ VJCV WPFGTIQGU EQPUVCPV OQFKHKECVKQP CU VJG PGGFU QH VJG EQOOWPKVKGU
EJCPIG. +V KU KORQUUKDNG HQT +− VQ OCKPVCKP KVU XKVCNKV[ QT XKIQWT KH KV KU KUQNCVGF KP CP
411 #ITCYCN 1995C+D 412 %JCODGTU 1983 413 +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG. 414 9CTTGP GV CN 1995 415 #ITCYCN 1995D, $GTOCP 1988, 7OCPU 1998 416 7OCPU 1998 417 $CPWTK CPF /CTINKP 1993 418 ’EMJQNO 1980, .GXK-5VTCWUU 1955
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 61
CTEJKXG, HTQ\GP KP VKOG CPF URCEG, KP MPQYNGFIG EGPVTGU RTKXKNGIGF QP YGUVGTP UEKGPEG
CPF DWTGCWETCVKE RTQEGFWTG CPF UVTCPINGF D[ EGPVTCN EQPVTQN CPF OCPCIGOGPV419.
• 9JGP +− DGEQOGU UWDLGEV VQ VJG NKOKVGF RCTCOGVGTU QH 9GUVGTP UEKGPEG CPF
FGXGNQROGPV VJGQTKGU YJKEJ TGN[ WRQP CP QTFGTGF EQPEGRVWCN HTCOGYQTM CPF HKPKVG
GNGOGPVU HTQO YJKEJ, CPF KP YJKEJ VQ YQTM, KV KU DQWPF VQ HCKN. $QVJ U[UVGOU JCXG
URGEKHKE JKUVQTKGU, RCTVKEWNCT DWTFGPU HTQO VJG RCUV CPF FKUVKPEVKXG RCVVGTPU QH EJCPIG
CPF JGVGTQIGPGKV[ DGVYGGP GNGOGPVU420.
• 6JG VGPFGPE[ VQ FGHKPG +− KP TGNCVKQP VQ 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG KU RTQDNGOCVKE KP VJCV KV
TCKUGU 9GUVGTP UEKGPEG VQ C NGXGN QH TGHGTGPEG, KIPQTKPI VJG HCEV VJCV CNN U[UVGOU CTG
EWNVWTG-DQWPF CPF VJGTGD[ GZENWFKPI 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG KVUGNH HTQO VJG CPCN[UKU. 6JKU
NKOKVU VJG CPCN[UKU QH KPFKIGPQWU U[UVGOU D[ PCTTQYKPI VJG RCTCOGVGTU QH
WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJTQWIJ VJG KORQUKVKQP QH 9GUVGTP ECVGIQTKGU. 2CTCFQZKECNN[, CNVJQWIJ
OCP[ 'PGQ-KPFKIGPKUVCU' OQEM UEKGPEG, VJG[ WUG KV CPF WPEQPUEKQWUN[ CUUKIP KV VQ C
JKIJGT RGFGUVCN VJCP KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG. 6JGKT RTCEVKEG CPF OGVJQFU CTG QHVGP
DCUGF QP UEKGPVKHKE OGVJQFU CPF VJG[ UWDLGEV +− VQ C UEKGPVKHKE ETKVGTKC QH XCNKFKV[ DGHQTG
KV KU TGEQIPK\GF CU 'WUCDNG' MPQYNGFIG421.
• 6JGTG KU C VGPFGPE[ VQ KUQNCVG MPQYNGFIG UWD-UGVU YJKEJ OKTTQT GVJPQ-FKUEKRNKPG UGVU
HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH CPCN[UKU CPF FQEWOGPVCVKQP422. ’ZCOKPKPI NQECN MPQYNGFIG KP VJKU
YC[ ECP NGCF VQ VJG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH EGTVCKP CURGEVU QH MPQYNGFIG CU KORQTVCPV, YJKNG
GZENWFKPI QT KIPQTKPI QVJGT CTGCU QT RQUUKDKNKVKGU QH MPQYNGFIG YJKEJ FQ PQV HCNN YKVJKP
VJG UGNGEVKXG ETKVGTKC QH 9GUVGTP UEKGPVKHKE RCTCOGVGTU.
• +− CU C EQORCTVOGPVCNK\GF XKUKQP JCU DGEQOG C OCLQT EQPEGRV YKVJKP FGXGNQROGPV
FKUEQWTUG, CPF C EQPXGPKGPV CDUVTCEVKQP YJKEJ EQPUKUVU QH DKVG-UK\GF EJWPMU QH
KPHQTOCVKQP VJCV ECP DG UNQVVGF KPVQ 9GUVGTP RCTCFKIOU, HTCIOGPVGF CPF
FGEQPVGZVWCNK\GF; C MKPF QH SWKEM HKZ, KH PQV C RCPCEGC. 5WEJ CRRTQCEJGU CTG KP FCPIGT
QH TGRGCVKPI VJG UCOG RTQDNGOU QH UKORNKHKECVKQP, QXGT-IGPGTCNKUCVKQP, CPF
WPKXGTUCNKUO VJCV YG HKPF KP FGXGNQROGPV VJGQT[423.
419 #ITCYCN 1995C 420 /CECDG 1988 421 $TQEMGPUJC CPF 4KNG[ 1980, /CUUCSWQK 1993, 4CLCP CPF 5GVJWTCOO 1993, 4KEJCTFU 1980 422 (CKTJGCF CPF .GCEJ 1994 423 *CTTKU 1996, *QDCTV 1993, 4KEJCTFU 1985
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 62
• 6JGTG KU C NCTIGN[ WPCRRTGEKCVGF ICR DGVYGGP VJG PGCV TCVKQPCNKVKGU QH FGXGNQROGPV
CIGPEKGU' TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU YJKEJ KOCIKPG VJG YQTNF CU QTFGTGF CPF OCPCIGCDNG CPF VJG
CEVWCNKVKGU QH UKVWCVGF UQEKCN RTCEVKEGU424. #U C EQPUGSWGPEG, YG GPF WR YKVJ C VJGQT[
VJCV OKUTGRTGUGPVU VJG EQPVGZV KP YJKEJ KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG QEEWTU CPF KU
GZRGTKGPEGF.
• +P VJG JCPFU QH 0)1U CPF YKVJKP VJG 'WPKXGTUCNK\KPI FKUEQWTUG' QH GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO +−
JCU DGEQOG HWTVJGT TGKHKGF CPF ICKPGF C OQTG RQUKVKXG KOCIG. 1PEG, JQYGXGT, +− KU
UNQVVGF KPVQ VJG 9GUVGTP UEKGPVKHKE RCTCFKIO KV KU FKHHKEWNV VQ MPQY YJGTG VQ FTCY VJG
DQWPFCT[ DGVYGGP +− CPF 'UEKGPEG'. %JCPIKPI VJG DQWPFCTKGU KU QHVGP UWHHKEKGPV VQ
TG-FGHKPG UQOGVJKPI CU 'UEKGPEG', CU YJCV FGHKPGU KV KU VQ C EQPUKFGTCDNG GZVGPV
FGVGTOKPGF D[ YJQ RTCEVKEGU KV, CPF KP YJCV KPUVKVWVKQPCN EQPVGZV VJG RTCEVKEGU CTG
VCMKPI RNCEG. 6JG FCPIGT QH VWTPKPI NQECN MPQYNGFIG KPVQ INQDCN MPQYNGFIG KU CV VJG
GORKTKECN NGXGN, CNN +− KU TGNCVKXG CPF RCTQEJKCN, PQ VYQ UQEKGVKGU RGTEGKXG QT CEV WRQP
VJG GPXKTQPOGPV KP VJG UCOG YC[U. 5EKGPEG D[ EQORCTKUQP, KU C U[UVGO QH MPQYNGFIG KP
TCRKF HNWZ VJCV UGGMU WPKXGTUCN TCVJGT VJCP NQECN WPFGTUVCPFKPI. +V KU RTGEKUGN[ VJG NQECN
GODGFFGFPGUU QH +− VJCV JCU OCFG KV UWEEGUUHWN.
• 6JG 'PGQ-KPFKIGPKUVCU' WPFGTOKPG VJGKT QYP CTIWOGPVU DGECWUG YJKNG EJCORKQPKPI +−
VJG[ KPUKUV QP C FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP YGUVGTP CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF VJG[ HCKN VQ
TGEQIPK\G VJG NKPM DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG CPF RQYGT.
6JG CRRTQRTKCVG TGURQPUG HQT VJQUG IGPGTCNN[ KPVGTGUVGF KP RTGUGTXKPI MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF
KP RCTVKEWNCT KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG OKIJV NKG KP CVVGORVKPI VQ TGQTKGPVCVG CPF TGXGTUG UVCVG
RQNKEKGU CPF OCTMGV HQTEGU VQ RGTOKV OGODGTU QH VJTGCVGPGF RQRWNCVKQPU VQ FGVGTOKPG VJGKT
QYP HWVWTG CPF CVVGORV, VJWU VQ HCEKNKVCVG KP UKVW RTGUGTXCVKQP QH +−. +P UKVW RTGUGTXCVKQP ECPPQV
UWEEGGF YKVJQWV KPFKIGPQWU RQRWNCVKQPU ICKPKPI EQPVTQN QXGT VJG WUG QH VJG NCPFU KP YJKEJ VJG[
FYGNN CPF VJG TGUQWTEGU QP YJKEJ VJG[ TGN[. 6JQUG YJQ CTG UGGP VQ RQUUGUU MPQYNGFIG OWUV
CNUQ RQUUGUU VJG TKIJV VQ FGEKFG QP JQY VQ UCXG KV CPF YJQ UJCNN WUG KV.
6JG OGEJCPKEU QH KP UKVW EQPUGTXCVKQP QH +− CTG NKVVNG WPFGTUVQQF, CPF YKNN RGTJCRU RQUG
UKIPKHKECPV RQNKVKECN CPF GVJKECN FKNGOOCU. 5WEJ CP QDLGEVKQP ECPPQV, JQYGXGT, DG CP GZEWUG
HQT UKFG-NKPKPI YJCV CRRGCTU VQ DG KP VJG DGUV KPVGTGUV QH VJQUG OQUV VJTGCVGPGF.
424 *QDCTV 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 63
'0GQ-KPFKIGPKUVCU' OWUV DGIKP VQ ITCRRNG YKVJ UWEJ RTQDNGOU KH VJG[ CTG VQ OCMG VJGKT
RTQITCOOG CPF VJGKT GRKUVGOKE HQWPFCVKQPU OQTG CEEGRVCDNG VQ VJG RQRWNCVKQPU YJQUG
MPQYNGFIG VJG[ YKUJ VQ JKIJNKIJV CPF CRRTQRTKCVG HQT VJG EQOOQP IQQF.
# DGIKPPKPI KP VJKU FKTGEVKQP YQWNF DG VQ TGEQIPK\G VJG OWNVKRNKEKV[ QH NQIKEU CPF RTCEVKEGU VJCV
WPFGTNKG VJG ETGCVKQP CPF OCKPVGPCPEG QH FKHHGTGPV MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU YKVJKP C MPQYNGFIG
PGVYQTM. $[ DWKNFKPI QP PGY XKGYU QH UEKGPEG425 VJCV KPUKUV QP "OWNVKRNKEKV[, RCVEJKPGUU CPF
JGVGTQIGPGKV[ QH VJG URCEG KP YJKEJ UEKGPVKUVU YQTM" CPF IQ DG[QPF TCVKQPCNKUO CPF TGFWEVKXG
TGRTGUGPVCVKQP426 PGQ-KPFKIGPKUVCU CTG QHHGTGF VJG RTQURGEV QH FGXGNQRKPI PGY GRKUVGOKE
HQWPFCVKQPU HQT CFFTGUUKPI CPF DWKNFKPI DTKFIGU DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG YKVJKP C PGVYQTM. 6JG
PGVYQTM KU EQPUVKVWVGF D[ OWNVKRNG CEVQTU, YJQ RQUUGUU TGUQWTEGU CPF HQTO TGNCVKQPU VJTQWIJ
VJGKT KPVGTCEVKPI. ’CEJ CEVQT KPXGUVU TGUQWTEGU QH FKHHGTGPV MKPFU CPF COQWPVU, KPENWFKPI
HKPCPEKCN, UQEKCN, EWNVWTCN CPF U[ODQNKE ECRKVCN, YJKEJ CTG XCNWGF FKHHGTGPVN[ FGRGPFKPI QP VJG
RTQLGEV. +V KU KORQTVCPV VJCV GCEJ CEVQT WPFGTUVCPFU VJG MPQYNGFIG-TGNCVGF RTQEGUUGU VJCV CTG CV
RNC[ YKVJKP C RTQLGEV, GURGEKCNN[ VJG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH MPQYNGFIG, VJG CVVTKDWVKQP QH OGCPKPI, VJG
GZGTEKUG QH RQYGT, CPF VJG GOGTIGPEG QH U[PGTI[ QT 'UWDLGEVU'427.
6JKU UJQWNF RTQXKFG C DGVVGT DCUKU PQV QPN[ HQT KP UKVW EQPUGTXCVKQP QH +− CPF TGUQWTEG
OCPCIGOGPV DWV VQ UCHGIWCTF VJG KPVGTGUVU QH VJQUG OQUV FKUCFXCPVCIGF.
4.5 24+/#. 14 +0&+)’0175 −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5
7UWCNN[ 'RTKOCN' QT KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU GOCPCVG HTQO C URKTKVWCN DCUG, CPF CTG QHVGP
RTGFKECVGF QP 'CPKOKUO' CPF 'UJCOCPKUO'. (TQO VJKU XKGY CNN ETGCVKQP428 KU TGICTFGF CU UCETGF,
CPF URKTKVU UGGOKPIN[ "KPFYGNN" 429 PCVWTCN QDLGEVU CPF RJGPQOGPC430. 9KVJKP VJKU U[UVGO VJGTG
CTG QHVGP EWNVWTCN GZRGTVU431 YJQ CTG RCTVKEWNCTN[ CYCTG QH PCVWTG'U QTICPK\KPI RTKPEKRNGU,
UQOGVKOGU FGUETKDGF CU GPVKVKGU, URKTKVU QT PCVWTCN NCY. 6JWU MPQYNGFIG QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV
425 2KEMGTKPI 1992 RCIG 8 426 #ITCYCN 1995C 427 5WDLGEVU KP VJKU OGCPKPI CTG OWNVKRNG CEVQTU YJQ VQIGVJGT JCXG VJG ECRCEKV[ VQ DTKPI HQTYCTF C RTQLGEV (7OCPU 1998). 428 .KXKPI CPF PQP NKXKPI. 429 6Q GZKUV CU CP KPPGT CEVKXCVKPI URKTKV, HQTEG, QT RTKPEKRNG JVVR://YYY.YQTFTGHGTGPEG.EQO/FGHKPKVKQP/KPFYGNN CEEGUUGF 12VJ ,WPG 2005. 430 −GGUKPI 1981 RCIG 330, CPF 507 431 1HVGP MPQYP CU UJCOCPU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 64
FGRGPFU PQV QPN[ QP VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP JWOCPU CPF PCVWTG, DWV CNUQ DGVYGGP VJG XKUKDNG
YQTNF CPF VJG KPXKUKDNG URKTKV YQTNF432. 6JGUG XKGYU TGUWNV KP CP QTFGTKPI QH TGNCVKQPUJKRU
DGVYGGP JWOCPMKPF CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CV C RJ[UKECN CPF URKTKVWCN NGXGN TQQVGF KP C SWGUV HQT
JCTOQP[ CPF GSWKNKDTKWO DGVYGGP OCP, VJG URKTKV YQTNF, PCVWTG CPF UQEKGV[. +PFKIGPQWU
MPQYNGFIG CNUQ GODTCEGU KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV NQECVKQP, OQXGOGPVU CPF QVJGT HCEVQTU GZRNCKPKPI
URCVKCN RCVVGTPU CPF VKOKPI KP VJG GEQU[UVGO, KPENWFKPI UGSWGPEGU QH GXGPVU, E[ENGU CPF VTGPFU.
&KTGEV NKPMU YKVJ VJG NCPF CTG HWPFCOGPVCN, CPF QDNKICVKQPU VQ OCKPVCKP VJQUG EQPPGEVKQPU HQTO
VJG EQTG QH KPFKXKFWCN CPF ITQWR KFGPVKV[433.
)KXGP VJG HCKNKPIU QH 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU VJGTG ECP DG NKVVNG UWTRTKUG VJCV KPFKIGPQWU,
VTCFKVKQPCN CPF NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU CTG JQUVKNG PQV QPN[ VQ VJG TJGVQTKE QH 'RCTVPGTUJKRU' CPF
'UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV' DWV VJG VGPGVU QH 'DKQFKXGTUKV[', 'PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP' CPF
'GPXKTQPOGPVCN GVJKEU'. 6JG YGUVGTP VGTOU 'PCVWTG' CPF 'DKQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[' CTG CNKGP VQ OQUV
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG, DGECWUG VJG[434 UGRCTCVG VJG RJGPQOGPQP QH PQP-JWOCP FKXGTUKV[ HTQO
VJGKT MPQYNGFIG CPF NKXGNKJQQF.
$KQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[ KU VCMGP HQT ITCPVGF CU RCTV QH GXGT[FC[ GZKUVGPEG GODGFFGF YKVJKP C
JQNKUVKE KPVGITCVGF U[UVGO. +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG OC[ KP RTCEVKEG TGURGEV CPF GPJCPEG DKQFKXGTUKV[,
DWV TGUKUV VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH 'YKNFGTPGUU ', YJKEJ KIPQTGU JWOCPMKPF CPF FKURQUUGUUGU VJGO
QH VGTTKVQT[435. +PFKIGPQWU EWNVWTCN RTCEVKEGU FGHKPG RQNKVKEU CPF GVJKEU CU GZKUVKPI KP VJG TGCNO
QH GEQU[UVGOU CPF YQWNF CTIWG VJCV KV OCMGU PQ UGPUG VQ NKOKV VJG PQVKQP QH RQNKVKEU CPF GVJKEU
QPN[ VQ JWOCP DGKPIU. 6JKU KU KNNWUVTCVGF KP VJG YC[ VJCV PCVWTCN QDLGEVU CPF NKXKPI DGKPIU CTG
KPENWFGF CU OGODGTU QH KPFKIGPQWU EQOOWPKVKGU CPF KP KPFKIGPQWU ENCP PCOGU, VQVGOU CPF
EQXGPCPVU436.
(QTVWPCVGN[ VJGTG CTG CP KPETGCUKPI PWODGT QH GZCORNGU YJGTG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU JCXG
EQODKPGF VJGKT GZKUVKPI MPQYNGFIG YKVJ PGY KPHQTOCVKQP CPF CTG HKNNKPI C XGT[ UKIPKHKECPV ICR
432 2QUG[ 1999 433 2QUG[ 1999 434 0CVWTG CPF DKQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[. 435 %QNEJGUVGT 1994C 436 &GNQTKC 1990, 2KGTQVVK CPF 9KNFECV 1999
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 65
KP HCEKNKVCVKQP QH PGY CRRTQCEJGU VQ +− CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV. 9JKNG OCP[ QH VJGUG
UVWFKGU UVKNN UWHHGT HTQO VJGKT EQOOKVOGPV VQ CP KPFKIGPQWU/ UEKGPVKHKE FKEJQVQO[, VJG[ UVKNN
QHHGT VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH CP GPFQIGPQWU CRRTQCEJ437.
&QOKPCPV MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CUUWOG VJCV VTCFKVKQPCN EQOOWPKVKGU OWUV EJCPIG VQ OGGV
'OQFGTP' UVCPFCTFU, DWV KPFKIGPQWU CPF VTCFKVKQPCN RGQRNGU HGGN VJG QRRQUKVG OWUV QEEWT:
UEKGPEG CPF KPFWUVT[ OWUV DGIKP VQ TGURGEV NQECN FKXGTUKV[ CPF VJG "UCETGF DCNCPEG"438. +H VJKU KU
VTWG VJKU NGCXGU WU YKVJ VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ VJCV UEKGPEG CPF KPFWUVT[ JCXG NQUV VJGKT NGIKVKOCVG TQNG
CU 'TGURQPUKDNG' INQDCN NGCFGTU, CPF VJCV OCP[ 'YQTNF' TGNKIKQPU GURGEKCNN[ VJQUG VJCV GPEQWTCIG
"OCVGTKCNKUVKE, FWCNKUVKE, CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE, WVKNKVCTKCP CPF TGRTGUGPVCVKQPCN EQPEGRVU QH CPF
TGNCVKQPU VQ PCVWTG JCXG UGTXGF VQ JCUVGP VJG FGUVTWEVKQP QH DKQNQIKECN CPF EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV["439.
+P GCTNKGT EJCRVGTU (%JCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.3.1) YG FKUEQXGTGF VJCV FGHKPKVKQPU QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF
UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV YGTG CODKIWQWU CPF VJCV YGUVGTP-KPURKTGF FGXGNQROGPV JCU QHVGP
RTQXGF FKUCUVTQWU PQV QPN[ HQT VJG RNCPGV DWV OCP[ QH VJG YQTNF'U KPFKIGPQWU EQOOWPKVKGU.
4GEQIPK\KPI VJGUG HCKNWTGU, VJGTG KU PQY CP WTIGPV PGGF VQ NQQM VQ VJGUG EQOOWPKVKGU HQT
IWKFCPEG QP JQY VQ WUG VJG YQTNF'U DKQNQIKECN TGUQWTEGU KP C UWUVCKPCDNG OCPPGT. 4GHGTGPEG
ECP DG OCFG VQ CP GZVGPUKXG NKVGTCVWTG440 QP KPFKIGPQWU YQTNFXKGY, KPFKIGPQWU UQEKGV[ CPF
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG FKUEQWTUG VQ RTQXKFG VJG TGCFGT YKVJ C HTCOGYQTM VQ DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPF
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF KVU EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF KVU RTQVGEVKQP.
4.5.1 6JG 0CVWTG CPF %JCTCEVGT QH +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU
+PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CTG VJG EQPETGVG GZRTGUUKQPU QH 'YQTNF XKGYU' YJKEJ FQ PQV
TGICTF JWOCP UQEKGV[ CU UQOGVJKPI CRCTV HTQO 'GPXKTQPOGPV', CPF GORJCUK\G VJG WPKV[ CPF
U[ODKQUKU QH JWOCPMKPF CPF VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF. +− KU IGPGTCVGF, UVQTGF CPF VTCPUOKVVGF D[ KVU
437 #ITCYCN 1995C 438 2QUG[ 1999 RCIG 6 439 ’FYCTFU CPF 2CNOGT 1997, ,GPUGP 1999, 2QUG[ 1999 RCIG 6 440 9QTNFXKGY :- #NKUQP 1984, $GTTGOCP 1963, $WTPGVV 1988, (KTVJ 1975, (TC\GT 1993 )GGTV\ 1985, *KGDGTV C + D 1982, 1983, /CNKPQYUMK 1955, /CTTKQVV 1955, /GPFGNDCWO 1964, 4GFHKGNF 1955, 5COWCN CPF 5WIFGP 1982, 5KPG 1987, 6WTPGT 1974, 6[NQT 1871, 9KODGT 1985, 9QQFDGTT[ 1989 +PFKIGPQWU UQEKGV[ :- $GCWENGTM GV CN 1989, &WTPKPI 1992, /CHHK 1999C, /E0GGN[ GV CN 1990, 0KGVUEJOCPP 1992D, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997 +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG FKUEQWTUG :- %JCODGTU CPF 4KEJCTFU 1995, %QPMNKP CPF )TCJCO 1995, &KCOQPF 1987, &QXG 1983, &WVHKGNF1999, ’NNGP 1986, (CKTJGCF CPF .GCEJ 1994, *CTTKU 1996, *QDCTV 1993, *WPP 1993, ,QJCPPGU 1987, 4KEJCTFU 1985, 9CTTGP GV CN 1995
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 66
WUGTU VJTQWIJ CP QTCN VTCFKVKQP. +P VJG QTCN VTCFKVKQP NGCTPKPI VCMGU RNCEG D[ QDUGTXCVKQP CPF
VJTQWIJ FQKPI, CPF QHVGP VJTQWIJ VJG CTV QH UVQT[-VGNNKPI. %NCUUKECN YGUVGTP UEKGPEG, CU YG JCXG
CNTGCF[ NGCTPGF KU CP CTVGHCEV QH 9GUVGTP UQEKGV[ CPF KU GODGFFGF KP VJG NKVGTCE[ CPF PWOGTCE[
QH YGUVGTP VTCFKVKQP CPF GFWECVKQP, YJGTGKP VGCEJKPI CPF NGCTPKPI CTG CDUVTCEVGF HTQO VJGKT
CRRNKGF EQPVGZV, CPF CTG FKFCEVKE KP HQTO CPF UWDUVCPEG. 9GUVGTP UEKGPEG, VQ TGKVGTCVG HTQO
EJCRVGT 3, JCU CFQRVGF C UGV QH CUUWORVKQPU QP YJKEJ UEKGPVKHKE MPQYNGFIG IGPGTCVKQP KU DCUGF
CPF D[ YJKEJ KV KU VGUVGF HQT XCNKFKV[. 6JG CUUWORVKQPU441 KPENWFG .QEMGCP TGFWEVKQPKUO442
QDLGEVKXKUO443, CPF RQUKVKXKUO444. 6JG UEKGPVKHKE OQFG FGNKDGTCVGN[ DTGCMU FQYP FCVC RTGUGPVGF
VQ VJG UGPUGU CPF TGCUUGODNGU KV KP FKHHGTGPV YC[U. +− U[UVGOU CTG OQTG EQPETGVG CPF TGN[ QP
GXKFGPEG RTGUGPVGF FKTGEVN[ VQ VJG UGPUGU D[ WUGTU QH VJG MPQYNGFIG. +− CRRGCTU VQ DG JQNKUVKE,
TCVJGT VJCP TGFWEVKQPKUV, UWDLGEVKXG TCVJGT VJCP QDLGEVKXG, CPF GZRGTKGPVKCN TCVJGT VJCP RQUKVKXKUV.
+V CRRGCTU VQ EQTTGURQPF RQQTN[ YKVJ YGUVGTP KPVGNNGEVWCN KFGCNU QH 'VTWVJ '. 6JG PQTOU QH
KPVGNNGEVWCN FGXGNQROGPV CTG TKIKFN[ KPUVKVWVKQPCNKUGF. )WKFGF D[ VJGUG PQTOU +− KU IGPGTCNN[
TGLGEVGF D[ UEKGPVKUVU CU CPGEFQVCN, PQP-SWCPVKVCVKXG CPF KOOGVJQFKECN445. +− CPF YGUVGTP
ENCUUKECN UEKGPEG PQV QPN[ FKHHGT KP VJGKT FQOKPCPV OQFG QH EQOOWPKECVKQP DWV KP VJG URGGF QH
FCVC ETGCVKQP, CU U[UVGOU QH RTGFKEVKQP CPF GZRNCPCVKQP, CPF CU U[UVGOU QH ENCUUKHKECVKQP.
#NVJQWIJ UEKGPEG CRRGCTU VQ DG UWRGTKQT KP VGTOU QH VJG URGGF QH CEEWOWNCVKQP, RTGFKEVKQP CPF
GZRNCPCVKQP KV KU JKIJN[ UGNGEVKXG YJGTGCU VJG FCVC IGPGTCVGF D[ +− KU OQTG KPENWUKXG. 6JG TCRKF
FCVC CEEWOWNCVKQP QH 9GUVGTP UEKGPEG, YJKNG IGPGTCNN[ RTQFWEVKXG QH WUGHWN UJQTV-VGTO
RTGFKEVKQP, FQGU PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ TGUWNV KP UVTQPI NQPI-VGTO RTGFKEVKQP. +− U[UVGOU OC[ PQV DG
DGVVGT CDNG VQ RTGFKEV NQPI VGTO EJCPIGU, DWV QHVGP JCXG UWRGTKQTKV[ KP TGEQIPKUKPI VJG QPUGV QH
EJCPIGU CPF CEEQOOQFCVKPI VQ VJGO446. 5EKGPEG GORNQ[U OGVJQFU QH J[RQVJGUKU IGPGTCVKQP,
VGUVKPI CPF XGTKHKECVKQP QT TGLGEVKQP, CPF VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH VJGQTKGU CPF IGPGTCN NCYU CU KVU
GZRNCPCVQT[ DCUKU.
441 *CTOCP 1989 442 6JCV WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH C YJQNG CPF EQORNGZ RJGPQOGPQP ECP DG CEJKGXGF KP VGTOU QH OQTG GNGOGPVCN GXGPVU 443 6JCV VJG QDUGTXGT OWUV FGNKDGTCVGN[ UGRCTCVG JKU QT JGT UGNH HTQO VJCV DGKPI QDUGTXGF, CPF NGCTP CDQWV KV VJTQWIJ XCTKQWU TGRNKECVGF RTQDGU. 444 6JCV YJCV KU OGCUWTCDNG KU UEKGPVKHKECNN[ TGCN, CPF YJCV KU UEKGPVKHKECNN[ TGCN KU OGCUWTCDNG. 445 0CMCUJKOC 1990 446 *QYGU CPF %JCODGTU 1980
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 67
5RKTKVWCN GZRNCPCVKQPU CTG KPGXKVCDN[ C UKIPKHKECPV EQORQPGPV QH KPFKIGPQWU U[UVGOU. +P
YGUVGTP UEKGPEG, RNCPV CPF CPKOCN VCZQPQOKUVU ENCUUKH[ CNN NKXKPI QTICPKUOU KPVQ ITQWRU YJKEJ
CTG JKGTCTEJKECNN[ QTICPK\GF CEEQTFKPI VQ 'GXQNWVKQPCT[', QT IGPGVKE, TGNCVGFPGUU. +P EQPVTCUV
KPFKIGPQWU VCZQPQOKGU TGXGCN VJG RTKOCE[ QH GEQNQIKECN VJQWIJV CEEQTFKPI VQ VJGKT YQTNFXKGY
CPF 'O[VJQNQI['447. 9GUVGTP UEKGPVKHKE ENCUUKHKECVKQP KU JKIJN[ FKHHGTGPVKCVGF, EQORCTGF VQ
KPFKIGPQWU ENCUUKHKECVKQP YJKEJ VGPFU VQ GPEQORCUU KPENWUKXG ECVGIQTKGU. +−, JQYGXGT, FQGU
FKHHGTGPVKCVG DGVYGGP C NCTIG PWODGTU QH FKUVKPEVKQPU YKVJKP ECVGIQTKGU448 CPF +− U[UVGOU CTG
'JKIJ EQPVGZV' FGUKIPGF VQ KPEQTRQTCVG C XGT[ JKIJ NGXGN QH EQPVGZVWCN KPHQTOCVKQP URGEKHKE VQ C
IKXGP NQECNG449. +P VJGUG NQECNGU KPFKIGPQWU ITQWRU GORNQ[ C TCPIG QH UVTCVGIKGU450.
6JGTG KU PQ UKPING PCVKXG UEKGPEG QT MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO CPF GCEJ ITQWR JCU C U[UVGO URGEKHKE VQ
VJGKT NQECNG. 6JGTG CTG, PGXGTVJGNGUU, IGPGTCN GNGOGPVU YJKEJ IWKFG CPF UJCRG VJG IGPGTCVKQP QH
+−. 6JGUG KPENWFG:
� +VU EQUOKE XKGY451
� +VU CPKOKUVKE CPF UJCOCPKE XKGY452
� 6JG QEEWTTGPEG QH UJCOCPKE CEEQWPVKPI CPF MPQYNGFIG QH DKQFKXGTUKV[453
� +VU KPVGITCVKQP CPF JQNKUO454
� 6JG TGEKRTQECN PWTVWTG QH CNN TGNCVKQPUJKRU455
� +VU GORJCUKU QP JCTOQP[ CPF GSWKNKDTKWO456
4.5.2 +PFKIGPQWU %QPUGTXCVKQP CPF 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV
6JG XCNWG QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF KVU WUG KP VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV
QH 'EWNVWTCN NCPFUECRGU' KU DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ TGEQIPK\GF. 6JGTG CTG, JQYGXGT FCPIGTU QH
447 0CMCUJKOC 1990 448 &GPP[ 1988 449 $TQYP 1973, %QNQTCFQ 1988, &GPP[ 1988 450 (QT GZCORNG VJG +TQSWQKU EQODKPG UGFGPVCT[ NKXKPI KP UGOK-RGTOCPGPV UGVVNGOGPVU CPF CITKEWNVWTG YKVJ JWPVKPI CPF ICVJGTKPI, YJKNG VJG +PFKCPU QH VJG DQTGCN HQTGUV CPF +PWKV QH VJG VWPFTC OCKPVCKP C JKIJ FGITGG QH UGCUQPCN OQDKNKV[. 451 $QQVJ CPF ,CEQDU 1990 452 &GNQTKC 1973, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997, 4GKEJGN 1992, 6QGNMGP 1976, ;QWPI GV CN 1989 453 5JGRCTF 1999 454 $TQYP 1973 455 $QQVJ CPF ,CEQDU 1990, /QOCFC[ 1976 C + D, /WTFQEJ 1988 456 %QNQTCFQ 1988, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 68
CUUWOKPI VJCV NQECN RGQRNG CTG CNYC[U VJG DGUV OCPCIGTU QT VJCV NQPI-VGTO VGPWTG IWCTCPVGGU C
DGPKIP CVVKVWFG VQYCTF DKQFKXGTUKV[ QT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU. #U KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG KPVGITCVGF
KPVQ VJG ITQYVJ CPF EQPUWORVKQP OCKPUVTGCO KV KU TKUM[ VQ CUUWOG VJCV VJG[ CTG CNYC[U VJG DGUV
UVGYCTFU QH VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV. +V KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ EQPUKFGT GCEJ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG ITQWR QP C
ECUG D[ ECUG DCUKU, UQOG RTQXKFG GZEGNNGPV RCTCFKIOU QH EQPUGTXCVKQP, UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN GPJCPEGOGPV CPF QVJGT FQ PQV457.
9JKNG VJGTG CTG FCPIGTU QH QXGT-TQOCPVKEK\KPI KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU' YKUFQO CPF KPVTKPUKE
JCTOQP[ YKVJ VJG GCTVJ, VJGTG OC[ DG ITCXGT FCPIGTU QH WPFGTGUVKOCVKPI VJG FKUVKPEVKXG
EJCTCEVGT CPF TGUKNKGPE[ QH KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTGU CPF VJG YC[U KP YJKEJ VJGKT EQTG XCNWGU CPF
NQECN MPQYNGFIG UQ QHVGP EQPVKPWG, GXGP FGURKVG UQOG FGITGG QH CUUKOKNCVKQP KPVQ QWVUKFG
EWNVWTGU, GEQPQOKGU CPF RQNKVKECN U[UVGOU. #YCTGPGUU QH VJG RQUUKDNG NKOKVCVKQPU QH KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNGU' EQPUGTXCVKQP RTCEVKEGU OWUV PQV, JQYGXGT, WPFGTOKPG TGEQIPKVKQP QH VJGKT
EQPUKFGTCDNG RQVGPVKCN. +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG ECP RNC[ C XKVCN TQNG KP VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH
DKQFKXGTUKV[458.
4.5.3 2TQVGEVKQP QH +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG
+P URKVG QH UQOG TGEQIPKVKQP459 HQT KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG VJGTG KU KPCFGSWCVG NGICN RTQVGEVKQP HQT
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CPF VJGKT MPQYNGFIG. #NVJQWIJ QWVUKFGTU JCXG EQNNGEVGF +− CPF
DKQNQIKECN TGUQWTEGU HTQO VTCFKVKQPCN RGQRNG HQT EGPVWTKGU, 'DKQRTQURGEVKPI' JCU KPVGPUKHKGF KP
TGEGPV [GCTU460. 6JGUG KPVGTGUVU JCXG VJWU HCT DGGP UGGMKPI HTGG CEEGUU VQ YJCV VJG[ EQPUKFGT VQ
457 %NCF 1994, 5QWNG 1995 458 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997 459 %JCPFNGT 1993, &QYPGU 1995, 5KORUQP 1997, 70 1994
• 4KQ FGENCTCVKQP QP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV (2TKPEKRCN 22), #IGPFC 21 (%JCRVGT 26), VJG %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[ (%$&), VJG (QTGUV 2TKPEKRNGU ()TWDD GV CN 1993, −GCVKPI 1993)
• 6JG 70 FTCHV FGENCTCVKQP QP VJG JWOCP TKIJVU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU (2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997, 70 1993)
• 6JG FTCHV FGENCTCVKQP QP JWOCP TKIJVU CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV (#TVKENG 14), CPF VJG FTCHV KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQXGPCPV QP GPXKTQPOGPV CPF FGXGNQROGPV (#TVKENG 11.4,12.6,43.2 CPF 44.1) (+7%0/+%’. 1995)
• 6JG EJCTVGT QH VJG KPFKIGPQWU VTKDCN RGQRNGU QH VJG VTQRKECN HQTGUVU 1992 , VJG /CVCCVWC FGENCTCVKQP QP EWNVWTCN CPF KPVGNNGEVWCN RTQRGTV[ 1993 (70’2/%$& 1996)
• 6JG VTGCV[ HQT C NKHG HQTOU RCVGPV-HTGG 2CEKHKE CPF TGNCVGF RTQVQEQNU (2GVGTW 1995) • 6JG 'JGCTV QH VJG RGQRNGU' FGENCTCVKQP (1997)
JVVR://YYY.KRED.QTI/TGUQNWVKQPU/JVONU/FGEAJGCTVQRGQRNGU.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 460 2QUG[ 1995, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 69
DG RWDNKE FQOCKP MPQYNGFIG QH RNCPV TGUQWTEGU CPF VJGKT WUGU, CPF OQFKH[KPI VJKU RWDNKE
RTQRGTV[ UWRGTHKEKCNN[ CPF VTCPUHGTTKPI KV KPVQ VJG RTKXCVG FQOCKP QH KPVGNNGEVWCN RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU.
6JKU KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJG ECUG TGICTFKPI VJG RCVGPVKPI QH NKHG HQTOU CPF VJG TGEQIPKVKQP QH RNCPV
DTGGFGTU' TKIJVU461.
+PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU YKFGN[ TGICTF NKHG KP CNN KVU HQTOU CU UCETGF, CPF NKHG VJGTGHQTG ECPPQV DG
'QYPGF'. 6JG[ CRRGCT VQ YGNEQOG KPVGTGUV KP VJGKT MPQYNGFIG CU NQPI CU VJKU TGUWNVU KP ITGCVGT
TGURGEV HQT VJGKT TKIJVU CU JQNFGTU QH VJKU MPQYNGFIG. $WV VJG[ EQPFGOP VJG GZRTQRTKCVKQP QH
VJGKT MPQYNGFIG D[ EQOOGTEKCN EQPEGTPU CPF UEKGPVKUVU YJQ FQ PQV TGURGEV VJGKT TKIJVU, GPUWTG
VJCV DGPGHKVU HNQY DCEM VQ VJGKT EQOOWPKVKGU, QT JGNR VQ UVGO VJG GTQUKQP QH VJGKT EWNVWTGU.
+PVGNNGEVWCN RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU CTG UGGP CU C UGTKQWU VJTGCV DGECWUG VJG[ CRRGCT VQ GPEQWTCIG CPF
NGIKVKOK\G 'DKQRKTCE['462 CPF VJG RCVGPVKPI QH NKXKPI OCVGTKCN FGTKXGF HTQO +− CPF TGUQWTEGU CTG
PQV QPN[ GZRNQKVCVKXG KP VJG GEQPQOKE UGPUG DWV CNUQ XKQNCVG URKTKVWCN CPF EWNVWTCN XCNWGU463.
1RRQUKVKQP VQ VJG RCVGPVKPI QH PCVWTCN IGPGVKE OCVGTKCN KU YKFGN[ GZRTGUUGF COQPI KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNG. 2CVGPV U[UVGOU CUUKIP VJG OQPQRQN[ TKIJVU GKVJGT VQ VJG HKTUV VQ 'KPXGPV' QT HKNG, PQV VJG
RTQXKFGTU QH VJG DKQNQIKECN TCY OCVGTKCN QT NGCF KPHQTOCVKQP, YJQ OC[ DG HQTDKFFGP VQ WUG VJG
'KPXGPVKQP' YKVJQWV VJG RGTOKUUKQP QH VJG RCVGPV QYPGT. 6JG HCEV VJCV VTCFKVKQPCN EQOOWPKVKGU
JCXG VJGKT QYP RTQRGTV[ CPF TGUQWTEG CNNQECVKQP U[UVGOU GUUGPVKCN VQ OCKPVCKPKPI VJG NKPM
DGVYGGP C RGQRNG CPF KVU GPXKTQPOGPV KU KIPQTGF, OKUWPFGTUVQQF, QT JCORGTGF D[ GVJPQEGPVTKE
CUUWORVKQPU VJCV KIPQTG VJG UQEKCN CPF GVJKECN FKOGPUKQPU QH VTCFKVKQPCN RTQRGTV[ U[UVGOU 464.
6JGTG CTG UKOKNCTKVKGU DGVYGGP UGK\KPI VGTTKVQTKGU CPF TGUQWTEGU RWTRQTVGFN[ 'HQT VJG DGPGHKV QH
JWOCPMKPF' QT 'HQT VJG ITGCVGT GEQNQIKECN IQQF' QT 'VQ HCEKNKVCVG UEKGPVKHKE OCPCIGOGPV' CPF
VCMKPI +− KP VJG RWDNKE FQOCKP CPF RCVGPVKPI 'KPXGPVKQPU' DCUGF QP VJKU MPQYNGFIG. +P GCEJ
ECUG, VGTTKVQTKGU, GEQU[UVGOU, RNCPV XCTKGVKGU CPF +− CTG VTGCVGF CU KH VJG[ CTG TGU PWNNKWU465
DGHQTG VJGKT 'FKUEQXGT[' D[ GZRNQTGTU, UEKGPVKUVU, IQXGTPOGPVU, EQTRQTCVKQPU CPF EQPUGTXCVKQP
461 $NCMGPG[ 1999 462 6JG CNKGPCVKQP CPF WPCWVJQTK\GF EQOOGTEKCN GZRNQKVCVKQP QH MPQYNGFIG CPF DKQNQIKECN TGUQWTEGU. 463 /GCF 1994 464 /QPDKQV 1994, 8KTC 1999, 9KGPGT 1999 465 6JG RTQRGTV[ QH PQDQF[
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 70
QTICPKUCVKQPU466. 5KPEG VJG 4KQ ’CTVJ 5WOOKV KP 1992, YQTNFYKFG EQPEGTP JCU DGGP GZRTGUUGF
QXGT VJG GZRNQKVCVKQP QH VJG MPQYNGFIG QH KPFKIGPQWU EQOOWPKVKGU RCTVKEWNCTN[ D[ EQOOGTEKCN
KPVGTGUVU. 6JGTG CTG GXKFGPVN[ UGXGTCN KPEJQCVG467 EQPEGTPU YJKEJ JCXG NGF VQ KPVGTPCVKQPCN
RTQRQUCNU HQT VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG. 6JGUG KPENWFG; C EQPEGTP HQT VJG
CWVJGPVKECVKQP QH +− KP VJG HCEG QH VJG GEQPQOKE, RU[EJQNQIKECN CPF EWNVWTCN VJTGCV HTQO CNKGP
UQWTEGU, VJG GZRTQRTKCVKQP QH RJ[UKECN FQEWOGPVCT[ CPF RJQVQITCRJKE TGEQTFU QH KPFKIGPQWU
UQEKGVKGU, KUUWGU QH EQORGPUCVKQP CPF EWNVWTCN JCTO, CPF KUUWGU QH PWTVWTG QT EWNVWTCN JGCNVJ468.
4.5.4 6JTGCVU VQ +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNG CPF −PQYNGFIG
6Q VTCEG VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJG UWDLWICVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG (CPF VJGKT MPQYNGFIG) KU VQ TGRNC[
VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJG TKUG QH VJG YQTNF'U FQOKPCPV EWNVWTGU: VJG URTGCF QH *CP %JKPGUG KPVQ %GPVTCN
CPF 5QWVJGCUV #UKC, VJG CUEGPV QH #T[CP GORKTGU QP VJG +PFKCP UWDEQPVKPGPV, VJG UQWVJYCTF
CFXCPEG QH $CPVW EWNVWTGU CETQUU #HTKEC, CPF VJG ETGCVKQP QH C YQTNF GEQPQO[ HKTUV VJTQWIJ
’WTQRGCP EQNQPKCNKUO CPF VJGP VJTQWIJ KPFWUVTKCN FGXGNQROGPV. 5WTXKXKPI KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTGU
CTG QHVGP DWV VCVVGTGF TGOCKPU QH VJGKT RTGFGEGUUQTU' UQEKGVKGU. +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU YJQUG
EWNVWTGU CTG DGUKGIGF HTGSWGPVN[ GPF WR CV VJG DQVVQO QH VJG PCVKQPCN GEQPQO[469.
9QTNFYKFG, XKTVWCNN[ PQ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU TGOCKP GPVKTGN[ KUQNCVGF HTQO PCVKQPCN UQEKGVKGU.
/CP[ RGQRNGU VJCV JCXG UWTXKXGF CU FKUVKPEV GPVKVKGU KPJCDKV TGOQVG NCPFU YJKEJ HQTOGTN[ JCF
PQ XCNWG HQT QVJGTU. $WV OCVGTKCN CURKTCVKQPU CPF VGEJPKECN CFXCPEG JCXG FTKXGP UVCVGU VQ
GZRNQKV TGUQWTEGU RTGXKQWUN[ TGICTFGF CU OCTIKPCN CPF WPGEQPQOKE. 6JG UGCTEJ HQT GZRQTVU, VJG
GZRCPFKPI RQRWNCVKQPU, VJG URTGCF QH OQFGTP EQOOWPKECVKQPU, VJG FKUEQXGT[ QH OKPGTCNU CPF
QKN CPF VJG PGGF VQ GUVCDNKUJ VJG HTQPVKGTU QH VJG PCVKQP UVCVG JCXG TGFWEGF VJG KUQNCVKQP QH OCP[
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’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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 71
ITQWRU. #U C TGUWNV KPFKIGPQWU ITQWRU HCEG OCP[ RTGUUWTGU. 6JG[ HKPF VJGKT NCPF VJTGCVGPGF D[
CITKEWNVWTG, KTTKICVKQP RTQLGEVU, FCOU, JKIJYC[U, J[FTQ-GNGEVTKE HCEKNKVKGU, OKPGU, CITKDWUKPGUU
CPF VKODGT GZVTCEVKQP. 6JGUG CEVKXKVKGU CTG QHVGP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ PCVKQPCN FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU
KP YJKEJ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CPF VJGKT YGNHCTG CTG PQV C JKIJ RTKQTKV[. ’XGP YJGP KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNG CTG VCTIGVGF HQT 'FGXGNQROGPV', VJG RCEG QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP KU QHVGP UQ
TCRKF VJCV PQ CNNQYCPEG KU OCFG HQT CFLWUVOGPV VQ VJG PGY EQPFKVKQPU. 6JKU CNQPG OC[ ECWUG
OCP[ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG VQ QRRQUG EJCPIG FGUKIPGF HQT CPF D[ QVJGTU. +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU'
TGUQWTEGU CTG QHVGP CRRTQRTKCVGF YKVJQWV EQORGPUCVKQP. 6JGKT TGNWEVCPEG VQ UCETKHKEG NCPFU CPF
EWNVWTG VQ RTQLGEVU HTQO YJKEJ VJG[ YKNN PQV DGPGHKV GZRQUGU VJGO VQ HWTVJGT RTGUUWTG. 6JKU KU
HTGSWGPVN[ OCPKHGUVGF KP PCVKQPCN RTGLWFKEGU YJKEJ OC[ HKPF GZRTGUUKQP KP TGRTGUUKXG NGICN
EQFGU. +P GZVTGOG ECUGU VJG KPEQTRQTCVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG KPVQ PCVKQPCN UQEKGV[ JCU DGGP
CEEQORCPKGF D[ XKQNGPEG, COQWPVKPI QP QEECUKQPU VQ U[UVGOCVKE RJ[UKECN CDWUG. 6JKU ECP
JCRRGP GXGP YJGP KPFKIGPQWU ITQWRU JCXG PQV TGUQTVGF VQ XKQNGPEG VJGOUGNXGU. ’XGP YJGTG
VJG NCY QT VJG EQPUVKVWVKQP CRRGCTU VQ HCXQWT KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG, KVU CRRNKECVKQP KU QHVGP CV HCWNV.
9JGP UVTQPI PCVKQPCN KPVGTGUVU QRRQUG VJQUG QH GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU, CU KP OQUV FKURWVGU QXGT NCPF
CPF YCVGT, VJG NCYU RTQVGEVKPI VJG YGCMGT GVJPKE ITQWR CTG QHVGP HNQWVGF D[ VJG RQYGTHWN. +P
UQOG KPFWUVTKCNKUGF EQWPVTKGU, PQVCDN[ %CPCFC CPF #WUVTCNKC, VJGTG JCXG TGEGPVN[ DGGP UQOG
FKHHGTGPV QWVEQOGU. %QWTV FGEKUKQPU JCXG IQPG KP HCXQWT QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG FGURKVG VJG
GHHQTVU QH VJG RQYGTHWN DWUKPGUU KPVGTGUVU CTTC[GF CICKPUV VJGO470. 6JGTG JCU CNUQ DGGP C
TGUWTIGPEG QH VTCFKVKQPCN UWDUKUVGPEG CEVKXKVKGU471 , YJKEJ JCU TGFWEGF PWODGTU QP YGNHCTG. 6JG
UVTWIING HQT XCNWCDNG NCPF CPF TKIJVU CRRGCTU VQ DG RQUKVKXG CPF JCXG UKIPKHKECPEG HQT
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CTQWPF VJG YQTNF.
+P RQQT EQWPVTKGU, YJGTG GUUGPVKCN UGTXKEGU UWEJ CU GFWECVKQP CPF JGCNVJ CTG IGPGTCNN[
KPCFGSWCVG, NQY-UVCVWU KPFKIGPQWU ITQWRU CTG QHVGP FGPKGF CEEGUU VQ VJGUG UGTXKEGU CNVQIGVJGT,
GURGEKCNN[ KH VJGKT NCDQWT KU PQV GUUGPVKCN VQ VJG PCVKQPCN GEQPQO[. 6JQUG YJQ FQ TGEGKXG UQOG
DCUKE RTQXKUKQP HTGSWGPVN[ HKPF KV KPCRRTQRTKCVG VQ VJGKT UQEKGV[ CPF EWNVWTG. 1HHKEKCN GFWECVKQP
470 6JG &GPG QH %CPCFC'U 0QTVJYGUV 6GTTKVQTKGU CRRGCT VQ JCXG HQWIJV DKI DWUKPGUU VQ C UVCPFUVKNN, CPF VJG #DQTKIKPCN ITQWRU QH #WUVTCNKC'U 0QTVJGTP 6GTTKVQT[ ECP PQY XGVQ OKPGTCN RTQURGEVKPI JVVR://66.59.133.172/KPFGZ.EHO!2I0O=6%’CPF2CTCOU=#1#46#0002221 CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 471 5QOG #DQTKIKPCN ITQWRU KP EGPVTCN #WUVTCNKC CPF VJG ,COGU $C[ %TGG KP %CPCFC, CTG FQKPI OQTG HQTCIKPI VQFC[ VJCP VGP [GCTU CIQ. %CPCFC JCU FKUEQXGTGF KV KU OWEJ EJGCRGT VQ UGTXKEG C HCOKN[ CV C VTCRRKPI ECOR VJCP MGGR VJGO QP YGNHCTG CV C OCKP UGVVNGOGPV.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 72
RTQITCOOGU, HQT KPUVCPEG, OC[ DG WUGF D[ IQXGTPOGPVU CU C VQQN HQT CUUKOKNCVKQP, VQ FKURNCEG
KPFKIGPQWU NCPIWCIGU CPF EWNVWTGU CPF VQ RTQOQVG VJG PCVKQPCN EWNVWTG. %JKNFTGP OC[ UVKNN DG
VCMGP HQTEKDN[ HTQO VJGKT RCTGPVU KP VJG PCOG QH GFWECVKQP.
6JG VJTGCVU VQ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG ECP DG ECVGIQTK\GF WPFGT:- KPVGTXGPVKQP HTQO VJG UVCVG, VJG
INQDCN OCTMGV GEQPQO[, PQP-IQXGTPOGPV QTICPKUCVKQPU CPF VJG FQOKPCVKQP QH YGUVGTP
MPQYNGFIG.
6JTGCVU CU C TGUWNV QH UVCVG KPVGTXGPVKQP
6JTGCVU HTQO UVCVG KPVGTXGPVKQP QHVGP TGUWNV HTQO:- GPHQTEGF KUQNCVKQP472, IGPQEKFG473, HTQPVKGT
CIITGUUKQP474, NCPF RQNKEKGU475, GVJPQEKFG476, NCPIWCIG NQUU477, EQPUGTXCVKQP OCPCIGOGPV478,
VQWTKUO479, GEQPQOKE FGXGNQROGPV480, TGUGVVNGOGPV QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG481, EQNQPKUCVKQP482,
UGFGPVCTK\CVKQP483, VGEJPKECN EJCPIG484, DKQRKTCE[ CPF DKQRTQURGEVKPI485, KPCRRTQRTKCVG
UGTXKEGU486, CPF VJG GZENWUKQP QH OQUV KPFKIGPQWU PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG XCNWGU487. 6JG EQPUGSWGPEGU
QH NQUU QH NKPIWKUVKE CPF EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[ JCU KORNKECVKQPU PQV QPN[ KP VGTOU QH GVJKEU, UQEKCN
472 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1989, /E.CTGP 1998 473 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1989, &WTPKPI 1992, 6GTPQP 1989, 474 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1989 475 #TXGNQ-,KOGPG\ 1997, (KUJGT 1997 476 #DQW 1981, $GCEJ 1988, $TWPPGT CPF /GKUPGT 1982, $WTIGT 1987C+D, (QPXCN 1989, *GDGTGT 1989, *KVEJEQEM 1992, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997, 6JKGTT[ 1989, ;QPI −CPI <JGP 1981 477 $GTPCTF 1992, )TKOGU 1992, −TCWUU 1992, /CHHK 1999C+D, /WJNJCWUNGT 1995, 2CVVCPC[CM 1988, 4GKF CPF /KNNGT 1993, 5JKXC 1993, 478 .[PIG 1997, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997 479 .K CPF 5QHKGNF 1994, /E.CTGP 1998, 0QTDGTI-*QFIG 1992, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997 480 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1989 481 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997, 9QNHG GV CN 1992 482 0KGVUEJOCPP 1988, 2QUG[ CPF &WHKGNF 1997 483 6WTPDWNN 1972 484 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1989 485 &CTUJCP 5JCPMCT 1999, 2QUG[ 1999 486 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1989, %QNQTCFQ 1988, *CTFKP 1968, ,QJCPPGU 1989, 0QTDGTI-*QFIG 1992, 1995, 9QNHG GV CN 1992 487 5VWFNG[ GV CN 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 73
LWUVKEG, JGTKVCIG488, CPF VJG XKCDKNKV[ QH JWOCPKV[489 DWV VJG GCTVJ'U DKQFKXGTUKV[490. %QORGNNKPI
TGUGCTEJ491 JCU UWIIGUVGF C EQTTGNCVKQP YKVJ NCPIWCIG NQUU CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[ NQUU492.
)NQDCN VJTGCVU
6JG KORCEV QH KPVGITCVKQP KPVQ VJG INQDCN OCTMGV GEQPQO[ QP KPFKIGPQWU UQEKGVKGU CPF EWNVWTGU
JCU DGGP WPKHQTON[ FKUTWRVKXG CPF FGXCUVCVKPI, ECWUKPI NQUU QH KPFKIGPQWU UQEKCN EQPVTQN,
FKURNCEGOGPV, OCTIKPCNK\CVKQP, FGRGPFGPE[, FGRTKXCVKQP, KORQXGTKUJOGPV, FKUGCUG CPF
OCNPWVTKVKQP. 1HVGP GHHQTVU CTG OCFG VQ KPFWEG VGEJPQNQIKECN EJCPIG CPF EQPUWOGT XCNWGU KP
KPFKIGPQWU EQOOWPKVKGU KP QTFGT VQ GZVTCEV VTKDCN TGUQWTEGU, NCDQWT CPF VCZGU, TCKUG VTKDCN
EQPUWORVKQP NGXGNU, CPF TGRNCEG VTCFKVKQPCN, UGNH- UWHHKEKGPV GEQPQOKE U[UVGOU YKVJ CEVKXKVKGU
IGCTGF VQ VJG QWVUKFG OCTMGV493.
+P VJG INQDCN GEQPQO[, NCDQWT CPF NCPF CTG EQOOQFKVKGU. 6JKU EQPEGRVKQP KU EQORNGVGN[ CNKGP
VQ KPFKIGPQWU UQEKGVKGU, CPF VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH EQOOGTEKCN TGNCVKQPUJKRU KP VJGUG URJGTGU OC[
VJTGCVGP VJGKT YJQNG UQEKGV[. (TCIKNG GPXKTQPOGPVU JCXG DGGP FKUVWTDGF CPF VJGKT KPJCDKVCPVU
GXGPVWCNN[ KORQXGTKUJGF D[ VJG CUUWORVKQP VJCV U[UVGOU QH RTQFWEVKQP FKTGEVGF VQYCTFU NQECN
PGGFU CTG KPGHHKEKGPV CPF OWUV DG KPVGPUKHKGF QT VTCPUHQTOGF. (TQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH
KPFKIGPQWU UQEKGVKGU VJG OQTG WTIGPV PGGF KU VQ FGXGNQR OGCPU QH FGHGPFKPI VJGKT NCPFU CPF VJG
VTCFKVKQPCN WUG QH VJGO494. /CTMGV-QTKGPVCVGF CITKEWNVWTG, RTQOQVGF CV VJG GZRGPUG QH
UWDUKUVGPEG RTQFWEVKQP QHVGP FQGU PQV IWCTCPVGG UWHHKEKGPV KPEQOG VQ RWTEJCUG HQQF, UQ
PWVTKVKQP OC[ DG UGXGTGN[ TGFWEGF #U OQTG NCPF KU FGFKECVGF VQ ECUJ ETQRU QT ECVVNG TCPEJKPI,
EQPUWOGT ETQRU DGEQOG UECTEG CPF VJGKT RTKEGU CTG KPHNCVGF; QPEG RNGPVKHWN UQWTEGU QH RTQVGKP
KP HQTGUVU CPF TKXGTU FKUCRRGCT495. 9CIG NCDQWT OC[ UKOKNCTN[ VCMG GUUGPVKCN VKOG HTQO
UWDUKUVGPEG RTQFWEVKQP496 YKVJQWV GPCDNKPI RGQRNG VQ DW[ VJG IQQFU HQTGIQPG497.
488 6JKGDGTIGT 1990 489 $GTPCTF 1992 490 4GKF CPF /KNNGT 1993 491 <GPV HQT GZCORNG OGCUWTGF GVJPQDQVCPKECN MPQYNGFIG COQPI VJG 2KCTQC +PFKCPU QH 8GPG\WGNC CPF FKUEQXGTGF C PGICVKXG EQTTGNCVKQP YKVJ CIG, DKNKPIWCNKUO CPF UEJQQNKPI (<GPV 1999). 492 #VTCP 1993, 1996, 2001, #VTCP CPF /GFKP 1997, 6JQOCU 1983, 9QNH CPF /GFKP 2000, <GPV 1999 493 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997 494 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988 495 /CTMGV FGOCPF NGCFU VQ QXGT HKUJKPI. 496 1HVGP VQ VJG FGVTKOGPV QH YQOGP'U CPF EJKNFTGP'U PWVTKVKQP. 497 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 74
6JG XKCDKNKV[ QH UWDUKUVGPEG GEQPQOKGU OC[ DG WPFGTOKPGF D[ IQXGTPOGPVU VJCV QPN[ CNNQY
NCPF TKIJVU VQ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU QP EQPFKVKQP VJCV VJG[ KPETGCUG RTQFWEVKXKV[498. /CP[
KPFKIGPQWU ITQWRU JCXG OCTMGF UGZWCN FKXKUKQP QH NCDQWT CPF TQNGU XCT[ ITGCVN[ DGVYGGP
ITQWRU. +V KU WUWCNN[ YQOGP YJQ EWNVKXCVG UWDUKUVGPEG ETQRU, ICVJGT YKNF HTWKVU CPF KPUGEVU
ECTT[ JGCX[ NQCFU CPF CTG TGURQPUKDNG HQT FQOGUVKE FWVKGU; CPF QHVGP KV KU OGP CPF DQ[U YJQ
JWPV QT JGTF NCTIG CPKOCNU, QT ENGCT NCPF HQT EWNVKXCVKQP. +P OQUV UQEKGVKGU YQOGP FQ OQTG
YQTM, DWV VJG EQORNGOGPVCTKV[ QH OGP'U CPF YQOGP'U TQNGU OCMG GCEJ UGZ FGRGPFGPV QP VJG
QVJGT. )GPFGT TQNGU CTG EWNVWTCNN[ RTGUETKDGF CPF QHVGP TGOCKP WPSWGUVKQPGF D[ GKVJGT UGZ WPVKN
GZVGTPCN EKTEWOUVCPEGU WRUGV VJG DCNCPEG499. #V RTGUGPV, CNN PCVKQPCN UQEKGVKGU CTG RCVTKCTEJCN;
YJCVGXGT VJGKT QYP IGPFGT TQNGU CPF TGNCVKQPU, KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU OWUV TGNCVG VQ C YKFGT
UQEKGV[ KP YJKEJ YQOGP NCEM RQYGT CPF KP YJKEJ VJGKT YQTM KU WPTGEQIPK\GF500. %QOOGTEKCN
CPF QVJGT EQPVTCEVU VJGP VGPF VQ FKUTWRV VJG KPFKIGPQWU IGPFGT TQNGU CPF TGNCVKQPU, VQ VJG
FKUCFXCPVCIG QH VJG YJQNG UQEKGV[, DWV QHVGP RCTVKEWNCTN[ QH VJG YQOGP501.
&KUTWRVKQP QH VJG UWDUKUVGPEG DCUG ECP DGCT JGCXKN[ QP YQOGP. +P JWPVKPI, JGTFKPI CPF
JQTVKEWNVWTCN UQEKGVKGU, OGP OC[ EQPVTKDWVG C UKIPKHKECPV RCTV QH VJG CPKOCN RTQVGKP. 6JKU OC[
DG NQUV D[ NQUU QH NCPFU QT D[ VJG FKXGTUKQP QH OGP KPVQ OKITCPV NCDQWT, ECUWCN GORNQ[OGPV QT
ECUJ ETQRRKPI. 9JCVGXGT VJG EKTEWOUVCPEGU, VJG QPWU QH UWDUKUVGPEG HCNNU KPETGCUKPIN[ QP VJG
YQOGP. +P PQOCFKE CPF UGOK-PQOCFKE #HTKECP UQEKGVKGU OGP QHVGP OQXG CYC[ KP UGCTEJ QH
YQTM YJGP CPKOCNU FKG KP C FTQWIJV. +P #OC\QPKC, VJG HCOKN[ OWUV DG HGF GPVKTGN[ HTQO VJG
ICTFGP YJKEJ VJG YQOGP WUWCNN[ OCKPVCKPU CNQPG; RQWNVT[ CPF NKXGUVQEM KPVTQFWEGF VQ
EQORGPUCVG HQT NCEM QH ICOG YKNN CNUQ DG JGT TGURQPUKDKNKV[. 9QTNFYKFG, KH VJG OCP KU
ECUJ-ETQRRKPI JG OC[ TGSWKTG VJG YQOGP VQ JGNR JKO, CPF YKNN RTQDCDN[ WUG VJG DGUV NCPF HQT
PGY ETQRU TCVJGT VJCP HQT C UWDUKUVGPEG ICTFGP. 9QOGP'U VTCFKVKQPCN NCPF TKIJVU OC[
FKUCRRGCT502.
498 2TGUGPVGF YKVJ VJG EJQKEG QH NQUKPI VJGKT NCPFU VQ UGVVNGTU QT EQPXGTVKPI VJG HQTGUV VQ EQOOGTEKCN CITKEWNVWTG, VJG 5JWCT QH ’EWCFQT JCXG DGEQOG NCTIG-UECNG ECVVNG DTGGFGTU. /CP[ 5JWCT EQOOWPKVKGU PQY HCEG JWPIGT UKPEG VJG EQPXGTUKQP QH HQTGUV VQ RCUVWTG JCU OCFG UNCUJ CPF DWTP CITKEWNVWTG KORQUUKDNG CPF ICOG JCU FKUCRRGCTGF YKVJ VJG HQTGUV. 499 $GCWENGTM GV CN 1988 500 /GTEJCPV 1996 501 $WEMKPIJCO 2000, ,CEQDUQP 1992, 5JKXC 1989 502 $WEMKPIJCO 2000, ,CEQDUQP 1992, 5JKXC 1989
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 75
%QPVCEV YKVJ VJG PCVKQPCN UQEKGV[ OC[ OCMG YQOGP FGRGPFGPV CITKEWNVWTCN YQTMGTU; VJG[ OC[
UVKNN FQ VJG ITGCVGT RCTV QH VJG YQTM, DWV JCXG NKVVNG QT PQ EQPVTQN QXGT JQY VJG ECUJ GCTPGF KU
URGPV. 6JG UVCVWU QH YQOGP UWHHGTU, HQT KPUVCPEG, YJGP VJGKT UWDUKUVGPEG JQTVKEWNVWTG NQUGU
RNCEG VQ OCTMGV CITKEWNVWTG KP YJKEJ OGP OCMG FGEKUKQPU, KH QPN[ DGECWUG VJKU KU VJG TWNG KP VJG
PCVKQPCN UQEKGV[. 9JGP ECUJ KU KPLGEVGF KPVQ VTCFKVKQPCN UQEKGVKGU, UQOG HQQFU CPF FTKPMU
RTQFWEGF D[ YQOGP NQUG RTGUVKIG. 9QOGP OC[ IKXG WR OCMKPI VJGUG VJKPIU, CPF VJG[ OC[
ITCFWCNN[ DG TGRNCEGF D[ RWTEJCUGF OCPWHCEVWTGF KVGOU. #V HKTUV, VJG COQWPV QH YQOGP'U YQTM
OC[ UGGOKPIN[ DG TGFWEGF YJGP VJG[ PGGF PQ NQPIGT YGCXG ENQVJKPI, OCMG ENC[ RQVU CPF QVJGT
WVGPUKNU, DWV YQOGP OC[ DG NQUKPI EQPVTQN QXGT RTQFWEVKXG CTGCU QH VJGKT NKXGU503.
6JTGCVU HTQO 'XQNWPVCT[' CEEWNVWTCVKQP
#EEWNVWTCVKQP KPXQNXGU RTQEGUUGU QH EJCPIG KP CTVGHCEVU, EWUVQOU, CPF DGNKGHU VJCV TGUWNV HTQO
VJG EQPVCEV QH UQEKGVKGU YKVJ FKHHGTGPV EWNVWTCN VTCFKVKQPU. 6YQ OCLQT V[RGU QH CEEWNVWTCVKQP OC[
DG FKUVKPIWKUJGF DCUGF QP VYQ ENCUUGU QH EQPFKVKQPU WPFGT YJKEJ EJCPIGU VCMG RNCEG.
’KVJGT VJG HTGG DQTTQYKPI QH EWNVWTCN GNGOGPVU QT D[ FKTGEVGF EJCPIG VJTQWIJ HQTEGF
CUUKOKNCVKQP D[ C FQOKPCPV RQYGT. 6JG HTGG DQTTQYKPI504 CPF UWDUGSWGPV OQFKHKECVKQP QH
EWNVWTCN GNGOGPVU DGVYGGP EWNVWTGU VCMGU RNCEG OQTG QT NGUU XQNWPVCTKN[ YKVJQWV VJG GZGTEKUG QH
OKNKVCT[ QT RQNKVKECN FQOKPCVKQP QH QPG ITQWR D[ VJG QVJGT. 6JGUG PGY GNGOGPVU OC[ DG
KPVGITCVGF KPVQ VJG GZKUVKPI EWNVWTG KP C RTQEGUU ECNNGF KPEQTRQTCVKQP, UWEJ CU COQPI VJG 0CXCLQ
QT #OGTKECP KOOKITCPVU505.
’XGP YJGP CUUKOKNCVKQP KU PQV HQTEGF QWT YQTNF KU DGEQOKPI UCVWTCVGF YKVJ EWNVWTCN KOCIGU
HTQO FQOKPCPV EWNVWTGU. 6JG '/E&QPCNFK\CVKQP' QH EWNVWTG506 KU QPG GZCORNG, YJGTG GCVKPI JCU
503 8KUXCPCVJCP GV CN 2002 504 1T TGEKRTQECN GZEJCPIG. 505 ’ZCORNGU KPENWFG VJG WPEQPSWGTGF 0CXCLQ +PFKCPU, YJQ KP HTGSWGPV CPF XCTKGF EQPVCEV YKVJ 5RCPKUJ EQNQPKUVU KP VJG 18VJ EGPVWT[, UGNGEVGF GNGOGPVU QH 5RCPKUJ EWNVWTG UWEJ CU ENQVJKPI CPF OGVCNYQTMKPI VGEJPKSWGU VJCV YGTG KPVGITCVGF KPVQ VJGKT QYP EWNVWTG. +P VJG 75# WPFGT VJG TWDTKE QH '#OGTKECPK\CVKQP' C RTQEGUU QH CUUKOKNCVKQP JCU DGGP CEJKGXGF. 6JKU YCU NCTIGN[ C TGUWNV QH VJG WPWUWCN QRRQTVWPKVKGU HQT UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE OQDKNKV[ KP VJG 75# CPF QH VJG HCEV VJCV HQT VJG ’WTQRGCP GVJPKE ITQWRU, KP EQPVTCUV VQ TCEKCN OKPQTKVKGU, TGUKFGPEG KP VJG 75 YCU C OCVVGT QH KPFKXKFWCN QT HCOKNKCN EJQKEG, PQV EQPSWGUV QT UNCXGT[. $WV DQVJ RWDNKE RQNKE[ CPF RWDNKE QRKPKQP CNUQ EQPVTKDWVGF VQ #OGTKECP CUUKOKNCVKQP. 506 4KV\GT 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 76
DGEQOG OQTG CDQWV EWNVWTCN KFGPVKHKECVKQP VJCP EWKUKPG. 5KOKNCTN[ HQT OQUV KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG
GXGP YJGTG VJGTG KU PQ HQTEGF CUUKOKNCVKQP VJGTG CTG RU[EJQNQIKECN QT UQEKCN RTGUUWTG HTQO VJG
FQOKPCPV UQEKGV[ QT PCVKQP UVCVG, UWEJ CU VJG RTQEGUU QH "5CPUMTKVKUCVKQP" VCMKPI RNCEG COQPI
COQPI UQOG GVJPKE ITQWRU KP 0GRCN. 5CPUMTKVKUCVKQP GPEQORCUUGU VJG CFQRVKQP D[ PQP-*KPFWU
(G.I. 6KDGVQ-$WTOCP RGQRNGU) PQV QPN[ QH XGIGVCTKCPKUO CPF VGGVQVCNKUO, DWV CNUQ VJG *KPFW
TKVWCNU CPF VJGKT RCPVJGQP QH IQFU507.
+P VJKU EJCRVGT YG JCXG TGXKGYGF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF EQPENWFGF VJCV KP URKVG
QH VJG VJTGCVU RQUGF VQ KV CPF VJG FCPIGTU QH TQOCPVKEKUO VJGTG CTG CURGEVU VJCV CTG WPKSWG CPF
OQTG IGTOCPG VQ DKQ-EWNVWTCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ VJCP '9GUVGTP' QT '’CUVGTP ENCUUKECN'
MPQYNGFIG-U[UVGOU. #NVJQWIJ +− KU DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ EQ-QRVGF KPVQ OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPV
TJGVQTKE, CVVGORVU CTG QHVGP OCFG GKVJGT VQ KPVGITCVG KV KPVQ UWRGTKQT HQTOCN U[UVGOU QH
MPQYNGFIG QT VQ KPUKUV QP C FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP YGUVGTP CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG.
%QPUGSWGPVN[ QPG RWTRQUG QH VJKU UVWF[ KU VQ KFGPVKH[ KPFKIGPQWU OGPVCN OCRU508 CU C OGCPU QH
DTKFIKPI VJG FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP 'HQTOCN' CPF KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[ MPQYNGFIG, CPF CU C
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−CYCMKVC 1984C, /GUUGTUEJOKFV 1976C+D, 5TKPKXCU 1952). 508 )QWNF CPF 9JKVG 1986
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 4 0QP-YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 77
RTGTGSWKUKVG HQT FKUEQXGTKPI GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU. 9KVJ VJKU CKO KP OKPF + YKNN GZCOKPG
CNVGTPCVKXG HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU KP VJG PGZV EJCRVGT.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 78
%*#26’4 5 (14’564; + YQWNF NKMG VQ DGIKP VJKU EJCRVGT YKVJ O[ 'HQTGUVT[ LQWTPG[' DGECWUG KV RCTCNNGNU VJG EJCPIGU
VJCV JCXG QEEWTTGF KP KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGUVT[ UKPEG VJG OKF 1970'U CPF VJG RCTCFKIO UJKHVU + JCXG
IQPG VJTQWIJ. #NVJQWIJ O[ 7− HQTGUVT[ ECTGGT DGICP KP VJG GCTN[ 1970U YKVJ RTGUETKRVKXG
UKNXKEWNVWTG509 KP 5EQVNCPF O[ KPVGTGUV NC[ OWEJ OQTG KP HQTGUVT['U TQNG KP RQXGTV[ CNNGXKCVKQP, KP
VJG 'OCLQTKV[ YQTNF'. +P VJG NCVG 1970U CPF GCTN[ 1980U HQTGUVT[ CRRGCTGF VQ IQ VJTQWIJ C UGC
EJCPIG, CPF VJGTG YCU OQTG QH CP GORJCUKU YKVJKP (#1 CPF VJG 9QTNF $CPM QP EQOOWPKV[
QT UQEKCN HQTGUVT[. (QTGUVGTU YGTG GPEQWTCIGF VQ MPQY CU OWEJ CDQWV TWTCN RGQRNGU CU VTGGU CPF
VQ CESWKTG VJG TGSWKUKVG UMKNNU510. 2TKQT VQ OQXKPI VQ 0GRCN KP 1984 CU C 'EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVGT' +
OCFG UQOG CVVGORV VQ CESWKTG VJGUG UMKNNU, DWV FWG VQ CP CECFGOKE VKOG NCI + JCF VQ YCKV WPVKN
1987 YJGP VJG 1ZHQTF (QTGUVT[ +PUVKVWVG FGXGNQRGF C '5QEKCN CPF %QOOWPKV[ (QTGUVT[' EQWTUG.
6JG KPCFGSWCEKGU QH C '5EKGPVKHKE (QTGUVT[ , YJKEJ CTG GZRNCKPGF DGNQY, DGECOG CRRCTGPV
CNOQUV KOOGFKCVGN[ + CTTKXGF KP 0GRCN CPF VTKGF VQ KPVTQFWEG C TCPIG QH HQTGUVT[ KPVGTXGPVKQP
COQPI VJG CPKOKUVKE/UJCOCPKUVKE OQWPVCKP RGQRNGU. 6JKU YCU JKIJNKIJVGF KP 1985 YJGP + NGF
C VGCO QH HQTGUVGTU VQ +PFKC, CPF OGV YKVJ %JKRMQ CEVKXKUVU 8CPFCPC 5JKXC CPF 5WPFGTNCN
$CJWICPC YJQ GZRNCKPGF VJG PCVWTG QH HQTGUV RTQVGUV (%JKRMQ) CPF VJG EQNQPKCN NGICE[, YGTG
UECVJKPI KP VJGKT ETKVKSWG QH '5EKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[' CPF OQFGTPKV[, CPF CTIWGF KP HCXQWT QH
KPFKIGPQWU CRRTQCEJGU. + YCU HQTVWPCVG VJCV 0GRCN YCU CV VJG HQTGHTQPV QH EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[
CPF VJCV VJG IQXGTPOGPV YCU RTCIOCVKE GPQWIJ VQ TGCNKUG VJCV NCTIG-UECNG KPFWUVTKCN RNCPVCVKQPU
FKF PQV JCXG OWEJ RNCEG KP VJG *KOCNC[C. +P URKVG QH VJG EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ GORJCUKU HGY
HQTGUVGTU CRRGCTGF VQ TGCNKUG VJCV EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ EQPUVKVWVGF CP CNVGTPCVKXG RCTCFKIO. +V
VQQM VJG 0GRCN-#WUVTCNKC (QTGUVT[ RTQLGEV OQTG VJCP VGP [GCTU VQ CTVKEWNCVG VJG KORQTVCPEG QH
'EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU'511. $GECWUG + YCU HCOKNKCT YKVJ RCTCFKIO VJGQT[512, JCF NKXGF
KP 0GRCN HQT PGCTN[ 7 [GCTU, JCF CFQRVGF CP GPFQIGPQWU CRRTQCEJ CPF NKXGF YKVJ CPKOKUV/
UJCOCPKUVKE RGQRNGU, VJKU CRRTQCEJ KOOGFKCVGN[ TGUQPCVGF YKVJ O[ GZRGTKGPEG. + HQWPF UKOKNCT
TGUQPCPEG YKVJ $CPWTK CPF /CTIKP'U YQTM (1993) QP U[UVGOU-QH- MPQYNGFIG FWTKPI /#
UVWFKGU. +P URKVG QH VJGUG YQTMU CPF QVJGTU OCP[ HQTGUVGTU KPXQNXGF YKVJ EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[,
UQEKCN HQTGUVT[ CPF LQKPV HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV UGGOKPIN[ JCXG FKHHKEWNV[ GODTCEKPI VJG PGY
509 +P 5EQVNCPF 510 5QEKQNQI[, TWTCN FGXGNQROGPV, CPVJTQRQNQI[, NKPIWKUVKEU, RU[EJQNQI[, RQNKVKEU GVE. 511 )KNOQWT CPF (KUJGT 1991 512 #U C RNCVHQTO HQT WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPKOKUO/UJCOCPKUO.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 79
RCTCFKIO CPF QRGTCVG YKVJKP VJG UCOG RCTCFKIO CPF FKUEWTUKXG URCEG CU OCKPUVTGCO HQTGUVT[.
+ OCPCIGF VQ GHHGEV C RCTCFKIO UJKHV 'CWVQOCVKECNN[' D[ NKXKPI DKEWNVWTCNN[ KP 09 0GRCN DWV +
DGICP VQ EQPUKFGT KH VJGTG YGTG VQQNU, OGPVCN OCRU CPF EQPEGRVWCN OQFGNU VQ CUUKUV HQTGUVGTU
'HCUV-VTCEM' YJCV JCF VCMGP OG 7 [GCTU VQ CEJKGXG. + JCF VQ YCKV WPVKN 1995 VQ DWKNF QP VJGUG UGGF
VJQWIJVU YJGP + YCU CUMGF VQ EQPFWEV C HGCUKDKNKV[ UVWF[ QH C OCLQT HQTGUVT[ RTQITCOOG KP
’CUVGTP 6KDGV. 6JG VGCO KPXQNXGF XGT[ TCRKFN[ TGCNKUGF VJCV PQ TGUGCTEJ JCF DGGP FQPG, CV CNN,
QP VJG TQNG CPF KORQTVCPEG QH VTGGU CPF HQTGUVU VQ VJG 6KDGVCP RGQRNGU , YJKEJ YCU UGGP CU C
RTGTGSWKUKVG HQT RTQITCOOG RTQUGEWVKQP. +V YCU UWIIGUVGF VJCV C 2J& DCUGF QP GVJPQHQTGUVT[
YQWNF PQV QPN[ CFFTGUU VJG TQNG CPF KORQTVCPEG QH VTGGU CPF HQTGUVU513 VQ VJG 6KDGVCP RGQRNGU
DWV YQWNF TGCEJ C OWEJ NCTIGT CWFKGPEG VJCP CP 0)1 HGCUKDKNKV[ UVWF[.
6JG KORQTVCPEG CPF TCVKQPCNG HQT GVJPQHQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU CPF O[ QYP LQWTPG[ HTQO HQTGUVGT
VJTQWIJ GVJPQHQTGUVGT ECPPQV DG HWNN[ WPFGTUVQQF YKVJQWV C TGXKGY QH CNVGTPCVKXG HQTGUVT[
RCTCFKIOU, 'UETKRVU', FKUEQWTUGU CPF VJG UQEKCN KFKQO QH HQTGUV RTQVGUV YJKEJ YKNN DG VJG UWDLGEVU
QH VJKU EJCRVGT. )KXGP VJG RCWEKV[514 QH HQTGUVT[ NKVGTCVWTG QP 6KDGV VJKU EJCRVGT YKNN DG
KNNWUVTCVGF YKVJ GZCORNGU HTQO +PFKC CPF ’WTQRG YJKEJ JCXG YGNN FQEWOGPVGF JKUVQTKGU QH
UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[, EWUVQOCT[ RTCEVKEGU CPF HQTGUV RTQVGUV.
5.1 +0641&7%6+10
6JKU UVWF[ TGEQIPKUGU VJCV 'HQTGUVT[' TGRTGUGPVU C XGT[ DTQCF TCPIG QH GXQNXKPI RCTCFKIOU CPF
OCPCIGOGPV CRRTQCEJGU, DWV HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH VJKU YQTM YG YKNN NKOKV QWT CPCN[UKU VQ C
ETKVKSWG QH 'UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ ', 'PGQ-RQRWNKUV' CRRTQCEJGU CPF CP KPVTQFWEVKQP VQ RQUV-4KQ
RCTCFKIOU CPF CRRTQCEJGU VJCV CTG IGTOCPG VQ VJKU UVWF[.
5.2 6*’ 5%+’06+(+% (14’564; 2#4#&+)/
+FGCU CDQWV UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ YGTG HKTUV FGXGNQRGF KP )GTOCP[ CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG
GKIJVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ YJGP 'HQTGUV UEKGPEG' YCU TGNCVKXGN[ JQNKUVKE CPF EQORTGJGPUKXG515.
’PFGTNKP GZVGPFGF UKNXKEWNVWTG HTQO QDUGTXCVKQP VQ C OQTG UEKGPVKHKE HQWPFCVKQP CPF *G[GT
513 .GZKEQNQIKECNN[ '(QTGUV XCNWGU' CPF 'GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[' YGTG PQV EQOOQP EWTTGPE[ CV VJKU VKOG. 514 9JGP VJKU UVWF[ DGICP VJG CWVJQT EQWNF PQV HKPF CP[ %JKPGUG KPUVKVWVKQP VJCV YCU EQPFWEVKPI HQTGUVT[ TGUGCTEJ COQPI 6KDGVCPU CNVJQWIJ TGEGPVN[ DQVJ VJG %GPVTG HQT $KQFKXGTUKV[ CPF +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG (−WPOKPI) CPF VJG 6KDGVCP IQXGTPOGPV KP GZKNG JCU EQPFWEVGF C NKVVNG. 515 6QWOG[ 1947
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 80
FGXGNQRGF C VJGQT[ QH UJCFG VQNGTCPEG516. 1VJGTU CRRNKGF DKQNQI[, EJGOKUVT[ CPF RJ[UKEU VQ
UKNXKEWNVWTCN VJGQT[517 CPF ’DGTOC[GT UWIIGUVGF GUVCDNKUJKPI HQTGUV GZRGTKOGPV UVCVKQPU518. #U
HQTGUVU ECOG WPFGT OCPCIGOGPV, JQYGXGT, XCUV RNCPVCVKQPU QH C HGY WPKHQTO URGEKGU TGRNCEGF
VJG RTKOGXCN YQQFNCPF QH O[VJ CPF NGIGPF, WPVKN D[ VJG 1930'U OQUV QH VJG )GTOCP HQTGUV YCU
OCPCIGF RNCPVCVKQPU. $TKVKUJ, (TGPEJ CPF #OGTKECP HQTGUVT[ YCU HQWPFGF QP VJKU OQFGN.
+PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[ YCU SWKEM VQ VCMG CFXCPVCIG QH VJG UEKGPVKHKE WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH HQTGUVU CPF
VTGGU CPF D[ VJG 1980'U UEKGPVKHKE TGUGCTEJ JCF TGUWNVGF KP VGEJPQNQIKECN CRRNKECVKQPU HQT
ITQYKPI, IGPGVKECNN[ KORTQXKPI, JCTXGUVKPI, CPF RTQEGUUKPI YQQF[ OCVGTKCN QP CP
WPRTGEGFGPVGF, XCUV CPF WPEQPUKFGTGF UECNG. (TQO VJG UVCTV VJGUG KFGCU YGTG DCUGF QP VJG
DGNKGH VJCV VJG UVCVG UJQWNF DG TGURQPUKDNG HQT HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV, UKPEG VJG NQPI VKOG RGTKQF
TGSWKTGF HQT TCVKQPCN OCPCIGOGPV QH HQTGUVU YCU VJQWIJV VQ DG EQPUKUVGPV QPN[ YKVJ EQPVTQN D[
IQXGTPOGPVU QT RGTRGVWCN EQTRQTCVKQPU. '4CVKQPCN' HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV KPENWFGF VJG UGRCTCVKQP
QH HQTGUVT[ CPF CITKEWNVWTG HTQO GCEJ QVJGT, VJG GPCEVOGPV QH HQTGUV NGIKUNCVKQP, VJG
GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH C HQTGUV CFOKPKUVTCVKQP CPF VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH RQNKEG EQPVTQN. 6JG GUUGPVKCN
KFGC YCU VJCV QH C UWUVCKPGF [KGNF HQTGUVT[, YJGTGD[ VJG HQTGUV CTGC YQWNF TGOCKP WPEJCPIGF
VJTQWIJ TGRNCEGOGPV QH HGNNGF VTGGU, HQT RWTRQUGU QH KPFWUVTKCN OQDKNKUCVKQP QH YQQF.
$GIKPPKPI KP VJG 1940'U, KV DGECOG GXKFGPV INQDCNN[ VJCV VJG RNCPVCVKQP U[UVGO, YKVJ UKPING
URGEKGU GXGP-CIGF VTGGU, YCU UWUEGRVKDNG VQ ECVCUVTQRJKE EJCPIG519 KP C YC[ VJCV PCVWTCN HQTGUVU
YGTG PQV CPF VJCV VJG 'HQTGUVT[ OCEJKPG YCU QWV QH EQPVTQN'520. $GECWUG QH GEQNQIKECN CU YGNN CU
CGUVJGVKE RTQDNGOU, VJKU RCTCFKIO JCU HCEGF C ITGCV FGCN QH ETKVKEKUO, RCTVKEWNCTN[ HTQO VJQUG
YKVJ OQTG QTICPKE XKGYU QH VJG HQTGUV. +P URKVG QH VJG ETKVKEKUO KV JCU EQPVKPWGF VQ RTQXKFG VJG
DCUKU HQT EQNNGEVKXG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV KP ’WTQRG CU YGNN CU 0QTVJ #OGTKEC RQUV 9QTNF 9CT 2.
5QOG OCLQT FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP VTQRKECN CPF VGORGTCVG HQTGUV GEQU[UVGOU UGTKQWUN[ KORCKTGF
VJG UWEEGUU QH UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[, GXGP QP KVU QYP VGTOU, KP VJG VTQRKEU. 6JGUG FKHHGTGPEGU
KPENWFG VJG HCEV:
• 6JCV VTQRKECN HQTGUVU V[RKECNN[ JCXG C OWNVKVWFG QH URGEKGU, QH YJKEJ QPN[ C HGY CTG
EQOOGTEKCNN[ XCNWCDNG;
516 &TGPIUQP CPF 6C[NQT 1997 517 /C[T, &WGUDGTI, &KVVOCT 518 &TGPIUQP CPF 6C[NQT 1997 519 YKPF, RQNNWVKQP, QT KPUGEVU. 520 9KVVDGEMGT 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 81
• 6JG[ JCXG C HCT ITGCVGT EQORNGZKV[ QH HQTGUV-UQKN-YCVGT TGNCVKQPUJKRU
• # EQTTGURQPFKPIN[ ITGCVGT HTCIKNKV[ QH VJG GEQU[UVGO, YJKEJ ECPPQV YKVJUVCPF VJG
TCFKECN OQFKHKECVKQPU KPVTQFWEGF D[ EQOOGTEKCN HQTGUVT[ YKVJQWV IQKPI KPVQ
KTTGXGTUKDNG FGENKPG.
$GECWUG QH VJGUG CPF QVJGT HCEVQTU, UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ JCU KP RTCEVKEG QHVGP HCKNGF VQ EQPHQTO
GXGP VQ KVU KFGCNU QH UWUVCKPGF [KGNF JCTXGUVKPI, JQYGXGT FGHKEKGPV VJGUG KFGCNU OC[ DG QP QVJGT
ITQWPFU. 6JKU HCKNWTG ECP DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ VJTGG HCEVQTU521:
• +PCFGSWCVG MPQYNGFIG QH VJG EQORNGZ GEQNQIKECN KPVGTNKPMCIGU QT CP KPCFGSWCVG
UVCVKUVKECN DCUG VQ WRFCVG VJG MPQYNGFIG;
• 5NQY TGURQPUG QH VJG IQXGTPOGPV CPF UEKGPVKUVU VQ EQOOGTEKCN CPF KPFWUVTKCN KPVGTGUVU;
• 5JGGT OKUOCPCIGOGPV
5.3 (14’564; #0& /1&’40+6;
5EKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ KU DCUGF QP CP CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE RCTCFKIO QH QWT TGNCVKQP YKVJ PCVWTG, PCOGN[
VJCV JWOCPMKPF GZKUVU, CRCTV HTQO, CPF QWVUKFG QH PCVWTG, CPF KV CEEGRVU C WVKNKVCTKCP XCNWG
U[UVGO. +P VJG .QEMGCP GZRCPUKQPKUV RCTCFKIO522 PCVWTG KU TGICTFGF GUUGPVKCNN[ CU C UVQTGJQWUG
QH TGUQWTEGU VQ DG WVKNK\GF HQT VJG OGGVKPI QH GXGT-KPETGCUKPI OCVGTKCN PGGFU D[ CP GXGT-
KPETGCUKPI JWOCP RQRWNCVKQP. ’XGP YJGP YGUVGTP U[UVGOU QH MPQYNGFIG YQTM YGNN VJG[ CTG
HTCWIJV YKVJ FCPIGT CPF FKHHKEWNV[, DWV OQTG QHVGP VJG[ FQ PQV YQTM YGNN. 5EKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[,
RTGFKECVGF CU KV KU QP C 9GUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO JCU VJTGG V[RGU QH RTQDNGO.
• (KTUV, KP KVU KFGCN HQTO YJKEJ KU UWRRQUGF VQ VCMG C NQPI XKGY QH VJG UKVWCVKQP, UEKGPVKHKE
HQTGUVT[ KU JCTOHWN DGECWUG KVU ENCKO VQ RTKXKNGIGF UVCVWU HQT KVU OQFG QH MPQYKPI
NGIKVKOKUGU EQNQPKUCVKQP CPF GZRNQKVCVKQP QH VJG QDLGEV QH KVU MPQYNGFIG. +V KU C RTQDNGO
KPJGTGPV KP CP KPUVTWOGPVCN XKGY QH VJG YQTNF.
• 5GEQPF, KP RTCEVKEG VJG NCDGN 'UEKGPVKHKE' KU WUGF VQ LWUVKH[ UJQTV-JQTK\QP EQOOGTEKCN
RTCEVKEGU TCVJGT VJCP VJG RWTUWKV QH IGPWKPGN[ NQPI-TWP KPVGTGUVU523
6JG RTQDNGOU KFGPVKHKGF CDQXG ECP DG GZCEGTDCVGF KH VJGTG KU EQTTWRVKQP, KPGHHKEKGPE[ CPF YCUVG.
+P URKVG QH VJG RTQDNGOU VJQUG YJQ CTIWG HQT C .QEMGCP UEKGPVKHKE/KPFWUVTKCN RQUKVKQP ENCKO VJCV
521 $CPWTK CPF /CTINKP 1993 522 /GTEJCPV 1997 523 #U HQT GZCORNG, KP VJG WUG QH VJG VGTOU 'XCNWCDNG', 'FGUKTCDNG', 'KPHGTKQT'.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 82
PGY CRRTQCEJGU524 ECP DG TGNKGF WRQP VQ KPETGCUG INQDCN UVCPFCTFU QH NKXKPI, JCTPGUU TGPGYCDNG
CPF OQTG GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ HTKGPFN[ UQWTEGU QH GPGTI[, CPF KPETGCUG HQQF RTQFWEVKQP CPF VJG
CXCKNCDKNKV[ QH QVJGT DKQNQIKECN RTQFWEVU VJTQWIJ DTGCMVJTQWIJU KP DKQVGEJPQNQI[. +P VWTP, OQTG
GHHKEKGPV VGEJPQNQIKGU CTG UGGP VQ DG CDNG VQ UQNXG VJG RTQDNGOU ETGCVGF D[ RTGXKQWU
VGEJPQNQIKGU, VQ ETGCVG UWDUVKVWVGU HQT FGRNGVGF TGUQWTEGU CPF VQ TGRNCEG FCOCIGF
GEQU[UVGOU525. 5EKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ JCU DGGP TGCTVKEWNCVGF VJTQWIJ 'UETKRVU' CPF FKUEQWTUGU.
5.4 5%+’06+(+% (14’564; 5%4+265 #0& *’)’/10+%
&+5%1745’5
6JG NKPMCIGU DGVYGGP VJG UEKGPVKHKE FKUEKRNKPGU CPF RQNKE[ JCXG YQTMGF VQ UKORNKH[ CPF
JQOQIGPKUG HQTGUVT[ MPQYNGFIG, CPF VQ FGVGT EQPUGTXCVKQP CIGPEKGU HWTVJGT HTQO CFFTGUUKPI
EQORNGZ, WPGZRGEVGF UQEKCN CPF GEQNQIKECN F[PCOKEU. 9JGP VTCPUNCVGF KPVQ RQNKE[ FQEWOGPVU,
VJG FGVCKNGF EQPENWUKQPU HTQO HKGNF-DCUGF UVWFKGU VGPF VQ DG UKORNKHKGF KPVQ YJCV 4QG526 JCU
VGTOGF FGXGNQROGPV PCTTCVKXGU: 'UVQTKGU' YJKEJ GPEQFG CPF UVCDKNKUG VJG CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV C
UKVWCVKQP KP UWEJ C YC[ CU VQ HCEKNKVCVG FGEKUKQP-OCMKPI. 0CTTCVKXGU EQPEGTPKPI HQTGUV EJCPIG,
QT VJG GHHGEVU QH HCTOKPI, QT RQRWNCVKQP-GPXKTQPOGPV TGNCVKQPU, CNN UWIIGUV RCTVKEWNCT V[RGU QH
UQNWVKQP. 6JG[ RTQXKFG "EWNVWTCN UETKRVU HQT CEVKQP"527 YJKEJ GPCDNG FQPQT CPF IQXGTPOGPV
CIGPEKGU VQ TCKUG HWPFU CPF CEV, FGURKVG VJG WPEGTVCKPVKGU CPF EQORNGZKVKGU CEVWCNN[ UWTTQWPFKPI
UQEKCN CPF GEQNQIKECN EJCPIG528. 6JG[ JCXG DGEQOG C EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH VJG TGUGCTEJ-RQNKE[
KPVGTHCEG529. +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV UKOKNCT RTQEGUUGU CTG QEEWTTKPI DGVYGGP UEKGPVKHKE FKUEKRNKPGU,
RCTVKEWNCTN[ DGVYGGP UQEKCN CPF PCVWTCN UEKGPEGU530. #PCN[UVU HTQO QPG RCTVKEWNCT FKUEKRNKPG
OC[ GORNQ[ XGT[ FGVCKNGF RGTURGEVKXGU QH VJGKT QYP YQTM, DWV OC[ TGN[ QP UKORNKHKECVKQPU
HTQO QVJGT FKUEKRNKPGU VQ HTCOG VJGKT DTQCFGT TGUGCTEJ SWGUVKQPU CPF VTCLGEVQTKGU. (CKTJGCF CPF
.GCEJ531 UWIIGUV VJCV, HQT GZCORNG, YGUV #HTKECP JKUVQT[ CPF CPVJTQRQNQI[ VQ FCVG OC[ JCXG
DGGP UJCRGF D[ GTTQPGQWU XGIGVCVKQP JKUVQT[ CPCN[UKU YJKEJ JCF KVU TQQVU KP EQNQPKCN
FQOKPCVKQP. 6JKU, VJG[ UWIIGUV JKIJNKIJVU VJG PGGF VQ VCMG C OQTG ETKVKECN XKGY QH VJG
RTQFWEVKQP QH MPQYNGFIG CPF KVU CRRNKECVKQP VQ VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, HQTGUVT[ CPF FGXGNQROGPV
524 %QODKPGF YKVJ JWOCPMKPF'U KPIGPWKV[ CPF VGEJPKECN QRVKOKUO. 525 /GTEJCPV 1997 526 4QG 1991 527 (CKTJGCF CPF .GCEJ 1998 RCIG 190 528 *QDGP 1995, .GCEJ CPF /GCTPU 1996 529 *KTUEJOCPP 1968 530 (CKTJGCF CPF .GCEJ 1998 531 (CKTJGCF CPF .GCEJ 1998
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 83
CPF VJG PGGF HQT C VJQTQWIJ CPCN[UKU DCUGF QP RQUV-OQFGTP FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG532
NKDGTCVKQP GEQNQI[533 CPF RQNKVKECN GEQNQI[534.
2QNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE GNKVGU JCXG KPXCTKCDN[ UQWIJV VQ GZRNCKP NCPFUECRG JKUVQT[ CPF VQ LWUVKH[
URGEKHKE WUWCNN[ JKIJN[ WPGSWCN RCVVGTPU QH JWOCP WUG QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV QP VJG DCUKU QH GNKVG
NCPFUECRG 'TGCFKPIU' CPF ENCKOU. 6JG ENCUJ DGVYGGP GNKVG TGCFKPIU CPF NQECN TGCFKPIU QH VJG
HQTGUV YCU PQV OGTGN[ GEQPQOKE, DWV TGUVGF QP HWPFCOGPVCNN[ FKHHGTGPV PQVKQPU QH VJG HQTGUV CPF
QP TCFKECNN[ FKHHGTGPV U[UVGOU QH OGCPKPI CPF NCPFUECRG TGCFKPI. 6JG 'VTWVJ' CDQWV VJG
'UCXCPPKUCVKQP' QH UQOG #HTKECP HQTGUV-UCXCPPCJ NCPFUECRG535 YCU RTQFWEGF CPF FKHHWUGF
VJTQWIJ UEKGPEG CPF KVU OGVJQFU, FGFWEVKQP, CPF NCPIWCIG PGGFGF VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF KP TGNCVKQP
VQ KVU RQNKVKECN GEQPQO[; QTKIKPCNN[ YKVJKP VJG EQNQPKCN TGIKOG, DWV PQV PQY TGUVTKEVGF VQ KV. #U
UWEJ, VJG EQPXKEVKQP QH HQTGUV-UCXCPPCJ FGITCFCVKQP, KP OWEJ QH #HTKEC, CPF KVU RQYGT KP
GZENWFKPI CNVGTPCVKXG NCPFUECRG TGCFKPIU, OC[ DG EQPUKFGTGF CU 'C FKUEQWTUG' KP VJG
(QWECWNFKCP UGPUG536. (WTVJGTOQTG IKXGP VJG UVCDNG CPF CDUQNWVG EQPXKEVKQP KP FGITCFCVKQP
COQPI RQYGTHWN UVCVG CPF INQDCN KPUVKVWVKQPU, CPF IKXGP KVU RTQXGP ECRCEKV[ VQ UKNGPEG CPF
UWDLWICVG NQECN XKGYU YKVJKP RQNKE[ CPF UEKGPVKHKE EKTENGU, VJKU NCPFUECRG TGCFKPI CPF KVU
UEKGPVKHKE GNCDQTCVKQP ECP QPN[ DG TGICTFGF CU C JGIGOQPKE QT VQVCNKUKPI FKUEQWTUG537.
6JG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH 'UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[' KP +PFKC, HQT GZCORNG, YCU DCUGF QP GNKVG EQNQPKCN
UEKGPVKHKE ENCKOU. 6JKU )GTOCP U[UVGO QH HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV YCU KPVTQFWEGF HKTUV KP
$TKVKUJ-TWNGF $WTOC CPF +PFKC CPF &WVEJ-TWNGF ,CXC DGHQTG DGKPI GZRQTVGF VQ QVJGT EQNQPKCN
VGTTKVQTKGU KP VJG NCVG PKPGVGGPVJ CPF GCTN[ VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWTKGU538. 6JG OCKP RWTRQUG QH UEKGPVKHKE
HQTGUVT[ YCU VJG RTQOQVKQP QH NQPI-VGTO EQOOGTEKCN VKODGT RTQFWEVKQP, GURGEKCNN[ MG[ URGEKGU
UWEJ CU EGFCT539 CPF VGCM540 EGPVTCN VQ VJG KORGTKCN GEQPQOKGU. $WV HQT VJKU U[UVGO VQ UWEEGGF,
C OCLQT VTCPUHQTOCVKQP KP NQECN UQEKCN CPF GEQNQIKECN EQPFKVKQPU YCU TGSWKTGF. *GPEG CV VJG
UCOG VKOG CU KORGTKCN HQTGUVGTU UQWIJV VQ GNKOKPCVG EQORGVKVQT URGEKGU VQ HCXQWTGF VTGG URGEKGU,
532 5NCVGT 1992C+D 533 2GGV CPF 9CVVU 1996 534 $T[CPV 1992 535 (CKTJGCF CPF .GCEJ 1996 536 (QWECWNV 1972, 1980 537 2GGV CPF 9CVVU 1996 538 $T[CPV 1997, )WJC 1985 539 %GFTWU FGQFCTC 540 6GEVQPC ITCPFKU
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 84
VJG[ CNUQ CVVGORVGF VQ TGUVTKEV CNVGTPCVKXG KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV RTCEVKEGU541 VJCV OKIJV VJTGCVGP
QHHKEKCN VKODGT GZVTCEVKQP CPF TGIGPGTCVKQP QRGTCVKQPU542. %QNQPKCN QHHKEKCNU LWUVKHKGF VJG
RQNKEKPI CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ HQTGUVT[ QP VJG ITQWPFU VJCV KV YCU C 'UEKGPVKHKE U[UVGO' VJCV YCU
KPVTQFWEGF 'KP VJG RWDNKE KPVGTGUV'. 6JGUG QHHKEKCNU HWTVJGT EQPVTCUVGF VJKU 'GEQNQIKECNN[ IQQF'
U[UVGO YKVJ 'GEQNQIKECNN[ DCF' RTCEVKEGU QH VJG KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV WUGTU, PCOGN[ UJKHVKPI
EWNVKXCVQTU. # FKUEQWTUG QH HQTGUVT[ CU RTQITGUU YCU FGXGNQRGF KP YJKEJ CRRTQRTKCVG HQTGUV WUG
YCU FGHKPGF NCTIGN[ KP VGTOU QH EQOOGTEKCN HQTGUVT[ YJKEJ YCU CUUGTVGF VQ DG DQVJ GEQNQIKECNN[
UQWPF CPF HKPCPEKCNN[ TGOWPGTCVKXG VQ VJG UVCVG YJKNG KPFKIGPQWU RTCEVKEGU543 YGTG FGPKITCVGF,
OCTIKPCNK\GF CPF GXGP ETKOKPCNK\GF544. +P +PFKC UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ UVTWEM CV VJG XGT[ TQQV QH
VTCFKVKQPCN UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE QTICPK\CVKQP. /QTGQXGT, KV QRGTCVGF QP TCFKECNN[ FKHHGTGPV
RTKPEKRNGU HTQO VJG EWUVQOCT[ WUG QH HQTGUVU D[ NQECN RGQRNG. 6JKU WPFGTN[KPI EQPHNKEV OCPKHGUV
KVUGNH KP C XCTKGV[ QH HQTOU QH UQEKCN RTQVGUV, VJG OQUV YGNN MPQYP DGKPI VJG %JKRMQ OQXGOGPV,
DWV HWPFCOGPVCNN[ VJG[ YGTG CKOGF CV VJG TGUVTKEVKQPU QP EWUVQOCT[ RCVVGTPU QH HQTGUV WUG545.
5.5 (14’564; #0& 2416’56
6JG UQEKCN KFKQO QH RTQVGUV KP +PFKC DGCTU C UVTKMKPI TGUGODNCPEG VQ VJG EQPHNKEVU QXGT HQTGUV
TKIJVU CPF VJG GPENQUWTG QH HQTGUV 'EQOOQPU' VJCV YGTG CP KORQTVCPV HGCVWTG QH VJG VTCPUKVKQP VQ
KPFWUVTKCN ECRKVCNKUO KP ’WTQRG546. 6JG UNQY DWV UVGCF[ ITQYVJ QH UVCVG HQTGUVT[ KP 9GUVGTP
’WTQRG CPF VJG GPENQUWTG QH EQOOWPCN HQTGUVU D[ NCTIG NCPFQYPGTU CNUQ KPVTQFWEGF C WPKHQTO
CPF TCVKQPCNK\GF U[UVGO QH HQTGUV CFOKPKUVTCVKQP KP RNCEG QH C HNGZKDNG CPF KPHQTOCN U[UVGO QH
EWUVQOCT[ WUG. #U KP +PFKC VJG VTCPUKVKQP KP (TCPEG, )GTOCP[ CPF 7− YCU PGKVJGT UOQQVJ PQT
JCTOQPKQWU, YKVJ RGCUCPVU CPF [GQOCPT[ RTQVGUVKPI CV VJG FGRTKXCVKQP QH VJGKT VTCFKVKQPCN
TKIJVU QH CEEGUU CPF WUG547. +P OWEJ QH 9GUVGTP ’WTQRG VJG DCVVNG HQT VJG HQTGUV YCU C EGPVTCN
HGCVWTG QH VJG NCTIGT EQPHTQPVCVKQP DGVYGGP CP CFXCPEKPI ECRKVCNKUO, VJG UVCVG CPF VJG NQECN
EQOOWPKV[. #U KP +PFKC, VJG RGCUCPV CPF [GQOGP RTQVGUV KP ’WTQRG YCU KPHQTOGF D[ CNVGTCVKXG
EQPEGRVKQPU QH RTQRGTV[ CPF WUG. 9JCV KU EQOOQP VQ VJG TGUKUVCPEG VQ UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ KP
PKPGVGGPVJ-EGPVWT[ ’WTQRG CPF VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[ +PFKC KU VJCV KP DQVJ ECUGU KV TGRTGUGPVGF C
541 GI 5JKHVKPI EWNVKXCVKQP, JWPVKPI, ITC\KPI, PQP-VKODGT HQTGUV RTQFWEVU GVE. 542 $T[CPV 1994, )CFIKN CPF )WJC 1992 543 5JKHVKPI EWNVKXCVKQP, PQP-VKODGT HQTGUV RTQFWEVU. 544 $T[CPV 1996 545 )WJC 2000, 4QWVNGFIG 1993, 5JKXC CPF $CPF[QRCFJ[C[ 1986 546 .CXGNG[G 1878, .GUNKG 1871, 6JQORUQP 1975, 6TCXKU 2000 547 *C[ CPF 4QIGTU 1997, /CTZ 1976
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 85
FGHGPEG QH C VTCFKVKQPCN GEQPQOKE CPF UQEKCN U[UVGO, YJKEJ CHHQTFGF DQVJ [GQOCP CPF RGCUCPV
UQOG OGCUWTG QH KPFGRGPFGPEG CPF UGNH-UWHHKEKGPE[ CICKPUV VJG HQTEGU QH C TKUKPI CPF
GZRCPUKQPKUV ECRKVCNKUO.
+P DQVJ +PFKC CPF 7− GNKVG KFGQNQIKGU QH 'UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[' QT .QEMGCP 'RTQVQ-WVKNKVCTKCP YCUVG'
RTQENCKOGF VJCV GZRTQRTKCVKQP QH EQR[JQNF, EQOOQPU CPF EWUVQOCT[ TKIJVU D[ UVCVG QT
OGTEJCPV HCTOGT YCU C NQIKECN EQTQNNCT[ QH VJG NCEM QH 'OQTCN CPF NGICN TKIJVU' QT 'UEKGPVKHKE' QT
'EQOOGTEKCNN[' GZRNQKVCVKXG RTCEVKEGU QDUGTXGF COQPI VJG JWOCP RQRWNCVKQP WUKPI
'EQOOQPU'548. *KUVQTKECN GXKFGPEG TGXGCNU KP +PFKC CPF VJG 7−, VJCV TCVJGT VJCP VJG WUG QH
'EQOOQPU' TGRTGUGPVKPI C "VTCIGF[...DTKPIKPI TWKP VQ CNN" CU *CTFKP UWIIGUVU549 VJG[ QHVGP
TGRTGUGPV JKIJN[ UQRJKUVKECVGF U[UVGOU QH TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR RTGFKECVGF QP EWUVQOCT[ TWNGU
CPF KPUVKVWVKQPU VJCV CRRGCT VQ RTQXKFG 'QTFGT YKVJQWV NCY' YJKEJ QHVGP YQTMGF DGVVGT VJCP NGICN
TGIKOGU550. +P +PFKC VJG OQUV XKUKDNG HQTO QH EWUVQOCT[ UVGYCTFUJKR YCU VJG FGUKIPCVKQP QH
NCTIG CTGCU QH HQTGUV CU 'UCETGF' CTGC YJKEJ PQ XKNNCIGT YCU CNNQYGF VQ KPLWTG551. #U C VTCFKVKQPCN
HQTO QH HQTGUV RTGUGTXCVKQP, UCETGF ITQXGU VGUVKHKGF VQ VJG TQNG RNC[GF D[ HQNM TGNKIKQWU DGNKGHU
KP VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH PCVWTG. 5KOWNVCPGQWUN[, KPHQTOCN OCPCIGOGPV RTCEVKEGU, DQVJ DGVYGGP
CPF YKVJKP XKNNCIG EQOOWPKVKGU, ECTGHWNN[ TGIWNCVGF VJG WVKNK\CVKQP QH HQTGUV RTQFWEG, NKOKVKPI
VJG COQWPV QH HWGN, HQFFGT CPF QVJGT HQTGUV RTQFWEG CXCKNCDNG VQ GCEJ HCOKN[552. #NVJQWIJ VJG
JKUVQT[ QH CITCTKCP RTQVGUV JCU UQOG EQOOQP EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU KP VJG 7−553, ’WTQRG CPF +PFKC KV
CNUQ JCU WPKSWG HGCVWTGU.
+P ’PINCPF GZRTQRTKCVKQP QH EQOOQPU GXGPVWCNN[ NGF VQ VJG GZVKPEVKQP QH OQUV [GQOGP HCTOGTU,
YJQ YGTG HQTEGF HTQO VJGKT RTQRGTVKGU KPVQ YCIG NCDQWT, KPVQ VQYP CPF DCEM VQ UGTHFQO, YJKNG
KP OWEJ QH ’WTQRG VJG 'TWTCN DQWTIGQKUKG' YGTG KPETGCUKPI KP PWODGTU CPF KPHNWGPEG. 6JKU
EQWTUG QH GXGPVU OCMGU ’PINCPF, KP URKVG QH KVU ENCKOU QH 'NKDGTV[ CPF EKXKNK\CVKQP' QPG QH VJG HGY
548 )WJC 1985, 5VGDDKPI 1922-27 549 *CTFKP 1968 RCIG 1244 550 6JQORUQP 1991 551 $QT 1953, $TCPFKU 1906, )CFIKN 1985, )WJC 1993 552 )WJC 1985 553 9JKNG VJG CWVJQT CEMPQYNGFIGU VJCV CITCTKCP RTQVGUV QEEWTTGF KP 5EQVNCPF, 9CNGU CPF 0QTVJGTP +TGNCPF URCEG QPN[ RGTOKVU CP GZCOKPCVKQP QH ’PINCPF (#TOUVTQPI 2003, &QPPGNN[ 1983, 5CPFGTU PF).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 86
YJGTG RTQRGTV[ YCU VCMGP HTQO VJG JCPFU QH VJQUG YJQ EWNVKXCVGF KV, YJQ ECRKVWNCVGF KP C
'TGXQNWVKQP' VJCV RCUUGF CNOQUV WPPQVKEGF554.
+P +PFKC, VJTQWIJ C OKZ QH TGNKIKQP, HQNMNQTG CPF VTCFKVKQP VJG TWTCN RGQRNGU FTCY C RTQVGEVKXG
TKPI CTQWPF VJG HQTGUV. #U YKVJ QVJGT HQTGUV FYGNNKPI EQOOWPKVKGU, VJG EQPVKPWKV[ QH VJGKT YQTNF
TGUVU WRQP C EQPVKPWKV[ KP VJGKT TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ VJG HQTGUV555. 5EKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ VJTGCVGPGF VQ
TWRVWTG VJKU EQPVKPWKV[, HKTUV D[ FGP[KPI XKNNCIGTU RJ[UKECN CEEGUU, DWV RGTJCRU OQTG
UKIPKHKECPVN[ D[ KORQUKPI CP CNKGP RCTCFKIO QH OCPCIGOGPV QP VJG HQTGUV. /CTIKPCNK\GF
ITQWRU KP +PFKC JCXG EJCNNGPIGF VJG GOGTIGPEG QH UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ YJGTGXGT KV KU KPVTQFWEGF.
6JG UQEKCN KFKQO QH CITCTKCP RTQVGUV UVTQPIN[ TGHNGEVU VJG VJTGCV VQ VTCFKVKQPCN EWNVWTCN CPF
EQOOWPCN XCNWGU VJCV UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ TGRTGUGPVU. /QUV UVTKMKPIN[, VJGTG KU C ENQUG
CUUQEKCVKQP QH RTQVGUV YKVJ HQNM TGNKIKQP; CP CUUQEKCVKQP VJCV KU CV QPEG HQTOCN CPF KPHQTOCN,
QTICPKUCVKQPCN CPF U[ODQNKE. 6JG TGNKIKQWU OKNKGW QH GXGT[FC[ RGCUCPV GZKUVGPEG KPHNWGPEGU
HQTOU QH TGUKUVCPEG VCMGP D[ VJG RGCUCPVU KP VYQ FKUVKPEV YC[U. (KTUV RTQVGUVGTU UGGM C
OQTCN-TGNKIKQWU UCPEVKQP HQT VJGKT CEVU. 6JKU KU CEEQORNKUJGF GKVJGT D[ KPXQNXKPI RTKGUVU QT KP
OQTG KPUVKVWVKQPCN HQTO D[ WUKPI TGNKIKQWU PGVYQTMU CU OGCPU QH EQOOWPKECVKQP. 6JWU, DQVJ
VGORNGU CPF HCKTU HTGSWGPVN[ UGTXGF CU NQEK CV YJKEJ UWRRQTV KU ECPXCUUGF QT HTQO YJKEJ
CEVKXKVKGU YGTG EQQTFKPCVGF. 5GEQPF, VJG KFGQNQI[ QH RGCUCPV RTQVGUV KU JGCXKN[ QXGTNCKF YKVJ
TGNKIKQWU U[ODQNKUO556. +P CFFKVKQP VQ RTKGUVU, EQOOWPKV[ NGCFGTU CTG CNUQ RTQOKPGPV KP VJG
EQOOWPCN TGUKUVCPEG VQ HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV. 4GNKIKQWU CPF EQOOWPKV[ NGCFGTU WRJQNF VJGKT
U[ODQNKE UVCVWU CU TGRTGUGPVCVKXG QH UQEKCN EQPVKPWKV[. 6JG WUG QH C TGNKIKQWU KFKQO CPF QH
RTKOQTFKCN PGVYQTMU QH EQOOWPKV[ UQNKFCTKV[ UWIIGUVU C EWNVWTG QH TGUKUVCPEG VJCV KU DQVJ
KPUVTWOGPVCN CPF U[ODQNKE. 5EKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ TGRTGUGPVGF C VJTGCV VQ VJG GEQPQOKE CU YGNN CU
EWNVWTCN UWTXKXCN QH VJG XKNNCIG EQOOWPKVKGU; QRRQUKVKQP VQ KVU YQTMKPIU JCU PGEGUUCTKN[ VQ
KPXQMG CP CNVGTPCVKXG U[UVGO QH WUG, OGCPKPI CPF MPQYNGFIG557. /QUV TGEGPVN[, UKPEG VJG
1970'U CPF 1980'U +PFKCP TGUKUVCPEG VQ GZRTQRTKCVKQP JCU DGGP TG-CTVKEWNCVGF, VJTQWIJ VJG
'%JKRMQ'558 OQXGOGPV, YJKEJ YG YKNN TG-XKUKV NCVGT. %JKRMQ KU C XKNNCIG-DCUGF, ITCUU TQQVU,
PQPGNKVKUV OQXGOGPV CRRGCNKPI VQ TWTCN RGQRNG VJCV JCU FGXGNQRGF RQYGTHWN KPVGTPCVKQPCN NKPMU
554 .CXGNG[G 1878, .GUNKG 1871, 2TKEG 1803, 4QIGTU 1866 555 ’NYKP 2002 556 +P VJG −WOCWP OQXGOGPV KP 1921, HQT GZCORNG, RGCUCPVU KPXQMGF U[ODQNU HTQO VJG *KPFW GRKEU EJCTCEVGTKUKPI VJG EQNQPKCN IQXGTPOGPV CU GXKN CPF FGOQPKE ()WJC 1993). 557 $CPWTK CPF /CTINKP 1993 558 6TGG JWIIKPI.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 87
YKVJ NKMG OKPFGF RGQRNG559. +V KU RQNKVKECNN[ PQP-CNKIPGF CPF UGNH-FGVGTOKPGF, CPF JCU GOGTIGF
CU C RGCUCPV OQXGOGPV KP FGHGPEG QH VTCFKVKQPCN HQTGUV TKIJVU, CPF TGUKUVCPEG VQ UVCVG
GPETQCEJOGPV. 6JG OQXGOGPV WUGU PQP-XKQNGPV VCEVKEU, KPENWFKPI VTGG JWIIKPI, RCF[CVTCU560
,
HCUVU, V[KPI TCMJKU561 CTQWPF YQWPFGF VTGGU, CPF WRTQQVKPI GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ PQP-HTKGPFN[
URGEKGU562 KP IQXGTPOGPV PWTUGTKGU. # HGCVWTG QH VJKU OQXGOGPV KU VJG CEVKXG RCTVKEKRCVKQP QH CNN
UQEKCN ITQWRU, CPF GURGEKCNN[ YQOGP'U ITQWRU563, CPF VJGKT KPXQNXGOGPV KP GPFQIGPQWU
TG-HQTGUVCVKQP. %JKRMQ RTQVGUVGTU DGNKGXG, VJCV LWUVKEG KU QP VJGKT UKFG CPF VJCV VJG[ JCXG
OQTCN-TGNKIKQWU UCPEVKQP, YJKEJ VJG[ GZRTGUU KP TGCFKPIU HTQO VJG $JCICXCF )KVC564. 6JG
EWNVWTCN KFKQO QH %JKRMQ ECP DG WPFGTUVQQF KP VGTOU QH VJG OQTCN GEQPQO[ QH VJG RGCUCPVU,
YJQ TGURQPF YJGP EQPHTQPVGF D[ HQTGUV FGUVTWEVKQP, FGITCFCVKQP, GPXKTQPOGPVCN VJTGCV CPF
KPHTKPIGOGPV QH TKIJVU CPF CEEGUU565. #U C TGUWNV QH %JKRMQ CEVKXKV[ VJG +PFKCP IQXGTPOGPV YCU
HQTEGF VQ TGURQPF, D[ KPVTQFWEKPI C ITGGP HGNNKPI DCP KP VJG *KOCNC[C, CPF QVJGT CTGCU YJGTG
%JKRMQ CTG CEVKXG. $[ UWEEGUUHWNN[ DTKPIKPI EQOOGTEKCN HQTGUVT[ VQ C UVCPFUVKNN %JKRMQ OCTMU
VJG GPF QH CP GRQEJ HQT VJG RGQRNG CPF NCPFUECRG QH VJG +PFKCP *KOCNC[C566. 6JGTG CTG VJTGG
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RJKNQUQRJKGU YKVJKP VJG %JKRMQ OQXGOGPV567 DWV HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH VJKU UVWF[,
VJG RGTURGEVKXGU QH 5WPFGTNCN $CJWIWPC568 CTG VJG DGUV MPQYP CPF OQUV IGTOCPG. $CJWIWPC
JQNFU VJCV EQOOGTEKCN HQTGUVT[ KU TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG FGVGTKQTCVKPI *KOCNC[C GPXKTQPOGPV, DWV
KU U[ORVQOCVKE QH C FGGRGT OCNCKUG, VJG CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE XKGY QH PCVWTG KPVTKPUKE VQ OQFGTP
KPFWUVTKCN EKXKNK\CVKQP. 6JWU VJG GEQNQIKECN ETKUKU KP VJG *KOCNC[C KU PQV CP KUQNCVGF GXGPV. +V JCU
KVU TQQVU KP VJG OQFGTP OCVGTKCNKUVKE EKXKNK\CVKQP , YJKEJ OCMGU JWOCPMKPF VJG 'DWVEJGT QH
’CTVJ'. $CJWIWPC DGNKGXGU VJCV TGNKIKQWU DGNKGHU FGVGTOKPG JWOCP CVVKVWFGU VQYCTF PCVWTG, CPF
VJCV 'FGUCETCNK\GF' UEKGPEG CPF VGEJPQNQI[ GORJCUKUG OCUVGT[ QXGT PCVWTG. *G EQPVTCUVU VJKU
559 )WJC 2000, 4QWVNGFIG 1993 560 (QQV OCTEJGU 561 5CETGF VJTGCFU 562 GI ’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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 88
GVJQU YKVJ VJG XCNWG U[UVGOU QH UQ-ECNNGF RTKOKVKXG UQEKGVKGU , YJKEJ XKGY GEQU[UVGOU KP
VQVCNKV[ VJGTGD[ GPUWTKPI TCVKQPCN CPF UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG WUG569.
5.6 (14’564; #0& 6*’ %1.10+#. .’)#%;
4GUGCTEJ JCU UJQYP570 VJCV OCP[ IQXGTPOGPVU EQPVKPWG VQ CEEWOWNCVG YGCNVJ CPF RQYGT
DCUGF QP VGPWTG CTTCPIGOGPVU CPF OCPCIGOGPV RTCEVKEGU DGSWGCVJGF VQ VJGO D[ VJG FGRCTVKPI
EQNQPKCN CWVJQTKVKGU. +P EQWPVTKGU CU RQNKVKECNN[, GEQPQOKECNN[ CPF EWNVWTCNN[ FKXGTUG CU +PFKC,
$WTOC CPF +PFQPGUKC, VJGTG JCU DGGP C EQORCTCDNG VGPFGPE[ VQ CHHKTO, VJG UWRTGOCE[ QH VJG
UVCVG-QTICPK\GF U[UVGO QH UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ VJCV JCU UGTXGF VJG RQNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE
KPVGTGUVU QH EQNQPKCN CPF RQUVEQNQPKCN TGIKOGU CNKMG571. +H CP[VJKPI, TGUQWTEG GZVTCEVKQP JCU
KPVGPUKHKGF KP VJGUG CPF QVJGT OCLQTKV[ YQTNF EQWPVTKGU CU C RQUVEQNQPKCN SWGUV HQT TCRKF
PCVKQPCN OQFGTPK\CVKQP JCU DGGP LQKPGF VQ EQPEGTPU HQT KPFKXKFWCN QT ITQWR GPTKEJOGPV CPF
RQNKVKECN CUEGPFCPE[572.
5.7 0’1-2127.+56 (14’564;
+P VJG 1950'U CPF 60'U OCP[ RQUV-EQNQPKCN PCVKQPU HQNNQYGF C FGXGNQROGPV RQNKE[ YJKEJ
VTCPUNCVGF KPVQ C HQTO QH 'UEKGPVKHKE' QT 'KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[', UWRRQTVGF D[ (#1 CPF VJG 9QTNF
$CPM. $[ VJG NCVG 70'U, JQYGXGT VJGTG YCU KPETGCUKPI TGCNK\CVKQP VJCV VJG KPFWUVTKCN CPF
GEQPQOKE OQFGN DGKPI HQNNQYGF NGF VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU CPF OCFG VJG RQQT YQTUG
QHH573. +P TGURQPUG VQ VJGUG RTQDNGOU PGY EQPEGRVU QH FGXGNQROGPV DGICP VQ GOGTIG. 6JGUG
PGY CRRTQCEJGU KPENWFGF C 'FGXGNQROGPV HTQO DGNQY' RCTCFKIO574 , YJKEJ FGHKPGF
FGXGNQROGPV KP VGTOU QH VJG GZVGPV VQ YJKEJ VJG DCUKE PGGFU QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP YGTG OGV. 9JGP
KPVGTPCVKQPCN CVVGPVKQP DGICP VQ HQEWU QP DCUKE PGGFU KV YCU TGEQIPK\GF VJCV KP CFFKVKQP VQ KVU
KPFWUVTKCN TQNG, HQTGUVT[ JCF CP GSWCNN[ KORQTVCPV TQNG KP VGTOU QH GPJCPEKPI VJG NKXGNKJQQFU CPF
UWDUKUVGPEG TGSWKTGOGPVU QH NQECN RGQRNG. 6YQ UVTGCOU FGXGNQRGF VQ CFFTGUU VJG NCVVGT, C
569 )WJC 2000 570 $T[CPV 1998, $T[CPV GV CN 1993 571 $T[CPV 1997 572 $T[CPV CPF $CKNG[ 1997 573 9GUVQD[ 1987 574 %JCODGTU 1983
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 89
PGQ-RQRWNKUV UVTGCO575 CPF C 'RQUV-OQFGTP' UVTGCO576. 6JG EQPEGRV ET[UVCNNK\GF KP VJG EQPVGZV QH
C PWODGT QH EQPHGTGPEGU CPF NCPFOCTM RWDNKECVKQPU577 CPF NGF VQ KPETGCUGF HWPFKPI578.
5.7.1 5QEKCN (QTGUVT[
5QEKCN (QTGUVT[ YCU KPVTQFWEGF KP +PFKC, YKVJ RTQORVKPI HTQO VJG 9QTNF $CPM, KP VJG 1970'U CU
C TGUWNV QH YKFGURTGCF RTQVGUV, TGUWNVKPI HTQO FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF VJG GZENWUKQP QH NQECN RGQRNG
HTQO HQTGUVU. +VU QTKIKPCN CKO YCU VQ 'OGGV NQECN PGGF HQT HKTGYQQF CPF QVJGT RTQFWEVU YKVJ
CEVKXG NQECN RCTVKEKRCVKQP'. 0Q RTQXKUKQP JQYGXGT YCU OCFG HQT KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF
HQTGUVT[ YCU FGEQWRNGF HTQO UQEKCN CPF EWNVWTCN XCNWGU. (CT HTQO FGHWUKPI VJG RTQVGUVU, VJG
VCMGQXGT QH EQOOWPCN NCPF HQT EQOOGTEKCN RNCPVCVKQPU, TCVJGT VJCP XKNNCIG YQQFNQVU NGF VQ
HWTVJGT RTQVGUVU. +V OQUVN[ HCKNGF DGECWUG VJG RNCPPGTU FKF PQV WPFGTUVCPF VJG PGGFU QH VJG NQECN
RGQRNG, CPF KV QPN[ 'UWEEGGFGF' YJGTG TKEJ HCTOGTU JCF UWTRNWU NCPF VQ EQPXGTV VQ KPFWUVTKCN VTGG
URGEKGU579.
5.7.2 ,QKPV (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV
6JG HCKNWTG QH UQEKCN HQTGUVT[ RTQORVGF VJG +PFKCP IQXGTPOGPV VQ TGXKUG KVU HQTGUV RQNKE[ CPF KP
VJG GCTN[ 1990'U KV KPVTQFWEGF ,QKPV (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV (,(/). ,(/ YCU UWRRQUGF VQ
GORJCUKUG GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG DGPGHKVU QXGT EQOOGTEKCN KPVGTGUVU, CPF KPENWFG
'ITGCVGT' RCTVKEKRCVKQP D[ NQECN RGQRNG. 6JG QPN[ UKIPKHKECPV 'UWEEGUU' VQQM RNCEG KP UVCVGU YJGTG
XKNNCIGTU JCF CNTGCF[ GUVCDNKUJGF QTICPK\CVKQPU VQ RTQVGEV HQTGUV UWEJ CU 9GUV $GPICN CPF
1TKUUC. 5QOG UVCVGU VQVCNN[ KIPQTGF VJG UJKHV VQ ,(/ CPF QPN[ CFFGF 'RCTVKEKRCVKQP' CPF 'RQXGTV[
CNNGXKCVKQP' VQ SWCNKH[ HQT HWPFKPI. #U C TGUWNV 'QHH-VJG-UJGNH' RCTVKEKRCVQT[ RNCPU, FTCYP WR D[
7− HQTGUVT[ GZRGTVU, YGTG WUGF VQ KPVTQFWEG ,(/ VQ VJG 9GUVGTP )JCVU. 6JG RTQLGEV IQCNU YGTG
FGEKFGF GZ UKVW CPF NQECN 0)1U YGTG QPN[ EQPUWNVGF QP KORNGOGPVCVKQP. #U C TGUWNV VJG
EQOOKVVGGU YGTG FQOKPCVGF D[ VJG GNKVG, YQOGP YGTG OCTIKPCNKUGF, CPF VJG RQQT, CPF VTKDCN
RGQRNG DGECOG YQTUG QHH, DGECWUG OQUV QH VJG 1XGTUGCU &GXGNQROGPV #FOKPKUVTCVKQP (1&#)
575 5QEKCN CPF %QOOWPKV[ (QTGUVT[ CPF ,QKPV (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV. 576 $CUGF QP GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ CPF KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV XCNWGU. 577 7VJ CPF 8VJ 9QTNF (QTGUVT[ %QPITGUU (KP #TIGPVKPC (1972) CPF ,CMCTVC (1978), (QTGUVT[ HQT .QECN %QOOWPKV[ &GXGNQROGPV ((#1 1978) (QTGUVT[ 5GEVQT 2QNKE[ 2CRGT (9QTNF $CPM 1978), 9QTNF %QPHGTGPEG QP CITCTKCP TGHQTO CPF TWTCN FGXGNQROGPV KP 4QOG (1980). 578 )TGIGTUGP GV CN 1989 579 *KNF[CTF GV CN 1998C
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 90
HWPFGF RNCPVCVKQPU YGTG QP XKNNCIG 'EQOOQPU'580. (QT VJQUG 5VCVGU VJCV FQ JCXG HQTGUV EQWPEKNU
CPF JCXG CFQRVGF 'RCTVKEKRCVKQP' KP ,(/ (CPF FGXQNWVKQP) KV JCU TGUWNVGF KP C RQYGT UJKHV VJCV
JCU GORQYGTGF VJG NQECN HQTGUV FGRCTVOGPV, CV VJG GZRGPUG QH NQECN EQWPEKNU581. 6JKU UKVWCVKQP
TGUQPCVGU YKVJ INQDCN TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU QH 'RCTVKEKRCVKQP', YJKEJ JCU DGEQOG CPQVJGT VQQN HQT
GPIKPGGTKPI EQPUGPV VQ RTQLGEVU YJQUG HTCOGYQTM JCU DGGP FGVGTOKPGF KP CFXCPEG. +V KU C
OGCPU QH VQR-FQYP RNCPPKPI VQ DG KORQUGF HTQO VJG DQVVQO-WR582. +P OQUV +PFKCP UVCVGU ,(/
HCKNGF DGECWUG583:
• )QXGTPOGPV RQNKE[ JCORGTGF ,(/ CPF VJG NGICN CPF QTICPKUCVKQP HTCOGYQTMU CTG YGCM
CPF EQPVTQXGTUKCN
• 6JGTG KU PQ DWKNV KP OGEJCPKUO VQ FGXGNQR VJG ECRCEKV[ QH ,(/ EQOOKVVGGU
• +V RC[U KPUWHHKEKGPV CVVGPVKQP VQ IGPFGT CPF ECUVG KUUWGU, YJKEJ WPFGTOKPGU VJG IQCN QH
EQOOWPKV[ GORQYGTOGPV
• 1H RTQDNGOU YKVJ EQORGVKVKQP YKVJ QVJGT XKNNCIG DCUGF ITQWRU
• +P OCP[ ECUGU KV TGKPHQTEGU GZKUVKPI RQYGT JKGTCTEJKGU DQVJ YKVJKP CPF DGVYGGP NQECN
EQOOKVVGGU CPF VJG HQTGUV FGRCTVOGPV
• +V HCKNU VQ UGPUKVK\G CNN VJG RTQLGEV CEVQTU QP KUUWGU QH IGPFGT, ECUVG CPF GSWKV[
• +V HCKNU VQ UGPUKVK\G VJG HQTGUV FGRCTVOGPV QP RCTVPGTUJKR YKVJ NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU
$QVJ 'UQEKCN HQTGUVT[' CPF ,(/ KP +PFKC KNNWUVTCVG VJCV 'RCTVKEKRCVKQP' VJCV HCKNU VQ GPICIG YKVJ VJG
FKUVTKDWVKQP CPF QRGTCVKQP QH RQYGT YKVJKP NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU YKNN QHHGT NKVVNG VQ OCTIKPCNKUGF
ITQWRU. /CP[ RCTVKEKRCVQT[ RTQLGEVU TGUV QP VJG FWDKQWU CUUWORVKQP VJCV UKORN[ KFGPVKH[KPI
FKHHGTGPV 'UVCMGJQNFGTU' CPF IGVVKPI VJGO CTQWPF VJG VCDNG YKNN TGUWNV KP C 'HCKT' EQPUGPUWU.
2CTVKEKRCVKQP TGSWKTGU YKFGT RTQEGUUGU QH UQEKCN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP CPF UVTWEVWTCN EJCPIG VQ VJG
U[UVGO QH UQEKCN TGNCVKQPU VJTQWIJ YJKEJ KPGSWCNKVKGU CTG TGRTQFWEGF.
5.7.3 %QOOWPKV[ (QTGUVT[
1H VJG PGQ-RQRWNKUV CNVGTPCVKXGU 'EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[' CRRGCTU IGTOCPG VQ VJKU UVWF[, CNVJQWIJ
CU C 'RCTCFKIO' KV JCU RTQXGF VJG OQUV EQPVGPVKQWU, UGOCPVKECNN[ CPF EQPEGRVWCNN[ YKVJKP VJG
580 *KNF[CTF GV CN 1998C 581 −CKOQYKV\ 21 ,WPG 2001, 5CTKP 2001 582 *KNF[CTF GV CN 1998C 583 5CTKP 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 91
HQTGUVT[ EQOOWPKV[584. 6JG ETGFKV HQT KPVTQFWEKPI RCTCFKIO VQ VJG HQTGUVT[ NKVGTCVWTG CRRGCTU VQ
DGNQPI VQ ,QJP &CTICXGN585 YJQ FTGY QP (QUVGT-%CTVGT586. /CT[ *QDNG[587 KPVTQFWEGF
(QUVGT-%CTVGT'U RCRGT VQ 0GRCN-#WUVTCNKCP (QTGUVT[ 2TQLGEV YJKEJ NGF VQ VJG GOGTIGPEG QH C
'EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIO'588. (QUVGT-%CTVGT589 FGHKPGU C RCTCFKIO CU "C UGV QH FQOCKP
CUUWORVKQPU YJKEJ FGHKPG C HKGNF QH UVWF[" CPF 5VWFNG[590 CPF (KPNC[UQP591 CU C "UWD-UGV QH C
YQTNFXKGY". (QT UQOG HQTGUVGTU, 'EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT['592 TGRTGUGPVGF C 'PGY QTVJQFQZ[', YJKEJ
EQWNF PQV DG CEEQORCPKGF D[ C EQPEGRVWCN HTCOGYQTM FGTKXGF HTQO VTCFKVKQPCN
KPFWUVTKCN/UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[. 6JG PGY QTVJQFQZ[ TGSWKTGF C 'RCTCFKIO UJKHV' HTQO 'QPG UGV QH
FQOCKP CUUWORVKQPU VQ CPQVJGT' YJKEJ FKF UGGOKPIN[ DGVVGT GZRNCKP VJG RCTVKEWNCT CPQOCN[
YJKEJ NGF VQ VJG FGOKUG QH CP QNF RCTCFKIO CPF UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ TG-KPVGTRTGV RTGXKQWU MPQYP
RJGPQOGPC593. #NVJQWIJ VJG CFQRVKQP QH C 'EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[' RCTCFKIO JCU NGF VQ PGY
RGTEGRVKQPU KP 0GRCN594 CPF KU TGRQTVGF595 VQ JCXG OGV YKVJ UQOG UWEEGUU KP 2CMKUVCP,
$CPINCFGUJ CPF 5TK .CPMC, KV JCU HCKNGF VQ TGFWEG INQDCN HGCTU CDQWV VJG RQQT CPF VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF IQXGTPOGPVU CTG TCTGN[ YKNNKPI VQ RNCEG HQTGUVU KP NQECN EQPVTQN. #NVJQWIJ
EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ KP 0GRCN YCU EQPUKFGTGF D[ OCP[ VQ DG C UWEEGUU UVQT[ TGEGPV RQNKE[
EJCPIGU CTG EWTTGPVN[ WPFGTOKPKPI WUGT EQPVTQN QH HQTGUVU596.
#NVJQWIJ UGXGTCN PGQ-RQRWNKUV HQTGUVT[ VTCLGEVQTKGU (EQOOWPKV[, UQEKCN CPF LQKPV HQTGUV
OCPCIGOGPV) CTG GXKFGPVN[ IGTOCPG VQ QWT UVWF[ DGECWUG VJG[ OQWVJ VJG TJGVQTKE QH
UQEKQ-GEQNQIKECN EQPEGTP, RCTVKEKRCVKQP, +− KPVGITCVKQP, RGQRNG-HQEWU CPF GPFQIGPQWU
FGXGNQROGPV, KP TGCNKV[ VJG[ JCXG DGGP KPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ EQ-QRVGF CPF QRGTCVG WPFGT OWEJ QH VJG
UCOG EQPUVKVWVKQP CU RTQHGUUKQPCN HQTGUVT[. /QTG QHVGP VJCP PQV VJG[ CRRGCT VQ JCXG HCKNGF VJG
584 &CPDWT[ 1993 585 &CTICXGN GV CN 1985 586 (QUVGT-%CTVGT 1976 587 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP *QDNG[ 1995 588 )KNOQWT GV CN 1989 589 )KNOQWT CPF (KUJGT 1991 RCIG 17 590 5VWFNG[ 1994 RCIG 73 591 (KPNC[UQP 1994 RCIG 143 592 6JG EQPVTQN CPF OCPCIGOGPV QH HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU D[ TWTCN RGQRNG, YJQ WUG VJGO HQT VJGKT FQOGUVKE RWTRQUGU CPF CU CP KPVGITCN RCTV QH UWDUKUVGPEG CPF RGCUCPV HCTOKPI U[UVGOU ()KNOQWT CPF (KUJGT 1991). 593 (QUVGT-%CTVGT 1976 RCIG 169 594 )KNOQWT 1988 595 −CTMK 2000 596 5JTGUVJC 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 92
KPVGPFGF DGPGHKEKCTKGU597. 6JG HCKNWTGU JCXG DGGP ECWUGF D[ NCEM QH NQECN UWRRQTV, NCEM QH
IGPWKPG RCTVKEKRCVKQP, 'GNKVG ECRVWTG'598, CP KPCDKNKV[ VQ TGURQPF VQ NQECN PGGFU, VJG EQPVKPGPEG QH
EGPVTCNKUGF RNCPPKPI, NCEM QH RQNKVKECN YKNN CPF RQNKE[ UWRRQTV VQ FGNGICVG OCPCIGOGPV
CWVJQTKV[ VQ NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU, HCKNWTG VQ CDQNKUJ QNF RQNKE[ CPF NCYU, CPF VJG OQPQEWNVWTCN
O[QRKC QH TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV RTQHGUUKQPCNU. '%QOOWPKV[' (QTGUVGTU YGTG GPEQWTCIGF, KP VJG
NCVG 1970U, VQ CESWKTG VJG PGEGUUCT[ UQEKCN CPF CPVJTQRQNQIKECN UEKGPEG UMKNNU, CPF GHHGEV C
'RCTCFKIO UJKHV'. 6JG[ CRRGCT, JQYGXGT VQ NCEM VJG OGPVCN OCRU VJCV UWEJ C UJKHV TGSWKTGU.
5WDUGSWGPVN[ VJG[ JCXG NCTIGN[ TGOCKPGF KIPQTCPV QH VJG UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN EQPVGZV YKVJKP YJKEJ
OWEJ NQECN HQTGUV-TGNCVGF RJGPQOGPC QEEWTU QT MPQYNGFIG KU IGPGTCVGF, CPF EQPVKPWG VQ
RTKXKNGIG VJG 'UEKGPVKHKE CPF TCVKQPCN' QXGT PCVKXG YKUFQO. 9JGTG HQTGUVGTU FQ CFFTGUU
XGTPCEWNCT HQTGUVT[ VJG[ VGPF VQ FKUGODGF KV HTQO KVU PQTOCVKXG EQPVGZV CPF KPVGITCVG KV KPVQ
WPKXGTUCN 'UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[' MPQYNGFIG.
5.8 2156-/1&’40 (14’564;
2QUV-OQFGTP CRRTQCEJGU VQ VJG HQTGUVT[ FQOCKP JCXG EQOG NCVGT VJCP HQT OQUV QVJGT
FQOCKPU599 CPF VJGTG CTG VJQUG YJQ CTIWG VJCV EQPUGSWGPVN[ VJG UVWFKGU CTG OQTG GPGTIK\GF600.
6JG GCTN[ NKVGTCVWTG601 OQUVN[ HQEWUGF QP HQTGUVT[ FKUEQWTUG CPCN[UKU VJCV ETKVKSWGF 'UEKGPVKHKE,
WVKNKVCTKCP, CPF EQNQPKCN' HQTGUVT[. 6JKU VTCLGEVQT[ OCKPN[ GORJCUKUGU FGEQPUVTWEVKQP QT CPCN[UKU
YKVJ NKVVNG TQQO HQT C EQPUVTWEVKXG CRRTQCEJ602. 9KVJKP VJG NCUV FGECFG JQYGXGT YG JCXG
YKVPGUUGF VJG 'FCYPKPI'603 QH C RQUV-OQFGTP RCTCFKIO604 VJCV CRRGCTU VQ JCXG INQDCN
CRRNKECVKQP WPFGT VJG TWDTKE QH 'RNWTCNKUO CPF UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUVT['605 CPF CRRGCTU VQ CFFTGUU PQV
QPN[ KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV XCNWGU DWV EJCPIGU KP HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJG 'YGUV'. +V RTQXKFGU CP GOGTIKPI
RCTCFKIO VJCV CNNQYU HQTGUVGTU VQ OQXG DG[QPF VJG PCTTQY EQPHKPGU QH '7VKNKVCTKCP (QTGUVT[' CPF
CFQRV C RQUV-OQFGTP CFCRVKXG CRRTQCEJ VQ HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR606. /E%C[ IQGU HWTVJGT VJCP OQUV
597 5JKXC 1989 598 9JGP VJG KPVGPFGF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG DGPGHKVU QH C FGXGNQROGPV RTQITCOOG CTG ECRVWTGF D[ VJG GNKVG KPUVGCF QH IQKPI VQ VJG RQQT QT OCTIKPCNKUGF. 599 *GCNVJ, IGPFGT, TCEG GVE. 600 1OQJWPFTQ 1999 601 $T[CPV 1996, &QXG 1992, )WJC 2000, 5JKXC 1989, 602 &WPM 1994, 1OQJWPFTQ 1999, 5CVVGTHKGNF 1997 603 6TQWXCNKU 2000 604 5EJGNJCU 2003 605 (#1 1997 606 5JKPFNGT GV CN 1999, 9KNNKCOU & 2002
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 93
CWVJQTU VQ CTIWG VJCV C PGY RQUV-OQFGTP PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV JCU GOGTIGF607. 6JKU
RCTCFKIO CEEQTFKPI VQ 5EJGNJCU (2003) KU RTGFKECVGF QP:
� WVKNKVCTKCP CPF PQP-WVKNKVCTKCP XCNWGU
� YJQNG U[UVGOU VJCV CTG PQP-FGVGTOKPKUVKE
� UEKGPVKHKE WPEGTVCKPV[ ETGCVKPI URCEG HQT QVJGT UQWTEGU QH MPQYNGFIG,
� CFCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV OQFGNU
� VJG TGEQIPKVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG VJTQWIJ DQVVQO-WR CRRTQCEJGU,
� NQECN RGQRNG CU CEVKXG RCTVKEKRCPVU KP VJG U[UVGO608.
CPF JG FTCYU QP TGUGCTEJ HTQO VJG 75# CPF %QUVC 4KEC VQ KFGPVKH[ HQWT 'RCTCFKIO UJKHVU' VJCV
JG DGNKGXGU CTG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH RQUV-OQFGTP VTGPFU:
� HTQO UKORNG VQ OWNVKRNG KPVGTGUVU KP PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU
� HTQO UKORNG QYPGTUJKR VQ DWPFNGU QH TKIJVU
� HTQO FGVGTOKPKUVKE UEKGPEG VQ OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
� HTQO RWDNKE KPVGTGUV VQ UVCMGJQNFGT ITQWRU
2QUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[, HTQO VJKU RGTURGEVKXG, CRRGCTU VQ QHHGT CP CNVGTPCVKXG JQNKUVKE RCTCFKIO
VQ GPJCPEG VJG HQTGUVU CPF VJG YGNN-DGKPI QH VJG RGQRNG YJQ FGRGPF WRQP VJGO +V RTQXKFGU C
RNCVHQTO VQ CFFTGUU :- OWNVKRNG-CKO HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV, UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, UVCMGJQNFGT PGGFU,
'PQTOCVKXG RNWTKHQTOKV['609, NQECN CPF KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV XCNWGU, MPQYNGFIG GSWKV[, CPF U[PGTI[
DGVYGGP HQTOCN CPF EWUVQOCT[ HQTGUVT[ MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU.
5.9 2156-4+1 (14’564; 2#4#&+)/5
+P URKVG QH VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH C TCPIG QH PGQ-RQRWNKUV HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU VJCV YGTG UWRRQUGF VQ
CFFTGUU VJG RQQT, VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, CPZKGV[ KPETGCUGF, GXGPVWCNN[
EWNOKPCVKPI KP VJG GCTVJ UWOOKV KP 4KQ KP 1992. #U C TGUWNV, C PGY OQFGN QH HQTGUVT[ GOGTIGF
YJKEJ UVTGUUGF VJG PGGF HQT C ITGCVGT UQEKCN TQNG CPF KPETGCUGF RCTVKEKRCVKQP D[ VJG RQQT, VJCV
YCU RTGFKECVGF QP KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ C DQVVQO-WR CRRTQCEJ. .GCFKPI
QP HTQO VJKU OQFGN C PWODGT QH CNVGTPCVKXG RCTCFKIOU JCXG GOGTIGF PCOGN[, GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[610
607 /E%C[ 2000, 5EJGNJCU 2003 608 5EJGNJCU 2003 609 9KGTUWO 1997 610 2CPFG[ 1998
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 94
CPF KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[611. +V FKF PQV, JQYGXGT, VCMG KPUVKVWVKQPCN HQTGUVT[ NQPI VQ TGKPXGPV
KVUGNH D[ EQ-QRVKPI VJG TJGVQTKE QH 4KQ. 6JG ’CTVJ 5WOOKV CITGGOGPVU612 UVCVG VJCV
"(QTGUV RQNKEKGU UJQWNF UWRRQTV VJG KFGPVKV[, EWNVWTG CPF TKIJVU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CPF HQTGUV
FYGNNGTU. 6JGKT MPQYNGFIG QH EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV UJQWNF DG TGURGEVGF CPF
'WUGF'613 KP FGXGNQRKPI HQTGUVT[ RTQITCOOGU". 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ 'WUGF' KU TCVJGT CP CODKIWQWU
VGTO CPF CU C TGUWNV OCKPUVTGCO HQTGUVT[ JCU OQUVN[ NGCTPGF CDQWV VJG PGGFU, MPQYNGFIG CPF
XGTPCEWNCT RTCEVKEGU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG, CU C EQOOQFKV[ KP C .QEMGCP WVKNKVCTKCP UGPUG, CPF
PQV HTQO VJGO. 6JG DCUKU HQT NGCTPKPI JCU DGGP OQUVN[ 'UKORNG' GZ UKVW CPF GZVTCEVKXG TCVJGT
VJCP GRKUVGOKE, CPF KPVGTRTGVGF QP VJG DCUKU QH OCKPUVTGCO HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU CPF/QT C
FKEJQVQO[ QH KPFKIGPQWU CPF UEKGPVKHKE MPQYNGFIG614. #U C TGUWNV KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG JCU
DGGP FKUGODGFFGF HTQO KVU PQTOCVKXG EQPEGRVWCN CPF GRKUVGOKE HTCOGYQTMU, NQUV KVU XKIQWT
CPF XKVCNKV[, DGGP HTQ\GP KP VKOG CPF URCEG, CPF 'UVTCPIWNCVGF' D[ EGPVTCN EQPVTQN CPF
OCPCIGOGPV.
+P 2000 UQOG (QTGUV TGUGCTEJGTU615 UVWF[KPI HQTGUVT[ MPQYNGFIG EQPUKFGTGF KH VJG
'KPEQTRQTCVKQP' QH +− KPVQ HQTOCN HQTGUVT[ EQPUVKVWVGF C 'RCTCFKIO EJCPIG' QT C 'RJKNQUQRJKE
UJKHV'!. (TQO OWEJ QH VJGKT FGDCVG KV YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG KPEQTRQTCVKQP YCU RTGFKECVGF QP VJG
EQPEGRVWCN HTCOGYQTMU CPF 'TGCNKVKGU' QH 'RTQHGUUKQPCN HQTGUVT[' CPF 1960'U CPF 70'U FGHKPKVKQPU
QH RCTCFKIO. 6JG[ HCKNGF VQ IQ DG[QPF VJG TGFWEVKXG TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU VJCV XKGYU UEKGPEG 'CU
TGNCVKXG VQ EWNVWTG QT KPVGTGUVU' CPF CRRNKGF OQUVN[ VQ UEKGPVKHKE GZRGTKOGPVCVKQP CPF
RTQHGUUKQPCN RTCEVKEG616.
(GY CVVGORVU CTG DGKPI OCFG VQ NGCTP HTQO CNVGTPCVKXG HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU QT CFFTGUU VJG
U[PGTI[ YKVJKP C PGVYQTM QH GSWKVCDNG HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU. 6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU VJCV XGTPCEWNCT
HQTGUV MPQYNGFIG YKNN DG FKUGODGFFGF HTQO KVU PQTOCVKXG EQPVGZV CPF 'KPVGITCVKQP' NKMG
'RCTVKEKRCVKQP' CPF 'EQ-OCPCIGOGPV' YKNN TGRTGUGPV CPQVJGT V[TCPP[ TCVJGT VJCP C RCTCFKIO
UJKHV617. #NVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG C PWODGT QH RQUV-4KQ VTCLGEVQTKGU QH HQTGUVT[ VJCV TGEQIPKUG VJG
611 7OCPU 1992 612 −GCVKPI 1993 RCIG 63 613 /[ GORJCUKU. 614 #ITCYCN 1995D 615 .CYTGPEG 2000 616 −WJP 1962, 2KEMGTKPI 1992 9KGTUWO 2000, 617 %QQMG 1996, %QQMG CPF −QVJCTK 2001, *KNF[CTF GV CN 1998D, 5VGTNKPI 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 95
KORQTVCPEG QH +−, YJKNG VJG[ EQPVKPWGF VQ DG UWDLGEV VQ 'EQTRQTCVG ECRVWTG'618 CPF CTG
RTGFKECVGF QP C OCKPUVTGCO/ KPFKIGPQWU FKEJQVQO[ VJG[ YKNN HCKN VQ UCHGIWCTF +− QT VJG
FKUCFXCPVCIGF. /QTG CVVGORV PGGFU VQ DG OCFG VQ TGEQIPKUG VJG:
● /WNVKRNKEKV[ QH NQIKEU CPF RTCEVKEGU VJCV WPFGTNKG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU (OCKPUVTGCO CPF
KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[)
● $TKFIG VJG EQPUVTWEVGF EJCUO DGVYGGP OCKPUVTGCO CPF KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[
● .GCTP HTQO VJG TGCNKVKGU QH KPFKIGPQWU EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF HQTGUV UWUVCKPCDKNKV[
● 6Q TGKPXGPV HQTGUVT[, KP YC[U UKOKNCT VQ VJG OQTG TCFKECN UVTGCOU QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN
GFWECVKQP CU KV UGGMU VQ CFFTGUU KUUWGU QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[619
● .GCTP HTQO KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG QT KVU OGVCVJQTGVKECN HTCOGYQTM (K.G. RCTCFKIO) QP VJG
DCUKU QH KVU GRKUVGOKE EQIPKVKQP.
6JGTG CTG VYQ GOGTIKPI VTCLGEVQTKGU , YJKEJ CVVGORV VQ DWKNF QP VJG PQTOCVKXG EQPVGZV QH NQECN
RGQRNG CPF RTQVGEV +−. 6JGUG KPENWFG GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ CRRTQCEJGU620 CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU
CRRTQCEJGU621. #NVJQWIJ VJGUG CRRTQCEJGU CTG PGY UQOG CVVGORV JCU DGGP OCFG VQ KPVTQFWEG
VJGO KPVQ HQTGUVT[ RTQLGEVU CPF HQT HQTGUV TGUGCTEJ622.
5.9.1 6JG ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ #RRTQCEJ
#NVJQWIJ GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ JCU GZKUVGF CU C XGTPCEWNCT RTCEVKEG HQT JWPFTGFU QH [GCTU KV FKF PQV
ICKP KPVGTPCVKQPCN TGEQIPKVKQP WPVKN VJG NCVG 1990U YJGP VJG VGTO YCU EQKPGF623 CPF KV YCU
CFFTGUUGF CV VJG 11VJ 9QTNF (QTGUVT[ EQPHGTGPEG KP #PMCTC KP 1997. +V ECP DG FGHKPGF CU NQECN
EQOOWPKVKGU EQPVKPWCN EWUVQOCT[ RTCEVKEGU QH ETGCVKPI, EQPUGTXKPI, OCPCIKPI, CPF WUKPI
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 96
HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU CPF KV TGUQPCVGU YKVJ GVJPQ-FGXGNQROGPV624. +V FKHHGTU HTQO EQOOWPKV[ CPF
UQEKCN HQTGUVT[ KP VJCV DGUV RTCEVKEGU CTG RTGOKUGF QP TCEKCN CPF MPQYNGFIG GSWKV[, GVJPKE
KPENWUKQP, CPF U[PGTI[ DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU. ’VJPQHQTGUVT[ QHHGTU VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ VQ
DWKNF QP VJG WPKSWG GVJPKE VTCFKVKQPU QH GZRNKEKV PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP, GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG,
GPXKTQPOGPVCN GFWECVKQP, VQRQEQUOKE OGFKCVKQP, HQTGUV XCNWGU, CPF UCETGF NCPFUECRGU HQWPF
COQPI GVJPKE CPF NQECN RGQRNGU TCVJGT VJCP KPVTQFWEKPI UEKGPVKHKE OQFGNU QH TGUQWTEG
OCPCIGOGPV VJCV TGSWKTG VTCKPKPI CPF CNKGPCVG NQECN RGQRNG HTQO VJGKT EWNVWTG CPF NCPFUECRG.
5.9.2 6JG (QTGUV 8CNWGU #RRTQCEJ
0CVKQPCN HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV RNCPPKPI KUUWGU JCXG VTCFKVKQPCNN[ DGGP HTCOGF KP VGTOU QH HQTGUV
WUGU GURGEKCNN[ EQOOQFKV[ WUGU, TCVJGT VJCP HQTGUV XCNWGU QT RGTEGRVKQP625. 5GGFGF, JQYGXGT D[
C RQUV-OQFGTP RCTCFKIO UJKHV626 HQTOGT 'ENQUGV' HQTGUV XCNWGU627 CTG DGKPI EQPUKFGTGF CU C
OGCPU QH CFFTGUUKPI OWNVKRNG WUG HQTGUVT[ CPF KPEQTRQTCVGF KPVQ HQTGUV RNCPPKPI 628. 6JKU
CRRTQCEJ JCU CRRNKECVKQP DQVJ VQ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CPF PQP VTCFKVKQPCN EQOOWPKVKGU. #P
KPEQORNGVG WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH NQECN CRRTQCEJGU VQ HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR OC[ CEVWCNN[ TGHNGEV DQVJ
KPFKXKFWCN CPF EQNNGEVKXG FKHHGTGPEGU KP JGNF HQTGUV XCNWGU. 9JKNG HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF RGTEGRVKQPU
CTG CUUWOGF VQ WPFGTNKG RTGHGTGPEG HQT CEVWCN HQTGUV WUG, VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP RTGHGTGPEGU
CPF CVVKVWFGU VQYCTF HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR KU PQV YGNN FQEWOGPVGF KH WPFGTUVQQF.
/QUV HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU KPENWFKPI PGQ-RQRWNKUV QPGU QRGTCVG YKVJKP VJG UCOG FKUEWTUKXG
VGTTCKP CU 'UEKGPVKHKE' HQTGUVT[ CPF CTG VJGTGHQTG PQV IGTOCPG VQ VJKU UVWF[. 6JG QPN[ GZEGRVKQP
CTG GXKFGPVN[ GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU DCUGF QP HQTGUV XCNWGU.
6JWU HCT KP VJKU VJGUKU YG JCXG TGCEJGF VJG HQNNQYKPI EQPENWUKQPU:
624 ’VJPQFGXGNQROGPV CU C EQPEGRV TGHGTU VQ VJG RCTVKEKRCVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU ITQWRU KP VJG HQTOCVKQP CPF KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU KP CEEQTFCPEG YKVJ VJGKT QYP PGGFU CPF CURKTCVKQPU. ’VJPQFGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU CTG FGUKIPGF D[ TCVJGT VJCP HQT VJG RGQRNG EQPEGTPGF, YJKEJ KORNKGU VJG TGXCNWCVKQP QH VJGKT QYP EWNVWTG CU VJG DCUKU WRQP YJKEJ HWVWTG FGXGNQROGPV KU VQ DG EQPUVTWEVGF. ’VJPQFGXGNQROGPV KU VJWU QRRQUGF VQ GVJPQEKFCN FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU KORQUGF WRQP NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU D[ FQOKPCPV PCVKQPCN GNKVGU (UGG 5G[OQWT-5OKVJ 1986). 625 4QNUVQPG CPF %QWHCN 1991 626 1OQJWPFTQ 1999, 6CWDGPGEM 1992, 6TQWXCNKU 2000 627 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP .GG 6 2003 YGDNQI 628 /E%C[ 2000, 5EJGNJCU 2003, 5JKPFNGT CPF %TCOGT 1999, 9KNNKCOU 2002
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 97
5QOG RNCPPGTU CTG EQPXKPEGF VJCV VJG HCKNWTG QH VJG PGY UQEKQ-GEQNQIKECNN[ UGPUKVKXG UVTCVGIKGU
EQ-QRVGF D[ 'RTQHGUUKQPCN' HQTGUVT[ EQWNF DG DGVVGT CFFTGUUGF D[ KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[. 6JG[
DGNKGXG VJCV KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[ OKIJV CUUKUV YKVJ VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH UWEEGUUHWN HQTGUVT[
RTQLGEVU VJCV CTG GEQNQIKECNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG CPF UQEKQ- RQNKVKECNN[ GSWKVCDNG.
+P URKVG QH VJG EWTTGPV CVVGPVKQP VQ +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG KP OWEJ QH VJG YQTNF, VJG
FGXGNQROGPV KFGQNQIKGU QH ECRKVCNKUO, UQEKCNKUO, CPF /CTZKUO-.GPKPKUO, %CTVGUKCP 5EKGPEG,
CPF HQTOCN VGEJPQNQIKGU, IQXGTPOGPV KPVGTXGPVKQPU, CPF VJG 'UEKGPVK\CVKQP QH CNVGTPCVKXG
MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU', EQPVKPWG VQ EQNQPK\G VJG EQPUEKQWUPGUU QH OCTIKPCNK\GF RGQRNGU.
/QUV OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPVCN CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTCLGEVQTKGU JCXG PQ CRRCTGPV HKV
YKVJ VJG HQTGUV XCNWGU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CPF YKVJ C HGY GZEGRVKQPU CTG HCVCNN[ HNCYGF, KP
VGTOU QH VJGKT QYP QDLGEVKXGU.
9G PQVGF HWTVJGT VJCV YJKNG OCKPUVTGCO GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CPF UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV,
CRRGCT VQ JCXG CFQRVGF VJG 'RQNKVKECNN[ EQTTGEV' TJGVQTKE QH EQPEGTP HQT VJG RQQT, VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, VJG[ EQPVKPWG VQ DG RTGFKECVGF QP VJG NGICEKGU QH KORGTKCN CPF
EQNQPKCN FKUEQWTUG. 6JGKT XKGY QH PCVWTG EQPVKPWGU VQ DG WVKNKVCTKCP CPF VJG[ TGOCKP DNKPF VQ
FKXGTUKV[ QWVUKFG QH GEQPQOKEU. 6JG[ FQ PQV QHHGT CP[ UQTV QH EJCNNGPIG VQ ECRKVCNKUV ITQYVJ,
CPF VJG[ CTG OCPKHGUVN[ TGUKUVCPV VQ GEQEGPVTKUO. 6JG[ CTG DNKPF VQ VJG EWNVWTCNN[ EQPUVTWEVGF
O[VJU WRQP YJKEJ VJG[ CTG RTGFKECVGF CPF VJG[ JCXG HCKNGF VQ CFFTGUU VJG EWNVWTCN RQNKVKEU QT
VJG KPFKIGPQWU 'U[UVGOU' QH VJG OCLQTKV[ YQTNF.
#NVJQWIJ CVVGORVU CTG DGKPI OCFG VQ TGEQIPKUG CPF KPVGITCVG YGUVGTP CPF PQP-YGUVGTP
'MPQYNGFIG', VJG KPVGITCVKQP EQPVKPWGU VQ DG RTKXKNGIGF QP YGUVGTP YQTNFXKGYU, UEKGPEG, XCNWGU,
FGHKPKVKQPU QH RTQITGUU CPF PGQNKDGTCN GEQPQOKEU.
+V KU GXKFGPV VJCV OQUV ’CUVGTP ENCUUKECN MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU FQ CRRGCT VQ QHHGT UQOG TGUQWTEGU
VJCV UWRRQTV VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH PCVWTG. 6JGKT XKGY QH VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, JQYGXGT KU QHVGP
U[ODQNKE QT UGEQPFCT[, NCEMKPI GZRNKEKV RTQVGEVKQP QT 'DQPFU QH CHHGEVKQP' CPF CV DGUV QPN[
TGRTGUGPVU C FGKV[ QT KVU FKXKPG CURGEV. #U C TGUWNV VJGUG U[UVGOU ECP LWUV CU GCUKN[ RTQXKFG VJG
DCUKU HQT VJG FQOKPCVKQP, GZRNQKVCVKQP CPF EQPVTQN QH PCVWTG CPF JWOCPMKPF.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 98
+P URKVG QH VJG VJTGCVU RQUGF VQ KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF VJG FCPIGTU QH TQOCPVKEKUO
VJGTG CTG CURGEVU VJCV CTG WPKSWG CPF OQTG IGTOCPG VQ DKQ-EWNVWTCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ VJCP '9GUVGTP'
QT '’CUVGTP ENCUUKECN' MPQYNGFIG-U[UVGOU. 4GITGVVCDN[ JQYGXGT +− KU DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[
EQ-QRVGF KPVQ OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPV TJGVQTKE CPF CVVGORVU CTG QHVGP OCFG GKVJGT VQ KPVGITCVG
KV KPVQ UWRGTKQT HQTOCN U[UVGOU QH MPQYNGFIG QT VQ KPUKUV QP C FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP YGUVGTP CPF
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG.
/QUV HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU KPENWFKPI PGQ-RQRWNKUV QPGU QRGTCVG YKVJKP VJG UCOG FKUEWTUKXG
VGTTCKP CU 'UEKGPVKHKE' HQTGUVT[ CPF CTG VJGTGHQTG PQV IGTOCPG VQ VJKU UVWF[. 6JG QPN[ GZEGRVKQP
CRRGCTU VQ C RQUV-OQFGTP CRRTQCEJ DCUGF QP GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU.
6JGUG VYQ CRRTQCEJGU CTG WPKSWG KP VGTOU QH HQTGUV RTCEVKEG KP %JKPC DWV VJG[ RTGUGPV C OCLQT
FKUEWTUKXG EJCNNGPIG VQ %JKPC'U PCVKQPCN UQEKGV[629.
$GHQTG YG ECP EQPUKFGT VJGUG CRRTQCEJGU CPF VJG OGVJQFQNQI[ CFQRVGF KP VJKU UVWF[ YG PGGF
VQ TGOKPF QWTUGNXGU PQV QPN[ QH VJG CKOU QH VJKU UVWF[ DWV VJG YKFGT EQPVTKDWVKQP QH VJG UVWF[
TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 1 UGEVKQP 1.4.
6JG RTKOCT[ CKO QH VJKU UVWF[ YCU VQ GZRNQTG VJG KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF
TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR YKVJ C XKGY VQ HKPFKPI UWKVCDNG GPFQIGPQWU RCTCFKIOU VJCV YKNN CNNQY VJG
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO VQ RGTRGVWCVG, RTQVGEV, WVKNK\G CPF EQPUGTXG VJGKT HQTGUV
CPF VTGGU QP C UWUVCKPCDNG DCUKU YKVJQWV EQORTQOKUKPI VJGKT UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN U[UVGOU,
EQUOQXKUKQP QT YGNN-DGKPI. +P RWTUWCPEG QH VJG CKO VJG TGUGCTEJ YKNN EQPVTKDWVG:
• VQ VJG DTQCF VJGQTK\CVKQP QH MPQYNGFIG
• VQ VJG KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG FGDCVG
• D[ GZRNQTKPI VJG EQPVTKDWVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU VQ UWUVCKPCDNG
TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR CPF HQTGUVT[ QWVEQOGU
• D[ UWIIGUVKPI ETQUU-EWNVWTCN VQQNU CPF OGVJQFU HQT KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG GNKEKVCVKQP CPF
CPCN[UKU
• D[ UWIIGUVKPI OGVJQFU QH DTKFIKPI DGVYGGP OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
629 5GOCPVKE, EQIPKVKXG, RQNKVKECN, GRKUVGOQNQIKECN, GEQPQOKE CPF QPVQNQIKECN
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 5 (QTGUVT[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 99
• D[ UWIIGUVKPI QWVEQOGU KP %JKPC CPF ’CUVGTP −JCO.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 100
%*#26’4 6 /’6*1&5 #0& /’6*1&1.1);
6.1 +0641&7%6+10
6JKU EJCRVGT GZRNCKPU VJG OGVJQFQNQIKECN DCUKU HQT VJG CPCN[UKU EQPFWEVGF KP VJG GPUWKPI
EJCRVGTU. 6JG OGVJQFQNQI[ EJQUGP HQT OGGVKPI VJG QDLGEVKXGU QWVNKPGF KP FGVCKN CV VJG GPF QH
EJCRVGT 5 KU OWNVK-HCEGVGF KP VJCV KV JCU DQVJ SWCNKVCVKXG CPF SWCPVKVCVKXG EQORQPGPVU CPF FTCYU
WRQP JKUVQTKECN CU YGNN CU EQPVGORQTCT[ OCVGTKCNU. 6JG UVWF[ KU CNUQ GCTVJGF KP VJG CWVJQT'U
MPQYNGFIG QH VJG TGIKQP ICKPGF HTQO; EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ KP 0GRCN (1984-1991), EQPUWNVCPE[
KP %JKPC (1993 -2005), UGEQPFCT[ FCVC630 UQWTEGU, MG[ KPHQTOCPVU CPF EWNVWTCN URGEKCNKUVU (K.G.
UJCOCPU). 6JG CWVJQT'U NQECN MPQYNGFIG GURGEKCNN[ HTQO VJG EQPVGZVWCN UVWFKGU TGHGTTGF VQ
DGNQY KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ KORQTVCPV DGECWUG KV UWRRNGOGPVU CPF EQPVGZVWCNKUGU VJG HKGNF TGUGCTEJ
CPF HKNNU KP UQOG QH VJG ICRU.
6JKU EJCRVGT YKNN DGIKP YKVJ VJG TCVKQPCNG HQT VJG SWCPVKVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ VQ HKGNF TGUGCTEJ DGHQTG
FKUEWUUKPI VJG NKVGTCVWTG QP HQTGUV XCNWGU, ETKVKSWKPI:- OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI, IGQUVCVKUVKECN
CPF DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU, CPF UWRRQTVKXG VGEJPQNQIKGU. +V YKNN EQPENWFG YKVJ EQPVGZVWCN UVWFKGU631,
HKGNF VGUVKPI KP 7− CPF %JKPC, CPF C UQHVYCTG GXCNWCVKQP.
6JGTG CTG VJTGG TGCUQPU YJ[ + UGNGEVGF C SWCPVKVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ VQ HKGNF TGUGCTEJ CNVJQWIJ VJKU
OC[ CRRGCT VQ DG KPEQPITWGPV632 YKVJ VJG YQTNFXKGY QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG
(KTUVN[ KP VGTOU QH HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV OQUV HQTGUVGTU (QTKGPVCN CPF QEEKFGPVCN) CTG OQTG
EQPXKPEGF D[ 'JCTF HCEVU' VJCP SWCNKVCVKXG PCTTCVKXG CPF QPG CKO QH VJKU UVWF[ KU VQ RTQXKFG VQQNU
HQT HQTGUVGTU VQ CFFTGUU VJG HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU QH KPFKIGPQWU ENKGPVU.
5GEQPFN[ IKXGP VJG UGPUKVKXKV[ QH TGUGCTEJ KP ’CUVGTP −JCO HKGNF HQTGUVT[ TGUGCTEJ RTGFKECVGF
QP C SWCPVKVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ YCU NGUU NKMGN[ VQ CVVTCEV CVVGPVKQP VJCP C SWCNKVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ
CFFTGUUKPI KFGCU, QRKPKQPU CPF CVVKVWFGU.
630 IQXGTPOGPV FQEWOGPVU, RTGUU ENKRRKPIU, PGYU NGVVGTU, 455 HGGFU, CNGTVU, QHHKEKCN UVCVKUVKEU. 631 2TQLGEV UVWFKGU DCUGF QP YQTM GZRGTKGPEG KP 0GRCN (1983-1991) CPF EQPUWNVCPE[ CPF HGCUKDKNKV[ UVWFKGU EQPFWEVGF KP %JKPC DGVYGGP 1993-2005 WPFGT VJG CGIKU QH &(+&, 6JG 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCPE[ (75#) %CTG CPF 5JCTG (QWPFCVKQP CPF (TKGPFU QH %JKPC. 632 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP )GTXCKU 2002 YGDNQI
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 101
6JKTFN[ YJGP + HKTUV DGICP VQ EQPUKFGT TGUGCTEJ OGVJQFU VJCV CFFTGUUGF MPQYNGFIG UVTWEVWTGU,
HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP, GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[, RCTCFKIOU CPF HQNM OQFGNU VJG QPN[ OGVJQFU VJCV CRRGCTGF VQ
DG IGTOCPG YKVJ VJKU UVWF[ YGTG HTQO VJG HKGNFU QH EQIPKVKXG CPVJTQRQNQI[ V[RKHKGF D[ %QND[633
(5GG (KIWTG 6-1) YJKEJ OQUVN[ CRRGCTGF VQ DG DCUGF QP SWCPVKVCVKXG FCVC EQNNGEVKQP.
(KIWTG 6-1 %QIPKVKXG CPVJTQRQNQI[ (VGZV KP TGF D[ CWVJQT)
%QIPKVKXG#PVJTQRQNQI[
5GOCPVKEU −PQYNGFIG5VTWEVWTGU
/QFGNUCPF 5[UVGOU
&KUEQWTUGCPCN[UKU
’VJPQITCRJKE
5GOCPVKEU
5GOCPVKE
6JGQT[
’VJPQUEKGPEG
’VJPQHQTGUVT[
%QPUGPUWU
#PCN[UKU
5ETKRVU CPF
5EJGOCVC
2CTCFKIOU
(QNM /QFGNU
&GEKUKQP /QFGNU
)QCN
5VTWEVWTGU
CPF
/QVKXCVKQPCN
5[UVGOU
0CTTCVKXG
)TCOOCTU
&KUEQWTUG
5GOCPVKEU
%QPVGPV
#PCN[UKU
#TEJGQNQI[ 5QEKCN#PVJTQRQNQI[
%QIPKVKXG CPVJTQRQNQIKUVU UVWF[ JQY RGQRNG WPFGTUVCPF CPF QTICPK\G VJG OCVGTKCN QDLGEVU,
GXGPVU, CPF GZRGTKGPEGU VJCV OCMG WR VJGKT YQTNF CU VJG RGQRNG VJG[ UVWF[ RGTEGKXG KV. +V KU CP
CRRTQCEJ VJCV UVTGUUGU JQY RGQRNG OCMG UGPUG QH TGCNKV[ CEEQTFKPI VQ VJGKT QYP KPFKIGPQWU
EQIPKVKXG ECVGIQTKGU. %QIPKVKXG CPVJTQRQNQIKUVU UVTGUU U[UVGOCVKE FCVC EQNNGEVKQP CPF CPCN[UKU
KP CFFTGUUKPI KUUWGU QH TGNKCDKNKV[ CPF XCNKFKV[ CPF, EQPUGSWGPVN[, TGN[ JGCXKN[ QP UVTWEVWTGF
KPVGTXKGYKPI CPF UVCVKUVKECN CPCN[UGU. 6JGKT VGEJPKSWGU634 ECP DG FKXKFGF KPVQ VJTGG ITQWRU VJCV
RTQFWEG FKHHGTGPV UQTVU QH FCVC: (FKU/UKOKNCTKV[ VGEJPKSWGU, QTFGTKPI VGEJPKSWGU, CPF VGUV
RGTHQTOCPEG VGEJPKSWGU635). &KU/UKOKNCTKV[ OGVJQFU (WUGF HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI) ECNN HQT
TGURQPFGPVU VQ LWFIG VJG NKMGPGUU QH RCTVKEWNCT KVGOU. 1TFGTGF OGVJQFU (WUGF KP VJG .WIW .CMG
633 %QND[ 1996 RCIG 210 634 9GNNGT CPF 4QOPG[ 1988 635 PQV TGNGXCPV VQ VJKU UVWF[.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 102
UVWF[ FKUEWUUKQP NCVGT KP VJKU EJCRVGT (UGEVKQP 6.5.3) CPF /CR1-1, /CR 8-1, /CR 8-4) TGSWKTG
VJG TCPMKPI QH KVGOU CNQPI C EQPEGRVWCN UECNG. 6JG URGEKHKE OGVJQFU WUGF D[ EQIPKVKXG
CPVJTQRQNQIKUVU HQT FCVC EQNNGEVKQP KPENWFG HTGG NKUVKPI, HTCOG GNKEKVCVKQP, VTKCF VGUVU, RKNG UQTVU,
RCKTGF EQORCTKUQPU, TCPM QTFGT, VTWG CPF HCNUG VGUVU, CPF EWNVWTCN EQPUGPUWU VCUMU. 6[RKECNN[ HQT
FCVC CPCN[UKU VJG[ WUG )WVVOCP UECNKPI, .KMGTV UECNKPI, OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI,
EQTTGURQPFGPEG CPCN[UKU, UKPIWNCT XCNWG FGEQORQUKVKQP, JKGTCTEJKECN ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU, OGCUWTGU
QH FKU/UKOKNCTKV[, ETQUU-VCDWNCVKQP, JKGTCTEJKECN NQINKPGCT OQFGNU, OCTIKPCN PQTOCNK\CVKQP,
U[OOGVTKE FGEC[ GPFQICO[ OQFGN, EQPUGPUWU OQFGNU, WPKXCTKCVG UVCVKUVKEU, OCVTKZ EQORCTKUQP,
CPF RTQRGTV[ HKVVKPI636.
(TQO VJGUG OGVJQFU CPF CRRTQCEJGU FKUUKOKNCTKV[ VGEJPKSWGU DCUGF QP RCKTGF EQORCTKUQPU (QH
HQTGUV XCNWGU) YGTG UGNGEVGF KP VJKU UVWF[ HQT FCVC EQNNGEVKQP CPF OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI
(/&5) CPF JKGTCTEJKECN ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU (*%#)637 YGTG UGNGEVGF HQT CPCN[UKU. 6JG UWKVCDKNKV[ QH
VJGUG OGVJQFU HQT HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP YCU EQPHKTOGF D[ TGUGCTEJ638 YQTM EQPFWEVGF COQPI VJG
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU QH 9GUV −CNKOCPVCP639 CPF KU FKUEWUUGF HWTVJGT DGNQY.
+V YCU QTKIKPCNN[ GPXKUCIGF VJCV /&5 YQWNF RTQXKFG VJG RNCVHQTO HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI CPF
VJCV /CPVGN VGUVU640 YQWNF RTQXKFG EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP UKVGU. #HVGT HKGNF VGUVKPI KP %JKPC KV YCU
FKUEQXGTGF VJCV VJGTG YCU DQVJ URCVKCN FGRGPFGPE[ CPF FKTGEVKQPCN DKCU KP VJG /&5 OGCP FCVC
UGV. 6JKU QHHGTGF VJG RTQURGEV QH WUKPI DQVJ IGQUVCVKUVKEU CPF DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU VQ URCVKCNN[ OCR
CPF CPCN[\G HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP KP YC[U PQV RQUUKDNG YKVJ /&5 CNQPG.
)GQUVCVKUVKEU, GXGP641 YKVJ C PQPRCTCOGVTKE642 FKUUKOKNCTKV[ OGCUWTGU643, CRRGCTGF VQ RTQXKFG
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 103
C OGCPU HQT URCVKCN CPCN[UKU CPF HQT KPVGTRQNCVKQP CETQUU VJG YJQNG TGUGCTEJ CTGC. $QWPFCT[
CPCN[UKU YQWNF RTQXKFG C OGCPU QH KFGPVKH[KPI VJG URCVKCN RCVVGTP QH VJG /&5 FCVC, CP[ \QPGU
QH TCRKF EJCPIG CPF CP[ EQTTGNCVKQP YKVJ EQKPEKFCN EJCPIGU KP DKQ-RJ[UKECN QT GVJPQ-NKPIWKUVKE
FCVC. 6Q VJG DGUV QH O[ MPQYNGFIG644 VJKU KU VJG HKTUV TGUGCTEJ GZRNQTKPI HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP DCUGF
QP /&5, IGQUVCVKUVKEU CPF DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU. ’CEJ QH VJGUG VGEJPKSWGU YKNN DG GZRNQTGF KP
FGVCKN DGNQY.
6.2 (14’56 8#.7’5
0CVKQPCN HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV RNCPPKPI KUUWGU JCXG VTCFKVKQPCNN[ DGGP HTCOGF KP VGTOU QH HQTGUV
WUGU GURGEKCNN[ EQOOQFKV[ WUGU, TCVJGT VJCP HQTGUV XCNWGU QT RGTEGRVKQP645. 5GGFGF, JQYGXGT D[
C RQUV-OQFGTP RCTCFKIO UJKHV646 HQTOGT 'ENQUGV' HQTGUV XCNWGU647 CTG DGKPI EQPUKFGTGF CU C
OGCPU QH CFFTGUUKPI OWNVKRNG WUG HQTGUVT[ CPF KPEQTRQTCVGF KPVQ HQTGUV RNCPPKPI648. #P
KPEQORNGVG WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH NQECN CRRTQCEJGU VQ HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR OC[ CEVWCNN[ TGHNGEV DQVJ
KPFKXKFWCN CPF EQNNGEVKXG FKHHGTGPEGU KP JGNF HQTGUV XCNWGU. 9JKNG HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF RGTEGRVKQP
CTG CUUWOGF VQ WPFGTNKG RTGHGTGPEG HQT CEVWCN HQTGUV WUG, VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP RTGHGTGPEGU
CPF CVVKVWFGU VQYCTF HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR KU PQV YGNN FQEWOGPVGF KH WPFGTUVQQF.
8CNWG JCU FKHHGTGPV OGCPKPIU FGRGPFKPI QP VJG CTGC QH UVWF[ CPF KVU OGCUWTGOGPV YKVJKP GCEJ
FKUEKRNKPG KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ URGEKHKE VGEJPKSWGU CPF OGVJQFQNQIKECN EQPEGTPU649. (QTGUV
XCNWGU KP EQOOQP YKVJ PCVWTG XCNWGU650 ECP DG FGHKPGF CU CP "GPFWTKPI DGNKGH VJCV C URGEKHKE
OQFG QH EQPFWEV QT GPF UVCVG QH GZKUVGPEG KU RTGHGTCDNG VQ QVJGTU" CPF ECP DG JGNF QT CUUKIPGF651.
9JKNG JGNF XCNWGU CTG CP KPFKXKFWCN'U FGUKTCDNG XCNWGU, CUUKIPGF XCNWGU TGHGT VQ YJCV QPG
CUETKDGU VQ UWEJ XCNWGU. #UUKIPGF XCNWGU ECP DG OGCUWTGF GKVJGT WUKPI OCTMGV QT PQP-OCTMGV
TGUGCTEJ VQQNU. 8CNWGU CTG QTICPK\GF JKGTCTEJKECNN[ D[ CP KPFKXKFWCN VQ CEJKGXG EQIPKVKXG
EQPUKUVGPE[ DWV OC[ UVKNN CRRGCT VQ EQPHNKEV. +H NQIIKPI, HQT GZCORNG KU FGUKTCDNG652 VJKU OC[ QT
OC[ PQV EQPHNKEV YKVJ C FGUKTGF HQTGUV UVCVG653 QH UWUVCKPKPI DKQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[. 6JG WUG QH C
644 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP $CWT 2004 YGDNQI 645 4QNUVQPG CPF %QWHCN 1991 646 6CWDGPGEM 1992,6TQWXCNKU 2000 647 $NCVV 1986, RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP .GG 28/4/03 648 5EJGNJCU 2003 649 (KUEJJQHH 1991 650 .QEMYQQF 1999 651 4QMGCEJ 1973 RCIG 5 652 CU CP KPUVTWOGPVCN XCNWG : XCNWGU ECP TGHGT VQ OQFGU QH EQPFWEV (KPVTWOGPVCN). 653 CU C VGTOKPCN XCNWG : XCNWGU ECP TGHGT VQ GPF UVCVGU (VGTOKPCN).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 104
HKPKVG SWCPVKVCVKXG HQTGUV XCNWG TCVKPI U[UVGOU GPEQWTCIGU UVWF[ RCTVKEKRCPVU VQ OCMG GZRNKEKV
VJGKT JKGTCTEJ[ QH HQTGUV XCNWGU, VJG RCTCFKIOU VJCV WPFGTRKP VJGO, CPF HQT EQORCTKUQP YKVJKP
CPF DGVYGGP EQOOWPKVKGU. (QT VJG RWTRQUG QH VJKU UVWF[, JQYGXGT, VJG VGTO 'HQTGUV XCNWG' JCU
DGGP CFQRVGF VQ FGUETKDG, CPF VQ OGCUWTG, RTQZKOKV[ DGVYGGP , 'QDLGEVU QH XCNWG'654,'NQECN
XCNWGU'655, NQECN CEVQTU656, GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU657 CPF QVJGT658.
# PWODGT QH FKHHGTGPV ENCUUKHKECVKQP U[UVGOU HQT FGHKPKPI HQTGUV XCNWGU JCXG DGGP FGXGNQRGF KP
VJG RCUV659 CPF QVJGTU JCXG FGXGNQRGF EQORCTCDNG UEJGOC HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN QT YKNFGTPGUU
XCNWGU660. #NVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG UQOG EQPEGTPU661 CDQWV WPKXGTUCN V[RQNQIKGU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU VJG
V[RQNQI[ CFQRVGF D[ $TQYP CPF 4GGF (2000) CFFTGUUGU DGVVGT VJCP OQUV VJG OWNVKRNG XCNWGU QH
HQTGUVU, YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH 'KFGPVKV[' CPF 'RNCEG'. 6JG[ EQPUKFGT VJCV "'KFGPVKV[' CPF 'RNCEG' EWVU
CETQUU CNN HQTGUV XCNWGU" CPF UQ VJG[ YGTG GZENWFGF, HTQO VJGKT V[RQNQI[662. 6JGUG VYQ XCNWGU,
JQYGXGT JCXG DGGP KPENWFGF KP VJKU UVWF[ IKXGP VJGKT ICKPKPI KORQTVCPEG HQT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG
ENCKOU663 CPF HQT VJG −JCODC 6KDGVCPU664.
6.3 /’6*1&5
6.3.1 /GVJQF 1: %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI
*WOCPMKPF FQGU PQV TGCEV VQ VJG TGCN YQTNF KP TGCN VKOG, DWV VQ C EQIPKUGF GPXKTQPOGPV HKNVGTGF
VJTQWIJ VTCFKVKQPCN GZRGEVCVKQPU CPF YQTNFXKGYU. 9G FGRGPF QP OGPVCN OCRU QT EQIPKVKXG
OQFGNU VQ WPFGTUVCPF QWT YQTNF CPF UQEKQEWNVWTCN HCEVQTU KPHNWGPEG VJG EQPITWGPEG QH QWT
OCRU YKVJ QWT CEVWCN GPXKTQPOGPVU665.
654 6JG VJKPIU YG ECTG CDQWV. 655 1WT TGCUQPU HQT ECTKPI. 656 /GP, YQOGP, UGNH 657 G.I. +PFWUVTKCN (QTGUVCVKQP. 658 G.I. RNCEG 659 $TQYP CPF 4GGF 2000, 4QNUVQP CPF %QWHCN 1991 660 5CVVGTHNGNF 2001 661 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 5[FGP 2003 YGDNQI 662 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP $TQYP 30/4 CPF 1/5/2003 YGDNQI , RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 5RGPEGT 2002 YGDNQI 663 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP ,QTIGPUGP 2002 YGDNQI, /CEMGP\KG 2002, RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 5CVVGTHKGNF 2003 YGDNQI ,9KNNKCOU CPF 5VGYCTV 1998 664 ’RUVGKP CPF 2GPI 9GPDKP 1998 665 −CRNCP CPF −CRNCP 1982, /E)QXGTP GV CN 1988
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 105
6JG /&5 ')CNKNGQ' OGVJQF666 YCU CFQRVGF CU C OGCPU QH UVWF[KPI KPFKIGPQWU RGTEGRVKQP, CPF
EQIPKVKQP KP QTFGT VQ DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPF HQTGUVT[-TGNCVGF DGNKGHU CPF CVVKVWFGU CPF TGURQPUG VQ
CNKGP KPVGTXGPVKQPU. +V YCU UGNGEVGF HTQO C TCPIG QH CPVJTQRQNQIKECN OGVJQFU667 DGECWUG
FQ\GPU QT GXGP JWPFTGFU QH XCNWGU ECP DG XKGYGF UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ KP C UKPING 'RKEVWTG' YJKEJ
OCMGU KV RQUUKDNG VQ UGG VJG KPVGTTGNCVKQPUJKRU COQPI DGNKGHU CPF CVVKVWFGU. 6JKU KP VWTP KU
KORQTVCPV UKPEG EJCPIKPI QPG CVVKVWFG QT DGNKGH QHVGP EJCPIGU QVJGTU. .
6JKU VGEJPKSWG FTCYU JGCXKN[ QP VJGQT[ CPF TGUGCTEJ RTKOCTKN[ HTQO UQEKQNQI[, RU[EJQOGVTKEU,
CPF RJ[UKEU CU YGNN CU EQOOWPKECVKQPU CPF KU RTGFKECVGF QP VJG YQTM QH &WTMJGKO, /GCF,
*CNNGT CPF 5GYGNN668. 6JG )CNKNGQ VGEJPKSWG FGHKPGU EQIPKVKXG CPF EWNVWTCN RTQEGUUGU CU
EJCPIGU KP VJG TGNCVKQPU COQPI UGVU QH EWNVWTCN 'QDLGEVU' QT EQPEGRVU (QT KP VJKU UVWF[ HQTGUV
XCNWGU). 6JG KPVGTTGNCVKQPUJKR COQPI VJGUG QDLGEVU CTG OGCUWTGF D[ OCIPKVWFG GUVKOCVKQP RCKT
EQORCTKUQP CPF VJG TGUWNVKPI FKUUKOKNCTKVKGU OCVTKEGU CTG GPVGTGF KPVQ OGVTKE OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN
UECNKPI UQHVYCTG RTQITCOU. 6JG TGUWNV QH VJKU YQTM KU UWEJ VJCV GCEJ QH VJG EWNVWTCN QDLGEVU KU
TGRTGUGPVGF CU C RQKPV (5GG (KIWTG 6-2 CPF 2NQV 6-1) KP C OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN 4KGOCPP669 QT
/GVTKE URCEG. %QIPKVKXG CPF EWNVWTCN RTQEGUUGU OC[ DG FGHKPGF YKVJKP VJKU HTCOGYQTM CU
OQVKQPU QH VJGUG QDLGEVU TGNCVKXG VQ VJG QVJGT QDLGEVU YKVJKP VJG URCEG.
(KIWTG 6-2 4KGOCPP 5RCEG
6JG ')CNKNGQ' UVWF[ DGICP YKVJ C HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[ YJKEJ YCU EQPFWEVGF CU RCTV QH RTG-VGUVKPI,
KP QTFGT VQ KFGPVKH[ NQECNN[ CRRTQRTKCVG HQTGUV XCNWGU QT VJGOGU. 6JGUG XCNWGU YGTG QDVCKPGF
666 9QGNHGN CPF (KPM 1980 667 $QTICVVK 1988, 1990
668 &WTMJGKO 1966, /GCF 1982, *CNNGT 1971, 5GYGNN 1940 669 /WPMTGU 1975, 9QGNHGN CPF $CTPGVV 1982
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 106
OQUVN[ D[ C VGZV CPCN[UKU QH QRGP GPFGF KPVGTXKGYU TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.6.1 CPF
6.6.2 CPF HTQO UQOG VJGOGU670 + CFFGF KP QTFGT VQ CFFTGUU CVVKVWFGU, DGNKGHU, QDLGEVU QH XCNWG
CPF GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU. 6JGUG XCNWGU/VJGOGU YGTG VJGP RCKTGF KP C SWGUVKQPPCKTG HQTOCV671
KP %JKPGUG672. 4GURQPFGPVU YGTG UWDUGSWGPVN[ CUMGF VQ WUG VJG FKUVCPEG673 DGVYGGP 'DNCEM' CPF
'YJKVG', CU VJG[ UCY KV KP VJGKT OKPFU, CU C OGCUWTKPI UVKEM, KP EQPUKFGTKPI VJG RGTEGRVWCN
RTQZKOKV[ QH XCNWGU RCKTGF QP VJG HQTO674. 6JG GUVKOCVGU QDVCKPGF YGTG CXGTCIGF CETQUU CNN
TGURQPFGPVU TGUWNVKPI KP C OGCP FKUUKOKNCTKVKGU OCVTKZ675 , YJKEJ YCU KPRWV KPVQ
OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI (/&5) UQHVYCTG676. 6JKU URCEG QT RGTEGRVWCN OCR RTQXKFGU C RTGEKUG
CPF JQNKUVKE RKEVWTG677 QH VJG TGURQPFGPV'U DGNKGHU, CVVKVWFGU CPF DGJCXKQWT. %QPEGRVU YJKEJ IQ
VQIGVJGT KP VJKU URCEG CTG ENQUG, YJKNG VJQUG VJCV FQP'V IQ VQIGVJGT CTG HCT CRCTV.
#NVJQWIJ + JCXG PQV WUGF VJKU OGVJQF DGHQTG, CPF + TGEQIPK\G KV JCU OQUVN[ DGGP WUGF HQT DTCPF
OCRRKPI CPF OCTMGV CPCN[UKU, KV JCU DGGP WUGF HQT HQTGUVT[. 4GUGCTEJGTU JCXG WUGF /&5 VQ
FKHHGTGPVKCVG DGVYGGP 75 HQTGUV OCPCIGT'U GEQNQIKECN EQIPKVKQP, YKVJKP CPF CETQUU FKHHGTGPV
KPUVKVWVKQPU. 6JKU EQPVTCFKEVGF RTGXKQWU TGUGCTEJ UWIIGUVKPI VJCV OCPCIGTU KP VJG UCOG
KPUVKVWVKQPU DGECOG JQOQIGPK\GF KP VJGKT VJQWIJVU678. %CT[ (1995) EQPVTCUVGF /&5 YKVJ C
PWODGT QH FKHHGTGPV OGVJQFU QH UVWF[KPI NCPFUECRG RGTEGRVKQP COQPI UVWFGPVU HTQO VJG
7PKXGTUKV[ QH /GNDQWTPG. 6JG UVWF[ JCU RQVGPVKCN HQT TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV FGEKUKQP OCMKPI,
DWV YCU NKOKVGF VQ C OGVJQFU UVWF[679. %QNHGT GV CN (1996) UGGOKPIN[ IQ VJG HWTVJGUV KP
GUVCDNKUJKPI VJG UWKVCDKNKV[ QH /&5 CU C OGCPU QH WPFGTUVCPFKPI HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP, KP C UVWF[
COQPI VJG RGQRNGU QH 9GUV −CNKOCPVCP680 CNVJQWIJ KV FKF KFGPVKH[ C PWODGT QH NKOKVCVKQPU. (QT
ETQUU UKVG CPF ETQUU EWNVWTCN EQORCTKUQP VJGTG KU CP CRRCTGPV PGGF HQT VJTGUJQNF XCNWGU, C EQTG
UGV QH VJGOGU VJCV CTG XCNKF KP CNN HQTGUVU, VJGOG EQPVGZVWCNK\CVKQP CNQPI C EQPVKPWWO QH
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
677 QT CV NGCUV CU TGXGCNGF D[ VJKU VGEJPKSWG. 678 4KEJCTFUQP GV CN 1996 679 %CT[ 1995 680 +PFQPGUKC
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 107
UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV, OQTG FKXGTUG UVCMGJQNFGTU, CPF C ITGCVGT TCPIG QH XCTKCVKQP681.
+P URKVG QH VJGUG YGCMPGUUGU VJKU VGEJPKSWG JCU GPCDNGF TGUGCTEJGTU VQ KFGPVKH[ MG[
EQPUGTXCVKQP EQPEGRVU CPF UVTCVGIKGU HQT EQPUGTXCVKQP GZVGPUKQP.
6.3.2 /GVJQF 2: )GQUVCVKUVKEU
)GQUVCVKUVKECN VGEJPKSWGU YGTG QTKIKPCNN[ FGXGNQRGF D[ 5QXKGV UEKGPVKUVU HQT OGVGQTQNQIKECN
FCVC RTGFKEVKQPU. 6JG HKTUV DQQM, HQT GZCORNG, YKVJ EQORNGVG GZRNCPCVKQPU CDQWV UKORNG CPF
QTFKPCT[ MTKIKPI682 CPF EQMTKIKPI VGEJPKSWGU YCU RWDNKUJGF KP .GPKPITCF KP 1963683.
)GQUVCVKUVKECN VGEJPKSWGU YGTG NCVGT UWEEGUUHWNN[ CRRNKGF VQ OKPKPI CPF IGQUEKGPEGU684 CPF
OQTG TGEGPVN[ NCPFUECRG GEQNQI[685. 7PNKMG VTCFKVKQPCN, ENCUUKECN UVCVKUVKEU YJKEJ CUUWOGU VJCV
VJG FCVC CTG WPDKCUGF, TCPFQO, CPF WPEQTTGNCVGF, URCVKCNN[-QTKGPVGF IGQUVCVKUVKEU WUGU VJGUG
TGNCVKQPUJKRU686 VQ EJCTCEVGTK\G VJG DGJCXKQWT QDUGTXGF YKVJKP C FCVC UGV.
)GQUVCVKUVKECN OGVJQFU YGTG CFQRVGF KP VJKU UVWF[ DGECWUG VJG[ RTQXKFGF VQQNU VQ CPCN[\G
URCVKCN FCVC UGVU CPF FGVGEV CPF FGUETKDG GZRTGUUKQPU QH URCVKCN FGRGPFGPE[, EQTTGNCVKQP, QT DKCU ,
YJKEJ OC[ VJGP DG WUGF VQ DWKNF RTGFKEVKXG OQFGNU HQT OWEJ NCTIGT CTGCU687. 6JG[ YGTG
UGNGEVGF HTQO C TCPIG QH UVCVKUVKECN OGVJQFU DGECWUG VJG[ EQWNF DG WUGF KP EQPLWPEVKQP YKVJ
)+5 CPF RTQXKFGF OCRU UWRRQTVKPI GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIO KFGPVKHKECVKQP. &CVC YCU KPRWV
HTQO DQVJ VJG TCY CPF OGCP FCVC HTQO VJG /&5 UVWF[ CPF VJG )25 EQQTFKPCVGU QH GCEJ UKVG.
4GUGCTEJGTU WUG )GQUVCVKUVKEU VQ JGNR HKNN KP VJG DNCPMU DGVYGGP VJG FCVC UWRRNKGF VJTQWIJ HKGNF
UWTXG[ QT UGEQPFCT[ UQWTEGU. %QORWVGT OQFGNU CTG WUGF VQ RTGFKEV YJCV'U IQKPI QP CV CP
WP-UCORNGF NQECVKQP CPF RTQXKFG C RTQDCDKNKV[ QH XCNWGU DGVYGGP VJG UCORNGF NQECVKQPU. 1PG
QH VJG MG[ EJCNNGPIGU KP IGQUVCVKUVKEU TGUGCTEJ KU JGVGTQIGPGKV[ QT KPJGTGPV XCTKCDKNKV[. +P
TGCN-NKHG JGVGTQIGPGKV[ KU PQV TCPFQO, CPF KV WUWCNN[ HQNNQYU RJ[UKECN RTKPEKRNGU FGRGPFKPI QP
681 %QNHGT GV CN 1996 682 #P KPVGTRQNCVKQP VGEJPKSWG HQT QDVCKPKPI UVCVKUVKECNN[ WPDKCUGF GUVKOCVGU QH URCVKCN XCTKCVKQP QH MPQYP RQKPVU
UWEJ CU UWTHCEG GNGXCVKQPU QT [KGNF OGCUWTGOGPVU WVKNK\KPI C UGV QH EQPVTQN RQKPVU. YYY.CITKEWNVWTG.RWTFWG.GFW/UUOE/(TCOGU/PGYINQUUGT[.JVO CEEGUUGF 19VJ 1EV 2004. 683 )CPFKP 1963 684 +PENWFKPI: - UQKN UEKGPEG, HQTGUVT[, HKUJGTKGU, TGOQVG UGPUKPI, CPF ECTVQITCRJ[. 685 ,QJPUQP 1997, 2CUU[ 2001, 2GTT[ GV CN 2002 686 WPDKCUGF, TCPFQO, CPF WPEQTTGNCVGF FCVC. 687 $[ OGCPU QH MTKIKPI (5GG 1NKXGT CPF 9GDUVGT 1990).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 108
VJG RJGPQOGPC DGKPI UVWFKGF688, YJKEJ IGQUVCVKUVKEU VTKGU VQ OKOKE. 9JKNG IGQUVCVKUVKECN
OQFGNU ECP FQ VJKU OWEJ DGVVGT VJCP VJG[ WUGF VQ, VJG[ UVKNN RTQFWEG CPQOCNKGU. 6JG EQORNGZKV[
CPF TKEJPGUU QH PCVWTCN JGVGTQIGPGKV[ TGOCKPU C EJCNNGPIG. 6JG QVJGT KORQTVCPV EQPEGRV
CFFTGUUGU VJG RTGEKUG OGCUWTGU QH WPEGTVCKPV[. 6JGTG CTG UQOG GXQNXKPI VGEJPKSWGU HQT VJKU, DWV
VJG[ CTG HCT HTQO DGKPI GUVCDNKUJGF RTKPEKRNGU.
+P VJKU UVWF[ VJG HQNNQYKPI IGQUVCVKUVKECN VQQNU YGTG WUGF VQ CUUKUV CPCN[UKU:-
#PKUQVTQRKE689 UGOKXCTKCPEG UWTHCEG OCRU, XCTKQITCOU, MTKIKPI, EQTTGNQITCOU, DGCTKPI
CPCN[UKU, YKPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCOU, DGCTKPI EQTTGNQITCOU, CPF CPIWNCT EQTTGNQITCOU.
#PKUQVTQRKE 5GOKXCTKCPEG 5WTHCEG /CRU RTQXKFG C XKUWCN RKEVWTG QH UGOKXCTKCPEG KP GXGT[
EQORCUU FKTGEVKQP. 6JKU CNNQYU QPG VQ KFGPVKH[ VJG QEEWTTGPEG QH FKTGEVKQPCN VTGPFU CPF VJG
CRRTQRTKCVG RTKPEKRCN CZKU HQT FGHKPKPI VJG CPKUQVTQRKE XCTKQITCO OQFGN CPF HQT CPKUQVTQRKE
MTKIKPI690.
6JG XCTKQITCO691 KU VJG RTKOCT[ HQTO QH URCVKCN CPCN[UKU WUGF KP IGQUVCVKUVKEU692 CPF DQVJ
KUQVTQRKE693 CPF CPKUQVTQRKE694 OQFGNU YGTG ECNEWNCVGF. # XCTKQITCO KPENWFGU C VYQ-RQKPV
UVCVKUVKECN HWPEVKQP VJCV FGUETKDGU VJG KPETGCUKPI FKHHGTGPEG QT FGETGCUKPI EQTTGNCVKQP, QT
EQPVKPWKV[, DGVYGGP UCORNG XCNWGU CU UGRCTCVKQP DGVYGGP VJGO KPETGCUGU. +V KU UKOKNCT VQ
)GCT['U EQTTGNQITCO CPCN[UKU CPF RCKTGF SWCFTCPV XCTKCPEG CPCN[UKU695. 6JG 4GUKFWCN 5WOU QH
5SWCTGU (455) RTQXKFGU CP GZCEV OGCUWTG QH JQY YGNN VJG OQFGN HKVU VJG XCTKQITCO FCVC; VJG
NQYGT VJG TGFWEGF UWOU QH USWCTGU, VJG DGVVGT VJG OQFGN HKVU. )5+7696 WUGU 455 VQ EJQQUG
RCTCOGVGTU HQT GCEJ QH VJG XCTKQITCO OQFGNU D[ FGVGTOKPKPI VJG EQODKPCVKQP QH RCTCOGVGT
XCNWGU VJCV OKPKOK\GU 455 HQT CP[ IKXGP OQFGN.
−TKIKPI KU C HQTO QH UVCVKUVKECN OQFGNNKPI VJCV KPVGTRQNCVGU FCVC HTQO C MPQYP UGV QH UCORNG
RQKPVU VQ C EQPVKPWQWU UWTHCEG. +V KU DCUGF QP KUQVTQRKE QT CPKUQVTQRKE XCTKQITCOU, QT VYQ-RQKPV
688 G.I. KP TGHQTGUVCVKQP TWP-QHH TGFWEVKQP, VJG RJ[UKECN RTQRGTVKGU QH TQEMU CPF UQKNU (.WMG[ GV CN 2000) QT KP IGQNQI[, RJ[UKECN NCYU HQT RQTQWU OGFKC HNQY (*CTVGT 1994). 689 OGCPKPI PQP-KUQVTQRKE CPF KU WUWCNN[ WUGF VQ FGUETKDG C FKTGEVKQPCNN[ FGRGPFGPV RJGPQOGPQP. 690 )5+ 1989-2004 691 QHVGP TGHGTTGF VQ CU VJG XCTKQITCO. 692 NUCCMU CPF 5TKXCUVCXC 1989 693 OGCPU 'KPFGRGPFGPV QH FKTGEVKQP'. 694 OGCPKPI PQP-KUQVTQRKE CPF KU WUWCNN[ WUGF VQ FGUETKDG C FKTGEVKQPCNN[ FGRGPFGPV RJGPQOGPQP. 695 &CNG CPF /CJ 1998, )GCT[ 1954 696 )GQUVCVKUVKEU HQT VJG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 5EKGPEGU, 1989-2004 )&5
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 109
UVCVKUVKECN HWPEVKQPU VJCV FGUETKDG VJG KPETGCUKPI FKHHGTGPEG QT FGETGCUKPI EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP
UCORNG XCNWGU CU UGRCTCVKQP DGVYGGP VJGO KPETGCUGU.
%QTTGNQITCOU CTG QPG QH VJG OQUV EQOOQP HQTOU QH URCVKCN CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP KP IGQITCRJ[697.
# EQTTGNQITCO EQPUKUVU QH C UGTKGU QH GUVKOCVGF CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP EQGHHKEKGPVU, ECNEWNCVGF HQT
FKHHGTGPV URCVKCN TGNCVKQPUJKRU. 6JG OGVTKE RTQRQUGF D[ /QTCP698 KU VJG OQUV EQOOQPN[ WUGF
QPG HQT EQTTGNQITCO CPCN[UKU.
$GCTKPI CPCN[UKU KU C OGVJQF QH FGVGTOKPKPI VJG FKTGEVKQP QH ITGCVGUV EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP FCVC
FKUVCPEGU CPF IGQITCRJKE FKUVCPEG699. 6JG EQTTGNCVKQP700 KU EQORWVGF HQT C UGTKGU QH UGV CPINGU,
HTQO 1 FGI (’CUV) VQ 180 FGI (9GUV) WUKPI 36 HKZGF DGCTKPIU.
9KPFTQUG %QTTGNQITCOU CTG FKTGEVKQPCN EQTTGNQITCOU VJCV RWV RCKTU QH RQKPVU KP ENCUUGU/DKPU
DCUGF QP DQVJ FKUVCPEG CPF FKTGEVKQP. # YKPFTQUG CRRGCTU SWKVG FKHHGTGPV HTQO CP QTFKPCT[
EQTTGNQITCO701.
$GCTKPI EQTTGNQITCOU CTG UKOKNCT VQ PQTOCN EQTTGNQITCOU, GZEGRV VJCV VJG YGKIJVU CTG UECNGF
VQ KPFKECVG FKTGEVKQP CU YGNN CU FKUVCPEG702.
#PIWNCT EQTTGNQITCOU FGVGTOKPG VJG FGITGG QH CPKUQVTQR[ KP FCVC. 6JKU OGVJQF FQGU PQV
ECNEWNCVG CXGTCIG EQTTGNCVKQP HQT CNN HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU. +V FQGU, JQYGXGT, ECNEWNCVG VJG FKUVCPEG
DGVYGGP KPFKXKFWCN RCKT RQKPVU RTQLGEVGF QPVQ C XGEVQT KP C URGEKHKGF FKTGEVKQP CPF VJG
FKHHGTGPEGU KP VJG XCNWGU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJQUG VYQ RQKPVU703.
+ JCXG PGXGT WUGF IGQUVCVKUVKEU VQ CPCN[\G HQTGUV XCNWGU DGHQTG CPF + DGNKGXG VJKU KU QPG QH VJG
HKTUV UVWFKGU QH KVU MKPF VQ WUG VJGO VQ CKF VJG KFGPVKHKECVKQP QH GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU.
)GQUVCVKUVKEU JCXG, JQYGXGT DGGP WUGF VQ UVWF[ 'RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV' KP VJG #NCUMCP UVCVG HQTGUV704,
IGPG HNQY KP 4QDNG 1CM705 3WGTEWU NQDCVC706, CPF HQT NCPFUECRG GEQNQI[707 CPF VJGTG KU PQ
TGCUQP YJ[ VJG[ UJQWNF PQV CNUQ DG CRRNKGF VQ HQTGUV XCNWGU.
697 %NKHH CPF 1TF 1973 698 /QTCP 1950 699 (CNUGVVK CPF 5QMCN 1993 700 KP 2CUUCIG (4QUGPDGTI 2001) 701 4QUGPDGTI 2000 702 4QUGPDGTI 2000 703 5KOQP 1997 704 $TQYP GV CN 2002 705 CNUQ MPQYP CU 8CNNG[ 1CM, 9JKVG 1CM, 5YCOR 1CM, %CNKHQTPKC 9JKVG 1CM. 706 &WVGEJ GV CN 2005 707 /CPGN GV CN 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 110
6.3.3 /GVJQF 3: $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
)GQITCRJKE DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU KU DGUV XKGYGF CU C VGEJPKSWG HQT FGHKPKPI IGQITCRJKE
DQWPFCTKGU QP URCVKCN HKGNFU, CPF HQT GXCNWCVKPI VJG UVCVKUVKECN UKIPKHKECPEG QH DQWPFCT[
EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU708. 6JG UKZ OQUV EQOOQP DQWPFCT[ FGVGEVKQP OGVJQFU KPENWFG:-OQXKPI URNKV
YKPFQYU, NCVVKEG FGNKPGCVKQP, VTKCPIWNCVKQP FGNKPGCVKQP, ECVGIQTKECN FGNKPGCVKQP, URCVKCNN[
EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI CPF HW\\[ UGV OQFGNNKPI. 6JG HKTUV HQWT CTG SWKVG UKOKNCT KP VJCV VJG[ CTG
FGUKIPGF VQ NQECVG FKHHGTGPEG DQWPFCTKGU, CPF TGSWKTG UQOG GUVKOCVG QH URCVKCN TCVG QH EJCPIG.
.CVVKEG, VTKCPIWNCVKQP, CPF ECVGIQTKECN FGNKPGCVKQP JCXG KP VJG NKVGTCVWTG DGGP FGUETKDGF CU
'YQODNKPI'709. 5RCVKCNN[ EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI NQECVGU CTGCU QH TGNCVKXG JQOQIGPGKV[ CPF VJG
UKZVJ CRRTQCEJ FGVGEVU CPF FGUETKDGU HW\\[ DQWPFCTKGU. 1VJGT TGUGCTEJGTU JCXG FGXGNQRGF
OGVJQFU QH CRRN[KPI 9QODNG'U OGVJQFU VQ RQKPV, TCUVGT CPF RQN[IQP FCVC, VQ ETGCVG ETKUR QT
HW\\[ DQWPFCTKGU CPF $CTDWLCPK GV CN710 KPVTQFWEGF C RGTEGPVKNG EQPUKFGTCVKQP QH UKIPKHKECPEG.
6JGUG OGVJQFU CTG WUGF KP VJKU UVWF[ VQ CPCN[\G CPF FGNKPGCVG DQWPFCTKGU KP HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC.
6JG[ YGTG UGNGEVGF DGECWUG VJG[ EQWNF DG WUGF; KP EQPLWPEVKQP YKVJ )+5, VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG
RTGUGPEG QH DQWPFCTKGU KP HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC DGVYGGP EQOOWPKVKGU, CPF VJG EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP
HQTGUV XCNWG DQWPFCTKGU CPF DKQRJ[UKECN, IGQRQNKVKECN, QT GVJPQNKPIWKUVKE DQWPFCTKGU.
#FFKVKQPCNN[ VJG[ YGTG UGNGEVGF VQ KPHQTO VJG RTQEGUU QH GVJPQHQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIO KFGPVKHKECVKQP.
6JG FCVC YCU KPRWV HTQO VJG OGCP XCNWGU QH VJG /&5 UVWF[ CU YGNN CU VJG )25 EQQTFKPCVGU QH
GCEJ UKVG.
+P VJKU UVWF[ VJG HQNNQYKPI UWKVG QH DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU VQQNU YGTG WUGF:- URCVKCNN[ EQPUVTCKPGF
ENWUVGTKPI, YQODNKPI (KTTGIWNCT RQKPV, ECVGIQTKECN, RQN[IQP), UWDDQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU, CPF
QXGTNCR CPCN[UKU
5RCVKCNN[ EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI
6JKU OGVJQF NQECVGU VJG GFIGU QH JQOQIGPGQWU TGIKQPU, TGUWNVKPI KP ENQUGF CTGCN DQWPFCTKGU.
6JG UQHVYCTG711 KORNGOGPVU CP CFCRVCVKQP QH OWNVKXCTKCVG ENWUVGTKPI VJCV ITQWRU NQECVKQPU VJCV
708 ,CESWG\ GV CN 2000 709 9QODNG 1951 710 $CTDWLCPK GV CN 1989 711 $QWPFCT[5GGT (,CESWG\ CPF /CTWEC 2001-2003)
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 111
CTG DQVJ UKOKNCT CPF URCVKCNN[ CFLCEGPV. #FLCEGPE[ QEEWTU YJGP ENWUVGTU UJCTG CP GFIG712 QT
PGKIJDQWT YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT KP C &GNCWPC[ VTKCPIWNCVKQP713. 5KOKNCTKV[ KU FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJG
UGNGEVKQP QH CP CRRTQRTKCVG FKUUKOKNCTKV[ OGVTKE714 CPF VJG QRVKOWO ENWUVGT PWODGT HQT VJG FCVC
UGV FGVGTOKPGF D[ IQQFPGUU QH HKV CPCN[UKU.
9QODNKPI (RQKPV, ECVGIQT[ CPF RQN[IQP)
+TTGIWNCT 2QKPV 9QODNKPI YCU FGXGNQRGF715 HQT KTTGIWNCT URCVKCN HKGNFU, KP VJKU ECUG RQKPV FCVC
VJCV KU PWOGTKE DWV PQV TGIWNCTN[ URCEGF. +P VJKU OGVJQF &GNCWPC[ VTKCPIWNCVKQP716 KU WUGF VQ
EQPPGEV PGCTD[ UKVGU VQ HQTO VTKCPINGU. # RNCPG KU HKVVGF VQ VJG XCNWGU QH GCEJ < XCTKCDNG CV VJG
XGTVKEGU QH GCEJ VTKCPING, CPF VJG ITCFKGPV QH VJG RNCPG KU GUVKOCVGF CV VJG VTKCPINGU EGPVTQKF717.
$QWPFCTKGU CTG FGVGTOKPGF VJTQWIJ CRRN[KPI $QWPFCT[ .KMGNKJQQF 8CNWGU ($.8) VJTGUJQNFU
CPF UWDDQWPFCT[ EQPPGEVKQPU CTG OCFG VJTQWIJ ITCFKGPV CPING VJTGUJQNFU. %CVGIQTKECN
9QODNKPI ECPPQV DG FGVGTOKPGF QP VJG DCUKU QH UWTHCEG ITCFKGPVU UQ YQODNKPI RTQEGFWTGU
FGXGNQRGF HQT PWOGTKE FCVC FQ PQV CRRN[. (QT VJKU UKVWCVKQP YG ECP WUG ECVGIQTKECN YQODNKPI
FGXGNQRGF D[ 1FGP GV CN (1993) CU C TGHKPGOGPV QH $CTDWLCPK GV CN'U (1990) IGPGVKE FKUVCPEG
VGEJPKSWG. 5CORNG NQECVKQPU CTG EQPPGEVGF WUKPI GKVJGT C NCVVKEG QT &GNCWPC[ VTKCPIWNCVKQP CPF
C OGCUWTG QH FKUUKOKNCTKV[ KU ECNEWNCVGF HQT CNN EQPPGEVGF RCKTU. #RRTQRTKCVG FKUUKOKNCTKV[
OGCUWTGU CTG UGNGEVGF VQ TGHNGEV VJG PCVWTG QH VJG XCTKCDNGU CPF DQWPFCTKGU CTG FGHKPGF WUKPI
8QTQPQK GFIGU. 5WDDQWPFCTKGU OC[ CNUQ DG FGHKPGF. 2QN[IQP 9QODNKPI KU C TGEGPV CFFKVKQP VQ
VJG UWKVG QH DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU VQQNU FGXGNQRGF D[ ,CESWG\ CPF /CTWEC (2001). +V KU UKOKNCT VQ
ECVGIQTKECN YQODNKPI, KP VJCV UKOKNCTKV[ OGVTKEU, TCVJGT VJCP UWTHCEG ITCFKGPV OCIPKVWFGU CTG
WUGF VQ KFGPVKH[ $.8U. # FKUUKOKNCTKV[ XCNWG KU ECNEWNCVGF HQT GCEJ RCKT QH CFLCEGPV RQN[IQPU.
%CPFKFCVG DQWPFCT[ GNGOGPVU CTG VJG NKPGU VJCV UGRCTCVG VJG EQORCTGF RQN[IQPU.
712 TCUVGT CPF RQN[IQP FCVC. 713 HQT RQKPV FCVC KP XGEVQT HQTOCV. 714 &KUUKOKNCTKV[ OGVTKEU CFFTGUU JQY ENQUG VYQ UGVU QH QDUGTXCVKQPU CTG KP XCTKCDNG URCEG - KP QVJGT YQTFU, [QW ECP VJKPM QH VJG XCTKCDNGU HQT GCEJ NQECVKQP DGKPI RNQVVGF KP C OCP[-FKOGPUKQPCN URCEG, CPF VJGP KOCIKPG GUVKOCVKPI "FKUVCPEGU" DGVYGGP VJGUG RQKPVU. $QVJ ’WENKFGCP FKUVCPEG CPF /CPJCVVCP FKUVCPEG ECP DG WUGF CU OGVTKEU QH FKUUKOKNCTKV[ CU YGNN CU RTQZKOKV[, CU ECP OCP[ QVJGT OGVTKEU. &KUUKOKNCTKV[ OGVTKEU CTG ENQUGN[ TGNCVGF VQ UKOKNCTKV[ OGVTKEU; VJG TCPIG QH XCNWGU HQT DQVJ KU QHVGP DGVYGGP 0 CPF 1. +P OCP[ ECUGU, [QW ECP EQPXGTV DGVYGGP OGCUWTG QH UKOKNCTKV[ CPF QPG QH FKUUKOKNCTKV[ D[ UWDVTCEVKPI VJG HKTUV OGVTKE HTQO 1 VQ IGV VJG QVJGT (G.I., 5 = 1-&; & = 1-5).
715 $CTDWLCPK GV CN 1989, 1990 716 7RVQP CPF (KPINGVQP 1985 717 ,CESWG\ GV CN 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 112
5WDDQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU
5WDDQWPFCT[ UVCVKUVKEU KPFKECVG UWDDQWPFCT[ EQPVKIWKV[ HQT FKHHGTGPEG DQWPFCTKGU. 6JGTG CTG
VYQ CNVGTPCVKXG J[RQVJGUGU GKVJGT NCTIG UECNG DQWPFCTKGU QT HTCIOGPVCVKQP. # EQPVKIWQWU
DQWPFCT[ YQWNF JCXG HGY UWDDQWPFCTKGU, HGY UKPINGVQPU, JKIJ UWDDQWPFCT[ NGPIVJ, JKIJ
UWDDQWPFCT[ FKCOGVGT CPF NQY DTCPEJKPGUU. (TCIOGPVGF DQWPFCTKGU YQWNF JCXG NQVU QH
UKPINGVQPU, NQY UWDDQWPFCT[ NGPIVJ, NQY FKCOGVGT CPF JKIJ DTCPEJKPGUU. /QPVG %CTNQ
TCPFQOK\CVKQP KU WUGF VQ FGVGTOKPG (R-XCNWGU) YJGVJGT VJG UVCVKUVKEU CTG UKIPKHKECPVN[ JKIJ QT
NQY718.
1XGTNCR CPCN[UKU
1XGTNCR UVCVKUVKEU FGXGNQRGF D[ ,CESWG\ (1995) GZCOKPG YJGVJGT FKHHGTGPEG DQWPFCTKGU HQT
VYQ QT OQTG XCTKCDNGU EQKPEKFG QT QXGTNCR VQ C UKIPKHKECPV GZVGPV. 6JGTG CTG VYQ CNVGTPCVKXG
J[RQVJGUGU GKVJGT DQWPFCT[ CUUQEKCVKQP QT, DQWPFCT[ CXQKFCPEG. (QT VYQ XCTKCDNGU ) CPF *
DQWPFCTKGU VJCV QXGTNCR YQWNF JCXG JKIJ 15 NQY 1), 1* CPF 1)* CPF DQWPFCTKGU VJCV CXQKF
GCEJ QVJGT JCXG NQY XCNWGU QH 15 CPF JKIJ XCNWGU QH 1), 1* CPF 1)*.
15 = VJG PWODGT QH DQWPFCT[ GNGOGPVU KP DQVJ UGVU QH DQWPFCTKGU
1) = FKTGEVKQPCN QXGTNCR, CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ ) VQ *
1* = FKTGEVKQPCN QXGTNCR, CUUQEKCVKQP * VQ )
1)* = UKOWNVCPGQWU QXGTNCR, CUUQEKCVKQP DGVYGGP VJG DQWPFCTKGU
/QPVG %CTNQ TCPFQOK\CVKQP KU WUGF VQ FGVGTOKPG (YKVJ R-XCNWGU) KH VJG QXGTNCR UVCVKUVKEU CTG
UKIPKHKECPVN[ JKIJ QT NQY.
6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU, OQUVN[ CFFTGUUGF D[ $QWPFCT[5GGT719, VJCV DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU OC[ PQV DG
GTTQT HTGG KH KV HCKNU VQ CFFTGUU VJG EQODKPGF GHHGEVU QH UCORNKPI CPF PQP-TCPFQO RQUKVKQPU QH
UCORNG UKVGU KP VJG NCPFUECRG, TGUWNVKPI KP CRRCTGPV DCTTKGTU YJGTG PQPG GZKUVGF. 1PG OGVJQF
UWIIGUVGF720 VQ QXGTEQOG VJKU RTQDNGO KU VQ ECNEWNCVG VJG UWOOGF FGTKXCVKXGU CPF CRRN[ C
UKIPKHKECPEG VGUV DCUGF QP VJG RGTEGPVKNG OGVJQF CPF C RGTOWVCVKQP VGUV HQT PWNN J[RQVJGUKU QH
TCPFQOPGUU.
718 ,CESWGU CPF /CTWEC 2001 719 ,CESWG\, ,; /CTWEC, 5 2001-2003 720 *WTNGU 2004
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 113
+ JCXG PGXGT WUGF VJKU OGVJQF DGHQTG CPF, CU YKVJ VJG IGQUVCVKUVKEU OGVJQF, + DGNKGXG KV KU QPG
QH VJG HKTUV UVWFKGU VQ WUG DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU VQ CKF GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIO KFGPVKHKECVKQP.
$QWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU, JQYGXGT, JCU DGGP WUGF HQT QVJGT URCVKCN UVWFKGU VQ GZCOKPG IGPGVKE FTKHV721
VJG FKHHWUKQP QH FGOQETCE[722, GNGEVQTCN IGQITCRJ[723, ECPEGT URTGCF724, CPF HQTGUV XGIGVCVKQP
CPF DKTF FKUVTKDWVKQP725 CPF VJGTG KU PQ CRRCTGPV TGCUQP YJ[ KV UJQWNF PQV DG CRRNKECDNG VQ VJKU
UVWF[.
6.4 5722146+8’ 6’%*01.1)+’5
#U YG FKUEQXGTGF KP RCTC 1.2 VJGTG KU C ITQYKPI TGCNK\CVKQP VJCV UEKGPVKHKE MPQYNGFIG JCU PQV
EQPVTKDWVGF VQ VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH TWTCN EQOOWPKVKGU DWV NGF VQ VJG FGRNGVKQP QH VJGKT UQEKCN CPF
PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU726. /CP[ CWVJQTU JCXG UVTGUUGF VJG XCNWG QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG HQT
FGXGNQROGPV727, DWV JCXG TGEQIPK\GF KVU NKOKVCVKQPU728. 5WUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV OC[ DGUV DG
UGTXGF D[ C U[UVGO YJKEJ KPENWFGU DQVJ KPFKIGPQWU CPF UEKGPVKHKE MPQYNGFIG729. )GQITCRJKE
+PHQTOCVKQP 5[UVGOU ()+5) EQODKPGF YKVJ 4GOQVG 5GPUKPI CPF )NQDCN 2QUKVKQPKPI 5[UVGOU
()25) QHHGT VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ HQT TGEQTFKPI PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG FCVC, UEKGPVKHKE NCPF ENCUUKHKECVKQP,
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, HQNM ENCUUKHKECVKQP730 , IGPFGTGF TGUQWTEG OCRRKPI731 CPF RTGEKUGN[
TGRTGUGPVKPI VJG HQTGUV KP CNN KVU EQORNGZKV[732.
)+5 CPF )25 VGEJPQNQIKGU YGTG CFQRVGF DGECWUG VJG[ RTQXKFGF URCVKCN VQQNU VQ TGEQTF, CPCN[UG,
OCR CPF WPFGTUVCPF OWNVKRNG XKUKQPU CPF NQIKEU QH HQTGUV WUG. 6JG[ YGTG UGNGEVGF DGECWUG QH
VJG EJCNNGPIGU QH VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC VGTTCKP, VJG FKHHKEWNVKGU QH UGEWTKPI FGVCKNGF OCRU QH C
RQNKVKECNN[ UGPUKVKXG CTGC, CU C OGCPU QH 'GNGXCVKPI' 6KDGVCP HQTGUV XCNWGU, CPF CU C OGCPU QH
GORQYGTOGPV. &CVC YCU KPRWV HTQO )25 CPF VJG /&5 UVWF[ CPF FKIKVCN OCR FCVC QH ’CUVGTP
−JCO YCU EQNNGEVGF HTQO C YKFG TCPIG QH UQWTEGU KPENWFKPI VJG 9QTNF %QPUGTXCVKQP
721 (CNUGVVK GV CN 1993 722 1'.QWIJNKP 1997 723 1'.QWIJNKP 2002 724 ,CESWG\ GV CN 2003 725 *CNN GV CN 2001 726 /WTFQEM CPF %NCTM 1994, 7NNWYKUJGYC 1993 727 9CTTGP 1992 728 .GCEJ CPF /GCTPU 1988 729 )WTWPI 1994 730 )QP\CNG\ CPF *WVEJKPUQP 1995, 6CDQT CPF *WVEJKPUQP 1994 731 4QEJGNGCW GV CN 1995C 732 1OQJWPFTQ 1999
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 114
/QPKVQTKPI %GPVTG733, VJG )NQDCN /CRRKPI +PUVKVWVG734, VJG 6KDGV /CR +PUVKVWVG735, CPF VJG
%GPVTG HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN ’CTVJ 5EKGPEG +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM736, CPF HTQO QPNKPG CPF RCRGT
OCRU VJCV + FKIKVKUGF CPF IGQTGHGTGPEGF.
)+5 ECP DG FGHKPGF CU C UWKVG QH KPUVTWOGPVU HQT VJG EQNNGEVKQP, UVQTCIG, TGVTKGXCN, FKURNC[ CPF
CPCN[UKU QH URCVKCNN[ TGHGTGPEGF FCVC737. )+5 RTGRCTGF OCRU, RTGFKEVGF QP VTCFKVKQPCN TGUQWTEG
WUG CPF MPQYNGFIG IKXG NGIKVKOCE[ VQ TGUQWTEG ENCKOU D[ VJTGCVGPGF KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU. 6JG[
CNUQ GPCDNG KPFKIGPQWU QTICPK\CVKQPU VQ RTGUGPV RTQRQUCNU HQT VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH VJGKT NCPFU YKVJ
VJG MKPF QH VGEJPKECN UQRJKUVKECVKQP FGOCPFGF D[ IQXGTPOGPVU CPF CKF QTICPKUCVKQPU738. )25
KU TGXQNWVKQPK\KPI OCRRKPI VGEJPKSWGU CNNQYKPI HQT WRFCVKPI GZKUVKPI OCRU, ICVJGTKPI PGY
FCVC739, 'UGNH-OCRRKPI'740, YKNFNKHG TGEQTFKPI QT VTCEMKPI, CPF 'ITQWPF VTWVJKPI'741 TGOQVGN[
UGPUGF KOCIGU. )25 VGEJPQNQIKGU TGN[ QP C EQPUVGNNCVKQP QH UCVGNNKVGU, QTDKVKPI VJG GCTVJ, VQ IKXG
RKPRQKPV RQUKVKQPKPI CP[YJGTG KP VJG YQTNF.
+V JCU DGGP UWIIGUVGF, JQYGXGT VJCV C FKEJQVQO[ GZKUVU YJGTGD[ )+5 ECP CEV VQ DQVJ GORQYGT
CPF OCTIKPCNKUG EQOOWPKVKGU UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ CPF VJCV KV KU EQPVTCFKEVQT[ YJGP WUGF HQT
ITCUUTQQVU QT EQOOWPKV[ HQTOU QH FGXGNQROGPV 742 +P URKVG QH EQPEGTPU TCKUGF D[ UQOG UQEKCN
VJGQTKUVU743 CDQWV VJG PGICVKXG KORCEVU QH )+5 QP UQEKGV[, QVJGTU UGG NKDGTCVKPI GNGOGPVU HQT
KPFKIGPQWU UQEKGVKGU.
+ JCXG WUGF DQVJ )+5 CPF )25 VGEJPQNQIKGU KP VJG EQPVGZV QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU UKPEG VJG OKF
1990U. 5RCEG FQGU PQV OG RGTOKV OG VQ KPENWFG O[ ETKVKSWG QH )+5744 DWV QP DCNCPEG KV JCU
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
;G'MWCPC (/G[GTU 1993, 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997) CPF QVJGT KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU (4QEJGNGCW GV CN 1995C). 741 6JG WUG QH C ITQWPF UWTXG[ VQ EQPHKTO VJG HKPFKPIU QH CP CGTKCN UWTXG[ QT VQ ECNKDTCVG SWCPVKVCVKXG CGTKCN
QDUGTXCVKQPU JVVR://YYY.HQT.IQX.DE.EC/JHF/NKDTCT[/FQEWOGPVU/INQUUCT[/).JVO CEEGUUGF 15VJ /CTEJ 2005. 742 *CTTKU GV CN 1995, 4WPFUVTWO 1995, 9GKPGT GV CN 1995, ;CRC 1991 743 *CTTKU CPF 9GKPGT 1996, 1998, ;CRC 1991, 1989 744 5VWFNG[ 2004J
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 115
DGGP CFQRVGF, KP VJKU UVWF[, VQ RTGUGPV 6KDGVCP HQTGUV MPQYNGFIG CPF RCTCFKIOU KP C YC[ VJCV
GNKVG UQEKGVKGU WPFGTUVCPF CPF CU C VQQN QH GZQIGPQWU/GPFQIGPQWU HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR.
6.5 %106’:67#. 567&+’5
+P QTFGT VQ GPUWTG VJCV VJKU UVWF[ JCU DGGP GHHGEVKXGN[ UGV KP EQPVGZV TGHGTGPEG JCU DGGP OCFG VQ
C PWODGT QH UVWFKGU VJG CWVJQT JCU EQPFWEVGF KP VJG TGIKQP, KPENWFKPI C HQTGUV XCNWGU UVWF[ CV
&GPIMQ745 (5GG /CR 8-4) CPF VYQ UVWFKGU CV .WIW .CMG (5GG /CR 1-1, /CR 8-1 CPF /CR 8-4)
YJKEJ YKNN DG EQPUKFGTGF HWTVJGT KP %JCRVGT 7 CPF 8.
6.5.1 (QTGUVT[ 5VWF[ KP &GPIMQ
# UOCNN UVWF[746 YCU EQPFWEVGF HQT VJG %CTG CPF 5JCTG (QWPFCVKQP (%5() KP 1995 KP &GPIMQ
VQYPUJKR RTGFKECVGF QP RCTVKEKRCVQT[ TWTCN CRRTCKUCN747 KPVGTXKGYU YKVJ 8 TGURQPFGPVU (6CDNG
6-1)
6CDNG 6-1 (QTGUVT[ UVWF[ KP &GPIMQ
&CVG 6QVCN /CNG (GOCNG .JCF\C 9WPVW 0QOCF %COR 1 0QOCF %COR 2
4/9-11/9 1995 8 6 2 3 3 1 1
6JG RWTRQUG QH VJG UVWF[ YCU VQ CUUGUU VJG TQNG CPF KORQTVCPEG QH VTGGU CPF HQTGUVU VQ NQECN
6KDGVCPU CPF UQOG QH VJG HKPFKPIU CTG UWOOCTK\GF DGNQY KP 6CDNG 6-2.
6JG UVWF[748 EQPHKTOGF VJG KORQTVCPEG QH VTGGU CPF HQTGUVU VQ TWTCN 6KDGVCP EQOOWPKVKGU, QH
HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF RTQXKFGF C RNCVHQTO HQT GZRNQTKPI HQTGUV XCNWGU
CPF VJG GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ FQOCKP.
745 CNUQ URGNV &GPIMG. 746 5VWFNG[ GV CN 1995 747 5GG NKVGTCVWTG HQT OQTG QP VJKU:- $CTVCNCPHH[ 1976, $GPPGVV 1976, %JCODGTU 1993, 2002, (TGWFGPVJCN CPF 0CTTQYG 1991, ++’& 2003, .C\GPDCVV CPF /E/WTTC[ 2004, /CTVKP 1995, /GUUGTUEJOKFV 1991, /QTKU CPF %QRGUVCMG 1993, 0CTC[CP CPF 5TKPKXCUCP 1994 748 5VWFNG[ GV CN 1995 CPF 6CDNG 6-2
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 116
6CDNG 6-2 (QTGUVT[ RTQHKNG KP &GPIMQ
.QECVKQP QH XKNNCIG HQTGUV CTGC ’CEJ TGURQPFGPV KFGPVKHKGF C HQTGUV CTGC VJGKT XKNNCIG WUGF HQT EQNNGEVKPI HQTGUV RTQFWEVU (PQOCFU WUGF VJG PGCTGUV HQTGUV VQ VJGKT VGPVU - WUWCNN[ OQXKPI VJTGG VKOGU C [GCT)
6KOG VCMGP HQT C TGVWTP VTKR VQ XKNNCIG HQTGUV 5.5 JTU (UF 2.27 TCPIG 2-7) 6TKRU RGT [GCT D[ HCOKN[ VQ HQTGUV 15 (UF 16.86 TCPIG 3-40) (KTGYQQF EQNNGEVGF HTQO PQP -HQTGUV CPF HQTGUV CTGCU 37.5% QH TGURQPFGPVU )QQFU CPF UGTXKEGU (QVJGT VJCP HKTGYQQF)
6KODGT (100%), (WPIK (75%), (TWKVU CPF 0WVU (62.5%), (QFFGT (0%), /GFKEKPCN JGTDU (87.5%), 9KNF XGIGVCDNGU (12.5%), %QORQUV (0%), (QTCIG (37.5%, 9CVGT EQPUGTXCVKQP (12.5%)
6KODGT QDVCKPGF HTQO &GPIMQ CPF 6#4 18.75% QH TGURQPFGPVU 6JG OQUV KORQTVCPV VTGG/RNCPV URGEKGU $QNQ (100%), 5JWIRC (100%), 5CUQQ (12.5%) CPF
$C[UQQ (12.5%) 6TGG RNCPVKPI 50% QH TGURQPFGPVU (GZENWFKPI PQOCFU) JCF RNCPVGF QP
CXGTCIG 15.6 VTGGU (CRRNGU CPF YKNNQY) −PQYNGFIG QH URGEKCN VTGGU CPF/QT ITQXGU CPF/QT OQWPVCKPU, YJKEJ YGTG RTQVGEVGF
87% QH TGURQPFGPVU
−PQYNGFIG QH VTGG UVQTKGU GODGFFGF KP VJGKT EWNVWTG 12.5% QH TGURQPFGPVU (QTGUV RTQFWEV EQNNGEVKQP 12.5% QH TGURQPFGPVU EQNNGEVGF HQTGUV RTQFWEVU CNN [GCT
TQWPF CPF 25% UGCUQPCNN[ (QQF UJQTVCIGU 37.5% QH TGURQPFGPVU TGRQTVGF HQQF UJQTVCIGU FWTKPI
VJG [GCT
6.5.2 ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ 5VWFKGU COQPI VJG 2QQT - .WIW .CMG
6JG RWTRQUG QH VJKU OKUUKQP YCU VQ RTQXKFG ;WPPCP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &GXGNQROGPV 2TQITCOOG
(;’&2)749 YKVJ KPHQTOCVKQP QP KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF JKIJ CNVKVWFG HQTGUVT[, PCVWTCN
TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV, CITKEWNVWTG CPF GEQVQWTKUO CV .WIW .CMG (5GG /CR 1-1 CPF 8-1) CPF VQ
KPXGUVKICVG VJG KORCEVU QH VJG PGY HQTGUV RQNKEKGU, YJKEJ CTG FKUEWUUGF KP FGVCKN KP %JCRVGT 7
UGEVKQP 7.6.2 CPF 7.6.3), QP RQQT GVJPKE ITQWRU. 19 RQQT RGQRNG YJQ NKXGF KP VJG .WIW .CMG
PCVWTG TGUGTXG YGTG KPVGTXKGYGF HTQO 4 GVJPKE ITQWRU CPF PKPG XKNNCIGU (5GG 6CDNG 6-3).
6JKU UWTXG[ RTQXKFGF KORQTVCPV KPUKIJVU, TGHGTTGF VQ KP OQTG FGVCKN KP %JCRVGT 8, KPVQ NQECN
GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG, UCETGF NCPFUECRG CPF VJG KORCEV QH PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP RQNKE[.
749 (WPFGF D[ &(+&.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 117
6CDNG 6-3 .WIW .CMG GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ UVWF[
&CVG 8KNNCIG ’VJPKE ITQWR 6QVCN /CNG (GOCNG
24/10/2003 5JCP −WC /QUWQ 2 1 1 24/10/2003 2WNWQ *CP 1 1 24/10/2003 .CPI (CPI 2WOK 1 1 24/10/2003 9CPLCYCP ;K 2 1 1 24/10/2003 .WYCPLC *CP 1 1 25/10/2003 .CQYWLK ;K 3 2 1 26/10/2003 <JWFK *CP 3 1 2 26/10/2003 <JWFK ;K 1 1 26/10/2003 <JWFK /QUWQ 1 1 28/10/2003 5CPLKCEWP *CP 2 1 1 28/10/2003 .WQUJK 2WOK 2 1 1
6.5.3 (QTGUV 8CNWG 4CPMKPI - .WIW .CMG
6JG RWTRQUG QH VJKU OKUUKQP HQT ;’&2 YCU VQ ICKP C DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH HQTGUV XCNWG
EQORQUKVKQP COQPI RQQT CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ EJCNNGPIGF EQOOWPKVKGU CV .WIW .CMG YKVJ C
XKGY VQ KPEQTRQTCVKPI VJGUG XCNWGU KPVQ +44750 ECNEWNCVKQPU CPF DTQCFGT RTQXKPEKCN CPF UVCVG
VJKPMKPI. 7 ITQWRU QH RGQRNG, HTQO HQWT GVJPKE ITQWRU, YGTG KPVGTXKGYGF KP HQWT XKNNCIGU (5GG
6CDNG 6-4) CPF CUMGF VQ TCPM HQTGUV XCNWGU. ’CEJ ITQWR YCU CUMGF VQ FKUVTKDWVG 100 RKPU
TGRTGUGPVKPI VJG UWO VQVCN QH VJG HQTGUVU VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG751 CETQUU C UGV QH 13 RCRGT EKTENGU
TGRTGUGPVKPI 13 HQTGUV XCNWGU QP VJG DCUKU QH VJG TGNCVKXG KORQTVCPEG QH GCEJ XCNWG VQ
6CDNG 6-4 .WIW .CMG HQTGUV XCNWG TCPMKPI UVWF[
&CVG 8KNNCIG ’VJPKE ITQWR 6QVCN /CNG (GOCNG 15/1/05 2WNWQ *CP 16 11 5 16/1/05 5JCP −WC /QUWQ 13 4 9 16/1/05 9CP ,KC 9CP ;K 10 5 5 16/1/05 .CPI (CPI 2WOK 15 8-10 7
VJGO. +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV C UGV QH 13 HQTGUV XCNWGU CTG TGEQIPK\GF D[ OQUV ITQWRU QH RGQRNG CV
.WIW .CMG (5GG 6CDNG 6-5), DWV VJGTG CTG UKIPKHKECPV FKHHGTGPEGU QP VJG DCUKU QH GVJPKEKV[ CPF
IGPFGT. %QOOGTEKCN XCNWGU YJKEJ CTG QHVGP VJG QPN[ XCNWG TGEQIPK\GF D[ GEQPQOKUVU
750 +PVGTPCN TCVG QH TGVWTP. 751 6JG UWO QH WUG CPF PQP-WUG XCNWGU YKVJ FWG EQPUKFGTCVKQP QH CP[ VTCFG-QHHU QT OWVWCNN[ GZENWUKXG WUGU QT HWPEVKQPU QH VJG TGUQWTEG/JCDKVCV KP SWGUVKQP. 5QWTEG: )NQDCN $KQFKXGTUKV[ #UUGUUOGPV )$# JVVR://GWTQRC.GW.KPV/EQOO/TGUGCTEJ/DKQUQEKGV[/NKDTCT[/INQUUCT[NKUVAGP.EHO!+PKV=6 CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WN 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 118
TGRTGUGPVGF 6% QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG CPF VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV OGCP XCNWGU CTG GXKFGPVN[ 'NKHG
UWUVCKPKPI', 'KPVTKPUKE' CPF 'UWDUKUVGPEG'.
6CDNG 6-5 .WIW .CMG HQTGUV XCNWG TCPMKPI
8CNWGU *CP /QUWQ m
/QUWQ f
;K m
;K f
2WOK m
2WOK f
/GCP CNNQE /GCP TCPM
#GUVJGVKE 10 10 6 12 10 8 10 9.43 4
%QOOGTEKCN 2 0 5 13 14 3 0 5.29 9
4GETGCVKQPCN 3 3 6 0 0 5 7 3.43 13 .KHG UWUVCKPKPI 27 9 22 14 14 9 4 14.14 1
.GCTPKPI 3 8 2 16 12 6 8 7.86 7
$KQFKXGTUKV[ 11 13 6 3 5 5 4 6.71 8
5RKTKVWCN 0 0 4 0 6 13 8 4.43 10
+PVTKPUKE 13 17 11 12 11 6 9 11.29 2
*KUVQTKE 0 8 6 0 0 8 8 4.29 12
(WVWTG 4 9 10 11 9 6 14 9.00 6
5WDUKUVGPEG 21 11 9 11 7 7 7 10.43 3
6JGTCRGWVKE 5 9 9 8 12 9 13 9.29 5
%WNVWTCN 1 3 4 0 0 15 8 4.43 10
616#. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100.00
11m 5f 4 9 5 5 8 VQ 10 7
6JG TGUWNVU QH VJKU UVWF[ YGTG PQV QPN[ WUGHWN VQ UWRRNGOGPV VJG HQTGUV XCNWG CPCN[UKU KP
%JCRVGT 8 DWV VQ HKNN KP VJG ICRU YJGTG HQTGUV XCNWGU JCF PQV DGGP XQNWPVGGTGF CPF YGTG
UWDUGSWGPVN[ PQV RCTV QH VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UVWF[.
6.6 (+’.& 6’56+0) +0 7− #0& %*+0#
+V YCU PGEGUUCT[ VQ HKGNF VGUV VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI OGVJQFQNQI[ KP VJG 7− CPF %JKPC VQ
CUUGUU KVU UWKVCDKNKV[ HQT WUG KP VJKU UVWF[, DGECWUG VQ O[ MPQYNGFIG KV JCF PQV DGGP VTKGF KP VJG
7− QT %JKPC DGHQTG. 6JG CKO QH HKGNF VGUVKPI YCU VQ KFGPVKH[ 'WPKXGTUCN' QT WPKSWG FQOCKP
GNGOGPVU CPF ENWUVGTU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU, CUUGUU VJG CDKNKV[ QH TGURQPFGPVU VQ WUG 'UECNKPI'752
DGVYGGP RCKTU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU753, RTQXKFG C EQORCTKUQP DGVYGGP 7− CPF %JKPGUG/6KDGVCP FCVC,
UGNGEV VJG OQUV CRRQUKVG %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP YQTFU HQT XCNWGU, CPF VQ TGFGHKPG CPF
EQPVGZVWCNK\G VJG OGVJQFQNQI[.
752 .KMGTV 1932 753 1=ENQUG RTQZKOKV[ CPF 5= FKUVCPV RTQZKOKV[.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 119
6.6.1 (KGNFYQTM KP 7−
+P VJG 7− C HQTGUV XCNWG KFGPVKHKECVKQP UWTXG[ YCU EQPFWEVGF COQPI 30 FC[ XKUKVQTU VQ VJG 0GY
(QTGUV (6CDNG 6-6) CPF VJG TGUWNVU YGTG CPCN[\GF WUKPI VGZV CPCN[UKU UQHVYCTG754 CPF
6CDNG 6-6 (QTGUV XCNWG KFGPVKHKECVKQP KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV, 7−
&CVG 6QVCN /CNG (GOCNG
0GY (QTGUV 3/4/1999 30 19 11
ECVGIQTK\GF TGUWNVKPI KP 17 XCNWGU. 4GURQPFGPVU YGTG CDNG VQ FGUETKDG YJ[ VJG[ XCNWGF HQTGUVU
KP CP KPVGTXKGY VJCV V[RKECNN[ VQQM 7 OKPWVGU VQ EQORNGVG. # HGY TGURQPFGPVU OGPVKQPGF VJCV
VJG[ YQWNF PGXGT YGNEQOG DGKPI EJCTIGF HQT GPVT[755. 2TKQT VQ EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI 5 XCNWGU
YGTG CFFGF756 VQ VJQUG FGTKXGF HTQO VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ CPF 2 YGTG VCMGP CYC[757 TGUWNVKPI
KP 20 XCNWGU ( 5GG 2NQV 6-1) YJKEJ RTQXKFGF VJG DCUKU HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI EQPFWEVGF COQPI
VGP FC[ XKUKVQTU KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV, 7− (6CDNG 6-7).
6CDNG 6-7 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UWTXG[ QH HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV, 7−
%QWPV[/5KVG PCOG .CVKVWFG .QPIKVWFG −O* HTQO ECRKVCN &CVG 6QVCN /CNG (GOCNG $QNFGTYQQF , 0GY (QTGUV
50.873028 1.653246 127.74 (.) 17/4/99 10 5 5
6[RKECNN[ EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI VQQM 20 OKPWVGU RGT RGTUQP DWV 20% QH TGURQPFGPVU EQPUKFGTGF
VJG KPVGTXKGY YCU VQQ NQPI CPF CDQWV 30% QH VJG TGURQPFGPVU DGIKP VQ NQUG "HQEWU" CHVGT CDQWV
15 OKPWVGU. 10% QH TGURQPFGPVU EQPUKFGTGF VJCV C UECNG QH 10 YCU VQQ OWEJ CPF VJCV HKXG
YQWNF DG CFGSWCVG. 1PN[ 1% QH TGURQPFGPVU JCF FKHHKEWNV[ FGEKFKPI OGCUWTGU QH RTQZKOKV[
DGVYGGP XCNWGU, QT CRRGCTGF VQ WUG RGTUQPCN NKMGU CPF FKUNKMGU CU VJG DCUKU HQT UECNKPI758 QT
CVVTKDWVGF CNN VJGOG RCKTU YKVJ C ENQUG RTQZKOKV[759.
754 5EQVV 1997 755 6JKU KPHQTOCVKQP YCU XQNWPVGGTGF. 756 5GNH, /GP, 9QOGP, %QPUGTXCVKQP CPF (QTGUV. 757 +PVTKPUKE CPF VJGTCRGWVKE. 758 1HVGP YQOGP. 759 7UWCNN[ OGP.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 120
6JG TGUWNVU QH VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI YGTG RNQVVGF (5GG 2NQV 6-1) WUKPI OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN
UECNKPI UQHVYCTG760 CPF CPCN[\GF QP VJG DCUKU QH HKXG FKOGPUKQPU761 CPF 'HKV' UVCVKUVKEU (55&U,
55&H 5VTGUU, CPF T2)762 . 6JGTG CRRGCTU QP VJG DCUKU QH VJG /&5 RNQV CPF JKGTCTEJKECN ENWUVGT
CPCN[UKU763 VQ DG HQWT ENWUVGTU CPF QPG UKPINGVQP ('WTDCP'). )KXGP VJG UOCNN UCORNG UK\G, JKIJ
UVTGUU (0.055) CPF NQY T2 KV YCU PQV GCU[ VQ KFGPVKH[ FKOGPUKQPU QT C UGV QH VCZQPQOKGU,
ECVGIQTKGU, FQOCKPU, UEJGOCVC QT RCTCFKIOCVKE UVTWEVWTGU764. 6JGTG KU, JQYGXGT UQOG GXKFGPEG
QP VJG DCUKU QH ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU CPF O[ UWDLGEVKXG MPQYNGFIG QH 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE',
'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN',' DKQRJ[UKECN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN UGTXKEGU' FQOCKPU765 (QT ENWUVGTU) YJKEJ CTG
FKUVTKDWVGF CNQPI 'PCVWTCN' CPF 'JWOCP' FKOGPUKQPU (&KOGPUKQP 1 CPF 2).
2NQV 6-1 QH EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV, 7−
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
-4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00
1
23
45
6
78
9 1011
12
13
14
1516
17
18
19
20
0GY (QTGUV 7− (P = 10)
&KO1
&KO
2
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
%QPUGTXCVKQP 1 #KT 2 %NKOCVG 3 ’UECRG 4 5RCEG 5 6KODGT 6 (WVWTG 7 5WTXKXCN 8 9KNFNKHG 9 (QTGUV 10 $GCWV[ 11 ’EQU[UVGO 12 6QWTKUO 13 4GETGCVKQP 14 ’EQPQOKEU 15 ,QDU 16 7TDCP17 /GP 18 9QOGP 19 5GNH 20
DKQRJ[UKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
&KOGPUKQPU 555&U2696.4555&H 148.465741
5VTGUU 0.055 4-5SWCTGF 60.72
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
760 0%55 2000 (*KPV\G 1998, 2000), :.5VCV X 5.1 (#FFKPUQHV 1995-2002) 761 # EQOOQP YC[ VQ FGEKFG JQY OCP[ FKOGPUKQPU VQ WUG KU VQ RNQV VJG UVTGUU XCNWG CICKPUV FKHHGTGPV PWODGTU QH FKOGPUKQPU. # UVTGUU XCNWG (T2) DGNQY 0.05 KU CEEGRVCDNG CPF C XCNWG DGNQY 0.01 KU EQPUKFGTGF IQQF. 762 5WO QH 5SWCTGF &KUUKOKNCTKVKGU CPF 5WO QH 5SWCTGF &KHHGTGPEGU CTG WUGF VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG PWODGT QH
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 121
1VJGT RQNGU QT RCTVKVKQPU OC[ CNUQ DG RQUUKDNG CPF YJKNG VJG FCVC OC[ PQV DG KPEQPUKUVGPV YKVJ
VJG KFGPVKHKGF ITQWRU, VJGKT GZKUVGPEG KU D[ PQ OGCPU GSWKXQECN. 6JG TGETGCVKQPCN TQNG QH (QTGUVU
JCU DGGP TGEQIPK\GF D[ VJG YKFGT EQOOWPKV[ HQT UQOG VKOG766 CPF VJG 7− TGURQPFGPVU KP VJKU
UVWF[ UWRRQTV VJKU XKGY DQVJ KP VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI (2NQV 6-1) CPF HQTGUV VJGOG UWTXG[767.
/QUV QH VJG 7− TGURQPFGPVU JQYGXGT FKF PQV KFGPVKH[ 'UGNH' YKVJ 'VQWTKUO' CPF NQECVGF KV KP VJG
'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP (2NQV 6-1). #NVJQWIJ 'PCVWTCN' EQPUGTXCVKQP KU TGEQIPK\GF KP VJG
'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKPU TGURQPFGPVU FKF PQV
KFGPVKH[ VJGOUGNXGU QT UQEKGV[ YKVJ KV. 33% QH VJQUG KPVGTXKGYGF KPENWFGF URKTKVWCN XCNWGU KP C
EQPUGTXCVKQP EJGEMNKUV768, DWV PQ QPG XQNWPVGGTGF KV CU C HQTGUV XCNWG, YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH
YKNFGTPGUU CPF VJGTCRGWVKE XCNWGU769.
6.6.2 (KGNFYQTM KP %JKPC
6JG HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ KP %JKPC YCU EQPFWEVGF KP VJTGG XKNNCIGU KP &GMC 6QYPUJKR (5GG /CR
8-4) COQPI GKIJV XKNNCIGTU (6CDNG 6-8) CPF VJG TGUWNVU YGTG CPCN[\GF WUKPI VGZV CPCN[UKU
UQHVYCTG770 CPF ECVGIQTK\GF TGUWNVKPI KP 10 XCNWGU771.
6CDNG 6-8 (QTGUV XCNWG KFGPVKHKECVKQP KP %JKPC
&CVG 6QVCN %772 *QP\G $GK[W 4C\JK /CNG (GOCNG
31/7/99 8 19% 3 5 0 5 3
6JG RGQRNG QH &GMC 6QYPUJKR YGTG CDNG VQ FGUETKDG YJ[ VJG[ XCNWGF HQTGUVU, KP KPVGTXKGYU,
YJKEJ V[RKECNN[ VQQM QPG JQWT773. 2TKQT VQ EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI CPF KP QTFGT VQ CFFTGUU DGNKGHU,
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’PINKUJ-%JKPGUG-6KDGVCP).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 122
CVVKVWFGU, QDLGEVU QH XCNWG, CPF GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU VGP XCNWGU YGTG CFFGF774 VQ VJG HQTGUV
XCNWG UVWF[ CPF VJTGG XCNWGU, VJCV YGTG QPN[ OGPVKQPGF D[ C HGY TGURQPFGPVU, YGTG VCMGP
CYC[ 775. 6JG TGUWNVKPI 16 XCNWGU RTQXKFGF VJG DCUKU HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI EQPFWEVGF COQPI
VGP XKNNCIGTU (6CDNG 6-9) KP &GMC 6QYPUJKR. .CVGT VJKU YCU TGFWEGF VQ 15 XCNWGU YJGP HGY
TGURQPFGPVU CRRGCTGF VQ DG HCOKNKCT YKVJ DQP EJQU.
6CDNG 6-9 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UWTXG[ KP %JKPC
&CVG 6QVCN /CNG (GOCNG *QP\G $CK[W 4C\JK
1/8-2/8 1999 10 5 5 3 2 5
6[RKECNN[, EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI VQQM QPG JQWT CPF QPN[ 1% JCF FKHHKEWNVKGU CUUGUUKPI
RTQZKOKV[776. 1P VJG DCUKU QH /&5 (2NQV 6-2) CPF JKGTCTEJKECN ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU VJGTG CRRGCTGF
VQ DG HQWT ENWUVGTU CPF QPG UKPINGVQP ('JWPVKPI') DWV VJGTG KU UQOG PGGF HQT ECWVKQP IKXGP VJG
UOCNN UCORNG UK\G, JKIJ UVTGUU (0.08), NQY T2, CPF CPQOCNKGU YKVJ HQTGUV XCNWG VTCPUNCVKQP. +V FKF
PQV RTQXG RQUUKDNG QP VJG DCUKU QH ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU777 VQ KFGPVKH[ C EQORNGVG UGV QH EQIPKVKXG
ECVGIQTKGU, FQOCKPU778 QT RCTCFKIOCVKE UGEVKQPU. 6JGTG KU, JQYGXGT UQOG GXKFGPEG
DCUGF QP ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU CPF O[ UWDLGEVKXG MPQYNGFIG QH VJG TGIKQP QH 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN',
'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKPU
FKUVTKDWVGF CNQPI 'PCVWTCN' CPF 'JWOCP' FKOGPUKQPU. 1VJGT RQNGU QT RCTVKVKQPU OC[ CNUQ DG
RQUUKDNG CPF YJKNG VJG FCVC OC[ PQV DG KPEQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VJG KFGPVKHKGF ITQWRU, VJGKT GZKUVGPEG
KU D[ PQ OGCPU GSWKXQECN.
774 /GP, YQOGP, UGNH, HQTGUV, EQPUGTXCVKQP, JWPVKPI, UQEKCNKUO, KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP, 'OK-EJQU' CPF 'DQP' YGTG CFFGF 775 +PEQOG, DGCWV[ CPF CITKEWNVWTCN UWRRQTV YGTG VCMGP CYC[ 776 GKVJGT EQPEGRVWCNN[ QT VJG NCEM QH C NQECN VTCPUNCVQT. 777 ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU FQGU PQV EQPUKFGT FKOGPUKQPU CPF ECP QPN[ DG WUGF C C IWKFG. 778 &QOCKPU CTG OQUV V[RKECNN[ KPVTQFWEGF VQ EKTEWOUETKDG GZENWUKXG TGCNOU QT UGVU -- K.G., VJG[ UGTXG CU ECVGIQTK\CVKQP EQPUVTWEVU HQT UQTVKPI QWV WPKVKGU CPF RJGPQOGPC. JVVR://YYY.KORTKPV.EQ.WM/VJGUCWTWU/FQOCKP.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ 1EVQDGT 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 123
2NQV 6-2 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI KP &GMC VQYPUJKR
-1.50
-0.75
0.00
0.75
1.50
-4.00 -2.50 -1.00 0.50 2.00
1
2
3
4
567
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
&GMC VQYPUJKR KP $GPIFC &KUVTKEV (P = 10)
&KO1
&KO
2
&KOGPUKQPU 455&U 462.980763
55&H 39.740810
5VTGUU 0.085837
4-5SWCTGF 51.351241
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO 8
0CVWTG 9QTUJKR 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUV 2TQFWEVU 12
0*( 13
+PFWUVTKCN (QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO 15
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
+V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV TGURQPFGPVU KP $GPIFC KFGPVKH[ YKVJ VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP TCVJGT
VJCP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP CPF NQECVG EQPUGTXCVKQP KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP. 6JG
TGUWNVU (2NQV 6-2) FKF RTQFWEG C PWODGT QH UGOCPVKE/YQTNFXKGY CPQOCNKGU. #NVJQWIJ VJG
CPKOKUVKE NKPM DGVYGGP HQTGUV CPF EQPUGTXCVKQP YCU KFGPVKHKGF FWTKPI HQTGUV XCNWG KFGPVKHKECVKQP
CPF VJG TGURQPUG QH VJG NQECN FKXKPKV[ VQ PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP GZRTGUUGF KP 'DNGUUKPI' KV YCU
FKHHKEWNV HKPFKPI C YQTF KP NQECN RCTNCPEG VJCV GPECRUWNCVGF CPKOKUO. +PKVKCNN[ 'OK-EJQU'779 YCU
EJQUGP DWV KV UQQP DGECOG GXKFGPV VJCV CU C NKVGTCT[ YTKVVGP VGTO WUGF D[ GFWECVGF 6KDGVCPU KV
OGCPV PQVJKPI VQ OQUV QH VJQUG UWTXG[GF780. 6JKU YCU TGRNCEGF YKVJ 'TCPI D[WPI [KF TVQP'781
DWV VJG TGURQPUG YCU PQV EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ NQECN XKGYU GZRTGUUGF CDQWV CPKOKUVKE NKPMU YKVJ VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV. ’XGPVWCNN[ '[WN-NJC'782 YCU KFGPVKHKGF DGECWUG KV DGUV GPECRUWNCVGF VJG
GODQFKOGPV QH NQECN NCPFUECRG. ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 5GTXKEGU ('PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN HWPEVKQP')
YGTG RTQDNGOCVKE KP VJCV TGURQPFGPVU CRRGCTGF VQ QHVGP UECNG 'UGNH' ENQUG VQ VJGO, YJGP KV YCU
779 1m-&}=k
OK EJQU 780 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 4CODNG 2003 YGDNQI, RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 5COWGN 12/8/2002 YGDNQI
781 :$-Ap$-9m+-K},k
PCVWTG YQTUJKR
782 9v;-[k
C [WN-NJC KU C RNCEG IQF QT VGTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC K.G C URKTKV QT FGKV[ VJCV RTGUKFGU QXGT C RNCEG (1ZHQTF
EQORCEV FKEVKQPCT[ JVVR://YYY.CUMQZHQTF.EQO/EQPEKUGAQGF/PWOGP!XKGY=WM CEEGUUGF 30VJ 1EVQDGT 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 124
VQ DG CUUWOGF783 VJCV OCP[ UGTXKEGU YGTG NCTIGN[ KPFGRGPFGPV QH JWOCP CIGPE[. 6Q GORJCUK\G
VJGKT KPFGRGPFGPV PCVWTG VJG[ YGTG RTGHKZGF YKVJ '0CVWTCN' CNVJQWIJ KV FKF PQV OCMG OWEJ
FKHHGTGPEG. +V OWUV DG CUUWOGF VJCV HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH VJQUG UWTXG[GF VJG[ UGG GXGT[
NKXKPI CPF PQP-NKXKPI VJKPI KP VJG YQTNF CU DGKPI KPVGTTGNCVGF CPF KPVGTFGRGPFGPV CPF VJG[
V[RKECNN[ GODGF PCVWTG KP UQEKGV[. DQP EJQU784 JCF DGGP CFFGF KPKVKCNN[ VQ CUUGUU CP[
FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP VJG VJTGG TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQPU HQWPF KP 6KDGV, DWV KV CRRGCTGF VQ DG XGT[
WPEQOOQP KP ’CUVGTP −JCO CPF YCU GZENWFGF HTQO EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI. #U C TGUWNV QH HKGNF
VGUVKPI VJG OGVJQFQNQI[, C UECNG QH 5 YCU CFQRVGF CPF C UGV QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU785 YKVJ
GSWKXCNGPV YQTFU KP %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP (5GG #RRGPFKZ 3).
6.7 51(69#4’ ’8#.7#6+10
1PG QH VJG RWTRQUGU QH HKGNF-VGUVKPI YCU VQ QDVCKP FCVC KP QTFGT VQ GXCNWCVG C TCPIG QH UQHVYCTG
RCEMCIGU YKVJ C XKGY VQ UGNGEVKPI VJG QRVKOWO RCEMCIGU HQT VJG CPCN[UKU QH VJG HKPCN TGUWNVU. +V
YCU GPXKUCIGF VJCV UQHVYCTG YQWNF DG TGSWKTGF HQT FCVC EQNNGEVKQP, VGZV CPCN[UKU,
OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI, IGQITCRJKE KPHQTOCVKQP U[UVGOU, INQDCN RQUKVKQP U[UVGO OCRRKPI,
URCVKCN CPCN[UKU, FCVC KPVGTRQNCVKQP, DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU CPF RTGUGPVCVKQP ITCRJKEU. # ECPFKFCVG
NKUV QH RTQITCOOGU (5GG 6CDNG 6-10) YCU KFGPVKHKGF CPF C ETKVGTKQP HQT UGNGEVKQP/TGLGEVKQP YCU
FGXGNQRGF. +P QTFGT VQ DG UGNGEVGF UQHVYCTG RTQITCOOGU JCF VQ UCVKUH[ CU OCP[ QH VJG
HQNNQYKPI ETKVGTKC CU RQUUKDNG. 6JG UQHVYCTG UJQWNF DG
1) (TGGYCTG, NGUU VJCP d150, QT CXCKNCDNG HQT GXCNWCVKQP,
2) DG VWTPMG[786,
3) KPENWFG KORQTV/GZRQTV HKNVGTU HQT ’ZEGN CPF &$(787,
4) KPVGITCVG YKVJ QVJGT UQHVYCTG/)+5 RTQITCOOGU,
783 $CUGF QP C 9GUVGTP OKPFUGV.
784 0},-&}=k
DQP-EJQU (DQP TGNKIKQP)- 6JGTG CTG VJTGG RJCUGU QH DQP, CNVJQWIJ OQFGTP DQP ECP DG TGICTFGF CU VJG
HKHVJ UEJQQN QH 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO, YKVJ EGTVCKP FKHHGTGPEGU QH XQECDWNCT[, DWV PQ OCLQT FKHHGTGPEG KP EQPVGPV (5COWGN 1993C). 785 /GP, YQOGP, UGNH, HQTGUV, HQTGUV RTQFWEVU, EQPUGTXCVKQP, JWPVKPI, YKNFNKHG, UQEKCNKUO, KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP, [WN-NJC, DNGUUKPI, 0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP (0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP), 0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP (0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP), 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO. 786 # RTQFWEV QT U[UVGO VJCV ECP DG RNWIIGF KP, VWTPGF QP, CPF QRGTCVGF YKVJ NKVVNG QT PQ CFFKVKQPCN EQPHKIWTKPI. JVVR://YYY.9VQ5EQORWVGT.EQO/9JCV-KU-,$1&-5-<.JVO#V CEEGUUGF 12VJ #WI 2005. 787 &CVCDCUG HQTOCV .
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 125
5) DG CDNG VQ JCPFNG NCTIG FCVC UGVU,
6) KPENWFG TQWVKPGU HQT CWVQ UGNGEVKQP QP VJG DCUKU QH IQQFPGUU-QH-HKV,
7) KPENWFG CU OCP[ CPCN[VKECN VQQNU CU RQUUKDNG,
8) KPENWFG IQQF KPVGITCVKQP DGVYGGP OQFWNGU.
6JG OQUV FKHHKEWNV RTQITCOOGU VQ UGNGEV YGTG HQT OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI (/&5) CPF
DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU. + EQWNF PQV HKPF CP[ 9KPFQYU DCUGF RTQITCOOG VJCV KPENWFGF CNN VJG /&5
RTQEGFWTGU788 HTQO FCVC KPRWV VQ RNQVVGF 3& OCRU. 0%55789 CPF :.56#6790 DQVJ QHHGTGF OQUV
QH VJG RTQEGFWTGU DWV TGSWKTGF VJCV VJG FCVC DG RTGUGPVGF CU C OGCPU OCVTKZ VJCV EQWNF PQV DG
HKNVGTGF. 6JG QPN[ YC[ TQWPF VJKU YCU VQ ETGCVG CP ’ZEGN YQTMUJGGV VJCV ETGCVGF C OGCPU OCVTKZ
HTQO WP/HKNVGTGF FCVC. $QWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU UQHVYCTG RTQXGF GXGP OQTG QH C EJCNNGPIG CU VJG QPN[
VWTPMG[ UQHVYCTG RTQITCOOG KU $QWPFCT[5GGT791, YJKEJ KU XGT[ GZRGPUKXG. + YCU GXGPVWCNN[
CDNG VQ UGEWTG C EQR[ HTQO 6GTTC5GGT D[ YKPPKPI C RQUV-ITCFWCVG EQORGVKVKQP792. (QT FCVC,
KPVGTRQNCVKQP CP GXCNWCVKQP XGTUKQP QH )5+7793 YCU VJG QRVKOWO EJQKEG DGECWUG KV CWVQ
UGNGEVGF C XCTKQITCO OQFGN794 QP VJG DCUKU QH IQQFPGUU-QH-HKV. #HVGT VJG GXCNWCVKQP JCF GPFGF,
5WTHGT795 CPF +FTKUK −KNKOCPLCTQ796 YGTG WUGF KPUVGCF. %CTVCNKPZ797 KPENWFGF XGEVQT HKNVGTKPI CPF
GFKVKPI, +FTKUK798 RTQXKFGF HQT XGEVQT CPF TCUVGT NC[GT QXGTNC[KPI CU YGNN CU IGQUVCVKUVKECN
TQWVKPGU, )NQDCN /CRRGT799 KPENWFGF HKNVGTU HQT KORQTVKPI CFOKPKUVTCVKXG OCRU CXCKNCDNG QP
%JKPGUG YGDUKVGU CPF 5WTHGT800 RTQXKFGF MTKI CPF URCVKCN FGRGPFGPE[ OCRU CHVGT VJG )5+7801
GXCNWCVKQP JCF GPFGF.
788 1) +PRWV FCVC 2) (KNVGT KH TGSWKTGF 3) %TGCVG FKUUKOKNCTKV[ OGCPU OCVTKZ 4) %TGCVG /&5 RNQVU 5) %TGCVG CUUQEKCVGF UVCVKUVKEU 6) %TGCVG C 3& /&5 RNQV. 789 *KPV\G 2000 790 #FFKPUQHV 1995-2002 791 ,CESWG\ , GV CN 2001-2003 792 JVVR://YYY.VGTTCUGGT.EQO/UGTXKEGU/EQOOWPKV[/2004/6KDGV.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 793 )&5 1989-2004 794 ’ZRQPGPVKCN, URJGTKECN, )CWUUKCP, NKPGCT. 795 )5+ 2002 796 ’CUVOCP GV CN 1987-2004 797 *CICP GV CN 1998-1999 798 ’CUVOCP GV CN 1987-2004 799 )/5. 2004-2005 800 )5+ 2002 801 )&5 1989-2004
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 126
+P VJKU EJCRVGT, + JCXG KPVTQFWEGF VJG OGVJQFQNQI[ WUGF KP VJKU UVWF[ CPF UWOOCTK\GF; VJG
HKPFKPIU QH EQPVGZVWCN UVWFKGU, HKGNF-VGUVKPI, CPF CP[ TGHKPGOGPVU OCFG CPF EQPENWFGF YKVJ CP
GXCNWCVKQP QH VJG UQHVYCTG WUGF.
$GHQTG YG ECP EQPUKFGT VJG TGUWNVU QH VJG HKGNF YQTM, JQYGXGT + PGGF VQ RNCEG VJG UVWF[ CTGC, VJG
EQPVGUVGF TGIKQP QH ’CUVGTP −JCO, CICKPUV VJG DCEMFTQR QH KVU FQOKPCPV PGKIJDQWTU VJG
'FTCIQP MKPIFQO' QH %JKPC CPF VJG 'UPQY NKQP MKPIFQO' QH 6KDGV CPF VJGKT 'VQVCNK\KPI
FKUEQWTUGU' QH TCEG, PCVWTG, TGNKIKQP CPF GPXKTQPOGPV.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 6 /GVJQFU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 127
6CDNG 6-10 %CPFKFCVG UQHVYCTG UJQYKPI UGNGEVGF UQHVYCTG KP DQNF V[RG CPF WPFGTNKPGF
5QHVYCTG &CVC 6GZV 5VCVU /&5 )+5 )25 5RCVKCN &CVC KPVGTRQNCVKQP $QWPFCT[ 2TGUGPVCVKQP
%QNNGEVKQP #PCN[UKU #PCN[UKU /CRU #PCN[UKU XCTKQITCOU MTKIKPI #PCN[UKU )TCRJKEU
)GQGZRNQTGT%’ (0GYOCP 7&) √
2QEMGV ’ZEGN (/5 7&) √
9QTFUOKVJ 6QQNU (5EQVV 1998) √
6CEV (.CPECUJKTG GV CN 1995) √
#PVJTQRCE ($QTICVVK 1990) √ √
)CNKNGQ (9QGNHGN 2000D) √
0%55 (*KPV\G 2000) √ √
0GY/&5: (%QZQP GV CN, WPFCVGF) √
2GTOCR (*GCF[ 1997) √
5255 (1989-1999) √ √
:.56#6 (#FFKPUQHV 1995-2002) √ √
%CTVCNKPZ (*CICP GV CN 1998-1999) √ √ )NQDCN /CRRGT ()/5.
2004-2005) √ √
+FTKUK (’CUVOCP GV CN 1987-2004) √ √ √ √ √
1\KGZRNQTGT (0GYOCP 7&) √
’EQUUG (%NCTM GV CN, WPFCVGF) √ √
)’1’#5 (%5/15 1989) √ √
)5+7 ()&5 1989-2004) √ √
2CUUCIG (4QUGPDGTI 1998-2004) √
5#&# (5VGYCTV GV CN 2000-2002) √ √
5WTHGT ()5+ 2002) √ √ √
8CTKQYKP (2CPPCVKGT 1996) √
8GURGT (/KPCUP[ GV CN 2005) √ √ $QWPFCT[5GGT
(,CESWG\ GV CN 2001-2003) √
)TCRJKU (−5 2003) √
5OCTVFTCY (2005) √
6JQWIJVXKGY (9QGNHGN 2000C) √
%TG
CVG
F D
[ 0
GG
XKC
2G
TUQ
PC
N %Q
PXG
TVGT VTKC
N XG
TUKQ
P J
VVR://Y
YY
.PG
GXKC
.EQ
O
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 128
%*#26’4 7 %*+0# #0& 6+$’6
7.1 +0641&7%6+10
+V YQWNF DG PCKXG QT TQOCPVKE VQ CVVGORV VQ WPFGTUVCPF −JCO YKVJQWV TGHGTGPEG VQ VJG *CP
%JKPGUG QT .JCUC 6KDGVCPU CPF VJG KORCEV QP, CPF TGURQPUGU QH NQECN RGQRNG VQ HQWT VQVCNK\KPI
FKUEQWTUGU QH TGNKIKQP, PCVWTG, TCEG CPF GPXKTQPOGPV.
+P VJKU EJCRVGT YG YKNN CFFTGUU HQWT FKUEQWTUGU HTQO HKXG RGTURGEVKXGU: VJCV QH VJG YGUV, QH VJG
'FTCIQP MKPIFQO' (%JKPC), VJG '%JKPGUG FKCURQTC' (6CKYCP CPF *QPI −QPI), VJG 'UPQY NKQP
MKPIFQO' (6KDGV) YKVJ UQOG TGHGTGPEG VQ −JCO YJKEJ YKNN DG EQXGTGF KP OQTG FGRVJ KP VJG
PGZV EJCRVGT (UGEVKQP 8.1). 6JG KORQTVCPEG QH KPENWFKPI VJG FKCURQTC KU VQ ICKP UQOG KPUKIJV
KPVQ VJG %JKPGUG CRRTQCEJ VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CPF FGOQETCE[ KP EQWPVTKGU CPF TGIKQPU YKVJ
C FKHHGTGPV RQNKVKECN NCPFUECRG VQ OCKPNCPF %JKPC.
6JG CWVJQT CEMPQYNGFIGU VJG NGPIVJ QH VJKU EJCRVGT DWV UVTGUUGU KVU PGEGUUKV[ KP QTFGT VQ
RTQRGTN[ KPVGTRTGV VJG HQTGUV XCNWGU QH VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO CICKPUV C FGVCKNGF
WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG YKFGT TGIKQPCN CPF EWNVWTCN EQPVGZV YKVJKP YJKEJ VJG[ CTG UKVWCVGF. #U
UWEJ, VJKU EJCRVGT RNC[U C DTKFIKPI TQNG DGVYGGP VJG DTQCFGT HQEWU QH VJG HKTUV HKXG EJCRVGTU CPF
VJG −JCO-URGEKHKE OCVGTKCN.
%JKPC KU VJG UGEQPF NCTIGUV EQWPVT[ KP VJG YQTNF, YKVJ VJG NQPIGUV EQPVKPWQWU EWNVWTG QP GCTVJ.
+V KU C OWNVKPCVKQPCN UVCVG YJQUG OKPQTKV[ PCVKQPCNKVKGU EQPUVKVWVG 8 RGTEGPV QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP
CPF QEEWR[ 60 RGTEGPV QH VJG PCVKQPCN VGTTKVQT[, KPENWFKPI KVU OQUV UGPUKVKXG DQTFGT CTGCU. 6JG
ENCUUKHKECVKQP QH 55 OKPQTKVKGU KPFKECVGU, JQYGXGT, VJCV GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU CTG HTCIOGPVGF CPF
VJCV GCEJ KU PWOGTKECNN[ KPUKIPKHKECPV XKU-à-XKU VJG QPG DKNNKQP UVTQPI OCLQTKV[ '*CP %JKPGUG'.
6JGTG KU PQ WPKHQTO RCVVGTP QH OKPQTKVKGU, CU GCEJ JCU KVU FKUVKPEV JKUVQT[, EWNVWTG, NCPIWCIG CPF
VGTTKVQTKCN CUUQEKCVKQP. 0QT CTG GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU WPKHKGF D[ CP[ UKPING TGNKIKQP. 6KDGVCPU CPF
/QPIQNU, HQT GZCORNG CTG $WFFJKUVU, DWV VJG[ CTG IGQITCRJKECNN[ UGRCTCVGF HTQO QPG CPQVJGT,
FGURKVG UVTQPI EWNVWTCN CHHKPKV[. +V KU RQUUKDNG VQ UWIIGUV JQYGXGT VJCV OQUV QH VJG OKPQTKVKGU KP
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 129
UQWVJYGUV %JKPC CTG 'GPENQUGF ITQWRU', YKVJ NKVVNG KTTGFGPVKUV802 CURKTCVKQP, YJGTGCU VJG
6KDGVCPU, /QPIQNU, 7[IJWTU CPF −QTGCPU CTG ITQWRU YKVJ GZVGTPCN QTKGPVCVKQPU. 6JG
PCVKQPCNKVKGU FKHHGT, OQTGQXGT, KP VJGKT CUUKOKNCVKQP QT FKUVCPEG HTQO VJG FQOKPCPV GEQPQOKE
CPF EWNVWTCN RTGOKUGU QH VJG *CP. &GURKVG VJKU UGGOKPIN[ JQRGNGUU UKVWCVKQP QH OKPQTKV[
HTCIOGPVCVKQP, QXGT OWEJ QH KVU NQPI KORGTKCN JKUVQT[ %JKPC YCU TWNGF D[ PQP-*CP RGQRNGU,
PCOGN[ VJG /QPIQNU, /CPEJWU CPF GXGP HQT C HGY [GCTU VJG 6KDGVCPU. 0QV WPVKN GCTN[ KP VJG
VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[ YCU %JKPC TGDQTP CU C PCVKQP-UVCVG YKVJ VJG '*CP' ENCKOKPI VQ DG VJG IWCTFKCP
PCVKQPCNKV[ YJKNG KPEQTRQTCVKPI PQP-*CP OKPQTKVKGU KP CP GVJPKE JKGTCTEJ[. +P 1949, %JKPC
RTQENCKOGF KVUGNH C RGQRNG'U TGRWDNKE, C OWNVKPCVKQPCN UVCVG, CPF RTQOKUGF CWVQPQO[ HQT GVJPKE
OKPQTKVKGU. 6JG DCUKU HQT GVJPKE CWVQPQO[ UVGOOGF PQV QPN[ HTQO %JKPGUG %QOOWPKUV 2CTV['U
(%%2) KFGQNQIKECN EQOOKVOGPV VQ GSWCNKV[ DWV YCU VJG RTQFWEV QH UVTCVGIKE CNNKCPEGU DGVYGGP
%%2 CPF GVJPKE ITQWRU KP FGHGCVKPI VJG %JKPGUG 0CVKQPCNKUV 2CTV[803. 6JG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH
CWVQPQOQWU VGTTKVQTKCN KPUVKVWVKQPU CV VJG RTQXKPEKCN NGXGN KP 6KDGV, :KPLKCPI, )WCPIZK CPF
0KPIZKC CPF CV NQYGT NGXGNU YKVJKP %JKPGUG RTQXKPEGU FKF PQV, JQYGXGT, TGRTGUGPV GVJPKE UCHG
JCXGPU. # PCVKQPCNKV[ DWKNFKPI RTQLGEV YCU NCWPEJGF VJCV TGUWNVGF KP XGT[ OKZGF HQTVWPGU,
YJKEJ JCXG DGEQOG GXGP OQTG OKZGF UKPEG VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH VJG UQEKCNKUV OCTMGV GEQPQO[
CPF VJG ')TGCV 9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV 2TQLGEV'804.
+P URKVG QH %JKPC'U TGEGPV RQQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN TGEQTF, VJGTG JCU DGGP INQDCN KPVGTGUV QXGT VJG NCUV
VYQ FGECFGU KP DQVJ QTKGPVCN ENCUUKECN CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CU GZGORNCTU QH
JCTOQPKQWU GPXKTQPOGPVCN OCPCIGOGPV. #NVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG QDXKQWUN[ TGUQWTEGU KP &CQKUO,
HGPIUJWK, 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO CPF +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU VJCV UWRRQTV EQPUGTXCVKQP
VJGTG CTG QDXKQWU FCPIGTU KP GSWCVKPI CP[ QH VJGO KP VJGKT GPVKTGV[ YKVJ GZRNKEKV PCVWTG
EQPUGTXCVKQP. +V CRRGCTU VJCV QPN[ KP QPG UWDUGV QH VJG QTKGPVCN YQTNFXKGY, PCOGN[ VJG 'UCETGF
NCPFUECRG' RCTCFKIO, VJGTG KU UQOG GXKFGPEG QH GZRNKEKV EQPUGTXCVKQP. 6JKU KU OQTG GXKFGPV KP
6KDGVCP UQEKGV[ VJCP *CP, CNVJQWIJ KV OC[ GZKUV KP C NCVGPV EQPFKVKQP KP VJG NCVVGT, DWV CU KV
YQWNF DG XKGYGF CU 'UWRGTUVKVKQP' KV YQWNF NCEM CP[ XCNKFKV[ QP VJG DCUKU C UEKGPVKHKE UQEKCNKUV
802 2GQRNG YJQ YKUJ VQ TGENCKO VJG NQUV VGTTKVQTKGU QH C UVCVG. 6JG VGTO FGTKXGU HTQO CP +VCNKCP RQNKVKECN RCTV[ HQWPFGF KP CDQWV 1878 KPVGPFKPI VQ KPEQTRQTCVG +VCNKCP-URGCMKPI CTGCU KPVQ VJG PGYN[ HQTOGF UVCVG. JVVR://YYY.VKUECNK.EQ.WM/TGHGTGPEG/GPE[ENQRCGFKC/JWVEJKPUQP/O0019612.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 803 6JG 0CVKQPCN 2CTV[ GURQWUGF CPF KORNGOGPVGF C DNCVCPVN[ TCEKUV CIGPFC FKTGEVGF VQYCTFU ETGCVKPI C RWTG *CP PCVKQP-UVCVG. 804 $WNCI 1999
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 130
RCTCFKIO, KP EQOOQP YKVJ YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG CU YG FKUEQXGTGF KP EJCRVGTU 2, 3 CPF 4
UGEVKQPU 2.3.1, 3.1.3 CPF 4.4.
6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU QH FTCYKPI EQPENWUKQPU CDQWV GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTGCVOGPV HTQO GPXKTQPOGPVCN
RGTEGRVKQP QT HTQO YQTF CPF RTCEVKEG. (QT VJG %JKPGUG KP RCTVKEWNCT VJG YTKVVGP VTCFKVKQP CPF
GXGT[FC[ NKHG CTG QHVGP YQTNFU CRCTV CPF VJGKT YQTNFXKGY CNNQYU HQT EQPUKFGTCDNG VGPUKQP
DGVYGGP VJGUG FKURCTCVG TGCNKVKGU. 6JG %JKPGUG JCXG CP GZVGPUKXG NKVGTCT[ VTCFKVKQP XGPGTCVKPI
PCVWTG, DWV YG JCXG HGY OGCPU QH KPXGUVKICVKPI JQY VJKU YCU CRRNKGF KP RTCEVKEG. %JKPGUG
PCVWTCN RJKNQUQRJ[ JCU PQV RTGXGPVGF FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF FGUVTWEVKQP QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV VJTQWIJ
JKUVQT[. %JKPGUG PCVWTCN RJKNQUQRJ[ KU C FQOCKP QH VJQWIJV KP YJKEJ VJG UQEKCN OGVCRJQT KU C
EQPUVCPV UWDLGEV (QT GXGP VJG QDLGEV) HQT ETGCVKQP QH OGCPKPI YKVJ CP KPJGTGPV FKUETGRCPE[
DGVYGGP YQTF CPF RTCEVKEG805. 5KOKNCTN[, 6KDGVCP FKUEQWTUGU QH RGCEG, JCTOQP[ CPF ITGGP
GVJKEU CTG PQV CNN VJG[ CRRGCT VQ DG806.
9KVJKP DQVJ VJG %JKPGUG CPF VJG 6KDGVCP YQTNFXKGY VJGTG CRRGCTU VQ DG TQQO HQT DQVJ UQWPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN OCPCIGOGPV CPF GZRNQKVCVKQP. 6JG 6KDGVCP YQTNFXKGY KPENWFGU RCTCFKIOU VJCV
NGCF VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGUVTWEVKQP CPF RCTCFKIOU VJCV NGCF VQ VJG GZRNKEKV EQPUGTXCVKQP QH
UCETGF NCPFUECRG. 6JG OGTKVU QH GCEJ YQTNFXKGY CPF RCTCFKIO PGGF VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF QP KVU
QYP OGTKVU, CPF QP VJG DCUKU QH KPVGT-RCTCFKIO U[PGTI[.
#NVJQWIJ %JKPC CRRGCTU VQ TGEQIPK\G, CV VJG TJGVQTKECN NGXGN, VJG KORQTVCPEG QH KPFKIGPQWU
MPQYNGFIG KP NQECN FGXGNQROGPV VJGTG CTG KPJGTGPV KFGQNQIKECN EQPVTCFKEVKQPU. 6JG %JKPGUG
(/CTZKUV-.GPKPKUV) OQFGN QH FGXGNQROGPV JCU QPG HWPFCOGPVCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKE KP EQOOQP YKVJ
VJG ECRKVCNKUV FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEV. 6JGTG KU HWPFCOGPVCN CITGGOGPV CDQWV VJG PGEGUUKV[ CPF
NGIKVKOCE[ QH C OCLQT UQEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI ETWUCFG807. +P QTFGT VQ HCEKNKVCVG VJG WNVKOCVG VTCPUKVKQP
VQ C 'PGY GTC' KV KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ TGRNCEG VTCFKVKQPCN EWNVWTCN XCNWGU, CPF RTCEVKEGU CPF VJG
MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU VJCV KPHQTO VJGO YKVJ C UKPIWNCTN[ TCVKQPCN, UEKGPVKHKE, CPF WPSWGUVKQPCDN[
UWRGTKQT EQIPKVKXG U[UVGO. +V KU QPN[ YKVJKP VJG NQIKEU QH VJGUG VYQ KFGQNQIKGU QH FGXGNQROGPV
VJCV VJG FKXGTUKV[ QH EWNVWTCN OGCPKPIU QH VTCFKVKQPCN UQEKGV[ ECP DG TGFWEGF VQ 'DCEMYCTF',
805 $TWWP CPF −CNNCPF 1995 806 *WDGT 1997 807 *QYCTF 1994
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 131
'UWRGTUVKVKQWU' QT 'WPEKXKNK\GF' CPF UQEKCN EQJGUKQP, UQNKFCTKV[, OWVWCNKV[, UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF
TGEKRTQEKV[ VQ .QEMGCP RQUUGUUKXG KPFKXKFWCNKUO808 CU YG FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.1.3.
2CTCFQZKECNN[, +ORGTKCN %JKPC CRRGCTU VJTQWIJQWV KVU JKUVQT[ CPF EWNVWTG VQ RTQXKFG IQQF
GZCORNGU QH DQVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN CYCTGPGUU CPF UVGYCTFUJKR CPF ECVCUVTQRJKE FGUVTWEVKQP809.
#NVJQWIJ VJG FGUVTWEVKQP CRRGCTU VQ JCXG IQV YQTUG UKPEG 1950, CU %JKPC UQWIJV VQ ECVEJ-WR
YKVJ VJG '9GUV', VJGTG KU GXKFGPEG QH FGUVTWEVKQP VJTQWIJQWV KVU JKUVQT[. /CP[ QH %JKPC'U
GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU UWEJ CU ENKOCVG EJCPIG JCXG INQDCN KORCEV, VJG[ UJCTG EQOOQPCNKVKGU
YKVJ YGUVGTP GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG CPF CTG LWUV CU UWDLGEV VQ DGEQOKPI INQDCNK\GF CPF
UWDXGTVGF D[ VJG UVCVG. %JKPC'U QHHKEKCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUGU JCXG DGGP GNKVG CPF
JGIGOQPKE, GURGEKCNN[ HQT %JKPC'U OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU. 6JGTG JCU PQV DGGP TQQO HQT EQWPVGT QT
XGTPCEWNCT FKUEQWTUGU DWV KV YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV KH %JKPC YGTG CNNQYGF VQ OKOKE 6CKYCP KP VGTOU
QH ITQYVJ CPF OCVGTKCN YGNN-DGKPI VJG OCUUGU OKIJV DG CNNQYGF VQ FGXGNQR VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPVCN
EQPUEKQWUPGUU. ’PXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG KU KPETGCUKPIN[ DGKPI CTVKEWNCVGF RWDNKEN[ KP C
UVCVG-RWDNKE FGDCVG810 KP VJG OGFKC CPF UKPEG VJG OKF 1990'U %JKPC'U HKTUV GPXKTQPOGPVCN 0)1U
JCXG DGEQOG GUVCDNKUJGF811 CPF UQOG GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU VQNGTCVGF. %JKPC JCU TGURQPFGF
KP UQOG ECUGU VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU CPF CU %JKPC'U GOGTIKPI OKFFNG ENCUU CTG KPHNWGPEGF
D[ YGUVGTP UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN-RQNKVKECN KFGCU, VJG IQXGTPOGPV OKIJV DG HQTEGF KPVQ VQNGTCVKPI CP
GPXKTQPOGPVCN OQXGOGPV. %WTTGPVN[, JQYGXGT CP[ HQTO QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPEGTP, GZRTGUUGF
D[ %JKPC'U OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU KU XKGYGF CU 'TGCEVKQPCT[' QT GXGP, RQUV 11VJ 5GRVGODGT 2001, C
'VGTTQTKUV' CEV.
$QVJ %JKPC CPF 6KDGV JCXG XGT[ NQPI JKUVQTKGU, CPF HQT OWEJ QH VJG NCUV 1500 [GCTU VJG[ JCXG
DGGP GPGOKGU. *CP %JKPGUG EWNVWTG, KP EQPVTCUV VQ OWEJ QH #UKC, JCU OCFG XGT[ NKVVNG
KORTGUUKQP QP VJG 6KDGVCP YQTNF, CPF VQ VJG EJCITKP QH VJG %JKPGUG, VJG[ JCF VQ RC[ GZEGUUKXG
DTKDGU VQ MGGR VJG YCTNKMG 6KDGVCPU CV DC[812. +V YCU QPN[ YKVJ VJG CFXGPV QH OQFGTP YCTHCTG
CPF KORTQXGF EQOOWPKECVKQPU VJCV VJG %JKPGUG YGTG KP C RQUKVKQP VQ QEEWR[ 6KDGV813. +P 1950
808 ’WRJGOKUVKECNN[ ECNNGF 'EQOOQFKV[ EQPUEKQWUPGUU' KP %JKPGUG FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG. 809 ’FOQPFU 1994 810 5C[GTU 2000 811 *CQ $KPI 1998 812 $CTHKGNF 1989 813 )QNFUVGKP 1989
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 132
%JKPC KPXCFGF 6KDGV, DWV VQ VJKU FC[ OCP[ 6KDGVCPU, GURGEKCNN[ VJG −JCODCU EQPVKPWG VQ TGUKUV
QEEWRCVKQP, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 8 (UGEVKQP 8.1), CPF JCXG FGXGNQRGF EQRKPI UVTCVGIKGU
TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.4.4 CPF 7.5.5 RTGFKECVGF QP VJGKT KFGPVKV[, EWNVWTG, U[ODQNU, TGNKIKQP,
TKVWCNU CPF RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV. +V KU GUVKOCVGF VJCV CV NGCUV 1.2 OKNNKQP −JCODCU NQUV VJGKT NKXGU
FWTKPI VJG 'RGCEGHWN NKDGTCVKQP' QH 6KDGV, VJG '−CPFKPI' WRTKUKPI CPF VJG IWGTTKNNC YCTHCTG VJCV
HQNNQYGF814.
5QQP CHVGT KPXCUKQP, %JKPC KPKVKCVGF C OCUUKXG RTQITCOOG QH HQTGUV 'OKPKPI', YJKEJ VJG[
EQPVKPWGF WPVKN 1998. (QTGUVU YGTG PQV OCPCIGF UWUVCKPCDN[, VJG COQWPV HGNNGF GZEGGFGF [KGNF
D[ WR VQ HQWT VKOGU CPF HQT GXGT[ 10 VTGGU EWV QPN[ QPG YCU RNCPVGF, QH YJKEJ QPN[ 30%
UWTXKXGF. #U C TGUWNV QH 40 [GCTU QH ENGCT HGNNKPI KP DQVJ VJG ;CPIV\G CPF ;GNNQY TKXGT
ECVEJOGPVU %JKPC UVCTVGF VQ GZRGTKGPEG RTQVTCEVGF HNQQFKPI, YJKEJ YGTG CP CPPWCN QEEWTTGPEG
D[ VJG 1990'U. +P 1998, %JKPC GZRGTKGPEGF VJG YQTUV HNQQFKPI HQT 54 [GCTU, CPF JCF VQ TGURQPF.
6JG[ KPVTQFWEGF C HGNNKPI DCP KP VJG JGCFYCVGTU QH VJG ;CPIV\G CPF ;GNNQY 4KXGTU, CPF
KPVTQFWEGF C XGT[ CODKVKQWU RTQITCOOG QH TGHQTGUVCVKQP, HQTGUV RTQVGEVKQP, PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP
CPF 'GEQVQWTKUO'815. #NVJQWIJ VJG VCTIGV CTGCU YGTG RGQRNGF OQUVN[ D[ −JCODC 6KDGVCPU, VJG
CWVJQTKVKGU OCFG PQ GHHQTV VQ FKUEQXGT VJG TQNG CPF KORQTVCPEG QH VTGGU QT HQTGUVU VQ VJG 6KDGVCPU
QT VJG KORCEV QH VJG RTQRQUGF OGCUWTGU QP VJGO.
#NVJQWIJ OWEJ QH −JCO'U GPXKTQPOGPV CPF YKNFNKHG, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.1.5,
JCXG DGGP FGEKOCVGF, C HGY NQECVKQPU YKVJKP VJG TGIKQP CTG COQPI VJG OQUV FKXGTUG NKXKPI
CUUGODNKGU KP #UKC, CPF TGEQIPK\GF CU DKQ-EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[ 'JQVURQVU'. 6JGUG CPVJTQRQIGPKE
NCPFUECRGU CPF NKPIWKUVKE GEQNQIKGU EQPVKPWG VQ RTQXKFG UQEKGV[ YKVJ CV NGCUV UQOG RCTCFKIOU
QH UWUVCKPCDNG GCTVJ ECTG.
7.2 ’%1-52+4+67#. &+5%1745’
+P EJCRVGT HQWT UGEVKQP 4.5.2, YG TGEQIPK\GF VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQVGPVKCN QH KPFKIGPQWU
TGNKIKQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF KP VJKU UGEVKQP; YG YQWNF NKMG VQ GZRNQTG VJKU RQVGPVKCN HWTVJGT
YKVJ TGHGTGPEG VQ UQOG URGEKHKE VTCFKVKQPU CPF TGIKQPU. 9G NCEM URCEG, KP VJKU UVWF[, DWV KP
6JCKNCPF OQPMU CTG VCEMNKPI GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU WUKPI HQNM $WFFJKUV TKVWCNU, &JCOOKE
814 6UGTKPI 5JCM[C 1999 815 )WCPI <JCQ CPF )WQHCP 5JCQ 2002
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 133
UQEKCNKUO CPF CP GEQNQIKECN KPVGTRTGVCVKQP QH $WFFJKUV VGCEJKPIU816 CPF KP +PFKC %JKRMQ
CEVKXKUVU817 CTG FTCYKPI QP C $KUJPQKU 8CKUJPCXKVG VTCFKVKQP. +P %JKPC HGPIUJWK, &CQKUO CPF
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG KU DGKPI TGXKXGF KP C RTQEGUU QH PCVKXK\CVKQP, VJCV KU LWZVCRQUGF CICKPUV
C RQNKVKECN NCPFUECRG VJCV GPEQWTCIGU 'UEKGPEG' CPF 'GEQPQOKEU' CV VJG GZRGPUG QH 'UWRGTUVKVKQP'
CPF 'DCEMYCTF EWNVWTG'.
9KVJKP %JKPC CNVJQWIJ KV KU RQUUKDNG VQ OQPKVQT EJCPIGU KP EQPUEKQWUPGUU , TJGVQTKE CPF VJG
TGKPHWUKPI QH UGNGEVGF XGTPCEWNCT DGNKGHU KV KU OWEJ JCTFGT VQ WPGCTVJ GZCORNGU QH GEQ-URKTKVWCN
CEVKXKUO. %JKPC'U XGTPCEWNCT TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQPU818 JCXG DGGP RTGUGPVGF CU GZGORNCTU QH UQWPF
GEQNQIKECN RTCEVKEG. 1P ENQUGT GZCOKPCVKQP, JQYGXGT VJG[ CRRGCT VQ JCXG DGGP TGEQPUVTWEVGF
DQVJ KP VGTOU QH VJG YGUVGTP CPF QTKGPVCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF TGNKIKQWU FKUEQWTUGU YG FKUEWUUGF
KP EJCRVGT VJTGG UGEVKQP 3.3.2 CPF 3.3.4 CPF YKNN FKUEWUU HWTVJGT KP VJKU UGEVKQP.
7.2.1 &CQKUO
&CQKUO CPF GEQNQI[ CTG QHVGP KPXQMGF CU PCVWTCN RCTVPGTU KP EQPVGORQTCT[ FKUEWUUKQPU QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU KP VJG YGUV. 9JGP CFFTGUUKPI VJG TGNKIKQWU CPF KPVGNNGEVWCN TGUQWTEGU
RTQXKFGF D[ XCTKQWU 'YQTNF TGNKIKQPU', KV JCU VJGTGHQTG DGGP C EQOOQPRNCEG CUUWORVKQP VJCV
&CQKUO TGXGCNU CP QDXKQWU CPF RCTVKEWNCTN[ EQORGNNKPI CHHKPKV[ YKVJ INQDCN GEQNQIKECN
EQPEGTPU819. (QT OQUV YGUVGTP EQOOGPVCVQTU WPVKN TGEGPVN[, &CQKUO RTKOCTKN[ TGHGTTGF VQ VJG
'O[UVKE YKUFQO' HQWPF KP UGXGTCN CPEKGPV 'ENCUUKECN' VGZVU820 CPF YCU UGGP VQ DG HWPFCOGPVCNN[
KP VWPG YKVJ JGKIJVGPGF HGCTU CDQWV VJG HTCEVWTGF TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP JWOCPKV[ CPF VJG PCVWTCN
YQTNF. 9G HKPF CHHKTOCVKQP QH VJG GEQNQIKECN UGPUKVKXKVKGU QH VJG CPEKGPV %JKPGUG &CQKUVU KP
EQPVGORQTCT[ YGUVGTP NKVGTCVWTG VJCV TCPIGU HTQO RQR-&CQKUO821 VJTQWIJ RQRWNCT VGUVKOQP[
YJKEJ YJKOUKECNN[ UWIIGUVU VJCV 2QQJ $GCT CPF 2KINGV CHHKTOGF VJG RTQHQWPF GEQNQIKECN
UGPUKDKNKV[ QH VJG CPEKGPV %JKPGUG &CQKUVU.822.
816 $GTPDCWO 1997C, $WFFJCFCUC 1986, .C %JCRGNNG 1984, &CTNKPIVQP 1998, 2000, *KTUJ 1990, ,CEMUQP 1988, /QPVTGG 1992, 6C[NQT 1993, 5VQVV 1978, 1991 817 )WJC 2000, 4QWVNGFIG 1993, 9CFNG[ 1985 818 &CQKUO CPF (GPIUJWK 819 %CNNKEQVV 1994 820 ’URGEKCNN[ VJG 道德经道德经道德经道德经 FCQ4 FG2 LKPI1 (FCQ KU RTPQWPEGF KP VJG 4VJ VQPG, FG KP VJG 2PF VQPG CPF LKPI KP VJG
1UV VQPG) CPF 莊茈莊茈莊茈莊茈 \JWCPI1 \K3 (\JWCPI KU RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 1UV VQPG CPF \K KP VJG 3TF VQPG). 821 )KTCTFQV GV CN 2001 822 *QHH 1982 1992
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 134
7PHQTVWPCVGN[, VJGTG JCU DGGP XGT[ NKVVNG UGTKQWU FKUEWUUKQP QH VJG KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP &CQKUO
CPF GEQNQI[823. 6QQ OWEJ KU VCMGP HQT ITCPVGF CDQWV &CQKUO CPF VJG 'PCVWTCN' EQPHNWGPEG QH
&CQKUO CPF EQPVGORQTCT[ GEQNQIKECN EQPEGTPU. /CP[ YGUVGTP UEJQNCTU KP VJG NCUV 25 [GCTU
CFFTGUUKPI VJG TGNKIKQWU, GVJKECN, CPF RJKNQUQRJKECN KORNKECVKQPU QH VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN ETKUKU'
JCXG OCFG RCUUKPI CNNWUKQPU VQ &CQKUVU GEQNQIKECN YKUFQO. 6JKU JCU QHVGP DGGP CUUQEKCVGF
YKVJ PCVKXG #OGTKECP CPF QVJGT KPFKIGPQWU RGTURGEVKXGU. 6JGTG KU, JQYGXGT PQ UKPING YQTM
VJCV KU ITQWPFGF KP C UEJQNCTN[ WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG &CQKUVU VTCFKVKQP VJCV KU FGXQVGF VQ C
ETKVKECN GZRNQTCVKQP QH KVU RQVGPVKCN HQT KPHQTOKPI EWTTGPV GEQNQIKECN KUUWGU824.
’XGP KP YQTMU IGPGTCNN[ YGNN KPHQTOGF CDQWV VJG KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP TGNKIKQP CPF GEQNQI[ VJGTG
KU C TQOCPVKE KPHCVWCVKQP YKVJ VJG ENCUUKECN RWTKV[ CPF VKOGNGUUPGUU QH &CQKUO VJCV JCU UJCRGF
KVU CRRNKECVKQP VQ VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ YQTNF. +V KU ENGCT VJCV OCP[ RQRWNCT CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV
&CQKUO UC[ OQTG CDQWV VJG FQOKPCVKQP QH YGUVGTP UEJQNCTUJKR CPF MPQYNGFIG, TGHGTTGF VQ KP
%JCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.1.3 CPF EJCRVGT 4 UGEVKQP 4.5.4, VJCP KVU EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ GEQNQIKECN
EQPEGTPU825.
9JKNG OCP[ OKUEQPEGRVKQPU GZKUV EQPEGTPKPI &CQKUO, UKOKNCT FKHHKEWNVKGU ECP DG HQWPF KP
EQPVGORQTCT[ YGUVGTP FKUEWUUKQPU QH GEQNQI[, GURGEKCNN[ VJQUG RTGFKECVGF QP CP CRQECN[RVKE
XKUKQP. 6JG WTIG HQT C DKQ-URKTKVWCN TGHQTOCVKQP QH NKHG QP GCTVJ VQ C EGTVCKP GZVGPV TGRTGUGPVU C
FKUEWTUKXG CTVGHCEV QH CP GPNKIJVGPOGPV CIGPFC JKFFGP YKVJKP VJG CWVJQTKVCTKCP UVTWEVWTGU QH
YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU. 6JGTG KU, CU C TGUWNV, UQOG VCNM QH VJG URKTKVWCN 'ITCXKVCU'826 QH
&CQKUO CPF GEQNQI[, VJCV UWTHCEGU KP FGGR GEQNQI[, UQEKQ-GEQNQI[, GEQHGOKPKUO CPF )CKC
VJGQT[827.
#NVJQWIJ IQXGTPOGPV CEVKQP VQ %JKPC'U GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU OKIJV DG CV C NQY NGXGN YJKEJ YG
YKNN FKUEWUU KP OQTG FGRVJ KP UGEVKQP 7.5, OQTG GPEQWTCIKPI KU VJG GOGTIGPEG CPF ITQYVJ QH CP
GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU COQPI VJG IGPGTCN RWDNKE. +P VJG RCUV HGY FGECFGU, CP KPETGCUKPI
823 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP #PFGTUQP 24/1/2000 YGDNQI 824 )KTCTFQV GV CN 2001 825 %NCTMG 1997, 2000 826 )TCXKVCU KU C YQTF VJCV EQPXG[U C UGPUG QH UWDUVCPEG QT FGRVJ JVVR://GP.YKMKRGFKC.QTI/YKMK/)TCXKVCU CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 827 ’EMGTUNG[ 1992, 0CGUU 1975
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 135
PWODGT QH LQWTPCNKUVU, YTKVGTU, UEJQNCTU, TGNKIKQWU NGCFGTU, YQTMGTU CPF HCTOGTU JCXG UVCTVGF VQ
URGCM QWV QP VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN UKVWCVKQP. +V JCU DGGP KP VJKU ITCUUTQQVU EQPVGZV VJCV OQFGTP
&CQKUVU JCXG UVCTVGF KP C UOCNN YC[ VQ EQPVTKDWVG VQ VJG RTQVGEVKQP CPF TGPGYCN QH PCVWTCN
TGUQWTEGU, GURGEKCNN[ VQ RTQLGEVU EQPEGTPKPI TGHQTGUVCVKQP. 6JWU, WPFGT VJG NGCFGTUJKR QH VJG
CDDQV, ;CPI %JGPSWCP, VJG &CQKUV RTKGUVU QH /QWPV 9WFCPI VGORNG828 JCXG ITQYP 1.73
OKNNKQP VTGGU UKPEG 1982 CPF TGEWNVKXCVGF CETGU QH ITCUUNCPF. .KMGYKUG, (CP )CQFG, VJG CDDQV
QH *WCPUJJK[CP &CQKUV VGORNG829 JCU OCFG DCTTGP JKNNU ITGGP CICKP.
#NVJQWIJ VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEVKQP QH %JKPC'U &CQKUVU KU PQVGYQTVJ[, KV KU QPN[ OQFGUV, CPF KV
KU KPHNWGPEGF D[ VJG YGUVGTP GPXKTQPOGPVCN OQXGOGPV TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.3.4. +H
&CQKUO FQGU KPENWFG UQOG URGEKCN GEQNQIKECN YKUFQO, IQKPI DCEM VQ VJG DKTVJ QH %JKPC, YJ[
JCU VJGTG DGGP UWEJ C YQGHWN TGEQTF QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPEGTP VJTQWIJQWV %JKPGUG JKUVQT[, CPF
YJ[ KU VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ TGURQPUG UQ TGUVTKEVGF CPF OGCITG. 5QOG QH VJG CPUYGTU VQWEJ WRQP
%JKPGUG JKUVQT[ CPF QVJGTU OC[ NKG KP VJG EQPVTCFKEVKQPU KPJGTGPV KP DQVJ VJG 'YGUVGTP' CPF
'GCUVGTP' YQTNFXKGY830. +P VGTOU QH %JKPC'U KOOGFKCVG RTQDNGOU, KV OWUV DG CUMGF JQY &CQKUO
CPF QVJGT TGNKIKQPU CPF RJKNQUQRJKGU ECP OCMG C ITGCVGT CPF OQTG U[UVGOCVKE EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ
VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN UKVWCVKQP.
6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU, JQYGXGT VJCV KP QWT GHHQTVU VQ CESWKTG C INQDCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU VJCV YG OQXG
HTQO EQPUKFGTKPI GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU KP VJG RCTVKEWNCT VQ VJG WPKXGTUCN. 6JKU EQWNF GCUKN[ NGCF
VQ VJG RTQDNGOU QH TGKHKECVKQP QT GUUGPVKCNKUO, KP YJKEJ C NKXKPI EQORNGZ QH JKUVQTKECN
RJGPQOGPC KU CDUVTCEVGF KPVQ C FQEVTKPCKTG UGV QH RTKPEKRNGU VJCV OC[ EQPXGPKGPVN[ DG CRRNKGF
VQ C UGV QH HCEVU, CP GVJKECN RTQDNGO, QT RTCEVKEGU.
6JG VTGPEJCPV QTKGPVCNKUV ETKVKSWG QH 'GCUVGTP TGNKIKQP' JCU FGOQPUVTCVGF JQY TGNKIKQWU FKUEQWTUG
TQQVGF KP YGUVGTP EQNQPKCNKUO, JCU DGGP EQORNKEKV KP KORQUKPI C EGPVTCN KFGQNQI[ CPF GXGP CP
KPUVKVWVKQPCN CRRCTCVWU WRQP GCUVGTP TGNKIKQWU EWNVWTGU. 6JG OQFGTP EQPUVTWEVKQP QH '*KPFWKUO',
828 3KPIJCK 2TQXKPEG 829 )CPUW 2TQXKPEG 830 −GNNGTV 1995, 6WCP 1968, 8GTOCPFGT 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 136
HQT GZCORNG, JCU DGGP RTQHQWPFN[ KPHNWGPEGF D[ YGUVGTP CVVGORVU VQ NQECVG KVU GUUGPVKCN
FQEVTKPGU KP C PCTTQY DQF[ QH 5CPUMTKV VGZVU831.
+P %JKPC, VJG DWTGCWETCVKE KPVGTGUVU QH VJG %JKPGUG %QOOWPKUV 2CTV[ JCXG CNUQ UGTXGF VQ
CWVJQTK\G, CPF VJGTGD[ EQPVTQN &CQKUO CU C UQEKCN FQEVTKPCN CPF KPUVKVWVKQPCN GPVKV[. 6YQ
DTCPEJGU QH &CQKUO CTG PQY CWVJQTK\GF CU NQPI CU VJG[ HCNN YKVJKP VJG DQWPFU QH VJG GEQPQOKE
IQCNU QH VJG UVCVG CWVJQTKVKGU, CPF VGORNGU CTG TGEQIPK\GF OQUVN[ CU XCNWCDNG VQWTKUV
CVVTCEVKQPU832.
6JG RTQDNGO QH TGNCVKPI '&CQKUO' YKVJ INQDCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN RJGPQOGPC833 KU VJCV KV TWPU VJG
TKUM QH HCNNKPI KPVQ VJG UCOG RCTCFKIO QH CRRTQRTKCVKQP CPF EQPVTQN. 6JG JKUVQTKE CHHKPKV[ QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUVU HQT &CQKUV 'O[UVKECN RJKNQUQRJ[' JCU CNN VQQ HTGSWGPVN[ DGGP RTGFKECVGF WRQP
C XGTUKQP QH &CQKUV RJKNQUQRJ[ VJCV EQPUVTWGU VJG GZKUVGPEG QH C DGPKIP PCVWTCN HQTEG, 'VJG
&CQ834' VJCV UGTXGU VQ JCTOQPKUG CPF TGIWNCVG VJG GEQNQIKECN QTFGT QH VJKPIU. 5QOG CWVJQTU
JCXG UQWIJV VQ HKPF TGUQPCPEG DGVYGGP VJG &CQ CPF VJG ’I[RVKCP OCCV835
, VJG +PFKCP T.VC836
CPF VJG )TGGM PQOQU837 QT FKMG
838, CPF JCXG RTGUGPVGF KV CU C JQNKUVKE CNVGTPCVKXG VQ VJG
TGFWEVKQPKUV UEKGPVKUO QH VJG GPNKIJVGPOGPV YQTNFXKGY839. 6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU VJCV KP UQ FQKPI
YG GPICIG KP VJG UCOG UQTV QH TGFWEVKQPKUO VJCV YG HKPF KP 'UEKGPVKUO'. #FFKVKQPCNN[ EQWPVTKGU
VJCV JCXG GZRGTKGPEGF YGUVGTP EQNQPKCNKUO CTG QHVGP UWURKEKQWU QH DGKPI UWDLGEVGF VQ C PGY
HQTO QH YGUVGTP JGIGOQP[ KP VJG HQTO QH INQDCN GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO840. 6JG FCPIGT HQT INQDCN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU KU VJCV VJG FGUKTG HQT VJG JCTOQPKQWU TGKPVGITCVKQP QH JWOCP DGKPIU
KPVQ VJG HCDTKE QH PCVWTG YKNN NGCF VQ C TGFWEVKXG, GXGP FGUVTWEVKXG, EWNVWTCN EQNQPKCNKUO. 1PG
GZCORNG QH VJKU YCU VJG WPKPVGPFGF, DWV PQ NGUU TGCN EWNVWTCN EQPUGSWGPEGU QH VJG ’7'U DCP QP
831 −KPI 1999 832 5KNXGTU 2000 833 GI ENKOCVG EJCPIG, GVJKEU GVE 834 道道道道 FCQ4 (RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 4VJ VQPG). 835 OCCV KU ’I[RVKCP HQT 'VJCV YJKEJ KU UVTCKIJV' CPF KORNKGU CP[VJKPI VJCV KU VTWG, QTFGTGF, QT DCNCPEGF.
836 jjjj----rkrkrkrk T.VC KU &GXCPCICTK HQT VJG NCY, RTKPEKRNG, QT QTFGT QH VJKPIU. (4KI 8GFC 10.85.1). 837 νόµος PQOQU KU )TGGM HQT NCY CPF QTFGT CPF TCVKQPCNKUO. 838 FKMG ()TGGM HQT LWUVKEG) YCU VJG IQFFGUU QH OQTCN LWUVKEG. 5JG TWNGF QXGT JWOCP LWUVKEG; JGT OQVJGT (6JGOKU) TWNGF QXGT FKXKPG LWUVKEG. &KMG YCU DQTP C OQTVCN CPF <GWU RNCEGF JGT QP GCTVJ VQ MGGR OCPMKPF LWUV. *G SWKEMN[ NGCTPGF VJKU YCU KORQUUKDNG CPF RNCEGF JGT PGZV VQ JKO QP 1N[ORWU. 839 )QNFUOKVJ 1996 840 /KNNGT 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 137
DCD[ UGCN RGNVU. +P VJG [GCTU HQNNQYKPI VJG DCP, OCP[ QH %CPCFC'U +PWKV RGQRNG YGTG HQTEGF VQ
EQNNGEV WPGORNQ[OGPV EJGSWGU, CPF VWTPGF VQ CNEQJQN, FTWIU, XKQNGPEG, CPF UWKEKFG841.
6JG JKUVQTKE &CQKUV GORJCUKU QP VJG NQECN CPF RCTVKEWNCT UWIIGUVU VJCV KV EQWNF OCMG C
EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ INQDCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN SWGUVKQPU D[ CNYC[U KPUKUVKPI QP HQEWUKPI QP VJG
UOCNN-UECNG GHHGEVU QH INQDCN CEVKXKV[. ’PXKTQPOGPVCN GVJKEU CPF GCTVJ ECTG OWUV CFFTGUU VJG
FKXGTUKV[ QH JWOCP EWNVWTGU CU OWEJ CU DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF RTGFKECVG GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTCEVKEG QP
WPKV[-KP-FKXGTUKV[ CPF VJG OGVCRJQT QH VJG JWOCP DQF[ QT C J[RGTVGZV PGVYQTM842.
7.2.2 (GPIUJWK
(GPIUJWK843 YCU CFQRVGF CU QTKGPVCN YKUFQO D[ UWDEWNVWTGU KP VJG YGUV KP VJG 1970'U CPF
ETGFKVGF YKVJ UJQYKPI VJG YC[ VQ C JCTOQPKQWU TGNCVKQP DGVYGGP JWOCPMKPF CPF VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV, YJKNG CV VJG UCOG VKOG, KV YCU DCPPGF CU HGWFCN UWRGTUVKVKQP D[ VJG %JKPGUG
IQXGTPOGPV. $GHQTG VJKU JCRRGPGF JQYGXGT, KV YCU UWDLGEV VQ VJG KORWNUKXG KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU QH
C HGY DWV KPHNWGPVKCN YGUVGTP YTKVGTU, YJQ ITCFWCNN[ KPHWUGF KV YKVJ PGY OGCPKPI, RQUKVKXGN[
KPURKTGF D[ VJG EWNVWTCN VTGPFU KP VJGKT QYP UQEKGV[. 6JKU JCU PQV JCRRGPGF CU C QPG-YC[
RTQEGUU QPN[ CPF YKVJKP VJG RCUV HGY [GCTU' UGTKQWU RQNNWVKQP CPF C TKUKPI GPXKTQPOGPVCN
CYCTGPGUU KP %JKPC JCXG KPURKTGF [QWPI %JKPGUG KPVGNNGEVWCNU VQ NQQM HQT TGOGFKGU KP VJGKT QYP
EWNVWTCN VTCFKVKQP. 5VTKMKPIN[, VJG GOGTIGPV TGCFKPI QH VTCFKVKQPCN %JKPGUG EQUOQNQI[ KPENWFGU
VJG XGTUKQP QH HGPIUJWK HQTIGF KP VJG YGUV. 6JWU HTCIOGPVU QH YGUVGTP EQWPVGT-EWNVWTG, YG
TGHGTTGF VQ KP %JCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.3.4, CTG EQPVTKDWVKPI VQ C PGQ-VTCFKVKQPCNKUV OQXGOGPV COQPI
[QWPI KPVGNNGEVWCNU KP %JKPC844.
841 .KW :KCQICP 2001 842 .CPFQY 1993, /KNNGT 2001 843 6JG QTKIKPU QH (GPIUJWK OQUV NKMGN[ URTKPI HTQO %JKPGUG RTGQEEWRCVKQP YKVJ WPKXGTUCN RJKNQUQRJKECN SWGUVKQPU KPXQNXKPI JWOCPMKPF'U RNCEG KP PCVWTG CPF KVU TGNCVKQP VQ CNN VJKPIU KP VJG WPKXGTUG. 2TQVQ-HGPIUJWK KP VJG GCTN[ F[PCUVKE RGTKQF CUUQEKCVGF CDUVTCEV KFGCU CDQWV QTFGT, EJCQU CPF EJCPIG YKVJ UQNXKPI OQTG RTCEVKECN RTQDNGOU QH J[FTCWNKE GPIKPGGTKPI, CITKEWNVWTCN RTQFWEVKXKV[ CPF UQEKCN EQPVTQN. %QPUQNKFCVKQP QH HGPIUJWK (WUGF FWTKPI VJG UKVKPIU QH VGORNGU, EKVKGU CPF KORGTKCN DWTKCNU) YCU YGNN WPFGTYC[ D[ VJG GPF QH VJG *CP F[PCUV[ (#& 220) CPF KV UQQP URTGCF DG[QPF VJG '/KFFNG −KPIFQO' VQ −QTGC, 8KGVPCO CPF ,CRCP. &WTKPI VJG GPUWKPI 'IQNFGP CIG' QH $WFFJKUO KP ’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−QTGC. 844 $TWWP 2002
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 138
(GPIUJWK845
KU VJG %JKPGUG XGTPCEWNCT VGTO HQT C EQORTGJGPUKXG DQF[ QH VJGQTKGU CPF
RTCEVKEGU VJCV JCXG VJG UWRGTHKEKCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH C VGTTGUVTKCN CUVGTKUO846 HQT FKXKPCVKQP QT
FKUEQXGTKPI JKFFGP MPQYNGFIG D[ WUKPI HGCVWTGU QH VJG GCTVJ847 CU UWTTQICVGU HQT EGNGUVKCN
HGCVWTGU, UWEJ CU RNCPGVU CPF UVCTU848. +VU RWTRQUG KU VQ JCTPGUU VJG PCVWTCN HQTEGU CTQWPF
JWOCPMKPF KP QTFGT VQ CEJKGXG QRVKOWO DCNCPEG CPF JCTOQP[ KP VJG NQECVKQP CPF RNCEGOGPV
QH DWKNFKPIU, JQOGU, DWUKPGUU'U CPF ITCXGU. 6JG CPEKGPV %JKPGUG OCUVGTU WUGF HGPIUJWK VQ
CEJKGXG JCTOQP[ D[ QDUGTXKPI NCPFHQTO, GPGTI[ NKPGU, D[ DCNCPEKPI [KP849 CPF [CPI
850 CPF VJG
HNQY QH DGPGHKEKCN SK851
, YJKNG FGHNGEVKPI JCTOHWN SK852
.
&WTKPI VJG 3KPI F[PCUV[, VJG OCLQTKV[ QH 9GUVGTP UKPQNQIKUVU TGICTFGF HGPIUJWK CU RCTV QH
%JKPGUG EQUOQNQI[ CPF TGNKIKQP YKVJQWV GKVJGT GZRNKEKVN[ QT KORNKEKVN[ CFFTGUUKPI VJG PCVWTCN
YQTNF853. +V YCU PQV WPVKN CHVGT VJG 5GEQPF 9QTNF 9CT VJCV XCTKQWU FKUEKRNKPGU NCKF VJG
HQWPFCVKQP HQT C PGY TGCFKPI QH %JKPGUG EQUOQNQI[. 0GGFJCO854 EQPENWFGF VJCV HGPIUJWK
DGNQPIGF VQ C UWRGTUVKVKQWU RUGWFQ-UEKGPEG TCVJGT VJCP GCTN[ %JKPGUG UEKGPEG. *KU XKGYU,
JQYGXGT ICKPGF OQTG UKIPKHKECPEG VJCP JG KPVGPFGF, CPF NGF QP VQ VJG ETGCVKQP QH NKPMU DGVYGGP
RU[EJG CPF NCPFUECRG, CPF C UWDEQPVGZVWCN OGUUCIG QH CP KORNKEKV TGXGTGPEG HQT VJG NCPFUECRG
CVVTKDWVGF VQ HGPIUJWK855. (TQO RTGXKQWUN[ DGKPI UGGP CU C EQNNGEVKQP QH CDUWTFKVKGU, KV PQY
TG-GOGTIGF CU C UQWTEG QH JQNKUVKE VTWVJU YKVJ FKTGEV TGNGXCPEG HQT VJG KPFKXKFWCN KP OQFGTP
YGUVGTP UQEKGV[.
6JGTG YCU UVKNN PQ KOOGFKCVG NKPM DGVYGGP VJG TKUKPI UEKGPEG QH JWOCP GEQNQI[ CPF QTKGPVCN
RJKNQUQRJ[. +P VJG GCTN[ 1970'U, JQYGXGT, UQOG $GTMGNG[ CPVJTQRQNQIKUVU856 DGICP VQ GZRNKEKVN[
NKPM HGPIUJWK VQ GEQNQI[, UWIIGUVKPI VJCV KV YCU DCUGF QP 'UQWPF GEQNQIKECN RTKPEKRNGU'857, VJCV
845 /GCPKPI YKPF CPF YCVGT. 846 #PEKGPV \QFKCE. 847 /QWPVCKPU, UVTGCOU, HQTGUVU. 848 0GOGVJ 1995 849 阴阴阴阴 [KP1 (RTQPQWPEGF KP RKP[KP WUKPI VJG 1UV VQPG).
850 阳阳阳阳 [CPI2 (RTQPQWPEGF KP RKP[KP WUKPI VJG 2PF VQPG).
851 气气气气 SK4 (RTQPQWPEGF KP RKP[KP WUKPI VJG 4VJ VQPG). 852 *CUVKPIU 1908 853 ’KVGN 1873, FG )TQQV 1897 854 0GGFJCO 1962 855 (TGGFOCP 1969, ,WPI 1969, /CTEJ 1968. 856 2QUUKDN[ KPURKTGF D[ )NCEMGP CPF ’DGTJCTF. 857 6JGTG YCU C UWDEQPVGZVWCN OGUUCIG VJCV OQFGTP EKXKNK\CVKQP JCF HCKNGF.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 139
CNNQYGF VJG %JKPGUG VQ RTGUGTXG VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV KP URKVG QH VJGKT NCTIG RQRWNCVKQP858.
2CTCFQZKECNN[, CV VJKU VKOG VJG %JKPGUG GPXKTQPOGPV YCU FGITCFKPI HCUVGT VJCP GXGT FWG VQ
JWOCP KPVGTXGPVKQP859. 6JTQWIJ VJG 1970'U CPF 1980'U860 OQTG YGUVGTP YTKVGTU RTCKUGF
%JKPGUG 'PCVWTCN RJKNQUQRJ['. 6JG PGY 'XKUKQP' QH HGPIUJWK CRRGCNGF VQ NCTIG UWDEWNVWTGU CU,
YGNN CU VQ VJG TKUKPI GEQNQIKECN UEKGPEG VJTQWIJ VJG 1970'U CPF 1980'U. 6JG GPXKTQPOGPVCN
TGCFKPI QH HGPIUJWK VQQM HWTVJGT UJCRG YKVJ C PWODGT QH YQTMU CNN CHHKTOKPI VJG O[VJ QH
GCUVGTP JCTOQP[ YKVJ PCVWTG KP EQPVTCUV VQ YGUVGTP FQOKPCPEG861, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 3
UGEVKQP 3.1.3, CPF ENCKOKPI HGPIUJWK VQ DG 'CP GPXKTQPOGPVCN UEKGPEG', 'UWRRQTVKXG QH GEQNQI[
CPF EQPUGTXCVKQP' CPF 'C OGCPU QH JCTOQPK\KPI YKVJ PCVWTG'862.
6JG TGUWTIGPEG QH KPVGTGUV KP HGPIUJWK KP EQPVGORQTCT[ %JKPC KU QEEWTTKPI CV VYQ NGXGNU.
(KTUVN[ CV VJG NGXGN QH KPVGNNGEVWCN RTQFWEVKQP, YJGTG QNF U[UVGOU QH VJQWIJV CTG DGKPI
TGXKVCNK\GF CPF KPHWUGF YKVJ PGY OGCPKPI, KP UQOG ECUGU RWUJGF D[ VJG %JKPGUG 5VCVG, CPF KP
QVJGT ECUGU FTKXGP D[ [QWPI KPVGNNGEVWCNU KPURKTGF D[/KP EQORGVKVKQP YKVJ, VJG YGUV. 5GEQPFN[,
CV VJG NGXGN QH TWTCN UQEKGV[, HGPIUJWK-TGNCVGF DGNKGHU CPF RTCEVKEGU JCXG JCF C VTGOGPFQWU
TGXKXCN UKPEG VJG NCWPEJKPI QH GEQPQOKE TGHQTOU CTQWPF 1980. 6JKU NGXGN, JQYGXGT, KU PQV
NKPMGF VQ C ITQYKPI EQPEGTP HQT VJG GPXKTQPOGPV863.
+P TGEGPV [GCTU, C RTQHQWPF PCVKXK\CVKQP QH EWNVWTG JCU DGIWP VQ VCMG RNCEG KP %JKPC, CNQPI YKVJ
PCVKQPCN CUUWTGFPGUU UVGOOKPI HTQO GEQPQOKE UWEEGUU. 6JGTG JCU DGGP C ITQYKPI KPVGNNGEVWCN
KPVGTGUV KP KPFKIGPQWU EQUOQNQI[, CPF OGFKEKPG, UKPEG VJG 1990'U. #WVJQTU JCXG CRRNKGF
'UEKGPVKHKE' VGTOKPQNQI[ VQ HGPIUJWK CU C RTQVQ-UEKGPEG HQT VJG UGNGEVKQP CPF JCPFNKPI QH VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV. +PVGNNGEVWCNU JCXG, KP VJG IWKUG QH OQFGTP UEKGPEG, UWIIGUVGF GZRNKEKV NKPMU
DGVYGGP HGPIUJWK CPF OQFGTP IGQITCRJ[, JWOCP GEQNQI[, RU[EJQNQI[ CPF QVJGT UEKGPEGU.
858 #PFGTUQP 1973, 1998 859 # UKIPKHKECPV RCTV QH CNN %JKPGUG HQTGUV TGUGTXGU YGTG FGRNGVGF FWTKPI VJG HGY [GCTU QH VJG ')TGCV .GCR (QTYCTF', YKNF NKHG YCU GZVKPIWKUJGF CU C TGUWNV QH HGNNKPI CPF JWPVKPI KP C RGTKQF QH WPRTGEGFGPVGF HCOKPG, CPF KP VJG UGCTEJ HQT GCU[ RQNKVKECN VCTIGVU ECORCKIPU YGTG FKTGEVGF CICKPUV TCVU CPF URCTTQYU. 860 9JGP JGCX[ RQNNWVKQP YCU EQPURKEWQWU KP %JKPC. 861 −GNNGTV 1995, 9JKVG 1967 862 4QUUDCEJ 1983, 5MKPPGT 1982 863 $TWWP 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 140
9JCV KU QH RCTVKEWNCT UKIPKHKECPEG KU VJCV [QWPI %JKPGUG YTKVGTU HKPF EQPUKFGTCDNG KPURKTCVKQP KP
YGUVGTP YQTMU QP HGPIUJWK. 5RGEKHKECNN[ KV KU VJG TGCFKPI QH HGPIUJWK VJCV QTKIKPCVGF KP VJG
YGUV KP VJG 1960'U CPF 1970'U VJCV CRRGCNU VQ %JKPGUG UEJQNCTU CPF TGUQPCVGU YKVJ VJG EWTTGPV
KPVGNNGEVWCN ENKOCVG KP %JKPC. 6JG HGY RCIGU, QH 0GGFJCO'U OQPWOGPVCN YQTM864, FGCNKPI YKVJ
HGPIUJWK CTG SWQVGF KP EQWPVNGUU %JKPGUG RWDNKECVKQPU CU C TGHGTGPEG VQ JCTF UEKGPEG KP QTFGT
VQ LWUVKH[ C TGPGYGF KPVGTGUV KP C HKGNF EQPXGPVKQPCNN[ ENCUUKHKGF CU UWRGTUVKVKQWU865.
6JWU, KP %JKPC CU KP VJG YGUV HGPIUJWK JCU DGGP KPHWUGF YKVJ C TCPIG QH PGY EQPEGRVU TGNCVKPI
VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN GVJKEU, PCVWTG, VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, U[UVGOU, JCTOQPKQWU TGNCVKQPUJKRU, CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN OCPCIGOGPV. 1H VJG PGY XQECDWNCT[ CFQRVGF KP VJG YGUV, RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJQUG
EQPEGRVU VJCV TGUQPCVG YKVJ &CQKUV QT PGQ-%QPHWEKCP EQUOQNQI[ JCXG CRRGCNGF VQ VJGKT
%JKPGUG EQWPVGTRCTVU. 9JGP YGUVGTP GEQNQIKUVU WUG EQPEGRVU NKMG 'NKXKPI YKVJ PCVWTG' QT
CTEJKVGEVU URGCM QH 'FGUKIPKPI YKVJ PCVWTG', %JKPGUG UEJQNCTU YKNN KOOGFKCVGN[ FTCY RCTCNNGNU
YKVJ %JKPGUG EQUOQNQI[866.
&WTKPI VJG 1980'U CPF 1990'U VJG RTGXCNGPV KPVGTPCVKQPCN FKUEQWTUG QP UWUVCKPCDNG
FGXGNQROGPV867 JCU KPURKTGF VJG CFQRVKQP QH GEQNQIKECN EQPEGRVU CU YGNN CU VJG TGFGHKPKVKQP QH
KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTCN XCNWGU COQPI EQWPVNGUU PCVKQPU CETQUU VJG YQTNF. 0GY KOCIGU QH
KPFKIGPQWU GEQNQIKECN-OKPFGFPGUU CTG EQPUVTWEVGF, FTCYKPI VJGKT GZRNCPCVQT[ RQYGT CPF
ETGFKDKNKV[ HTQO VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN XQECDWNCT[ CPF RQNKVKECN CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG UWDLGEV.
%QQRGTCVKQP DGVYGGP %JKPGUG CPF YGUVGTP UEJQNCTU, CNQPI UKOKNCT NKPGU JCU HTGSWGPVN[ TGUWNVGF
KP 'VWPPGN XKUKQP' YJGTG JKUVQTKECN HCEVU CPF HKGNFYQTM JCXG DGGP HKNVGTGF QWV KP QTFGT VQ TGCEJ
RQRWNCT EQPENWUKQPU868. 5KOKNCTN[, YJGP 9GUVGTP RJKNQUQRJGTU XKGY #UKCP VTCFKVKQPU CU C
EQPEGRVWCN TGUQWTEG HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN RJKNQUQRJ[869 UQOG %JKPGUG UEJQNCTU UGK\G VJG
QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ GNGXCVG VJG RQUKVKQP QH %JKPGUG RJKNQUQRJ[.
864 0GGFJCO 1962 865 $TWWP 2002, 4CEM 2000 866 /E*CTI 1969 867 #U YGNN CU VJG 9GUVGTP GEQNQIKUVU' UGCTEJ HQT KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG KP PQP-YGUVGTP EWNVWTGU. 868 4WFFNG CPF <JQPI 1988, 9GP CPF 2KOGPVCN 1996 869 %CNNKEQVV CPF #OGU 1989
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 141
6JG TGPGYGF %JKPGUG KPVGNNGEVWCN CVVGPVKQP VQ HGPIUJWK JCU GOGTIGF UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ YKVJ VJG
CFQRVKQP QH CP GEQNQIKECN XQECDWNCT[. #NVJQWIJ VJG TGPGYGF KPVGTGUV KP KPFKIGPQWU EQUOQNQI[
KP IGPGTCN, CPF VJG TGKPVGTRTGVCVKQP QH KVU HWPFCOGPVCN VGPGVU KP RCTVKEWNCT, TGHNGEV RTQEGUUGU VJCV
JCXG JCTFN[ UVCTVGF, VJGTG KU UQOG TGUQPCPEG YKVJ QVJGT UKIPKHKECPV EWTTGPVU QH KPVGNNGEVWCN CPF
RQNKVKECN EJCPIG KP %JKPC. +V YCU, KP HCEV VJG %JKPGUG RCTV[ UVCVG VJCV ICXG VJGKT DNGUUKPI VQ
%QPHWEKCPKUO, KP VJG NCVG 1980'U, CU C OGCPU QH HKIJVKPI OQTCN FKUKPVGITCVKQP, FWG VQ VJG HCKNWTG
QH /CTZKUV CPF /CQKUV OQTCNKV[.
+P CPVJTQRQNQI[, VJGTG JCU DGGP CP KPETGCUKPI CYCTGPGUU QH VJG KPVGTCEVKQP DGVYGGP TQOCPVKE
FGUETKRVKQPU QH NQECN RGQRNG CPF VJG HQTOCVKQP QH VJGKT KFGPVKV[. 2TQOKPGPV GZCORNGU KPENWFG
VJG FGRKEVKQP QH EQOOQP PCTTCVKXGU UJCTGF DGVYGGP GVJPQITCRJGTU CPF VJG #OGTKECP +PFKCPU,
VJG /CQTKU, CPF VJG 6KDGVCPU870. 6JGTG KU CP WPYKVVKPI EQPURKTCE[ VJCV UJCRGU DQVJ VJG
FGUETKRVKQP CPF VJG UGNH-KOCIG QH VJG ITQWRU KP SWGUVKQP. #PQVJGT RTQOKPGPV GZCORNG KU VJCV QH
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU, KP IGPGTCN VGTOU, DGKPI FGUETKDGF CU 'EWUVQFKCPU QH PCVWTG', YJKEJ JCU
UNQYN[ YQTMGF KVU YC[ KPVQ DQVJ NQECN KFGPVKVKGU CPF VJG TJGVQTKE QH KPVGTPCVKQPCN
QTICPK\CVKQPU871. 6JKU OC[ JQYGXGT WPYKVVKPIN[ TGUWNV KP UVTGPIVJGPKPI VJG EWNVWTCN KFGPVKV[ QH
NQECN CPF KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU872.
5KOKNCT RTQEGUUGU CTG GXKFGPVN[ CV YQTM KP VJG EWTTGPV TGUWTIGPEG QH VTCFKVKQPCN EQUOQNQI[ KP
%JKPC, CNVJQWIJ VJG CEVQTU CTG OQTG PWOGTQWU CPF VJG UVQT[ JCU OQTG HCEGVU. +P RCTVKEWNCT VJG
KPVGTCEVKQP DGVYGGP RTCEVKEG CPF TGRTGUGPVCVKQP JCU DGGP EQORNKECVGF D[ VJG HCEV VJCV HGPIUJWK
KU PQ NQPIGT LWUV RTCEVKEGF KP %JKPC CPF KPVGTRTGVGF KP VJG YGUV. #U C URKP-QHH HTQO VJG
KPVGNNGEVWCN FGDCVG COQPI CXCPV-ICTFG VJGQTKUVU, UWDITQWRU JCXG UVCTVGF CRRN[KPI VJG U[UVGO VQ
C OQFGTP 9GUVGTP UGVVKPI. 9JCV KU RGTJCRU OQUV UVTKMKPI KU VJG HCEV VJCV YGUVGTP KPVGNNGEVWCNU
JCXG JCF UWEJ C RTQHQWPF KORCEV QP QVJGT RGQRNG'U EQUOQNQIKGU, DG KV UOCNN KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNGU QT NCTIG EKXKNK\CVKQPU NKMG VJG %JKPGUG.
9G FKUEQXGTGF KP VJKU UGEVKQP VJCV DQVJ &CQKUO CPF HGPIUJWK JCXG DGGP HCUJKQPGF FKUEWTUKXGN[
CPF CNVJQWIJ DQVJ JCXG TGUQWTEGU VJCV UWRRQTV PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP PGKVJGT CTG GZGORNCTU QH
870 $TWPGT 1986, *CPUQP 1989, *WDGT 1995 871 $TWWP 2002 872 2GFGTUGP 1995
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 142
GZRNKEKV PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP YJKEJ NGCFU WU VQ SWGUVKQP KH UKOKNCT FKUEWTUKXG VTGCVOGPV JCU
VCMGP RNCEG YKVJ VJG QTKGPVCN EQPEGRVU CPF RGTEGRVKQP QH PCVWTG.
7.3 &+5%1745’5 1( 0#674’
7.3.1 #UKCP %QPEGRVU QH 0CVWTG
#UKCP EQPEGRVU873 QH PCVWTG CTG PQ NGUU EQORNGZ VJCP VJGKT YGUVGTP EQWPVGTRCTVU, CU YG
FKUEQXGTGF KP EJCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.3.3, %JKPGUG RGTEGRVKQP QH YJCV DGNQPIU VQ 'PCVWTG', JQYGXGT
KU PQV VQVCNN[ FKHHGTGPV HTQO QWTU. 9JGP WUGF KP C RWTG, OCVGTKCN UGPUG874 KV KU WPFGTUVQQF KP
VGTOU EQORCTCDNG YKVJ VJQUG QH VJG YGUV. .QECN CPF OCVGTKCN EQPEGRVU QH PCVWTG875 CRRGCT VQ
UJCTG CV NGCUV QPG OGCPKPI YKVJ YGUVGTP WUG QH VJG EQPEGRV. 6JG ENQUGT, JQYGXGT YG IGV VQ VJG
\QPG YJGTG PCVWTG CPF EWNVWTG DNGPF, VJG UJCTRGT VJG FKHHGTGPEGU CTG KP C ETQUU-EWNVWTCN
RGTURGEVKXG876.
7.3.2 0CVWTG KP %JKPGUG .KVGTCVWTG, #TV CPF 4GCNKV[
+P %JKPC, VJG YTKVVGP VTCFKVKQP CPF GXGT[FC[ NKHG CTG QHVGP YQTNFU CRCTV. 6JG %JKPGUG YQTNFXKGY
CNNQYU HQT EQPUKFGTCDNG VGPUKQP DGVYGGP VJGUG FKURCTCVG TGCNKVKGU. 6JG %JKPGUG JCXG CP
GZVGPUKXG NKVGTCT[ VTCFKVKQP XGPGTCVKPI PCVWTG, DWV YG JCXG HGY OGCPU QH KPXGUVKICVKPI JQY VJKU
YCU CRRNKGF KP RTCEVKEG. %JKPGUG PCVWTCN RJKNQUQRJ[ JCU PQV RTGXGPVGF FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF
FGUVTWEVKQP QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV VJTQWIJ JKUVQT[877. %JKPGUG PCVWTCN RJKNQUQRJ[ KU C FQOCKP QH
VJQWIJV KP YJKEJ VJG UQEKCN OGVCRJQT KU C EQPUVCPV UWDLGEV (QT GXGP VJG QDLGEV) HQT ETGCVKQP QH
OGCPKPI YKVJ CP KPJGTGPV FKUETGRCPE[ DGVYGGP YQTF CPF RTCEVKEG. +V KU OQTCNK\KPI CIGPE[
UVTGUUKPI KFGCN EWNVWTG TCVJGT VJCP QDUGTXGF TGCNKV[. 6GPUKQP KU QDXKQWU YJGP, HQT GZCORNG
%QPHWEKCPKUO UVTGUUGU VJCV ".YGCNVJ CPF JQPQWT CTG HTQO JGCXGP"878 YJKNG CPEGUVQT DGNKGH;
HGPIUJWK CPF HQNM DGNKGH RTQXKFG VJG OGCPU QH KPHNWGPEKPI JGCXGP. 6JG %JKPGUG CTG MPQYP HQT
CPVJTQRQEGPVTKUO KP VJGKT RJKNQUQRJ[ CPF UQEKQEGPVTKUO KP VGTOU QH RTCIOCVKE QTKGPVCVKQP. #U
873 *CP %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP.
874 .KMG XKTIKP NCPFUECRG, YKNF CPKOCNU, CPF JKFFGP OCTKPG GPXKTQPOGPVU. 875 GI 自然自然自然自然 \K4 TCP2 CPF OGCPU 'VJCV YJKEJ EQOGU QH KVUGNH', UVTGUUKPI URQPVCPGKV[ KP VJG PCVWTCN UWTTQWPFKPIU
(\K KU RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 4VJ VQPG CPF TCP KP VJG 2PF VQPG). 876 $TWWP CPF −CNNCPF 1995 877 $TWWP CPF −CNNCPF 1995 878 富貴在天富貴在天富貴在天富貴在天 %QPHWEKWU 1998 DQQM 12 ;GP ;WCP EJCR 5.3
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 143
UWEJ VJG ITGCVGT RCTV QH VJG 'YQTNF VJCV OCVVGTU' KU OCFG WR QH JWOCPU CPF JWOCP UQEKGV[,
YJKEJ UVKNN JQNFU VTWG VQFC[.
%JKPC JCU C NQPI VTCFKVKQP QH YTKVKPI U[ODQNU KPVQ PCVWTG, HQT KPUVCPEG KP NCPFUECRG RCKPVKPI879.
# TKEJ CTEJKXG QH U[ODQNU YCU FGRKEVGF KP CTV D[ OGCPU QH KPVGTRTGVKPI PCVWTCN HQTOU, HQTEGU880
CPF EQPUVGNNCVKQPU. # ITGCV PWODGT QH YQTF EQORQWPFU881, YJKEJ CNN DWKNF QP GZVGPUKQPU QH VJG
[KP-[CPI RCKT,882 EQPUVKVWVG C JWIG CPF TCVJGT RQQTN[ KPXGUVKICVGF UGOCPVKE HKGNF883 [GV PCVWTCN
U[ODQNKUO JCU PQ KOOGFKCVG KORCEV QP VJG EQPETGVG CEVKXKVKGU QH TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTCEVKEGU KP IGPGTCN. 6JG HQTEG QH OCVGTKCN ICKP JCU DGGP RGTUKUVGPV, RGTXCUKXG
CPF RGTPKEKQWU KP KVU GHHGEV QP VJG %JKPGUG GPXKTQPOGPV HQT OCP[ EGPVWTKGU. %JKPGUG RGCUCPVU
JCXG NQPI UQWIJV VQ KORTQXG VJGKT NKXGNKJQQFU D[ ENGCTKPI YGVNCPFU, HGNNKPI HQTGUVU HQT HWGN CPF
CTCDNG HKGNFU, CPF FGUVTQ[KPI ITCUUNCPFU HQT YJGCV CPF OKNNGV. 6JG PQDNG EWNVWTCN KFGCNU QH
&CQKUO CPF HGPIUJWK JCF NKVVNG TGUVTCKPKPI GHHGEV, GURGEKCNN[ UKPEG VJG RQRWNCVKQP GZRNQUKQP QH
VJG GKIJVGGPVJ EGPVWT[884. # XGT[ UKOKNCT XKGY YCU JGNF D[ UQOG QH %JKPC'U OQUV TGURGEVGF
GEQNQIKUVU, YJQ PQVGF VJG JKUVQTKE GZRNQKVCVKQP QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU YJKEJ JCF VCMGP C JGCX[
VQNN QP %JKPC'U GPXKTQPOGPV, JCF NCTIGN[ IQPG WPJGGFGF WPVKN XGT[ TGEGPVN[885. 5KOKNCT
RCTCFQZGU QEEWT DGVYGGP QWT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG "GEQNQIKECN QTKGPVCN"886 CPF %JKPGUG
DGJCXKQWT.
7.3.3 6JG ’EQNQIKECN 1TKGPVCN CPF VJGKT %CTG QH 0CVWTG
#U YG JCXG FKUEQXGTGF CDQXG KP RQRWNCT NKVGTCVWTG QP GEQNQI[, CNNWUKQPU VQ QTKGPVCN
RJKNQUQRJKGU QH &CQKUO CPF HGPIUJWK887 CU C TGOGF[ HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN KNNU CTG YKFGURTGCF.
9JKNG PCVWTCN UEKGPVKUVU JCXG TGRGCVGFN[ RQKPVGF VQ RCTCNNGNU DGVYGGP VJG PGY RJ[UKEU CPF
DKQNQI[, YJKEJ YG FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 2 UGEVKQP 2.3.1, CPF GCUVGTP RJKNQUQRJKGU, QVJGTU YKVJ
879 −KPUNG[ 1995 880 GI 气气气气 SK4 KU %JKPGUG HQT EQUOKE OGTKFKCPU (RTQPQWPEGF KP RKP[KP WUKPI VJG 4VJ VQPG).
881 GI 山山山山 - 水水水水 UJCP1-UJWK3 KU %JKPGUG HQT OQWPVCKP-YCVGT (UJCP KU RTQPQWPEGF WUKPI VJG 1UV VQPG CPF UJWK VJG 3TF VQPG). 882 /CK-/CK 5\G 1967 883 $TWWP 2002 884 2GTFWG 1987 885 .K 9GPJWC CPF <JCQ :KCP[KPI 1989 886 $TWWP GV CN 1995 RCIG 16 887 CPF $WFFJKUO CPF *KPFWKUO.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 144
QPN[ C TWFKOGPVCT[ WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH QTKGPVCN EWNVWTGU, VQ VJG OQTG UQRJKUVKECVGF RTQRQPGPVU QH
'FGGR GEQNQI[' JCXG KPEQTRQTCVGF GCUVGTP RCTCFKIOU OQTG QT NGUU WPETKVKECNN[ KPVQ VJGKT
YQTNFXKGYU. #P WPFGTN[KPI CUUWORVKQP KP OWEJ QH VJKU YQTM KU VJCV GCUVGTP EQUOQNQIKGU JCXG
OCFG GCUVGTP RGQRNGU OQTG UWEEGUUHWN VJCP QVJGTU KP VCMKPI ECTG QH PCVWTG888. /CP[
CPVJTQRQNQIKUVU, IGQITCRJGTU, UQEKQNQIKUVU CPF QVJGTU, JQYGXGT, FQKPI HKGNFYQTM KP VJG '’CUV'
JCXG PQVKEGF VJCV GCUVGTP RJKNQUQRJKGU CPF EQUOQNQIKGU UGGO VQ JCXG JCF NKVVNG GHHGEV KP
RTGXGPVKPI QXGT-GZRNQKVCVKQP QH UQKNU, QXGT-ITC\KPI, GTQUKQP, FGHQTGUVCVKQP, YCVGT RQNNWVKQP CPF
QVJGT GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUCUVGTU, D[ YJKEJ C PWODGT QH #UKCP UQEKGVKGU CTG CEWVGN[ VJTGCVGPGF.
0QT ECP KV DG ENCKOGF VJCV GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP KU C PGY RJGPQOGPQP KP VJG '’CUV'889. +P
IGPGTCN, VGTOU, GCUVGTP RGTEGRVKQPU QH PCVWTG JCXG PQV QRGTCVGF KP RTGXGPVKQP QH OCUUKXG
RQNNWVKQP, FGUVTWEVKQP QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUCUVGTU. 6JG GEQPQOKGU QH VJG
'’CUV' JCXG YKVJ VJGKT HQTOKFCDNG ITQYVJ TCVGU JCXG UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ RTQFWEGF VQZKE YCUVGU
ECWUKPI RQNKVKECN RTQDNGOU CV JQOG CPF CDTQCF. $QVJ +PFKC CPF %JKPC JCXG GZRGTKGPEGF
OCUUKXG GTQUKQP CPF HNQQFKPI FWG VQ UVCVG GZRNQKVCVKQP QH VJG HQTGUV. %JKPC'U DQQOKPI GEQPQO[
JCU FTKXGP VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV VQ VJG GFIG QH FKUCUVGT, VJG GZVGPV QH YJKEJ ECP QPN[ DG
EQPEGCNGF D[ C JGCX[ UVCVG OQPQRQN[ QP KPHQTOCVKQP. 5WEJ TGCNKV[ FQGU PQV TGUQPCVG YKVJ
PQVKQPU QH VJG "GEQNQIKECN QTKGPVCN"890. 6JKU UGGOKPI RCTCFQZ JCU DGGP GZRNCKPGF KP XCTKQWU
YC[U. 5QOG YCPV WU VQ DGNKGXG VJCV GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUCUVGTU CTG PGY VQ #UKC CPF VJGKT
GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTGCVOGPV ECP DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ; "VJG FQOKPCPV YGUVGTP RCTCFKIO", QT VJG
"KPVGNNGEVWCN EQNQPK\CVKQP QH VJG ’CUV D[ VJG 9GUV", QT GZRCPFKPI RQRWNCVKQPU891. 6JKU
GZRNCPCVKQP, YJKNG CRRGCNKPI KP OCP[ YC[U, UVTKMGU QPG CU KPEQORNGVG CPF UKORNKUVKE. 6JGTG KU
GXKFGPEG QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUCUVGT KP %JKPC, NQPI DGHQTG VJG KPHNWGPEG QH CP[ YGUVGTP
RCTCFKIO892. 4GCNK\KPI VJCV GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP KU PQV C PGY RJGPQOGPQP *CTITQXG 893
UWIIGUVU FGITCFCVKQP OKIJV DG "VJG TGUWNV QH GORKTKECN KIPQTCPEG" CPF −GNNGTV 894 VJCV
EQPVGORQTCT[ XKGYU QH PCVWTG JCXG EJCPIGF XGT[ NKVVNG HTQO VTCFKVKQPCN XKGYU CPF EQPVKPWG VQ
"DG JKIJN[ CDUVTCEV CPF KFGCNK\GF, V[RKECNN[ KPXQNXG NKVVNG GORKTKECN WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH GEQNQIKECN
EQPUKFGTCVKQPU QH VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, TCTGN[ RTQXKFG GZRNKEKV UWRRQTV HQT PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP,
888 $TWWP CPF −CNNCPF 1995 889 −GNNGTV 1995, 5KOOQPU 1989, 6QVOCP 1989 890 $TWWP GV CN 1995 RCIG 16 891 %CNNKEQVV CPF #OGU 1989 RCIG 280, 9CVCPDG 1975 892 ’FOQPFU 1994, 5OKN 1984 893 *CTITQXG 1989 RCIG ZKZ 894 −GNNGTV 1995 RCIG 116
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 145
CPF QHVGP GPEQWTCIG RCUUKXKV[ QT HCVCNKUO VQYCTFU C PCVWTCN YQTNF FGRKEVGF CU CNN-RQYGTHWN CPF
DG[QPF JWOCP ECRCEKV[ VQ EQPUGTXG".
6WCP (1968) CTVKEWNCVGU VJG RCTCFQZ DGVYGGP GPXKTQPOGPVCN KFGCN CPF TGCNKV[ D[ FTCYKPI QP VJG
EQPEGRV QH [KPI/[CPI. *G KFGPVKHKGU VYQ QRRQUKVG CPF UQOG YQWNF CTIWG EQPVTCFKEVQT[
GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTCFKVKQPU, C VGTTGUVTKCN CPF EGNGUVKCN RCTCFKIO.
6JG VGTTGUVTKCN PCVWTCNKUVKE RCTCFKIO ([KPI) HKPFU GZRTGUUKQP KP CPKOKUVKE DGNKGH, PCVWTG
RJKNQUQRJ[, RQGVT[, VJG TGHKPGF UGPVKOGPVU QH &CQKUO CPF %QPHWEKCPKUO, CPF GPNKIJVGPGF
EQPUGTXCVKQP OGOQTKCNU895.
6JG EQUOKE EGNGUVKCN RCTCFKIO ([CPI) KU RTGFKECVGF QP IGQOGVTKE QTFGT, IGQOCPE[, HGPIUJWK,
CPF CITKEWNVWTCN CNOCPCEU, YJKEJ CTG KORQUGF QP HQTOCN ICTFGPU, CTEJKVGEVWTG, CPF UQEKCN
HQTOU, DGECWUG VJG GCTVJ NCEMU RCTCFKIOU QH RGTHGEV QTFGT.
9JKNG VJG HQTOGT (VGTTGUVTKCN PCVWTCNKUVKE RCTCFKIO ([KPI)) TGUWNVGF KP CP CFCRVKXG CVVKVWFG VQ
PCVWTG VJG NCVVGT (EQUOKE EGNGUVKCN RCTCFKIO ([CPI)) KPURKTGF CVVKVWFGU QH QTFGT CPF JKGTCTEJ[
CPF WPFGTRKPPGF C FKUEQWTUG VJCV NGIKVKOK\GF CWVJQTKVCTKCP KPUVTWOGPVCN EQPVTQN QXGT GCTVJ CPF
JWOCPMKPF CPF VJG RQNKVKECN EQPVTQN QH NCPIWCIG CPF OGCPKPI (8GTOCPFGT 2000).
7.3.4 6JG 4G-QTFGTKPI CPF 6COKPI QH 0CVWTG KP 6KDGV
+P EQOOQP YKVJ DQVJ %JKPGUG CPF ,CRCPGUG $WFFJKUO, TGHGTTGF VQ KP %JCRVGT 4 UGEVKQP 4.2,
VJG 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUV RGTEGRVKQP QH PCVWTG CRRGCTU VQ DG RTGFKECVGF PQV QP PCVWTG KP KVU TCY
HQTO, DWV QP VJG EWNVWTCN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH PCVWTG, YJGTG PCVWTCN GNGOGPVU CTG TGHKPGF CPF
CDUVTCEVGF UQ VJCV VJG[ ECP UGTXG CU U[ODQNU QH JCTOQP[, QTFGT, QT DCNCPEG. (WPFCOGPVCN VQ QWT
WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH UCETGF NCPFUECRG KP 6KDGV CPF KP −JCO, UGG EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.2.4 CPF
EJCRVGT 10 UGEVKQP 10.1.1, KU VJG FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP UGXGTCN QXGTNCRRKPI NCPFUECRG ECVGIQTKGU
PCOGN[ PGTK896 OQWPVCKPU CPF [WN NJC NQECNGU
(YJKEJ QHVGP KPENWFG OQWPVCKPU) CPF VJG TKVWCN
RNCEGOGPV QH UVTWEVWTGU CETQUU VJG UWTHCEG QH VJG NCPFUECRG.
895 6JKU RCTCFKIO JCU UQOG TGUQPCPEG YKVJ 5JKXC'U "PCVWTG CU HGOKPKPG RTKPEKRNG" (1989 RCIG 38-42).
896 ,{:mk
PG-TK
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 146
PGTK OQWPVCKPU CTG VJQUG UKVGU YJGTG VJG RTKOCT[ HKIWTG KP VJG EQORNGZ JKGTCTEJ[ QH TGUKFGPV
FGKVKGU KU C $WFFJKUV QPG CPF VJCV JKUVQTKECNN[ JCXG DGGP RCTV QH VJG $WFFJK\CVKQP RTQEGUU. 6JG[
CTG EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG VTCPUEGPFGPV, FTCYKPI QP VGZVWCN VTCFKVKQP CPF YQTUJKRRGF D[
EKTEWODWNCVKQP.
[WN NJC897 CTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ URGEKHKE EQOOWPKVKGU (6KDGVCP, −JCODC CPF 3KCPIKE) CPF
NQECNGU CPF CTG RCTV QH CP JKUVQTKE PQPNKVGTCVG VTCFKVKQP EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG KOOGFKCVG YQTNF,
KPXQNXKPI XCTKQWU TKVWCNU, VJCV QHVGP VCMG RNCEG QP URGEKHKE OQWPVCKPU. #NVJQWIJ CVVGORVU JCXG
DGGP OCFG VQ VCOG VJGUG IQFU CPF VQ FGURKUG VJKU VTCFKVKQP898 KV KU DGKPI TGXKVCNK\GF VQFC[. 1VJGT
YKFGURTGCF QT RQRWNCT 6KDGVCP UEJGOGU HQT TGQTFGTKPI CPF CRRTQRTKCVKPI URCEG QT FGHKPKPI
ECVGIQTKGU QH RNCEG QHVGP WVKNK\GF VJG UVTCVGIKE RNCEGOGPV QH C TCPIG QH UVTWEVWTGU CETQUU VJG
UWTHCEG QH VJG NCPFUECRG. ’ZCORNGU QH VJKU TKVWCN RNCEGOGPV CDQWPF KP 6KDGV CPF TCPIG HTQO C
PGVYQTM QH QITGUU 'VCOKPI' VGORNGU899 VJG QEEWTTGPEG QH UJTKPGU900 CPF VJG RNCEGOGPV QH
EQNQWTGF UVTKPI CPF HNCIU CTQWPF UCETGF HQTGUV QT OQWPVCKPU.
*KUVQTKECNN[ OCP[ PGTK OQWPVCKPU YGTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ [WN NJC TKVWCNU CPF VJGKT 'EQPXGTUKQP'901
ECP DG XKGYGF CU QPG V[RG QH RNCEG ETGCVKQP FWTKPI VJG NCUV OKNNGPPKWO QH 6KDGVCP JKUVQT[902.
+V KU QPG KP YJKEJ 6CPVTKE $WFFJKUO903 YCU RCTVKEWNCTN[ KPUVTWOGPVCN D[ YC[ QH VJG CIGPE[ QH
VJG NCOC, YJQ RTQXKFGF UQRJKUVKECVGF XKUKQPCT[ TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU QH VJG YQTNF. 6JG PGTK
VTCFKVKQP TGFGHKPGF PCVWTG, VJG YKNF QT WPEWNVKXCVGF GPXKTQPOGPV, KP C EQORGNNKPI PGY OCPPGT
YKVJQWV TGEQWTUG VQ RJ[UKECNN[ CNVGTKPI QT EQPUVTWEVKPI CP[ CEVWCN GFKHKEG QP VJG NCPF. #V VJG
'RQYGT RNCEGU' CEVWCN TKVWCN UVTWEVWTGU YGTG RTGEGFGF D[ VJG 6CPVTKE NCOC'U XKUKQPCT[
897 9v;-[k
C [WN-NJC KU C RNCEG IQF QT VGTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC K.G C URKTKV QT FGKV[ VJCV RTGUKFGU QXGT C RNCEG (1ZHQTF
EQORCEV FKEVKQPCT[ JVVR://YYY.CUMQZHQTF.EQO/EQPEKUGAQGF/PWOGP!XKGY=WM CEEGUUGF 30VJ 1EVQDGT 2005. 898 $[ $WFFJKUO CPF %QOOWPKUO. 899 )[WTOG &QTLG 1996
900 1&}+-K{,k
OEJQF TVGP KU 6KDGVCP HQT EJQTVGP JVVR://YYY.UKNMTQCFU.EQO/TKVWCNQDLGEVU/EJQTVGP.JVON CEEGUUGF
29VJ 1EVQDGT 2005. 901 2CTV QH VJG 'RQYGT RNCEG' VTCFKVKQP. 902 &QYOCP 1991 903 6CPVTKE $WFFJKUO KU QHVGP XKGYGF CU VJG VJKTF OCLQT UEJQQN QH $WFFJKUO, CNQPIUKFG VJG 6JGTCXCFC CPF /CJC[CPC UEJQQNU JVVR://GP.YKMKRGFKC.QTI/YKMK/6CPVTKEA$WFFJKUO CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 147
TGRTGUGPVCVKQP CPF KOCIKPI QH NCPFUECRGU CU C 'OCPFCNC'904 YJKEJ YCU NCVGT UWTRCUUGF D[ NCTIG
UECNG TKVWCN OQXGOGPVU905 QH RGQRNG CETQUU QT CTQWPF906 VJG RQYGT RNCEGU907. 1PG EQWNF CTIWG
VJCV 6KDGV'U PGTK OQWPVCKPU EQWNF PGXGT JCXG DGGP FGHKPGF D[ VJG DWKNFKPI QH TKVWCN CTEJKVGEVWTG,
DGECWUG WPNKMG %JKPC VJG[ YGTG HCT OQTG TGOQVG CPF PQV WPFGT KORGTKCN RCVTQPCIG, DWV QVJGT
UQEKQEWNVWTCN HCEVQTU CRRGCT VQ DG KPXQNXGF.
1PG ECP FKUVKPIWKUJ VYQ DTQCFN[ FKHHGTGPV VTCFKVKQPU QH UCETGF IGQITCRJ[ KP OCP[ UQEKGVKGU,
VYQ YC[U VQ CVVCEJ OGCPKPI VQ VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV. # XGTPCEWNCT VTCFKVKQP YJGTG RGQRNG
CUUWOG, TCVJGT VJCP KORQUG EJVJQPKE908 QT VGNNWTKE909 UCETGFPGUU YKVJKP VJG HGCVWTGU QH VJG
PCVWTCN NCPFUECRG, UWEJ CU OQWPVCKPU CPF NCMGU. 6JG QVJGT KU VJCV QH VJG KORQUKVKQP QH OGCPKPI
QP VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, VJG GODQFKOGPV QH JKUVQTKECN FKUEQWTUG, OCKPN[ VJTQWIJ DWKNFKPI CEVKXKV[
YKVJKP VJG EQPVGZV QH VJG EGPVTCNK\GF QTFGT QH VJG UVCVG CPF QTICPK\GF UCNXCVKQP TGNKIKQPU. 6JGUG
VYQ FKHHGTGPV CRRTQCEJGU VQ UCETGF RNCEG CPF URCEG CTG QHVGP ENQUGN[ EQODKPGF KP RKNITKOCIG
EWNVU VJCV JCXG DGGP JKUVQTKECNN[ EQPUVKVWVGF VJTQWIJ VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH WPKXGTUCN TGNKIKQPU KPVQ
NQECN EQPVGZVU, CU HQWPF, HQT GZCORNG KP VJG EWNVU CPF UJTKPGU QH #PFGCP RKNITKOCIG910.
6KDGVCP UQEKGVKGU CNUQ JCXG CURGEVU QH DQVJ CRRTQCEJGU UQOGVKOGU TGHGTTGF VQ CU UJCOCPKE
XGTUWU ENGTKECN QT QPVKE XGTUWU GRKUVGOKE OQFGU911. +P VGTOU QH UWEJ C FKUEWUUKQP, VJG PGTK CU C
ECVGIQT[ QH UCETGF RNCEG QT TKVWCN URCEG EQODKPGU CURGEVU QH VJGUG VYQ CRRTQCEJGU QT OQFGU,
YJKNG [WN-NJC KU RCTV QH C UJCOCPKE VTCFKVKQP. 9KVJKP VJG PGTK VTCFKVKQP CNVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG PQ
UKIPKHKECPV DWKNFKPIU, VJGTG KU C OGCPKPIHWN, CNDGKV XKUKQPCT[ CTEJKVGEVWTG QH NCPFUECRG,
IGPGTCVGF CPF KORQUGF QP VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV QH VJG GCTNKGT UCETGF OQWPVCKP UKVGU. 4KVWCN
CPF QVJGT HQTOU QH TGRTGUGPVCVKQP GPUWTG VJKU UWDVNG CPF PCVWTCNN[ GODQFKGF CTEJKVGEVWTG KU
TGIWNCTN[ TGFGHKPGF CV PGTK UKVGU. #NQPIUKFG UWEJ ENGCTN[ +PFKE QT %JKPGUG-FGTKXGF PQVKQPU QH
VJG UCETGF OQWPVCKP CU GNCDQTCVG, UWDNKOG RCNCEG QT OCPUKQP, OCP[ QH VJG KFGCN EQPEGRVKQPU QH
904 1,-+;k
OCPFCNC EQOGU HTQO 5CPUMTKV (qÉhQûsÉqÉhQûsÉqÉhQûsÉqÉhQûsÉ) HQT EKTENG CPF KU C OKETQEQUOKE FKCITCO, WUGF CU C RQYGT
EKTENG CPF QDLGEV QH EQPVGORNCVKQP KP VJG TKVWCNU QH 6CPVTKE $WFFJKUO. /CEFQPCNF 1997.JVVR://JLGO.IGV2PGV.FM/EKXGV-ECV/VJGTCXCFC-YTKVKPIU/YKPIU-QH-CYCMGPKPI/INQUUCT[.JVON CEEGU. 3TF ,WN[ 2004 905 K.G. RKNITKOCIG
906 ,{-!}:k
PGMQT KU 6KDGVCP HQT EKTEWODWNCVKQP CTQWPF UCETGF RNCEGU.
907 *WDGT 1999 C + D 908 #P CFLGEVKXG OGCPKPI "QH VJG GCTVJ" CPF QHVGP TGHGTTKPI VQ VJG IQFU QH VJG WPFGTYQTNF. 909 1H QT TGNCVKPI VQ QT KPJCDKVKPI VJG NCPF CU QRRQUGF VQ VJG UGC QT CKT. 910 5CNNPQY 1987, RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 4CEQXKVGCPW 2004 YGDNQI 911 ’RUVGKP 1990, ’RUVGKP CPF 2GPI 1994, 5COWGN 1993C + D
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 148
URCEG CPF RNCEG912 HQWPF KP DQVJ VGZVWCN UQWTEGU CPF HQNM TGNKIKQP CTG UVKNN XGT[ GXKFGPV KP VJG
PGTK EWNV, CNVJQWIJ QHVGP TGFGHKPGF CPF FGXGNQRGF KP C PWODGT QH YC[U913.
# PGY QTFGT QH TGRTGUGPVCVKQP CPF WVKNK\CVKQP QH URCEG EQOGU KPVQ DGKPI FWTKPI VJG
GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH C PGTK. 6JG XKGY CU UWIIGUVGF D[ UQOG VJCV VJKU RTQEGUU OCTMU C RCUUCIG HTQO
'PCVWTG VQ EWNVWTG' C 'VCOKPI QH PCVWTG' QT C RTQEGUU QH 'EWNVKXCVKQP' QT 'EKXKNK\CVKQP' TGSWKTGU
SWCNKHKECVKQP914. +V OC[ CRRGCT KP UQOG GNKVG VGZVU VQ DG TGRTGUGPVGF KP VJGUG VGTOU, DWV VJGKT
OCKP RWTRQUG CRRGCTU VQ DG VJG CFXCPEGOGPV QH VJG OQTCN CPF TKVWCN UWRTGOCE[ QH QTICPK\GF
TGNKIKQP. '0CVWTG', JQYGXGT YCU PGXGT GORV[ QH OGCPKPI HQT 6KDGVCP RGQRNGU, CPF CP[ PQVKQPU
QH C 'EKXKNK\CVKQP' RTQEGUU CTG VQVCNK\KPI CVVGORVU VQ FGP[ HQTOGT UQEKCN EQPUVTWEVKQPU QH VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV VJCV GZKUVGF DGHQTG $WFFJKUV CPF $QPRQ QTVJQFQZ[ DGICP VJGKT OCUUKXG RTQITCOU
QH EWNVWTCNN[ GFKVKPI VJG 6KDGVCP YQTNF915. #U VTCFKVKQPCNN[ TGRTGUGPVGF D[ VJG GNKVG, VJG PGTK FQ
TGUGODNG RGTHGEV $WFFJKUV QT $QPRQ OCPFCNC YQTNFU, [GV VJG HTGSWGPV JQUVKNKV[ QH VJGKT CEVWCN
GPXKTQPOGPVU IKXGU TKUG VQ C ITCRJKE EQPVTCFKEVKQP.
+P VJG HCEG QH VJKU EQPVTCFKEVKQP, VJG DTWVG HQTEGU QH PCVWTG EQPVKPWG VQ DG GZRNCKPGF CPF TGNCVGF
VQ D[ OQUV RKNITKOU KP VGTOU QH VJG RGTUQPCNKVKGU QH VJG CODKXCNGPV NQECN URKTKVU KPJCDKVKPI VJG
YQTNF, LWUV CU VJG[ YGTG DGHQTG CP[ +PFKE RCTCFKUG ECOG FQYP VQ GCTVJ KP 6KDGV. ,WUV YJGTG
'EKXKNK\CVKQP' CPF 'VCOKPI' QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV HKVU KP JGTG, QWVUKFG QH EGTVCKP KFGCNK\GF PCTTCVKXG
UEJGOGU, KU PQV TGCFKN[ CRRCTGPV HTQO VJG 6KDGVCP RQKPV QH XKGY QH CEVWCN GZRGTKGPEG. /QTGQXGT,
VJG DQWPFCT[ DGVYGGP VJG YKNF CPF VJG EKXKNK\GF KU PQV RGTOCPGPVN[ GUVCDNKUJGF KP 6KDGVCP
VJQWIJV CPF EWNVWTCN OQFGNU, DGKPI OGTGN[ RTQXKUKQPCN CV C O[VJKE NGXGN CPF VJWU TGSWKTKPI
EQPUVCPV TGEQPUVKVWVKQP CPF OCKPVGPCPEG KP VJG GXGT[FC[ QTFGT QH TKVWCN NKHG916.
[WN-NJC CPF QVJGT HQNM FKXKPKVKGU CTG RCTV QH 6KDGV'U CPF −JCOU CPKOKUVKE CPF UJCOCPKUVKE
VTCFKVKQP CPF CTG FKUEWUUGF OQTG KP UGG EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.2.4 CPF EJCRVGT 10 UGEVKQP 10.1,1.
6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[ VJG ECUG COQPI 6KDGV'U NC[ RGQRNGU YJQ, EQPVKPWG VQ FKURNC[ NGCPKPIU VQYCTFU
HQNM TGNKIKQP. 6JG [WN-NJC CPF QVJGT 'IQFU QH VJG RCUV', VJGQTGVKECNN[ 'VCOGF' D[ $WFFJKUO CTG
912 G.I. 2CKTGF, IGPFGTGF OQWPVCKPU CPF NCMGU, VJG NKPMKPI QH JGKIJV YKVJ UVCVWU, RWTKV[ CPF FKXKPKV[, XGTVKECN VTKRCTVKVG FKXKUKQPU GVE. 913 5VGKP 1990 914 #TKU 1990, $WHHGTVKNNG 1994, 4CODNG 1997 915 *WDGT 1999C + D 916 /CEFQPCNF 1997, 5COWGN 1993C RCIG 196 CPF 217-222
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 149
ENQUGT VQ VJGO KP DQVJ IGQITCRJ[, KFGPVKV[ CPF KP UGPUGF RTGUGPEG917. +P VJG YQTNF QH VJG NC[
6KDGVCP, OCP[ NCPFUECRG HGCVWTGU RQKPV DCEM VQ VJG YQTUJKR QH CPEKGPV IQFU. 6JG[ CTG PQV QPN[
EQPUEKQWU QH VJG EQPUVCPV UETWVKP[ QH [WN-NJC YJGP VJG[ IQ JWPVKPI918, DWV GPICIG KP
HQNM-TGNKIKQWU TKVWCNU CPF RNCEG FGOCPFU QP VJGKT IQFU HQT RTQVGEVKQP, CPF UWEEGUU, KP JWPVKPI,
VTCFKPI, VTCXGN, HCTOKPI GVE.
6JG $WFFJKUV ETGGF, FGXGNQRGF KP C ITCKP-JCTXGUVKPI, HTWKV-ICVJGTKPI EWNVWTG D[ VJQUG YJQ
YQTG EQVVQP, JCU NKVVNG RNCEG HQT VJG MKNNKPI QH CPKOCNU HQT ENQVJKPI QT HQQF. 6JG HCTOGT CPF
PQOCF, JQYGXGT PGGFU OGCV, [CM JCKT CPF UJGGRUMKPU VQ UWTXKXG. 6JG NKVGTCVWTG KU WPENGCT KH
VJKU ECNEWNCVGF VCMKPI QH NKHG TGRTGUGPVU C EQPVTCFKEVKQP CPF CP[ "HNQY QH RU[EJKE RCTVKEKRCVKQP"
CU C TGUWNV QH IWKNV GNWFGU FGHKPKVKQP919.
0GKVJGT ’CUVGTP PQT 9GUVGTP UQEKGVKGU CTG KPVTKPUKECNN[ KPHGTKQT QT UWRGTKQT KP VJGKT RGTURGEVKXGU
QH PCVWTG. $QVJ EQPEGRVWCNN[ CPF GORKTKECNN[, DQVJ EWNVWTCN XKGYRQKPVU TGHNGEV HWPEVKQPCN CPF
F[UHWPEVKQPCN CVVKVWFGU VQYCTF VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF. (TQO C RQUKVKXG RGTURGEVKXG, DQVJ EWNVWTCN
VTCFKVKQPU JCXG GODGFFGF YKVJKP VJGKT EQPEGRVKQPU QH PCVWTG VJG UGGFU QH C RQYGTHWN GVJKE QH
CRRTGEKCVKQP, TGURGEV, CPF EQPEGTP HQT VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH PCVWTG. (TQO VJG ’CUV, YG FGTKXG CP
GPJCPEGF EQORCUUKQP CPF CRRTGEKCVKQP HQT NKHG, C RTQHQWPF KPVWKVKQP QH PCVWTG'U QPGPGUU, CPF
VJG YKNNKPIPGUU VQ GZKUV KP JCTOQP[ CPF DCNCPEG YKVJ VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF. (TQO VJG 9GUV, YG
WPFGTUVCPF PCVWTG GORKTKECNN[; YG JCXG C VTCFKVKQP QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN UVGYCTFUJKR, CPF VJG
DGNKGH KP YKUGN[ OCPCIKPI CPF EQPVTQNNKPI VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF. 6JG WTIGPE[ QH CEJKGXKPI C OQTG
EWNVWTCNN[ RQUKVKXG TGNCVKQP VQ VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF JCU DGEQOG GURGEKCNN[ GXKFGPV KP TGEGPV [GCTU.
5GXGTCN CWVJQTU VGPF VQ CITGG QP VJG PGGF VQ VTGCF ECWVKQWUN[ YJGP KPFWEKPI ECTG QH PCVWTG HTQO
RJKNQUQRJKECN VTCFKVKQPU. +V KU TCVJGT UKORNKUVKE VQ CUUWOG VJCV XCNWGU CPF PQTOU YQTM FKTGEVN[
QP KPFKXKFWCNU. 6JG[ UJQWNF DG TGICTFGF CU TJGVQTKECN FGXKEGU, YJKEJ CTG WVKNK\GF KP QTFGT VQ
CEJKGXG C URGEKHKE IQCN QT NGIKVKOK\G CP CEVKQP. 9G ECPPQV, VJGTGHQTG VCMG VTGCVOGPV QH PCVWTG
CU GXKFGPEG QH URGEKHKE XCNWGU. 5QOG JCXG GXGP CTIWGF VJCV VJG PQVKQP QH C EQPPGEVKQP DGVYGGP
917 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP $NQPFGCW 2003 YGDNQI (KP (TGPEJ). 918 0QOCFU IQ JWPVKPI OQTG HTGSWGPVN[ VJCP QVJGT 6KDGVCPU. 919 %TQQM CPF 1UOCUVQP 1994, ’MXCNN 1968 RCIG 82
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 150
RGQRNG'U RGTEGRVKQPU QH PCVWTG CPF VJG YC[U VJG[ OCPCIG VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV KU C YGUVGTP
QPG920, PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ UJCTGF D[ RGQRNG KP #UKC921. #NVJQWIJ EQPHNKEVU FQ QEEWT DGVYGGP
KFGQNQI[ CPF RTCEVKEG KP #UKCP EWNVWTGU UGGOKPIN[ VJG[ ECP DG GZRNCKPGF QP VJG DCUKU QH
EQPVGZVWCNKUO922. %QPVGZVWCNKUO KORNKGU PQV QPN[ VJCV VJGTG CTG PQ ENGCT-EWV FKUVKPEVKQPU
DGVYGGP PCVWTG CPF PQP-PCVWTG QT DGVYGGP JWOCP CPF QVJGT NKHG HQTOU DWV CNUQ VJCV RGQRNG'U
CRRTQCEJ VQ PCVWTG VGPFU VQ DG RCTVKEWNCTKUVKE QT RTCIOCVKE, TCVJGT VJCP IQXGTPGF D[ CDUQNWVG
RTKPEKRNGU.
+PHWUKPI PCVWTG YKVJ URKTKVU QT WUKPI PCVWTG CU C TGRGTVQKTG HQT OGVCRJQTU KU PQ CUUWTCPEG HQT VJG
YGNN-DGKPI QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, CNVJQWIJ VJG RQYGT QH CPKOKUVKE URKTKV DGNKGHU KU EQOOQPN[
VJQWIJV HCXQWTCDNG VQ EQPUGTXCVKQP.923. +P VJG HCEG QH VJG YGUVGTP GPVGTRTKUG, VJG PGGF HQT UWEJ
DGNKGHU OC[ CRRGCT VQ FKOKPKUJ CNQPI YKVJ VJG HQTGUV CNVJQWIJ VJGTG KU GXKFGPEG VJCV VJG GTQUKQP
KU TGXGTUKDNG CPF VJCV EQOOWPKVKGU CTG TGXKXKPI EQPUGTXCVKQP RTCEVKEGU924. #FFKVKQPCNN[ D[
QHHGTKPI VQ VJG YQTNF VTCFKVKQPCN TGNKIKQWU XCNWGU, KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU ICKP EWNVWTCN UKIPKHKECPEG
CPF GZRTGUU C VTWVJ QH WTIGPV TGNGXCPEG HQT VJG HWVWTG QH VJG ’CTVJ925. 6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[
KORQTVCPV KP %JKPC DCUGF QP VJGKT FKUEQWTUGU QH TCEG CPF GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU.
7.4 4#%+#. #0& ’6*0+% /+014+6; &+5%1745’
%JKPGUG EWNVWTG TGOCKPU FGGRN[ TCEKUV CNVJQWIJ HQT VJG OQUV RCTV, VJG %JKPGUG CTG KP FGPKCN QH
VJGKT QYP TCEKUO. 6JKU YCU GZGORNKHKGF OQUV TGEGPVN[ FWTKPI %QPFQNGG\\C 4KEG'U XKUKV VQ
$GKLKPI926 YJGTG 10% QH YGDUKVG CTVKENGU CDQWV JGT XKUKV YGTG TCEKUV, V[RKECNN[ FGUETKDKPI JGT CU
"DNCEM DKVEJ", "DNCEM FGXKN" CPF C "XGT[ NQY HQTO QH NKHG"927. *CP %JKPGUG RGQRNG EQOOQPN[
DGNKGXG VJG[ CTG UWRGTKQT VQ VJQUG QH FCTMGT UMKP CPF VQ '%JKPGUG' GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU, YJQ CTG KP
PGGF QH 'EKXKNK\KPI'. 6JG CVVKVWFG VQYCTFU YJKVGU KU OWEJ OQTG EQORNGZ. 6JG[ VGPF VQ
CEMPQYNGFIG VJG JKUVQTKECN CEJKGXGOGPVU QH VJG YGUV, DWV CV VJG UCOG VKOG TGUGPV YGUVGTP
920 $CUGF QP C YGUVGTP FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP VJGQT[ CPF RTCEVKEG. 921 $TWWP CPF −GNNCPF 1995 922 $GTSWG 1986 923 $CPWTK CPF /CTINKP 1993, %QNHGT GV CN 1977, &CXKUQP CPF 5WVNKXG 1991, ’NYKP 2002, )CFIKN 1985, )WJC 1993, 2000, −GOR 1993, 5GGNCPF 1986, 5VGXGPU 1993 924 −QVJCTK PF 925 2GFGTUGP 1995 926 /CTEJ 2005 927 JVVR://YYY.IWCTFKCP.EQ.WM/EJKPC/UVQT[/0,7369,1461260,00.JVON CEEGUUGF 31UV 1EVQDGT 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 151
JGIGOQP[ CPF FGURKUG CURGEVU QH YGUVGTP EWNVWTG, OCP[ DGNKGXKPI VJCV CV UQOG RQKPV KP VJG
HWVWTG VJG KPPCVG XKTVWG QH %JKPGUG EKXKNKUCVKQP YKNN CICKP CUUGTV KVUGNH. 6JG %JKPGUG VJWU VGPF VQ
FKURNC[ C EQODKPCVKQP QH TGURGEV CPF GPX[, UWRGTKQTKV[ CPF KPHGTKQTKV[, VQYCTFU YGUVGTP
EWNVWTG928. )KXGP VJGKT TCEKUV CVVKVWFGU, JQYGXGT, KV KU PQV RQUUKDNG VQ EQPUKFGT KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNG QT VJGKT MPQYNGFIG KP KUQNCVKQP HTQO QHHKEKCN FKUEQWTUGU QH 'GVJPKE PCVKQPCNKV[',
'FGXGNQROGPV'929, 'UWRGTUVKVKQP' CPF VJG FKUEWTUKXG UVTCVGIKGU QH OKPQTKV[ PCVKQPCNKVKGU.
7.4.1 %JKPGUG '’VJPKE' 0CVKQPCNKVKGU
+P OWEJ QH VJG YQTNF, GVJPKEKV[ KU PQV XKGYGF CU DGKPI VJG UCOG CU TCEG QT PCVKQPCNKV[ CPF KU
WUWCNN[ EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[-
• #P GVJPQP[O930
• # DGNKGH KP EQOOQP FGUEGPV931 CPF JKUVQTKECN FGUVKP[
• # UGV QH RJ[UKECN CPF/QT EWNVWTCN HGCVWTGU932 D[ YJKEJ ITQWR OGODGTU FKHHGTGPVKCVG
VJGOUGNXGU HTQO VJG QVJGT ITQWRU QH UWEJ MKPF
• 5JCTGF JKUVQTKECN OGOQTKGU
• # UGPUG QH EQNNGEVKXG UQNKFCTKV[
• #P CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ C VGTTKVQT[ QT JQOGNCPF933.
6JG %JKPGUG JQYGXGT FTCY PQ FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP 'RGQRNG'934 'PCVKQP'935 'PCVKQPCNKV['936 CPF
'GVJPQU'937. 6JGTG KU PQ YQTF KP %JKPGUG HQT GVJPKE ITQWR CPF VJG PGCTGUV VGTO UJCQUJW
OKP\W938 KU DGUV VTCPUNCVGF CU 'OKPQTKV[ PCVKQPCNKV[', YJKEJ KU C RQNKVKECN EQPUVTWEV CPF JCU NKVVNG
GVJPQNKPIWKUVKE HQWPFCVKQP939. $CUGF QP CPEKGPV %JKPGUG RJKNQUQRJ[ KV YCU KORQUUKDNG VQ
EQPEGKXG QH C EQOOQP 'UQEKCNK\GF URCEG' HQT CNN JWOCPMKPF CPF HQT PQP-*CP %JKPGUG940 VQ
928 JVVR://YYY.IWCTFKCP.EQ.WM/EJKPC/UVQT[/0,7369,1461260,00.JVON CEEGUUGF 31UV 1EVQDGT 2005 929 K.G 5QEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI. 930 # EQNNGEVKXG UGNHPCOG QH VJG ITQWR. 931 ’KVJGT TGCN QT RWVCVKXG. 932 5Q ECNNGF GVJPKE OCTMGTU UWEJ CU NCPIWCIG CPF YQTNFXKGYU. 933 5OKVJ 1986 934 民族民族民族民族 OKP2 \W2 (KP RKP[KP VJG 2PF VQPG KU WUGF HQT DQVJ YQTFU).
935 民族民族民族民族 OKP2 \W2 (KP RKP[KP VJG 2PF VQPG KU WUGF HQT DQVJ YQTFU).
936 民族民族民族民族 OKP2 \W2 (KP RKP[KP VJG 2PF VQPG KU WUGF HQT DQVJ YQTFU).
937 民族民族民族民族 OKP2 \W2 (KP RKP[KP VJG 2PF VQPG KU WUGF HQT DQVJ YQTFU).
938 少数民族少数民族少数民族少数民族 UJCQ3 UJW4 OKP2 \W2 (KP RKP[KP VJG 3TF VQPG KU WUGF HQT UJCQ, VJG 4VJ VQPG HQT UJW CPF VJG 2PF VQPG HQT OKP CPF \W). 939 *GDGTGT 1989
940 K.G.$CTDCTKCPU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 152
DGNQPI VQ VJG JWOCP TCEG941. 6JG DCUKU HQT FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP VJG *CP %JKPGUG CPF VJG
DCTDCTKCP TGUVGF QP VJGKT TGNCVKQPUJKR VQ *CP EKXKNK\CVKQP CPF C NKHGUV[NG DCUGF QP
UGFGPVCTK\CVKQP CPF CITKEWNVWTG. $GECWUG VJG PCVWTG QH VJG DCTDCTKCP YCU VQ YCPFGT NKMG
CPKOCNU HQT VJGKT UWDUKUVGPEG VJGKT CPKOCN PCVWTG YCU TGHNGEVGF D[ VJG *CP KP VJG PCOGU IKXGP
VJGO. +V YCU CP QPVQNQIKECN PGEGUUKV[ HQT VJG *CP VQ FGRKEV GCEJ DCTDCTKCP ITQWR WPFGT CP
KFGQITCO OCTMKPI VJGKT CPKOCN PCVWTG942. 6JKU FGPKCN QH JWOCPKV[ GXQNXGF QXGT EGPVWTKGU DWV
KV WPFGTNC[U %QPHWEKCP KFGQNQI[ CPF VJG TGNCVKQPU VJG *CP HQTOGF YKVJ VJGKT PGKIJDQWTU. 6JG
*CP PQV QPN[ GUVCDNKUJGF C RTQVGEVKXG DGNV CTQWPF VJG UQEKCNK\GF URCEG D[ UWDLWICVKPI QT DW[KPI
QHH DCTDCTKCP VTKDGU DWV CNUQ CVVGORVGF VQ KORQUG *CP XCNWGU VJTQWIJ PQP-XKQNGPV CUUKOKNCVKQP.
6JGTG CTG CNUQ FCPIGTU KP %JKPC QH CFFTGUUKPI GVJPKEKV[ HTQO C EWNVWTCN RGTURGEVKXG. %WNVWTG
WUGF KP VJG EQPVGZV QH GEQNQIKECN CPVJTQRQNQI[ UVTGUUGU FKHHGTGPV YC[U RGQRNG KPVGTCEV YKVJ
GCEJ QVJGT CPF ETGCVG FKHHGTGPV NKXGNKJQQF UVTCVGIKGU943. 6JG EWNVWTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJGUG YC[U
QH NKHG GPEQORCUUGU NCPIWCIG, MPQYNGFIG, OGCPU QH NKXGNKJQQF, RQNKVKECN QTICPK\CVKQP, UQEKCN
CTTCPIGOGPVU, TGNKIKQWU KPUVKVWVKQPU, RU[EJQNQIKECN KFGCU, EQUOQNQIKGU, CPF XCNWG U[UVGOU.
(TQO VJKU RGTURGEVKXG, GCEJ YC[ QH NKHG KU C WPKSWG CPF EQORNGZ JWOCP ETGCVKQP CPF PQPG KU
UWRGTKQT VQ CP[ QVJGT. 6JKU EQPVTCUVU YKVJ VJG ENCUUKECN FGHKPKVKQP QH EWNVWTG944 QTKIKPCVKPI KP
%JKPGUG %QPHWEKCPKUO, YJKEJ TGHGTU VQ NKVGTCT[ VTCPUHQTOCVKQP EQPPQVCVKPI C JKIJGT HQTO QH
EKXKNK\CVKQP. +P VJG RCUV, VJKU FKUVKPIWKUJGF VJG EWNVWTG QH VJG *CP OCLQTKV[ HTQO VJQUG QP VJG
RGTKRJGTKGU YJQ JKUVQTKECNN[ FKF PQV RQUUGUU C YTKVKPI U[UVGO. (TQO VJKU RGTURGEVKXG, GVJPKE
ITQWRU YGTG XKGYGF CU OQTG DCEMYCTF KP VJGKT FGXGNQROGPV EQORCTGF VQ VJG *CP CPF QPN[ D[
CFQRVKPI *CP YTKVVGP NCPIWCIG CPF EWUVQOU EQWNF VJG[ CVVCKP 'EWNVWTG'945. #FFKVKQPCNN[ VJKU
XKGY TGFWEGF VJG EQORNGZ EWUVQOU CPF VTCFKVKQPU QH GVJPKE ITQWRU VQ ETWFG UVGTGQV[RGU
ECVGIQTKGU QT NKXKPI OWUGWOU TGSWKTKPI RTQVGEVKQP946. ’RKUVGOQNQIKECNN[947 VJG 'MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGO' QH %JKPC'U PCVKQPCN UQEKGV[ KU OWEJ ENQUGT VQ 'OQFGTP' MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU YJKNG
%JKPC'U GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU FTCY QP KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU. +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF
941 6JKGTT[ 1989 942 K.G.4GRVKNG, YQTO, FQI, RKI, QT ITCUU. 943 G.I (CTOGTU, PQOCFU, HKUJGTOGP, EKV[ FYGNNGTU. 944 文化文化文化文化 YGP2 JWC4 KU %JKPGUG HQT EWNVWTG (KP RKP[KP VJG 2PF VQPG KU WUGF HQT YGP CPF VJG 4VJ VQPG KU WUGF HQT JWC). 945 :W CPF 5CNCU 2003 946 )WNFKP 1994 947 6JG DTCPEJ QH RJKNQUQRJ[ VJCV FGCNU YKVJ VJG PCVWTG QH MPQYNGFIG CPF VTWVJ, GPEQORCUUKPI VJG UVWF[ QH VJG QTKIKP, PCVWTG, CPF NKOKVU QH JWOCP MPQYNGFIG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 153
VJCV NQECN 'GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG'948 CPF VJG TGUWNVKPI UVGYCTFUJKR QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU CTG C
EQPVGUVGF FQOCKP XK\ C XK\ VJG PCVKQP UVCVG.
7.4.2 /KPQTKV[ 2QNKEKGU
’VJPKEKV[ CPF +− KUUWGU CTG HWTVJGT EQORNKECVGF KP %JKPC D[ VJG *CP %JKPGUG XKGY QH OKPQTKV[
RGQRNGU CPF +− YJKEJ CTG TGHNGEVGF KP FGXGNQROGPV, PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU, CPF OKPQTKV[ RQNKEKGU.
#NVJQWIJ *CP %JKPC PQY TGEQIPK\GU VJCV, KVU GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU CTG OGODGTU QH VJG JWOCP TCEG
KV EQPVKPWGU VQ RTKXKNGIG *CP EWNVWTG CPF EKXKNK\CVKQP QXGT OKPQTKV[ EWNVWTGU. 5KPEG VJG
GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH PGY %JKPC, CNOQUV CNN KVU FGXGNQROGPV RQNKEKGU JCXG DGGP RTGFKECVGF QP
'WRNKHVKPI' CPF 'EKXKNK\KPI' OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU. 5WP ;CV-UGP CPF %JKCPI −CK-UJGM ECNNGF HQT
CUUKOKNCVKQP CPF D[ 1957, CNN QH %JKPC'U GVJPQ-NKPIWKUVKE ITQWRU JCF DGGP UWDUWOGF WPFGT 55
CTVKHKEKCNN[ ETGCVGF 'PCVKQPCNKV[' ECVGIQTKGU CPF KP OCP[ ECUGU ITQWRU YJQ UJCTGF EQOOQP
EWNVWTCN VTCKVU YGTG FKXKFGF CPF QVJGT ITQWRU YJQ JCF WPKSWG EWNVWTCN RTCEVKEGU YGTG OGTIGF.
6JKU NGF VQ CP GVJPKE KFGPVKV[ ETKUKU YKVJ OCP[ ITQWRU RGVKVKQPKPI HQT TGENCUUKHKECVKQP. $GVYGGP
VJG 1950U CPF 1970U, %JKPC KPVTQFWEGF C PWODGT QH FGXGNQROGPV RQNKEKGU VJCV ENCKOGF VQ
OCMG RTQXKUKQP HQT KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG949. 9KVJ JKPFUKIJV JQYGXGT, VJGUG ENCKOU CRRGCT
NGUU EQPXKPEKPI. 6JG U[UVGO KP YJKEJ FGXGNQROGPV VQQM RNCEG YCU JKGTCTEJKECN CPF CNN
GEQPQOKE CEVKXKV[ VQQM RNCEG KP EQNNGEVKXGU QT YQTM WPKVU. 6JGUG EQORTKUGF VJG NQYGUV QH C
JKGTCTEJ[ QH NGXGNU VJTQWIJ YJKEJ FKTGEVKXGU QH VJG EQOOWPKUV RCTV[ YGTG RCUUGF, VQ DG
KPVGTRTGVGF D[ NQECN ECFTGU. #NVJQWIJ UQOG CVVGPVKQP YCU KPKVKCNN[ IKXGP VQ VJG MPQYNGFIG QH
VJG RGCUCPVU, KP RTCEVKEG 'GNKVG MPQYNGFIG'950 DGECOG KPETGCUKPIN[ RTKXKNGIGF YKVJ ECFTGU
DGEQOKPI VJG CIGPVU QH EJCPIG. +P UQOG ECUGU, VJKU TGUWNVGF KP ECFTGU KORQUKPI RQNKEKGU, YJKEJ
VJG EWNVKXCVQTU TGICTFGF CU VQVCN KPCRRTQRTKCVG, UWEJ CU '6JG )TGCV .GCR (QTYCTF'951. 6JG
%JKPGUG OQFGN QH FGXGNQROGPV952 JCF QPG HWPFCOGPVCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKE KP EQOOQP YKVJ VJG
ECRKVCNKUV FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEV. 6JG[ YGTG DQVJ DCUGF QP CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV CP KTTGHWVCDNG
PGGF VQ TGRNCEG VTCFKVKQPCN EWNVWTCN XCNWGU CPF RTCEVKEGU CPF VJG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU VJCV KPHQTO
VJGO YKVJ C UKPIWNCTN[ TCVKQPCN, UEKGPVKHKE, CPF WPSWGUVKQPCDN[ UWRGTKQT EQIPKVKXG U[UVGO.
948 /CEFQPCNF 2003 949 %TQNN 1993C 950 1T "QWVUKFG MPQYNGFIG" 5GG %TQNN 1993C RCIG 164. 951 %JCPFNGT 1991 952 /CTZKUV-.GPKPKUV.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 154
&GURKVG VJG CPVCIQPKUO DGVYGGP VJGUG VYQ CRRTQCEJGU VQ FGXGNQROGPV, VJG[ CTG KP
HWPFCOGPVCN CITGGOGPV CDQWV VJG PGEGUUKV[ CPF NGIKVKOCE[ QH C OCLQT UQEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI
ETWUCFG VQ VTCPUHQTO VTCFKVKQPCN EWNVWTGU VQ HCEKNKVCVG VJG WNVKOCVG VTCPUKVKQP VQ C PGY GTC. +V KU
QPN[ YKVJKP VJG 'NQIKEU' QH VJGUG VYQ KFGQNQIKGU QH FGXGNQROGPV VJCV VJG FKXGTUKV[ QH EWNVWTCN
OGCPKPIU QH VTCFKVKQPCN UQEKGV[ ECP DG TGFWEGF VQ 'DCEMYCTF'953 CPF UQEKCN EQJGUKQP, UQNKFCTKV[,
OWVWCNKV[, UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF TGEKRTQEKV[ VQ VJG .QEMGCP RQUUGUUKXG KPFKXKFWCNKUO954 YG
FKUEQXGTGF KP EJCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.1.3 . +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJG NKPMU DGVYGGP
FGXGNQROGPV955, UEKGPEG, VGEJPQNQI[ CPF FKUGPHTCPEJKUGOGPV956. 6JG UQEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI
ETWUCFG VJCV WPFGTRKPU VJG VGEJPQETCVK\KPI QH FGXGNQROGPV, KP EQOOQP YKVJ 'UEKGPVKHKE
OCPCIGOGPV'957 JCU KPXQNXGF C OCUUKXG FGNKIKVKOK\KPI QH CNVGTPCVKXG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
TQQVGF KP VJG VTCFKVKQPU QH NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU CPF C FKUGPHTCPEJKUKPI QH VJGUG EQOOWPKVKGU.
6JGUG CNVGTPCVKXG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU KPENWFG; UWDUKUVGPEG RTQFWEVKQP U[UVGOU, GEQU[UVGO
MPQYNGFIG CPF TGNCVGF NQIKEU QH UWDUKUVGPEG, JGCNKPI, UQEKCNK\CVKQP, GFWECVKQP, CFLWFKECVKQP,
UGNH-IQXGTPOGPV, EQOOWPCN FGEKUKQP-OCMKPI, CPF C O[TKCF QH NCPIWCIGU CPF YTKVVGP CPF QTCN
VTCFKVKQPU. /CP[ QH VJGUG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CTG PQV GXGP TGEQIPK\GF CU MPQYNGFIG DWV
XKGYGF CU 'UWRGTUVKVKQP' (UGG DGNQY). 6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[ VTWG YJGP GODGFFGF KP TKVWCN CPF O[VJ,
CU KU VJG ECUG YKVJ OCP[ VTCFKVKQPCN CITKEWNVWTCN, HQTGUVT[, DKTVJKPI CPF JGCNKPI RTCEVKEGU.
&WG VQ VJG HCKNWTGU QH CUUKOKNCVKQP PGY PCVKQPCNKV[ RQNKEKGU QH 'GVJPKE RNWTCNKUO'958 CPF
'CWVQPQO['959 YGTG KPVTQFWEGF CPF YJGP C EQPHGTGPEG KP 5JCPIJCK =1984? CPPQWPEGF VJCV
VJGTG YCU 'PQ EQPVTCFKEVKQP DGVYGGP TGNKIKQP CPF UQEKCNKUO' OCP[ GVJPKE VTCFKVKQPU ENCP
U[UVGOU CPF EWUVQOU YGTG TG-XKVCNKUGF CPF EGNGDTCVGF960 NGCFKPI VQ C RTQHQWPF PCVKXK\CVKQP QH
EWNVWTG. #NVJQWIJ VJG UVCVG VQNGTCVGU EWNVWTCN TGXKVCNK\CVKQP CU NQPI CU KV JGNRU VQWTKUO CPF HKVU
KP YKVJ KVU XKUKQP QH 'UCPKVKUGF' OWNVKEWNVWTCNKUO KV EQPVKPWGF VQ EWTD NCTIG-UECNG GPFGCXQWTU961
953 ’UVGXC 1985, .WOOKU 1991 954 ’WRJGOKUVKECNN[ ECNNGF 'EQOOQFKV[ EQPUEKQWUPGUU' KP %JKPGUG FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG (.GPKP 1899). 955 %CRKVCNKUV CPF UQEKCNKUV. 956 $CPWTK 1990 957 /GTMNG 1980, 6C[NQT 1911 958 +P 1982 959 +P 1984 960 *CTTGNN 2001 961 G. I. 6JG (CNWPI )QPI CPF VJG 5GTVJCT /QPCUVGT[.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 155
CPF VQ TGFWEG RQRWNCT EWNVWTG VQ 'UWRGTUVKVKQWU', 'NQECN'962 CPF 'QH VJG QTFKPCT[ RGQRNG'. 5WEJ
RTCEVKEGU CTG TCTGN[ UJQYP QP VGNGXKUKQP QT KP UEJQQN VGZVDQQMU CPF YJGP VJG[ CTG, VJG[ CTG
TGRTGUGPVGF CU "VJKP FGUETKRVKQP"963 QT CU C OGCPU QH "EQOOQFKVK\KPI GVJPKEKV[" HQT VQWTKUO964.
$GECWUG QH C PGY TGIKQPCN FGXGNQROGPV RQNKE[ KP 1992 OKPQTKV[ TGIKQPU YGTG NKPMGF YKVJ VJG
EQCUVCN CTGCU KP C TGNCVKQPUJKR DGUV FGUETKDGF CU KPVGTPCN EQNQPKCNKUO. 6JKU TGXGTUGF GCTNKGT
VTGPFU VJCV UWDUVCPVKCVGF GEQPQOKE CPF RQNKVKECN ENCKOU VJCV VJG OKPQTKV[ TGIKQPU YGTG
CWVQPQOQWU KP VJGKT QYP TKIJV. 6JG RCTV[-UVCVG DGICP C RTQEGUU QH U[UVGOCVKECNN[ TGOQXKPI VJG
HQWPFCVKQPU QH OKPQTKV[ CWVQPQO[ D[ CUUGPVCVKQPU QH PCVKXG QT KPFKIGPQWU UVCVWU HQT *CP
GXGT[YJGTG KPENWFKPI OKPQTKV[ CWVQPQOQWU TGIKQPU965. #NVJQWIJ %JKPC'U #IGPFC 21 UVTGUUGF
VJG KORQTVCPEG QH VJG RCTVKEKRCVKQP QH GVJPKE CPF TGNKIKQWU OKPQTKVKGU KP UWUVCKPCDNG
FGXGNQROGPV, TGURGEV HQT WPKSWG GVJPKE EWNVWTGU, CPF VJG KPEQTRQTCVKQP QH OKPQTKV[ XCNWG
U[UVGOU, VTCFKVKQPCN MPQYNGFIG, CPF TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV, VJKU YCU UJQTV NKXGF. 6JKU RQNKE[
YCU UWRGTUGFGF KP 2000 D[ VJG )TGCV 9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV 5VTCVGI[966 YJKEJ HCKNU VQ CFFTGUU
YC[U VQ UWRRQTV KPFKIGPQWU RCTVKEKRCVKQP CPF KV KIPQTGU KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, KP UKVW
EQPUGTXCVKQP, CPF EQ-OCPCIGOGPV. 6JKU KPKVKCVKXG KU TQQVGF KP C EQPXGPVKQPCN GEQPQOKE
FGXGNQROGPV RCTCFKIO YJGTGD[ GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU CNVJQWIJ IGQITCRJKECNN[ EGPVTGF TGOCKP
UQEKCNN[ EWNVWTCNN[ CPF RQNKVKECNN[ RGTKRJGTCN967. #U C UWDUVKVWVG HQT OKPQTKV[ RQNKVKECN CPF
GEQPQOKE CWVQPQO[, "OWNVKEWNVWTCNKUO"968 JCU TGEGPVN[ DGGP RTQOQVGF EGNGDTCVKPI VJG
EQNQWTHWN CPF FKXGTUG EWNVWTGU QH VJG '%JKPGUG PCVKQP'. /KPQTKV[ EWNVWTGU CPF CTVU, U[ODQNU
RTGEKUGN[ QH VJGKT KPHGTKQTKV[, KP CP GTC QH OQFGTPK\CVKQP JCXG DGGP KPXGUVGF YKVJ KPVTKPUKE XCNWG
KP VJKU HQTO QH OWNVKEWNVWTCNKUO. /KPQTKVKGU CPF VJGKT EWNVWTGU PQ NQPIGT GZKUV KP VJGKT QYP TKIJV
DWV CU RCTV QH VJG %JKPGUG PCVKQP KP RTQOKPGPV RQUKVKQPU KP VJGOG RCTMU HQT PCVKQPCN CPF
KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQPUWORVKQP969.
962 本地本地本地本地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多元文化多元文化多元文化多元文化 FWQ1 [WCP2 YGP2 JWC4 KU %JKPGUG HQT OWNVKEWNVWTCNKUO (KP RKP[KP FWQ KU 1UV VQPG, [WCP CPF YGP KU 2PF VQPG CPF JWC KU 4VJ VQPG). 969 $WNCI 1999 RCIG 192
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 156
7.4.3 5WRGTUVKVKQP
6JG VGTO 'UWRGTUVKVKQP'970 CU C RGLQTCVKXG FGUETKRVKQP QH EGTVCKP DGNKGHU CPF TKVWCN RTCEVKEGU ECOG
VQ %JKPC, XKC ,CRCP, KP VJG NCVG PKPGVGGPVJ EGPVWT[. 6JKU CPF VJG UWDUGSWGPV ECORCKIPU CICKPUV
UWRGTUVKVKQP JCU JCF VJG GHHGEV QH UGRCTCVKPI VJGUG RTCEVKEGU QHH CU FKUEQPVKPWQWU YKVJ VJG QVJGT
HQTOU QH DGNKGH, YJKEJ YGTG ENCUUKHKGF CU 'TGNKIKQP'971 YJKEJ FQGU PQV JCXG VJG UCOG RGLQTCVKXG
KORNKECVKQPU. 6JTQWIJQWV VJG VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[, VJG NKVGTCVG GNKVGU KP %JKPC JCXG EQPVTCUVGF
'UWRGTUVKVKQP' YKVJ VJGKT QYP XKUKQP QH C OQFGTP CPF RTQITGUUKXG %JKPC. 6JG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH C
RQNKE[ QP UWRGTUVKVKQP VQQM RNCEG YKVJ VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH %JKPC CU C PCVKQP-UVCVG CPF YCU RCTV
QH VJG PGY 4GRWDNKEU OQFGTPK\KPI GVJQU972 CPF VJG EQOOWPKUV RCTV[ JCU EQPVKPWGF C UKOKNCT
RQNKE[ CPF ECORCKIPU CICKPUV UWRGTUVKVKQP JCXG EQPVKPWGF VQ DG GXKFGPV. 6JG JCTUJGUV
ECORCKIPU VQQM RNCEG FWTKPI VJG %WNVWTCN 4GXQNWVKQP, YJGP CNN HQTOU QH TGNKIKQP YGTG FGHKPGF
CU UWRGTUVKVKQWU CPF OCP[ VGORNGU CPF EJWTEJGU YGTG EQPXGTVGF QT FGUVTQ[GF. 5KPEG 1980, KV
JCU CICKP DGEQOG RGTOKUUKDNG VQ VCMG RCTV KP TGNKIKQP, YJKEJ KU VCMGP VQ TGHGT VQ VJG YKFGURTGCF,
VGZV-DCUGF VTCFKVKQPU973. 0GXGTVJGNGUU, QHHKEKCN RQNKE[ UVKNN OCMGU C UVTQPI EQPVTCUV DGVYGGP
"KPUVKVWVKQPCNK\GF TGNKIKQPU" YJKEJ CTG PQTOCNN[ TGEQIPK\GF QHHKEKCNN[ CU U[UVGOCVK\GF CPF YGNN
QTICPKUGF VJCP VJG OQTG PGICVKXG ECVGIQT[ QH UWRGTUVKVKQP974. 6JG NCVVGT EQPUKUVU QH C ENWUVGT QH
CEVKXKVKGU KPENWFKPI OCP[ CPKOKUVKE CPF UJCOCPKUVKE RTCEVKEGU CPF VJG DWKNFKPI QH XKNNCIG
VGORNGU. 5VGRU CICKPUV VJGUG CEVKXKVKGU CTG WUWCNN[ QPN[ VCMGP YJGP VJG[ CTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ
GEQPQOKE ETKOGU. +P CFFKVKQP VQ VJG ETKVKEKUO VJCV VJG[ CTG IGPGTCNN[ 'DCEMYCTF'975 UWRGTUVKVKQWU
RTCEVKEGU CTG CNUQ ETKVKEK\GF HQT VJTGCVGPKPI RWDNKE QTFGT. +V KU VJKU NCUV CURGEV, YJKEJ CRRGCTU VQ
DG QH OQUV EQPEGTP KP VJG OQUV TGEGPV DCPPKPI976 QH (CNWP )QPI977.
970 迷信迷信迷信迷信 OK2 ZKP4 KU %JKPGUG HQT UWRGTUVKVKQP (KP RKP[KP OK KU 2PF VQPG CPF ZKP KU 4VJ VQPG).
971 宗教宗教宗教宗教 \QPI2 LKCQ4 KU %JKPGUG HQT KPUVKVWVKQPCN TGNKIKQP (KP RKP[KP \QPI KU 2PF VQPG CPF LKCQ KU 4VJ VQPG). 972 &WCTC 1990 973 K.G. %JTKUVKCPKV[, $WFFJKUO, &CQKUO CPF +UNCO. 974 (GWEJVYCPI CPF 9CPI 1991 RCIG 261 975 落後落後落後落後 NWQ4 JQW4 KU %JKPGUG HQT 'DCEMYCTF' (NWQ CPF JQW CTG RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 4VJ VQPG). 976 $$% 0GYU 22/7/1999 977 (CNWP )QPI (法輪功 � NKVGTCNN[ 2TCEVKEG QH VJG 9JGGN QH .CY) KU C EQPVTQXGTUKCN %JKPGUG URKTKVWCN OQXGOGPV YJKEJ YCU KPVTQFWEGF KP 1992 D[ .K *QPI\JK. %GPVTCN VQ (CNWP )QPI CTG HKXG UGVU QH GZGTEKUGU (HQWT UVCPFKPI, CPF QPG UKVVKPI) VJCV KPXQNXG OGFKVCVKQP CPF CTG UCKF VQ JGNR KP VJG RWTKHKECVKQP QH VJG OKPF CPF VJG DQF[. /CP[ VGCEJKPIU CTG UKOKNCT VQ VJQUG KP $WFFJKUO CPF 6CQKUO � VJQWIJ KV CFFU C EQPUGTXCVKXG OQTCNKV[ CPF UGXGTCN 0GY #IG CPF CRQECN[RVKE DGNKGHU. #NUQ MPQYP CU (CNWP &CHC, VJG RTCEVKEG JCU ITQYP UYKHVN[ KP RQRWNCTKV[ CTQWPF VJG YQTNF. JVVR://GP.YKMKRGFKC.QTI/YKMK/(CNWPA)QPI CEEGUUGF 31UV 1EVQDGT 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 157
6JGUG ECORCKIPU CTG DGNKGXGF VQ DG C YC[ QH RTQOQVKPI CP KOCIG QH CP KPETGCUKPIN[ OQFGTP
CPF RTQITGUUKXG %JKPC978 CU YGNN CU EQPVCKPKPI TGNKIKQWU CPF TKVWCN CEVKXKVKGU. 5WRGTUVKVKQWU
RTCEVKEGU CTG GORVKGF QH CP[ XCNWG979 GZEGRV HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH PGICVKPI VJGO, CPF RTGUGPVGF
CU VJG CPVKVJGUKU QH VJG OQFGTP CPF RTQITGUUKXG. 9JKNG DGNKGH KP KPUVKVWVKQPCN TGNKIKQP KU
RGTOKVVGF COQPI VJG IGPGTCN RWDNKE KV KU UVTQPIN[ FKUEQWTCIGF COQPI RCTV[ ECFTGU CPF UVWFGPVU.
4GNKIKQWU GZRTGUUKQPU, UWEJ CU HWPGTCNU QTICPK\GF D[ &CQKUVU, CTG PQV RGTOKVVGF KP GFWECVKQPCN
YQTM-WPKVU. ’ORNQ[GGU QH UVCVG TWP YQTM-WPKVU CTG GPEQWTCIGF VQ TGICTF TGNKIKQWU UKVGU CU
RNCEGU HQT NGKUWTG CEVKXKVKGU. /CP[ TGNKIKQWU GUVCDNKUJOGPVU CTG GPEQWTCIGF VQ DGEQOG VQWTKUV
CVVTCEVKQPU. %TKVKEKUO QH VJGUG RTCEVKEGU, JQYGXGT, CU DCEMYCTF CPF QH VJG RCUV JCU PQV TGUWNVGF
KP VJKU HQTO QH NQECN MPQYNGFIG DGKPI TGECUV CU KIPQTCPEG980 KP VJG G[GU QH VJQUG YJQ FTCY QP
KV. 2TGUGPVKPI UWEJ CEVKXKVKGU CU CURGEVU QH C DCEMYCTF RCUV, CU ECORCKIPU CICKPUV UWRGTUVKVKQP
FQ, HCKNU VQ VCMG KPVQ CEEQWPV VJGKT TGNGXCPEG VQ VJG RTGUGPV. (WTVJGTOQTG, VQ FKXKFG RTCEVKEGU
KPVQ OQFGTP QT RTQITGUUKXG CPF UWRGTUVKVKQWU QT DCEMYCTF, CU QHHKEKCN FKUEQWTUG FQGU,
WPFGTGUVKOCVGU VJG GZVGPV VQ YJKEJ VJG VYQ KPVGTRGPGVTCVG. 4CVJGT VJCP DGKPI CWVJQTKVKGU KP VJG
RCUV FGKVKGU ECP DG UGGP CU JKIJN[ MPQYNGFIGCDNG CDQWV CURGEVU QH OQFGTPKV[. 5WEJ CEVKXKVKGU
ECP DG UGGP CU "NQECNK\GF OQFGTPKVKGU" QT GZRGTKGPEGU, YJKEJ KPVGT-TGNCVG CURGEVU QH DQVJ
OQFGTPKV[ CPF VTCFKVKQP981. 6JKU KU PQV C PGY RJGPQOGPQP, FWTKPI VJG 5QPI F[PCUV[982 FGKVKGU
YGTG CRRGCNGF VQ HQT EQPVTQN QXGT VJG GNGOGPVU, CPF EWTTGPVN[ VJG[ CTG CRRGCNGF VQ HQT UWEEGUU
KP VGTOU QH VJG OCTMGV GEQPQO[983.
2CTCNNGN RTQEGUUGU CTG VCMKPI RNCEG KP %JKPC'U VTGCVOGPV QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, GURGEKCNN[ KH
VJG MPQYNGFIG JQNFGTU CTG OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU. %JKPC'U OQFGTPK\CVKQP CIGPFC, HGCVWTKPI VJG
EGPVTCNK\CVKPI CPF CUUKOKNCVKPI RQYGT QH GFWECVKQP CPF RTQRCICPFC U[UVGOU, FTCYU QP VJTGG
UVGTGQV[RGU984
• +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CTG RCUUKXG NKMG YQOGP, UGGP HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH VJG OCNG
FQOKPCPV *CP UQEKGV[
978 )WKFGF D[ VJG EQOOWPKUV RCTV[ (#PCIPQUV 1994D). 979 6JKU RTQEGUU KU PQV PGY, CPF KP NCVG +ORGTKCN %JKPC GNKVG EWNVWTG RGTOGCVGF RQRWNCT EWNVWTG VJTQWIJ YTKVKPI CPF VJG RQNKE[ QP UWRGTUVKVKQP TGKPHQTEGU VJG EQPPGEVKQP DGVYGGP VJG JGVGTQFQZ CPF VJG NQECN. 980 *QDCTV 1993 981 #TEG CPF .QPI 2000 982 #& 960-1279 983 *CPUGP 1990 984 5CNCU GV CN 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 158
• +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CTG NKMG EJKNFTGP YJQ PGGF VQ DG GFWECVGF KP VJG JKIJGT XCNWGU CPF
'EWNVWTG' QH VJG *CP %JKPGUG
• +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CTG HTQ\GP KP VJG GCTN[ UVCIGU QH VJG WPKNKPGCT GXQNWVKQP QH UQEKGV[,
WPEJCPIGF, HCT HTQO VJG EWNVWTCN UVCPFCTFU CPF VJG 'EKXKNK\GF' *CP
6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU QH GUUGPVKCNK\KPI GVJPKEKV[ CU VJG GZENWUKXG FGHKPKVKQP QH KFGPVKV[, CPF
KUQNCVKPI KV HTQO VJG EQORNGZ CPF HNWKF UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE CPF RQNKVKECN EQPVGZVU QH GVJPKE
TGNCVKQPU, KPENWFKPI KPVGT-GVJPKE FKXKUKQPU CPF VJG FKXGTUG CURKTCVKQPU QH OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU985.
’UVCDNKUJGF GVJPKE ITQWRU KP %JKPC CTG GPICIGF KP CP QPIQKPI RTQEGUU QH UQEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN
PGIQVQVKCVKQP OGFKCVGF QP VJG DCUKU QH TGNCVKQPU QH RQYGT CPF JKGTCTEJ[. ’VJPKE TGUKUVCPEG KP
VJKU XKGY KU VJWU C RTQFWEV QH VJG UVCVG'U QYP OCMKPI, [GV QPG VJCV KV ECPPQV EQORNGVGN[ EQPVTQN.
’XGP VJG OQUV VQVCNKVCTKCP QH TGIKOGU JCU KVU NKOKVU CPF VJG TQNG QH VJG UVCVG ECPPQV DG
QXGT-RTKXKNGIGF. ’VJPKEKV[ JCU C RQYGT CPF TGUKNKGPEG QH KVU QYP VJCV CEVU KP FKCNGEVKE HCUJKQP
YKVJ VJG UVCVG CRRCTCVWU986. 6JG HGGNKPI QH UWRGTKQTKV[ QH VJG *CP %JKPGUG JCU NGF VQ EQPVKPWQWU
KPVGTEWNVWTCN EQPHNKEVU. %KXKN UGTXCPVU EQPUKFGT KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CPF VJGKT EWUVQOU CU KPHGTKQT
CPF DCTDCTKE, XKNNCIG NKHG VQ DG FKTV[ CPF DCEMYCTF, CPF VJCV NQECN NCPIWCIG CPF MPQYNGFIG JCU
PQ XCNWG. +V KU PQV WPEQOOQP, HQT VJG CWVJQT VQ JGCT *CP ECFTGU987 VCNMKPI CDQWV VJG 'GEQNQIKECN
KIPQTCPEG' QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG, YKVJQWV PQVKEKPI VJG DKQFKXGTUG NCPFUECRGU VJCV VJG[ JCXG
RTQFWEVKXGN[ UWUVCKPGF CPF GPJCPEGF HQT IGPGTCVKQPU. 6JKU OGPVCNKV[ EJCTCEVGTK\GU VJG UVCVG
RQNKE[ VQYCTFU KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG. 6JG GVJPQEGPVTKUO QH *CP EWNVWTG988 JCU KPHNWGPEGF GVJPKE
OKPQTKV[ RQNKE[. ’URGEKCNN[ FWTKPI VJG %WNVWTCN 4GXQNWVKQP VJG DGNKGH U[UVGOU YGTG TGRTGUUGF,
VGORNGU FCOCIGU, VTCFKVKQPCN HQTOU QH YQTUJKR DCPPGF, CPF JWPVGTU YGTG HQTEGF VQ ITQY TKEG.
6JG TKIJV VQ OCKPVCKP VJGKT QYP EWNVWTCN KFGPVKV[ CPF NKHGUV[NG KP VJG NCUV 20 [GCTU JCU DGEQOG
C RCTCFQZ HQT KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG. /KPQTKVKGU CTG NGICNN[ TGEQIPK\GF, NQECN NGCFGTU OWUV DGNQPI
VQ C OKPQTKV[ ITQWR, CPF RTQXKUKQP KU OCFG HQT VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH NQECN KPUVKVWVKQPU DWV CV VJG
GZRGPUG QH EWNVWTCN GTQUKQP. #NVJQWIJ VJG UVCVG KU KPVGTGUVGF KP VJG HQNMNQTKE FKXGTUKV[ QH
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH CVVTCEVKPI VQWTKUVU VJG[ OCMG PQ CVVGORV VQ WPFGTUVCPF
985 $WNCI 1999 986 )NCFPG[ 1994 987 %CFTGU CTG YQTMGTU RKEMGF QWV D[ VJG EQOOWPKUV RCTV[ HQT VJGKT RQNKVKECN EQPXKEVKQPU CPF UGV VQ YQTM KP VJG EQOOWPKUV DWTGCWETCE[. 6JGKT EQPUGSWGPV RQUKVKQP QH FGRGPFGPEG QP VJG RCTV[ OCMGU VJGO UWRRQTVGTU QH VJG UVCVWU SWQ CPF VJG RCTV[ NGCFGTUJKR, PQV TGHQTOGTU.YYY.TGX.JW/JKUVQT[AQHA56/U\GTXK\/MKUNGZ/INQUUCT[.JVO CEEGUUGF 10VJ /C[ 2003. 988 %QPHWEKCP XCNWGU QH RQYGT, IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU CPF OCVGTKCNKUV KFGQNQI[.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 159
KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTCN XCNWGU QT MPQYNGFIG. 1HHKEKCN FKUEQWTUG EQORNGVGN[ KIPQTGU VJG YGCNVJ QH
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF NCPF WUG U[UVGOU VJCV GZKUV
7.4.4 6KDGVCP 4GURQPUGU VQ %JKPGUG /KPQTKV[ &KUEQWTUGU
9JGTG PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU CTG GZRTQRTKCVGF QT KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG PGICVKXGN[ GXCNWCVGF VJKU
QHVGP TGUWNVU KP C RU[EJQNQIKECN KODCNCPEG, YJKEJ HQTEGU VJGO VQ GORNQ[ C TCPIG QH EQRKPI
UVTCVGIKGU. 4GUGCTEJGTU989 JCXG KFGPVKHKGF VJG HQNNQYKPI EQRKPI UVTCVGIKGU, PCOGN[; UQEKCN
CEEGRVCPEG990, UQEKCN OQDKNKV[991, UQEKCN ETGCVKXKV[992, CPF UQEKCN EJCPIG993. 9JGTG PCVKQPCN
UQEKGVKGU CTG RCTVKEWNCTN[ FQOKPCPV, UQEKCN ETGCVKXKV[ QHHGTU VJG QRVKOWO OGCPU HQT CEJKGXKPI
C RU[EJQNQIKECN DCNCPEG. 6[RKECNN[, VJKU OC[ KPENWFG C DQNUVGTKPI QH ITQWR NCPIWCIG, EWNVWTG,
TGNKIKQP, UGNH-KFGPVKV[ RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV CPF PCVKQPCNKUO. 9JGP UGEWNCT EWUVQOU DTGCM FQYP,
YJGP VTCFKVKQPCN YC[U QH NKHG FKUCRRGCT, YJGP QNF UQNKFCTKVKGU ETWODNG, YJGP PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU
CTG CRRTQRTKCVGF VJGTG KU HTGSWGPVN[ CP KFGPVKV[ ETKUKU994
6JG GCTN[ 6KDGVCPU FWTKPI VJG +ORGTKCN 2GTKQF995 JCF C UVTQPI UGPUG QH VJGKT PCVKQPCN CPF
EWNVWTCN KFGPVKV[. 6JG[ YGTG RTQWF QH 6KDGV'U IGQITCRJKECN NQECVKQP, KVU DGCWV[, RWTKV[, YKNFPGUU,
CPF DGECWUG KV YCU CP CDQFG QH VJG IQFU996. #FFKVKQPCNN[ VJG[ YGTG RTQWF QH KVU EGPVTCN
LWZVCRQUKVKQP KP TGNCVKQPUJKR VQ +PFKC, +TCP, 6WTMKUVCP, CPF *CP %JKPC. +P VGTOU QH EWNVWTCN
KFGPVKV[ VJG CPKOKUVKE CPF UJCOCPKUVKE HQNM EWUVQOU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VGTTKVQTKCN (NQECN QT
TGIKQPCN) PWOKPC ([WN NJC997) YGTG CP GUUGPVKCN GNGOGPV KP 6KDGVCP NKHG CPF RCTV QH VJG
EQNNGEVKXG KFGPVKVKGU VJCV YGTG GZRTGUUGF KP EWNVWTCN, GEQPQOKE CPF RQNKVKECN DGJCXKQWT998.
6QFC[ VJG KORQTVCPEG QH VJKU EQORNGZ QH HQNM DGNKGHU KU UVKNN U[ODQNKUGF KP VJG DCPPGF PCVKQPCN
HNCI (UPQY OQWPVCKPU CPF UPQY NKQPU). +V KU PQ YQPFGT VJCV VJGUG PCVKQPCN U[ODQNU CTG
989 6CLHGN 1978 990 #EEGRVKPI VJG PGICVKXG XCNWGU CU VTWG. 991 K.G..GCXKPI VJG ITQWR. 992 4GKPVGTRTGVKPI VJG PGICVKXG UVKIOC CU C RQUKVKXG GXCNWCVKQP. 993 ’PICIKPI KP EQNNGEVKXG CEVKQP OGCPV VQ EJCPIG VJG ITQWR'U UVCVWU. 994 .GXK-5VTCWUU 1974 995 EC 7VJ VQ 9VJ EGPVWTKGU #& 996 −CTOC[ 1996
997 9v;-[k
C [WN-NJC KU C RNCEG IQF QT VGTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC K.G C URKTKV QT FGKV[ VJCV RTGUKFGU QXGT C RNCEG (1ZHQTF
EQORCEV FKEVKQPCT[ JVVR://YYY.CUMQZHQTF.EQO/EQPEKUGAQGF/PWOGP!XKGY=WM) CEEGUUGF 30VJ 1EVQDGT 2005. 998 $NQPFGCW GV CN 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 160
EQPUKFGTGF FCPIGTQWU999, DGECWUG VJG[ FCVG DCEM VQ VJG RTG-F[PCUV[ RGTKQF1000. 9KVJ VJG CFXGPV
QH $WFFJKUO CPF RCTVKEWNCTN[ HTQO VJG 11VJ EGPVWT[ QPYCTF, VJG PCVKQPCN CPF EWNVWTCN KFGPVKV[
QH VJG 6KDGVCP RGQRNG UWHHGTGF ITGCVN[. 6JKU KORCEVGF VJGKT PCVKQPCN KFGPVKV[, GRKE NKVGTCVWTG CPF
HQNM DGNKGHU. 6JKU KU PQV TGCNN[ UWTRTKUKPI YJGP YG EQPUKFGT VJG OCPPGT KP YJKEJ $WFFJKUO
VQQM JQNF KP VJG OKPFU QH VJG RGQRNG CV NCTIG, GURGEKCNN[ YKVJKP VJG OQPCUVGTKGU. 0CVKQPCNKUO
TGSWKTGU YKNN, UGNH-CUUGTVKQP, UGNH-KFGPVKHKECVKQP, CPF UGNH-FGVGTOKPCVKQP, CPF VJGUG PQVKQPU JCXG
PQ RNCEG CPF TGEGKXG PQ TGURGEV KP $WFFJKUO. 0GKVJGT KU $WFFJKUO C UQEKCNN[ QT RQNKVKECNN[
QTICPKUGF TGNKIKQWU U[UVGO. 6JGTG YGTG RGTKQFU QH VKOG YJGP OQPCUVKE 6KDGVCPU DGECOG UQ
KOOGTUGF KP VJG VTCPSWKNNKV[ QH $WFFJKUV EQORCUUKQP VJG[ HQTIQV YJQ VJG[ YGTG CPF YJGTG
VJG[ YGTG. ’RKE NKVGTCVWTG YCU HQTDKFFGP KP OQPCUVGTKGU CPF FGURKUGF D[ VJG $WFFJKUV ENGTI[.
$WFFJKUO, DGKPI C-VJGKUV, EQPUKFGTU 'IQFU' C XCKP RTQLGEVKQP QH QWT GIQ CPF KV PQV QPN[ 'VCOGF'
(FWN1001) KPFKIGPQWU IQFU DWV KPVGITCVGF CPF TGHQTOGF DGNKGHU KP GXGT[FC[ IQFU (OK EJQU
1002)
CPF VGTTKVQTKCN CPF OQWPVCKP PWOKPC ([WN NJC1003). +P OQTG TGOQVG CTGCU, JQYGXGT, VJG[ JCXG
UWTXKXGF VQ VJKU FC[, CPF GZJKDKV RTQPQWPEGF EQPVKPWKV[ KP TKVWCN RGTHQTOCPEG CU YGNN CU VJGKT
KPHNWGPEG QP UQEKCN, GEQPQOKE CPF RQNKVKECN CEVKXKVKGU
&WTKPI VJG NCUV HQTV[ [GCTU, JQYGXGT CVVGORVU JCXG DGGP OCFG D[ 6KDGVCPU VQ TGXKVCNK\G CPF
TGPGIQVKCVG 6KDGVCP KFGPVKV[ KP UQOG QH VJG HQNNQYKPI YC[U CPF OGCPU:
• 6KDGVCP KPVGNNGEVWCNU JCXG DGGP CVVGORVKPI VQ TGEQXGT VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJG 6KDGVCP RGQRNG
CPF CTG WUKPI C FKUEQWTUG QH EWNVWTCN ETKVKSWG, KP EQOOQP YKVJ QVJGT '%JKPGUG' OKPQTKV[
ITQWRU, VQ TG-HTCOG VJGKT KFGPVKV[ KP C EJCPIKPI YQTNF1004
• 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO, YJKEJ QPEG YQTMGF VQ EQWPVGT CP[ UGPUG QH PCVKQPCNKV[, PQY YQTMU
VJG QVJGT YC[. 9KVJ VJG &CNCK .COC CU KVU URQMGURGTUQP CPF YKVJ JKU RQNKE[ QH
PQP-XKQNGPEG, 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO JCU EQOG VQ U[ODQNKUG 6KDGV'U PCVKQPCN KFGPVKV[.
999 4GEGPVN[ 9W $CPIIWQ, EJCKTOCP QH %JKPC'U 0CVKQPCN 2GQRNG'U %QPITGUU GPVGTGF VJG 0GY <GCNCPF RCTNKCOGPV D[ C UKFG FQQT TCVJGT VJCP HCEG C NQPG RTQVGUVGT YKVJ C DQTTQYGF 6KDGVCP HNCI (81# 0GYU 2005). 1000 −CTOC[ 1989, 1994
1001 `o;k
FWN KU 6KDGVCP HQT VCOGF.
1002 1m-&}=k
OK EJQU KU C 6KDGVCP NKVGTCT[ VGTO HQT HQNM TGNKIKQP.
1003 9v;-[k
C [WN-NJC KU C RNCEG IQF QT VGTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC K.G. C URKTKV QT FGKV[ VJCV RTGUKFGU QXGT C RNCEG (1ZHQTF
EQORCEV FKEVKQPCT[ JVVR://YYY.CUMQZHQTF.EQO/EQPEKUGAQGF/PWOGP!XKGY=WM) CEEGUUGF 12VJ /C[ 2003 1004 *CTTGNN 1995, .KV\KPIGT 1995, 7RVQP 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 161
/QTGQXGT, KV KU RTQXKPI CP GHHGEVKXG KFGQNQIKECN EQWPVGTDCNCPEG KP VJG HCEG QH VJG
CFXCPEG QH VJG %JKPGUG DTCPF QH UQEKCNKUO/EQOOWPKUO KP 6KDGV.
• ’RKE NKVGTCVWTG JCU DGEQOG VJG OQUV RQRWNCT TGCFKPI KP OCP[ RCTVU QH 6KDGV KP TGEGPV
[GCTU. 6JG JGTQ QH VJG DGUV-MPQYP GRKE, −KPI )GUCT, KU VJG RGTUQPKHKECVKQP QH VJG KFGCN
6KDGVCP OCP, YJQ ECP RGTHQTO UWRGTJWOCP HGCVU KP DCVVNG, CPF IQ KPVQ TGVTGCV CPF
RTCEVKEG OGFKVCVKQP FWTKPI RGCEG. +V KU GXKFGPV VJCV VJG UVQTKGU QH JKU EQPSWGUV QH
FKHHGTGPV EQWPVTKGU CPF JKU QVJGT JGTQKE GZRNQKVU JCXG EQPVTKDWVGF VQ VJG CYCMGPKPI QH
VJG PCVKQPCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU, CU JCXG FGRKEVKQPU QH VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE DQNFPGUU QH VJG
−JCODC YCTTKQTU CPF VJGKT RCVTKQVKUO, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.1. +V KU,
JQYGXGT, RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJG NKVGTCT[ CPF RQGVKE NCPIWCIG KP YJKEJ VJG GRKE KU YTKVVGP, CU
YGNN CU VJG KFGCU KV GZRTGUUGU, VJCV KNNWUVTCVG 6KDGV'U EWNVWTCN KFGPVKV[1005
• 2GTJCRU VJG OQUV KPVGTGUVKPI XKUKQPCT[ OQXGOGPV KP VJG RQUV 1978 TGNKIKQWU
TGPCKUUCPEG KP 6KDGV JCU DGGP VJG TGXKVCNK\CVKQP QH 'JKFFGP' UCETGF UETKRVWTGU (VGT1006)
HTQO VJG FKUVCPV KORGTKCN RCUV1007.
• 6JG YQTUJKR QH OK EJQU 1008 GURGEKCNN[ VGTTKVQTKCN FKXKPKVKGU ([WN NJC1009) CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ
CPKOKUO CPF UJCOCPKUO, CNVJQWIJ UWRRTGUUGF D[ $WFFJKUO CPF %QOOWPKUO, JCXG
CNYC[U DGGP KORQTVCPV GNGOGPVU WPFGT IKTFKPI 6KDGVCP NQECN KFGPVKV[, CNVJQWIJ VJGTG KU
1005 5COWGN 2002
1006 ){:k
VGT KU 6KDGVCP HQT UCETGF UETKRVWTGU QT JKFFGP VGZV.
1007 1PG QH VJG OQUV RTQOKPGPV RTQRQPGPVU JCU DGGP −JGPRQ ,KIOG 2JWPVUQI, YJQUG RCUV-NKHG OGOQTKGU CNUQ RNC[ C ETKVKECN TQNG KP JKU TGNCVKQPUJKR VQ 6KDGVCP NKVGTCVWTG, CPF VJG −KPI )GUCT GRKE KP RCTVKEWNCT ()GTOCPQ 1998). −JGPRQ HQWPFGF VJG 5GTVCT +PUVKVWVG YJKEJ YCU CV VJG JGCTV QH VJG TGUWTIGPV 0[KPIOC VTCFKVKQP (QPG QH VJG HKXG UEJQQNU QH 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO) KP ’CUVGTP −JCO. *G PQV QPN[ 'TGKPVGTRTGVGF' 11VJ EGPVWT[ UETKRVWTGU KP VGTOU QH VJG RTGUGPV FC[, DWV EQPUVGNNCVGF 6KDGV'U HTCIOGPVGF EWNVWTG, TGKPXGUVGF KP KV VJG 6KDGVCP RJ[UKECN CPF KOCIKPGF NCPFUECRG, CPF FKTGEVN[ TGNKPMGF VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ UKVWCVKQP YKVJ 6KDGV'U RCUV. +P RTQXKFKPI C RNCVHQTO HQT C TGEQPUVKVWVGF 6KDGVCP KFGPVKV[ YKVJKP VJG TGCNKVKGU QH NKHG KP VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ 2GQRNG'U 4GRWDNKE QH %JKPC, JG TGKPXKIQTCVGF 6KDGVCP RTKFG, UGNH-EQPHKFGPEG, CPF UGPUG QH RWTRQUG. *G FKF UQ KP C WPKSWGN[ 6KDGVCP, CPF KP RCTVKEWNCT 0[KPIOC HCUJKQP. 6JG RQVGPE[ QH VGT CU C 6KDGVCP TGURQPUG VQ OQFGTPKV[ KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ ENGCT KP −JGPRQ'U KORCEV QP VJG %JKPGUG. 0QV QPN[ FKF JWPFTGFU QH %JKPGUG OQPMU CPF PWPU TGUKFG CV VJG +PUVKVWVG, CPF NC[ $WFFJKUVU OCMG NQPI RKNITKOCIGU VJGTG, JG YCU OQDDGF D[ %JKPGUG $WFFJKUVU KP −CPFKPI CPF %JGPIFW. 6JKU RJGPQOGPC TGXGTUGU VJG UVCPFCTF *CP FKUOKUUCN QH 'FKTV[, DCTDCTKE 6KDGVCPU' CPF TCKUGU VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH CP
CEMPQYNGFIGF EWNVWTCN UWRGTKQTKV[ CV NGCUV KP UQOG TGURGEVU. 9JCVGXGT VJG UVCVGU TCVKQPCNG (RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP )GTOCPQ 2003 YGDNQI), KP ,WPG 2001 JWPFTGFU QH 6KDGVCP OQPMU CPF PWPU CPF %JKPGUG $WFFJKUV UEJQNCTU YGTG HQTEGF VQ NGCXG VJG 5GTVCT +PUVKVWVG, HQNNQYKPI VJG CTTKXCN QH CTOGF RQNKEG, RTQXKPEKCN QHHKEKCNU CPF VJG 7PKVGF (TQPV YQTM WPKV HTQO $GKLKPI. 6JG RQRWNCVKQP YCU TGFWEGF HTQO PGCTN[ 8,000 VQ1,400, OQUV QH VJG TGUKFGPVKCN SWCTVGTU YGTG FGOQNKUJGF CPF −JGPRQ YCU RNCEGF WPFGT JQWUG CTTGUV.
1008 1m-&}=k
OK-EJQU KU 6KDGVCP HQT VJG IQFU QH GXGT[FC[ NKHG.
1009 9v;-[k
C [WN-NJC KU C RNCEG IQF QT VGTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC K.G. C URKTKV QT FGKV[ VJCV RTGUKFGU QXGT C RNCEG (1ZHQTF
EQORCEV FKEVKQPCT[ JVVR://YYY.CUMQZHQTF.EQO/EQPEKUGAQGF/PWOGP!XKGY=WM). CEEGUUGF 9VJ 1EVQDGT 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 162
FKUCITGGOGPV CDQWV PCVKQPCN KFGPVKV[1010. 6JG CPKOKUVKE CPF UJCOCPKUVKE TKVGU YJKEJ
UWTXKXG KP 6KDGV VQ VJKU FC[ QTKIKPCVGF KP VJG JWPVGT CPF PQOCF EWNVWTGU QH VJG UVGRRGU
QH %GPVTCN #UKC. 9KVJKP VJKU RCTCFKIO, URCEG KU OCFG HQT C UQWN-EQPEGRV (NJC1011) VJCV KU
CNKGP VQ $WFFJKUO. +P HCEV $WFFJKUO CVVGORVU VQ FGP[ QT FGUVTQ[ VJG 'UQWN'. #PKOKUVKE
URKTKVU, CPVJTQRQNQIKECNN[ TGHGTTGF VQ CU PWOKPC CTG HQT OCP[ NC[ 6KDGVCPU, VTWG
FKXKPKVKGU, PQV OGTG TGHNGEVKQPU QH VJG VTCPUEGPFGPVCN CDUQNWVG KPVQ YJKEJ $WFFJKUO JCU
TGECUV VJGO.
• 6JG TGUVQTCVKQP QH VGTTKVQTKCN EWNVU CTG KORQTVCPV HQT NQECN KFGPVKV[, RQNKVKECN NGCFGTUJKR
CPF PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP1012
• 6JG $WFFJKUV FQEVTKPG QH 'MCTOKE TGVTKDWVKQP' GZRNCKPU CP[ RTGUGPV OKUHQTVWPG CU VJG
HTWKVU QH RCUV OKUFGGFU, DWV VJKU ECPPQV UCVKUHCEVQTKN[ GZRNCKP VJG EQNNGEVKXG OKUHQTVWPG
GZRGTKGPEGF D[ VJG 6KDGVCP RGQRNGU, YJKEJ KU XKGYGF CU CP 'GXKN GTC' CPF RCTV QH C
1010 *WDGT 1999, −CTOC[ 1994
1011 [k
NJC KU 6KDGVCP HQT UQWN QT IQF.
1012 6GTTKVQTKCN FKXKPKVKGU ([WN-NJC) KPJCDKV HGCVWTGU QH VJG NCPFUECRG CPF CTG 'EQPVTQNNGF' D[ C 'UJCOCP/OGFKWO' (NJC-RC), YJQ OC[, FWTKPI KPXQECVKQP TKVGU/ RQUUGUUKQP RTQFWEG QTCN WVVGTCPEGU. 6JG NJC-RC ('UJCOCP') JCU PQV QPN[ CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP OCKPVCKPKPI JCTOQP[ DGVYGGP JWOCPKV[, VJG URKTKV YQTNF CPF PCVWTG DWV KP QTFGT VQ GPUWTG UWEEGUU KP JWPVKPI CPF VQ CUM HQTIKXGPGUU HQT CP[ GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP QEEWTU ()TQUU 1997, 5COWGN 1993C + D, 7TC −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−QPIRQ $QPTK QT 6UCTK). 6JG NCVVGT KU RCTV QH C RTQEGUU QH "$WFFJCEK\CVKQP" YJKEJ KU EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG VTCPUEGPFGPV, CPF C VGZVWCN VTCFKVKQP, CPF KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ UOCNN OQPCUVGTKGU CPF JGTOKVCIGU CPF RKNITKOU RGTHQTOKPI FGXQVKQPCN
GZGTEKUG (/E−C[ 2000 R 14). ;WN-NJC TKVWCNU, YJKEJ CTG RCTV QH C PQPNKVGTCVG VTCFKVKQP FQ PQV CVVTCEV $WFFJKUV FGXQVGGU DWV NC[RGQRNG (HCTOGT, PQOCF, VTCFGT, JWPVGT) CPF CTG EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG KOOGFKCVG YQTNF VJTQWIJ VJG WUG QH TKVWCNU CPF QHVGP YKVJ VJG CUUKUVCPEG QH C NJC RC (5JCOCP//GFKWO). #NVJQWIJ [W-NJC OQWPVCKP TKVWCNU (NJC
DUCPI) YGTG DCPPGF KP 1960U VJG[ YGTG TG-KPUVCVGF KP 1980U. 6[RKECNN[ NJC DUCPI TKVWCNU KPENWFG HWOKICVKQP QHHGTKPIU, VJG UECVVGTKPI QH YKPF JQTUGU, VJG RNCPVKPI QH RTC[GT HNCIU QT CTTQYU CPF RTC[GT VQ VJG [WN-NJC. 6JTQWIJ RTC[GT VJG YJQNG VGTTKVQT[ KU GXQMGF D[ VJG IGQITCRJKECNN[ QTFGTGF PCOKPI QH CNN VJG URGEKHKE NCPF FGKVKGU. 6JG CKO QH VJG TKVWCN KU KP HCEV VQ TGUVQTG TGNCVKQPUJKR (NKPMGF VQ TKVWCN EQOOGPUCNKV[) DGVYGGP VJG EQOOWPKV[ CPF VJG [WN NJC CPF EQPUKUVU QH DQVJ QHHGTKPI CPF TGSWGUVU. 6JG YQTUJKRRGTU ECNN QP VJG [WN NJC HQT RGTUQPCN RTQVGEVKQP, VJG TGCNK\CVKQP QH CODKVKQPU CPF HQTVWPG, CPF VJG UWDFWKPI QH GPGOKGU. 6JG[ TGICTF VJG [WN NJC CU C RTQXKFGT QH DNGUUKPI, INQT[, JQPQWT, HCOG, RTQURGTKV[, RQYGT, CPF RTQIGP[ HQT VJG RGQRNG CPF VJGKT RQNKVKECN CPF TGNKIKQWU NGCFGTUJKR. 2CTVKEKRCVKQP KP UWEJ C TKVWCN VJGTGHQTG KORNKGU VQVCN KPVGITCVKQP KPVQ VJG EQOOWPKV[, YJKEJ KP VWTP KORNKGU KPJGTKVGF UQEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN QDNKICVKQPU, OQTCN CPF KPFKXKFWCN TGURQPUKDKNKV[, CPF CP CHHKTOCVKQP QH EQOOWPCN UQNKFCTKV[ KP VJG HCEG QH GZVGTPCN CIITGUUKQP. 6JKU RJGPQOGPQP CRRGCTU VQ TGUQPCVG YKVJ C UKOKNCT CFKXCUK EWNV CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ UCETGF ITQXGU (UCTPC) KP +PFKC (2CTCLWNK 2001, RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 4CODNG 2003 YGDNQI). ;WN-NJC YQTUJKR KP 6KDGVCP EWNVWTG VJGTGHQTG RNC[U C XGT[ UKIPKHKECPV TQNG KP VJG DWKNFKPI WR QH KFGPVKV[ VJTQWIJ GCEJ KPFKXKFWCN'U KFGPVKHKECVKQP QH VJGOUGNXGU CU CEVKXG OGODGTU QH VJG EQOOWPKV[.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 163
JKUVQTKE RTQEGUU. (QT VJG 6KDGVCPU VJG EQWPVGT KOCIG QH CP GXKN GTC KU VJG TGVWTP QH C
'IQQF GTC'. 6JKU RQUUKDKNKV[ HKPFU GZRTGUUKQP KP C PWODGT QH WVQRKCP DGNKGHU PCOGN[; VJG
TGVWTP QH −KPI )GUCT, VJG TGKIP QH 5JCODCNC, VJG EQOKPI CIG QH VJG $WFFJC /CKVTG[C,
CPF VJG TGVWTP QH VJG &CNCK .COC VQ 6KDGV1013.
• /KNNGPPKCN1014 OQXGOGPVU JCXG QEEWTTGF OQUVN[ KP KUQNCVGF PQOCFKE CTGCU (#OFQ CPF
0CIEJW), CPF OC[ KPETGCUG YKVJ VJG KPETGCUGF OCTIKPCNK\CVKQP QH VJG TWTCN 6KDGVCP
RQRWNCVKQP TGUWNVKPI HTQO WTDCP GEQPQOKE FGXGNQROGPV CPF VJG KPHNWZ QH %JKPGUG1015 .
+PFKXKFWCN CEVU QH TGUKUVCPEG CPF UGNH-UCETKHKEG CTG UWUVCKPGF D[ VJG EGTVCKPV[ VJCV VJG RQNKVKECN
FGUVKP[ QH 6KDGV KU RCTV QH C NCTIGT UVQT[ KP YJKEJ UWHHGTKPI YKNN HKPCNN[ DG XKPFKECVGF CPF IQQF
YKNN HKPCNN[ VTKWORJ. 6JGUG CEVU QHVGP HKPF GZRTGUUKQP KP 'TKVWCNU QH RTQVGUV'.
4KVWCNU QH RTQVGUV
0QV QPN[ JCXG 6KDGVCPU TGXKVCNK\GF VJGKT EWNVWTG CU C OGCPU QH GPJCPEKPI VJGKT KFGPVKV[, VJG[
JCXG FTCYP QP KV CU C UQWTEG QH U[ODQNU HQT TKVWCNK\GF RTQVGUV. 6KDGVCP PCVKQPCNKUV QRRQUKVKQP,
VQ PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG CRRTQRTKCVKQP CPF QRRTGUUKQP JCU VCMGP OCP[ HQTOU UKPEG VJG %JKPGUG
QEEWRCVKQP QH 6KDGV DGICP KP 1950. *QYGXGT, KP 1987 C PGY RGTKQF QH PQP-XKQNGPV RTQVGUV
URTGCF HTQO .JCUC, EQKPEKFKPI YKVJ VJG XKUKV D[ VJG &CNCK .COC VQ VJG 75# VJCV YCU RTGFKECVGF
QP TGNKIKQP CPF EWNVWTG, CPF RTQXKFGF C PGY OGCPU QH CTVKEWNCVKPI PCVKQPCN KFGPVKV[. 6JKU YCU
WPKPVGPVKQPCNN[ CKFGF D[ C %JKPGUG OKPQTKV[ RQNKE[ VJCV JCU RGTOKVVGF ITGCVGT GZRTGUUKQPU QH
6KDGVCP TGNKIKQP CPF EWNVWTG KP CP GHHQTV VQ OCMG VJGO UGTXG VJG KPVGTGUVU QH VJG %JKPGUG UVCVG.
2TQVGUV DGECOG TKVWCNK\GF, CUUWOKPI VJG UCOG U[ODQNKE HQTO GXGT[ VKOG KV QEEWTTGF CPF
VJTQWIJ KV, 6KDGVCPU YGTG CDNG VQ:
1013 $KUVTKEJ 2003, &CXKF-0GGN 1983, /WOHQTF 1989, 5COWGN 1993C, 5RQPDGTI GV CN 1988, 5EJYCTV\ 1994C + D 1014 C UQEKCN OQXGOGPV YKVJ C FQEVTKPG QH C PGY YQTNF (C OKNNGPPKWO) VQ DG CVVCKPGF CV NGCUV KP RCTV D[ URKTKVWCN OGCPU (−GGUKPI 1975 RCIG 514). 1015 1PG UWEJ OQXGOGPV VJG '*GTQGU QH .KPI', YJQUG NGCFGT ENCKOGF VQ DG C TGKPECTPCVKQP QH −KPI )GUCT QH .KPI,
CPF C OGFKWO HQT C FGKV[ PCOGF I[CVUC (>2k), YCU ETWUJGF D[ VJG %JKPGUG CWVJQTKVKGU. 6JG OQXGOGPV JCF
KFGPVKHKGF VJG %JKPGUG YKVJ FGOQPKE HQTEGU CPF ECNNGF QP VJG FGKVKGU VQ QXGTEQOG VJG RQYGT QH GXKN. 6JG TGCN RQNKVKECN VJTGCV, HQT VJG %JKPGUG NC[ KP VJG OQXGOGPV'U RQVGPVKCN HQT OCUU OQDKNK\CVKQP. /QXGOGPVU NKMG VJG '*GTQGU QH .KPI' CKO VQ TGUVQTG C UQEKCN YQTNF VJCV JCU DGGP XKQNGPVN[ FKUTWRVGF. 6JG RCTVKEKRCPVU CTG CDNG VQ TGEQXGT C UGPUG QH DQVJ KPFKXKFWCN CPF EQNNGEVKXG KPVGITKV[ D[ CNKIPKPI VJG 6KDGVCP GZRGTKGPEG QH %JKPGUG TWNG YKVJ VJG EQPHNKEV DGVYGGP URKTKVWCN RQYGTU QH IQQF CPF GXKN.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 164
• 1XGTEQOG VJGKT QDLGEVKXG RQYGTNGUUPGUU CPF GZRGTKGPEG DQVJ UQNKFCTKV[, GSWCNKV[ CPF
'EQOOWPKVCU'1016 CU VJG[ OWVWCNN[ CEMPQYNGFIG VJGKT EQOOQP PCVKQPJQQF
• 4GUQNXG RTQDNGOU KP VJG HQTO QH C FTCOC QH U[ODQNU, EQPHNKEVU CPF EQPVTCFKEVKQPU KP
UQEKCN NKHG YJGTG VJGTG YCU PQ CRRCTGPV UQNWVKQP. +V QHHGTGF CP CPVKEKRCVQT[ TGUQNWVKQP QH
EQPHNKEV, CP KOCIKPCVKXG RTGHKIWTKPI QH VJG HWVWTG VJCV FTGY QP VJG U[ODQNKE RQVGPVKCN
QH VJG RTGUGPV CPF RCUV.
4KVWCNK\GF RTQVGUV, D[ 6KDGV'U $WFFJKUV GNKVG KU PQV EWTTGPVN[ "OKNNGPPKCN"1017 KP EJCTCEVGT1018
CNVJQWIJ KV KU NKPMGF YKVJ UQOG CPKOKUVKE CPF UJCOCPKUVKE RTCEVKEGU COQPI VJG PQOCFU. +V KU C
UWDUVKVWVG HQT NKEGPUGF RQNKVKECN FKUEQWTUG CPF EQOOWPKECVKQP. +V OWUV DG TGOGODGTGF VJCV VJG
%JKPGUG U[UVGO KU VQVCNKVCTKCP CPF VJG UVCVG OQPQRQNK\GU GXGT[ NGICN CXGPWG QH RWDNKE
GZRTGUUKQP, UWRRTGUUKPI CNN FKUUGPV, YJKNG KV OCPWHCEVWTGU VJTQWIJ KVU QYP QTICPU VJG QHHKEKCN
XGTUKQP QH 6KDGVCP TGCNKV[ CPF JKUVQT[. 6KDGVCP TKVWCN RTQVGUV KU CP CVVGORV VQ U[ODQNKECNN[ GXGP
VJG UECNGU, CPF ECP DG XKGYGF CU EQOOWPKECVKQP FGHGTTGF KP CP CVVGORV VQ GPICIG C
J[RQVJGVKECNN[ HCKT CTDKVTCVQT1019 KP VJG JQRG VJCV VTWVJ YKNN RTGXCKN. 6KDGVCP PCVKQPCNKUO,
GZRTGUUGF KP TKVWCN RQNKVKECN RTQVGUV, KU C OQFGTP RJGPQOGPQP COQPI 6KDGVCPU, CPF C TGURQPUG
VQ VJGKT TGEGPV GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ VJG %JKPGUG UQEKCNKUV UVCVG. 4KVWCN RTQVGUV, JQYGXGT FKF PQV CTKUG
HTQO C HGGNKPI QH OKPQTKV[ UVCVWU, CPF KU QXGTVN[ RQNKVKECN, VCTIGVKPI VJG %JKPGUG UVCVG CPF VJG
CRRCTCVWU QH UQEKCN EQPVTQN VJCV OCKPVCKPU UVCVG RQYGT. 0CVKQPCNKUO KP VJG EQPVGZV QH 6KDGV OWUV
DG SWCNKHKGF1020 DGECWUG VJG RQNKVKECN FKOGPUKQP VCMGU RTGEGFGPEG, YJKNG GVJPKE QRRQUKVKQP KU C
D[-RTQFWEV QH RQNKVKECN FQOKPCVKQP.
6JG %JKPGUG TGURQPUG VQ 6KDGVCP PCVKQPCNKUO JCU DGGP EQPUVCPV TGRGVKVKQP QH VJG UCOG
RTQRCICPFC VJGOGU, PCOGN[ VJCV:-
• 6KDGV JCU 'CNYC[U' DGGP RCTV QH %JKPC
• 6JG KFGC QH 6KDGVCP KPFGRGPFGPEG KU CP KORGTKCNKUV RNQV QTEJGUVTCVGF D[ VJG '&CNCK
ENKSWG' CPF 'TGCEVKQPCT[ GPGOKGU QH %JKPC'
• 6KDGVCPU JCXG YGNEQOGF VJG %JKPGUG CU 'NKDGTCVQTU'
1016 6WTPGT 1977 1017 C UQEKCN OQXGOGPV YKVJ C FQEVTKPG QH C PGY YQTNF (C OKNNGPPKWO) VQ DG CVVCKPGF CV NGCUV KP RCTV D[ URKTKVWCN OGCPU (−GGUKPI 1975 RCIG 514). 1018 $WTTKFIG 1969 1019 5WEJ CU VJG 70 1020 )GNNPGT 1983
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 165
#P GPQTOQWU RTQRCICPFC GHHQTV KU GZRGPFGF CVVGORVKPI VQ NGIKVKOK\G VJG %JKPGUG ENCKO VQ
'QYPGTUJKR' QH 6KDGV. #V VJG UCOG VKOG, VJG QHHKEKCN RQNKVKECN EWNVWTG CPF RQNKVKECN U[ODQNKUO CTG
GZENWUKXGN[ %JKPGUG. 6KDGVCPU HKPF VJGOUGNXGU KPENWFGF YKVJKP %JKPGUG PCVKQPCN EWNVWTG, CU
QPG QH OCP[ GVJPKE ITQWRU, CPF VJWU QDNKIGF VQ TGICTF VJG EGTGOQPKGU QH UVCVG RCVTKQVKUO CU
VJGKT QYP. %JKPC, NKMG QVJGT PCVKQP-UVCVGU KPXGPVU VTCFKVKQPU KP VJG HQTO QH U[ODQNU CPF
EGTGOQPKCNU VJCV DKPFU KVU EKVK\GPU VQ VJG GOGTIGPV UVCVG CPF IGPGTCVKPI OQTG NQ[CNV[ CPF
EQOOKVOGPV1021.
7PFGT VJGUG EQPFKVKQPU VJG EWNVWTCN CPF TGNKIKQWU HQTOU VJCV FGHKPG, '6KDGVCPPGUU' JCXG CUUWOGF
VJGKT EWTTGPV RQNKVKECN UKIPKHKECPEG. 6KDGVCPU, JQYGXGT JCXG TGURQPFGF YKVJ ITQYKPI
EQPHKFGPEG VQ %JKPGUG CVVGORVU VQ QDNKVGTCVG VJGKT RCUV, DWV KV KU VJG %JKPGUG YJQ JCXG VWTPGF
JKUVQTKECN OGOQT[ KPVQ C DCVVNGHKGNF, PQV 6KDGVCPU. 6JG TKVWCNU QH PCVKQPCNKUV RTQVGUV DWKNV
EQPVKPWKVKGU DGVYGGP VJG TGEQNNGEVGF 6KDGVCP RCUV, EQPVGORQTCT[ RQNKVKECN GZRGTKGPEG, CPF
WPKXGTUCNKUVKE XCNWGU. 6JWU GPCDNKPI VJG 6KDGVCPU VQ NGCR HTQI QXGT VJG KFGQNQIKGU QH %JKPGUG
FQOKPCVKQP CPF DWKNF C DTKFIG VQ VJG OQFGTP YQTNF.
6JG OCKP U[ODQNU QT U[ODQNKE UKVGU QH RTQVGUV JCXG KPENWFGF
• (GUVKXCNU: CNVJQWIJ VJG UVTWIING DGVYGGP %JKPC CPF 6KDGV KU QXGT UQXGTGKIPV[ CPF
PCVKQPCN KFGPVKV[, VJG DCVVNGITQWPF QP YJKEJ VJCV VJG DCVVNG KU HQWIJV KU TGNKIKQP. /QTG
URGEKHKECNN[, KV KU VJG HGUVKXCNU CPF CPPKXGTUCTKGU QH VJG 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQWU ECNGPFCT VJCV
RTQXKFG VJG EQPVGZV CPF NCPFOCTMU HQT VJG EGPVTCN FKURWVG DGVYGGP 6KDGVCPU CPF
%JKPGUG. (WTVJGTOQTG, VJG MG[ KUUWG KP VJG TGNKIKQWU DCVVNG KU YJGVJGT VJG HGUVKXCN YKNN
UKIPKH[ VJG UWUVCKPKPI QH C %JKPGUG QT 6KDGVCP UVCVG1022.
1021 *QDUDCYP CPF 4CPIGT 1983 1022 6JG UGEQPF YGGM KP /CTEJ JCU URGEKCN UKIPKHKECPEG, DGECWUG QH VJG PWODGT QH CPPKXGTUCTKGU, CPF YJGP OQUV QH 6KDGV'U RQNKVKECN DCVVNGU CTG HQWIJV. 6KOG CPF VKOG CICKP VJG %JKPGUG CRRGCT VQ JCXG DGGP WPCYCTG QH VJG RQYGT QH U[ODQNKUO KP VJGKT CVVGORV VQ PQWTKUJ VJG WPKQP QH TGNKIKQP CPF RQNKVKEU VJTQWIJ XKUKDNG 'UVCIGF' FKURNC[U QH TGNKIKQWU VQNGTCPEG. 6JG %JKPGUG QRGTCVKQP KP 6KDGV KU TKFFNGF YKVJ CPQOCNKGU CPF KTQP[. 6JG 2.# UQNFKGTU, HQT GZCORNG CTG QDNKIGF VQ RCVTQN CTQWPF VJG ,QMJCPI VGORNG KP CP CPVK-ENQEMYKUG FKTGEVKQP. 6JG[ JCXG NKVVNG EJQKEG DGECWUG KH VJG[ YCNMGF CTQWPF KP C ENQEMYKUG FKTGEVKQP, KV YQWNF U[ODQNKUG FGXQVKQP CPF TGURGEV VQ VJG $WFFJCU YKVJKP. $[ ECPEGNNKPI VJG /QPNCO HGUVKXCN KP 1989 CPF 1990 %JKPC TGPQWPEGF VJG U[ODQNKE EGPVTG QH VJGKT ENCKO VQ VQNGTCVG TGNKIKQWU RTCEVKEG KP 6KDGV. +P VJG GXGPV VJG 6KDGVCPU OCPCIGF VQ UVCIG VJTGG FC[U QH FGOQPUVTCVKQPU KP 1990, CPF VJG U[ODQNKUO KP ECPEGNNKPI KV YCU QXGTUJCFQYGF D[ VJG UVTQPIGT KOCIGU QH RTQVGUV CPF OCTVKCN NCY. 9KVJ VJG QPUGV QH OCTVKCN NCY KV DGECOG KORQUUKDNG VQ UVCIG RQNKVKECN FGOQPUVTCVKQPU KP VJG QDXKQWU YC[. 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQPU YJKEJ JCF CNYC[U VGPFGF VQ GZRTGUU PCVKQPCNKUV HGGNKPIU CU YGNN CU URKTKVWCN QPGU, DGECOG OQTG NCFGP YKVJ RQNKVKECN U[ODQNKUO.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 166
• 6JG ,QMJCPI VGORNG: KP VJG EGPVTG QH .JCUC JCU DGEQOG VJG U[ODQNKE HQEWU QH
RQNKVKECN RTQVGUV RTGEKUGN[ DGECWUG KV GZGORNKHKGU EQPVKPWKVKGU, NKPMKPI 6KDGVCP KFGPVKV[
VQ KVU TGOGODGTGF RCUV1023.
• 6JG NGIGPFU QH 5QPIVUGP )CORQ CPF VJG CPEKGPV MKPIU: .KMGYKUG, TGKPHQTEG C
EQNNGEVKXG RQNKVKECN KFGPVKV[ CPF UWUVCKP C UGPUG QH RQNKVKECN CIGPE[ KP VJG HCEG QH
%JKPGUG RQNKVKECN FQOKPCVKQP.
• 6JG &CNCK .COC: CU C U[ODQN CPF TCNN[KPI-RQKPV QH 6KDGVCP RTQVGUV GZGORNKHKGU VJGUG
EQPVKPWKVKGU DGUV QH CNN, UKPEG JG GRKVQOK\GU DQVJ VJG 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQWU CPF RQNKVKECN RCUV
CPF C DTKFIG VQ VJG OQFGTP YQTNF. 6JG UGPUG QH EQPUVKVWVKPI C RQNKVKECN EQOOWPKV[ KU
EQPFGPUGF KPVQ VJG HKIWTG QH VJG &CNCK .COC, YJQ TGRTGUGPVU PQV QPN[ VJG RTG 1959
IQXGTPOGPV KP .JCUC, YJKEJ EQPVKPWGU KP GZKNG KP +PFKC, DWV C TGOGODGTGF RQNKVKECN
JKUVQT[ UVTGVEJKPI DCEM VQ VJG VKOG QH VJG CPEKGPV MKPIU
• /QPMU CPF PWPU: JCXG RNC[GF C NGCFKPI TQNG CU QTICPK\GTU CPF KPKVKCVQTU QH
FGOQPUVTCVKQPU, FTCYKPI QP $WFFJKUV TGNKIKQWU KFGCU CPF RTCEVKEGU VQ QRRQUG VJG RQYGT
QH VJG %JKPGUG UVCVG. 6JG TGDWKNFKPI QH $WFFJKUV KPUVKVWVKQPU JCU, OQTG VJCP CP[VJKPI
GNUG, DGGP CP QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ TGCUUGTV CP KPFGRGPFGPV 6KDGVCP KFGPVKV[ CPF TGUVQTG VJG
KPVGITKV[ QH 6KDGVCP UQEKCN KPUVKVWVKQPU. 6JG UKVWCVKQP KP 6KDGV WPFGT %JKPGUG TWNG ECP DG
EQORCTGF YKVJ RQNKVKECN FGXGNQROGPVU KP VJG 6JGTCXCFKCP $WFFJKUV EQWPVTKGU QH
6JCKNCPF, $WTOC CPF 5TK .CPMC1024.
4KVWCNU QH FGHKCPEG
• %KTEWOCODWNCVKQP1025 QT MJQTTC1026 JCU C EGPVTCN RNCEG KP 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO HQT
CEEWOWNCVKPI OGTKV. +V YCU HQTDKFFGP FWTKPI VJG %WNVWTCN 4GXQNWVKQP CPF QPN[ CNNQYGF
CICKP KP VJG 1980U. +V YCU VQNGTCVGF DGECWUG KV CRRGCTGF VQ DG RTKXCVG CPF RGTUQPCN CPF
FKF PQV EJCNNGPIG VJG CWVJQTKV[ QH VJG %JKPGUG UVCVG. 9JGP ITQWRU QH OQPMU DGICP VQ
WUG MJQTTC, CTQWPF ,QMJCPI VGORNG, CU C OGCPU QH RQNKVKECN RTQVGUV VJKU KNNWUVTCVGF VJG
1023 5EJYCTV\ 1994C + D 1024 −CRHGTGT 1988 1025 %KTEWOCODWNCVKQP KU VJG OQXGOGPV CTQWPF C JQN[ QDLGEV, QT QH C JQN[ QDLGEV. 6JG EQORNGVKQP QH C EKTENG QH
RTQVGEVKQP, QT QH EQOOWPKV[, ETGCVGU CP KPVGITKV[ VJCV KU QVJGTYKUG FKHHKEWNV VQ QDVCKP KP VJKU YQTNF. JVVR://YYY.VJGO[UVKEC.EQO/O[UVKEC/CTVKENGU/E/EKTEWOCODWNCVKQP.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005.
1026 "}:-:k
MQT-TC KU 6KDGVCP HQT EKTEWODWNCVKQP.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 167
NKOKVU QH %JKPGUG 'TGNKIKQWU HTGGFQO'. +P GHHGEV, VJG OQPMU HQTEGF VJG %JKPGUG VQ UVTKMG
QWV CV TGNKIKQP D[ UVTKMKPI QWV CV PCVKQPCNKUO. #V VJG UCOG VKOG, VJG OQPMU YGTG
UJQYKPI QTFKPCT[ 6KDGVCPU JQY VQ VTCPUHQTO VJGKT RGTUQPCN RTCEVKEG QH TGNKIKQP, YJKEJ
%JKPGUG RQNKE[ CNNQYU, KPVQ C RTCEVKEG YJKEJ, VJTQWIJ TGEQXGTKPI U[ODQNU QH
PCVKQPJQQF, DGEQOGU CP CEV QH TGDGNNKQP1027.
• +P 1EVQDGT 1989 VJG CWVJQTKVKGU KP .JCUC, HQWPF VJGOUGNXGU QDNKIGF VQ DCP VUCORC1028
VJTQYKPI CPF KPEGPUG DWTPKPI, CHVGT %JKPGUG VTQQRU CPF RQNKEG JCF URGPV VGP JQWTU
YCVEJKPI 6KDGVCPU YCNMKPI TQWPF VJG ,QMJCPI VGORNG VJTQYKPI VUCORC QXGT GCEJ QVJGT
CPF DWTPKPI LWPKRGT. 6JG[ YGTG EGNGDTCVKPI QRGPN[, DWV YKVJQWV YQTFU, VJG CYCTF QH VJG
0QDGN RGCEG RTK\G VQ VJG &CNCK .COC1029.
• 1OGPU CPF CPKOKUVKE CPF UJCOCPKUVKE DGNKGHU CTG KORQTVCPV DGECWUG VJG[ RTQXKFG C
RNCVHQTO HQT; PQP-XKQNGPV RTQVGUV, GPJCPEKPI ENCP KFGPVKV[ CPF GZRNKEKV PCVWTG
EQPUGTXCVKQP. 6JG[ JCXG NCTIGN[ TGOCKPGF KP VJG DCEMITQWPF, KP VGTOU QH RTQVGUV, C
UWRGTPCVWTCN INQUU VQ RQNKVKECN FGXGNQROGPVU1030.
• 2QRWNCT TGNKIKQP JCU KPETGCUGF HQNNQYKPI VJG NKHVKPI QH RTQJKDKVKQPU QP GZRTGUUKQPU QH
VTCFKVKQPCN EWNVWTG1031 CPF VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH OCTVKCN NCY. 6JG[ CTG RCTV QH C
URQPVCPGQWU CPF FKHHWUG RTQEGUU QH 'EWNVWTCN TGXKVCNK\CVKQP' CPF JCXG DGGP GZRTGUUGF KP
VGTOU QH KPETGCUGF QEEWTTGPEGU QH UJCOCPKUVKE URKTKV-RQUUGUUKQP CPF VJG OCPKHGUVCVKQPU
QH FGKVKGU. 5WEJ CEEQWPVU CTG UCPEVKQPGF D[ VTCFKVKQPCN TGNKIKQWU DGNKGHU CPF JCXG
1027 5EJYCTV\ 1994C
1028 21-.k
VUCORC KU 6KDGVCP HQT (RQRRGF) DCTNG[ HNQWT.
1029 6JKU PGY CPPKXGTUCT[ OWUV JCXG DGGP UQOGVJKPI QH C JWOKNKCVKQP HQT VJG CWVJQTKVKGU VJCV VJGKT MPQYNGFIG QH 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQWU TKVWCN YCU UQ UWRGTHKEKCN VJCV VJG[ YGTG WPCYCTG QH VJG URGEKCN TGNCVKQP QH NJC-TI[CN (VUCORC VJTQYKPI) VQ VJG RGTUQP QH VJG &CNCK .COC. #U C TGUWNV DQVJ VUCORC VJTQYKPI CPF LWPKRGT DWTPKPI DGECOG KNNGICN. 6JKU UVCVG QH CHHCKTU JCF OQTG UGTKQWU EQPPQVCVKQPU VJCP CV HKTUV CRRGCTGF. +PEGPUG QHHGTKPI KU EGPVTCN VQ TGNKIKQWU RTCEVKEG KP 6KDGV CPF PQV C VTKXKCN QTPCOGPV VQ TKVWCN. 6JG RTCEVKEG QH NJC-TI[CN KU NGUU EGPVTCN, CPF RTQDCDN[ JCU CPKOKUVKE/UJCOCPKUVKE TQQVU DWV KU UVKNN TGNKIKQWU RTCEVKEG. .JC-TI[CN OGCPU QHHGTKPI VQ VJG IQFU CPF KU FGUKIPGF VQ GPUWTG VJG HWVWTG YGNHCTG QH VJG RGTUQP DGKPI EGNGDTCVGF, KP VJKU ECUG VJG &CNCK .COC. 6JG 6KDGVCPU EQPEGPVTCVGF QP VJG DCP QP NJC-TI[CN TCVJGT VJCP KPEGPUG. 6JKU OC[ JCXG DGGP DGECWUG VUCORC KU VJG 6KDGVCP PCVKQPCN HQQFUVWHH, CPF UQ JCU C U[ODQNKE KORQTVCPEG DGECWUG KV KU UQOGVJKPI VJG %JKPGUG PGXGT GCV. +V OC[ JCXG GXGP OQTG UKIPKHKECPEG, CU C MG[ U[ODQN QH 6KDGVCP KFGPVKV[, DGECWUG VUCORC-GCVGTU KU VJG VGTO WUGF VQ FKUVKPIWKUJ 6KDGVCPU YJQ CFJGTG VQ 6KDGVCP VTCFKVKQPU HTQO VJQUG YJQ JCXG DGEQOG UKPKEKUGF. +P DCPPKPI VJG RTCEVKEG QH NJC-TI[CN VJG %JKPGUG OC[ JCXG DGGP GPJCPEKPI VJG KFGPVKV[ QH VJG 6KDGVCP QRRQUKVKQP TCVJGT VJCP UWDFWKPI KV ($CTPGVV 1994, 4CODNG 1993, 6UGTKPI 5JCM[C 1993). 1030 1PG GZCORNG QH CP QOGP KPENWFGF VJG TCKPDQY CPF GCTVJ VTGOQTU VJCV EQKPEKFGF YKVJ VJG FGOQPUVTCVKQP QP 27VJ 5GRV 1987. 6JG[ YGTG KPVGTRTGVGF CU UKIPU QH KORGPFKPI RQNKVKECN WRJGCXCN. 7PFGT QVJGT EQPFKVKQPU VJGUG GNGOGPVU OC[ EQOG KPVQ VJG HQTGITQWPF RTQFWEKPI C TGNKIKQWU TGXKXCN CNQPI OKNNGPPKCN NKPGU, YJGTG VJG RQNKVKECN EQPVGPV KU GZRTGUUGF VJTQWIJ TGNKIKQWU VJGOGU, CPF TGNKIKQWU NQPIKPI DGEQOGU C UWDUVKVWVG HQT GHHGEVKXG RQNKVKECN RQYGT. 1031 ,WN[ 1992
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 168
ETGFKDKNKV[ CU KPFKECVQTU VJCV VJG FGKVKGU CPF RTQVGEVQTU QH 6KDGV JCXG PQV CDCPFQPGF
VJGO. 5JCOCPKUO JCU C NQPI-UVCPFKPI DCUKU YKVJKP 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQWU RTCEVKEG,
RGTUKUVKPI CU RCTV QH RQRWNCT TGNKIKQP. +V KU PQV RTQVGEVGF WPFGT VJG %JKPGUG RQNKE[ QH
HTGGFQO QH TGNKIKQWU DGNKGH, CPF KU EQPUKFGTGF C HQTO QH 'HGWFCN UWRGTUVKVKQP', YJKEJ KU
RTQJKDKVGF. #U C URQPVCPGQWUN[ TGEQXGTGF HQNM RTCEVKEG, KV NKGU QWVUKFG VJG UEQRG QH UVCVG
EQPVTQN. #NVJQWIJ VJG UJCOCP (NJC-RC1032) WUWCNN[ QPN[ CFFTGUUGU RGTUQPCN CHHCKTU
(KNNPGUU OKUHQTVWPG GVE) VJG RQVGPVKCN HQT OCUU OQDKNK\CVKQP TGOCKPU C VJTGCV. 5RGCMKPI
VJTQWIJ VJG UJCOCP VJG URKTKV-IWKFG (RC-YQ1033) KU CDNG VQ KPVGTRTGV VJG RNKIJV QH
6KDGVCPU KP VGTOU QH TGNKIKQWU VJGOGU CPF RTQOKUG FKXKPG KPVGTXGPVKQPU VQ QXGTEQOG
GXKN CPF FTKXG CYC[ GPGOKGU1034.
6JG %JKPGUG CWVJQTKVKGU CRRGCT VQ JCXG DGEQOG KPXQNXGF KP C UVTWIING QXGT U[ODQNU KP YJKEJ
VJG[ YGTG EQPUVCPVN[ ECWIJV QP VJG FGHGPUKXG. #NVJQWIJ RCTV[ UVTCVGI[ JCU CNYC[U NCKF C
RTGOKWO QP VJG GZJCWUVKXG TG-YTKVKPI QH JKUVQT[, %JKPGUG QHHKEKCNU UGGO WPCDNG VQ EQPVCKP VJG
JKUVQTKECN TGUQPCPEGU YJKEJ VJG 6KDGVCP PCVKQPCNKUVU GXQMGF D[ VJGKT WUG QH CPPKXGTUCTKGU CPF
TKVWCNK\GF RTQVGUV. 6JG %JKPGUG RQUKVKQP QP TGNKIKQWU VQNGTCPEG YCU RTQITGUUKXGN[ KPXCNKFCVGF CU
VJG[ HQWPF KV JCTFGT VQ UGRCTCVG VJG CVVCEM QP PCVKQPCNKUO HTQO VJCV QP VJG RQNKVKEQ-TGNKIKQWU
U[ODQNU WUGF D[ VJG RTQ-KPFGRGPFGPEG OQXGOGPV. 6JG %JKPGUG UVCVG YCU DGKPI HQTEGF VQ
OCMG KPEWTUKQPU KPVQ VJG VJKP DWV ETWEKCN HCDTKE QH TGNKIKQWU VQNGTCPEG KP 6KDGV. 9JCV JCF DGGP,
WPVKN VJG NCVG 1980U CP KFGQNQIKECN OCPCIGOGPV KUUWG CDQWV UGEWTKV[ CPF VJG EQPVTQN QH RQNKVKECN
FKUUKFGPEG DGECOG C EJCNNGPIG VQ %JKPC'U UGNH-RTQENCKOGF CDKNKV[ VQ CEEQOOQFCVG C OGCUWTG
QH TGNKIKQWU CPF PCVKQPCN QT GVJPKE KFGPVKV[. 6JG 6KDGVCPU JCF NGF VJG %JKPGUG UVCVG KPVQ CP CTGPC
TKEJ KP U[ODQNKUO YJGTG, U[UVGOCVKECNN[, VJG KFGQNQI[ QH %JKPGUG NKDGTCNKUCVKQP YCU UVTKRRGF
QH XCNWG CPF GZRQUGF CU TJGVQTKE1035.
6JG 6KDGVCPU JCXG PQV QPN[ JCF VQ 'OCMG URCEG' YKVJKP *CP OKPQTKV[ FKUEQWTUG, D[ WUKPI
TKVWCNK\GF RTQVGUV CU C UWDUVKVWVG, DWV YKVJKP GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG CU VJG[ JCXG YKVPGUUGF
VJG CRRTQRTKCVKQP CPF FGITCFCVKQP QH VJGKT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU UKPEG 1950.
1032 [-.k
NJC-RC KU 6KDGVCP HQT UJCOCP.
1033 .-5}k
RC-YQ KU 6KDGVCP HQT URKTKV IWKFG. 1034 5COWGN 1993C 1035 $CTPGVV 1994
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 169
7.5 %*+0’5’ ’08+410/’06#. &+5%1745’
#NVJQWIJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUGU KP %JKPC, OC[ JCXG FGXGNQRGF CU 'TGIKQPCN FKUEWTUKXG
HQTOCVKQPU'1036 VJG[ ECPPQV DG EQPUKFGTGF CU UVCVKE QT KP KUQNCVKQP. +UUWGU UWEJ CU ENKOCVG
EJCPIG JCXG INQDCN KORCEV CPF UJCTG EQOOQPCNKVKGU YKVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG1037 CPF
'ITGGP IQXGTPOGPVCNKV[ '1038 VJCV YGTG FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.3. CPF 3.3.2.
’PXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG KU UNQYN[ OCMKPI KVU YC[ KPVQ VJG RWDNKE FGDCVG KP %JKPC, CNVJQWIJ KV
ECPPQV DG HWNN[ EQPUKFGTGF YKVJQWV TGHGTGPEG VQ C PWODGT QH UWD-FKUEQWTUGU1039 CPF C
EQORCTKUQP QH /CKPNCPF %JKPGUG, 6CKYCP CPF 6KDGVCP VTCLGEVQTKGU. 6CKYCP JCU DGGP KPENWFGF
DGECWUG KV RTQXKFGU C VTCLGEVQT[ VJCV OCKPNCPF %JKPC OKIJV CFQRV KH VJG RQNKVKECN NCPFUECRG
EJCPIGF.
$QVJ %JKPC CPF 6CKYCP JCXG GZRGTKGPEGF, YKVJKP VJG NCUV 3 FGECFGU TCRKF GEQPQOKE ITQYVJ,
DWV CV VJG GZRGPUG QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF RGQRNG'U JGCNVJ1040. 6JG OCUUKXG FCOCIG VQ %JKPC'U
PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV, VJG CKT, YCVGT, HQTGUVU CPF NCPFU JCU DGGP ECWUGF D[ RGUVKEKFG
OKUOCPCIGOGPV CPF QH QXGT-TCRKF CPF WPFGT-TGIWNCVGF RTQEGUUGU QH KPFWUVTKCNK\CVKQP CPF
WTDCPK\CVKQP. 6JKU JCU VJTGCVGPGF VJG JGCNVJ CPF NKXGNKJQQF QH OKNNKQPU1041. #NVJQWIJ RGQRNG
JCXG NKXGF YKVJ UGXGTG RQNNWVKQP GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU JCU QPN[ UNQYN[ GOGTIGF,
DGECWUG CWVJQTKVCTKCP TWNG JCU RTQJKDKVGF VJGO, WPVKN TGEGPVN[ HTQO GPICIKPI KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN
FKUEQWTUG, OQXGOGPVU QT RQRWNCT RTQVGUV.
$[ EQPVTCUV, KP 1986, CP QRRQUKVKQP RCTV[ YCU HQTOGF KP 6CKYCP CPF −/6 NKHVGF VJG
38-[GCT-QNF OCTVKCN NCY, CPF CNNQYGF UVTKMGU, RTQVGUVU, VJG HQTOCVKQP QH RQNKVKECN RCTVKGU, CPF
HTGGFQO QH URGGEJ CPF RWDNKECVKQP. 6JGUG RQNKVKECN EJCPIGU, EQWRNGF YKVJ RTGXKQWU UWEEGUU QH
CPVK-RQNNWVKQP RTQVGUVU, JCF C FTCOCVKE GHHGEV QP 6CKYCP'U RQNKVKECN UEGPG. $GVYGGP 1980 CPF
1987, VJGTG YGTG 110 GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU DWV DGVYGGP 1988 CPF 1991, VJGTG YGTG 3521042.
1036 .QYG 1991 1037 5GG RCTC 3.32 1038 .WMG 1999C, 6C[NQT CPF $WVVGN 1992 CPF RCIGU 32, 35, 115, 347 1039 0COGN[: - TGNKIKQWU GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO, PCVWTG FKUEQWTUG CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG. 1040 %JK 1994, *G 1991, 5OKN 1984 1041 5JWG 2001 1042 %JK GV CN 1996, *UKCQ 1994
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 170
+P %JKPC GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU GOGTIGF KP 1978 CPF UKPEG VJG RCTQZ[UO QH UVCVG
XKQNGPEG QP ,WPG 4VJ 1989, VJGTG JCXG DGGP OCP[ RQRWNCT RTQVGUVU DWV HGY OCLQT UQEKCN
OQXGOGPVU QT RTQVGUVU YKVJ VJG RQUUKDNG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG TGUWTIGPEG QH RQRWNCT TGNKIKQP1043.
#P[ HQTO QH RTQVGUV, D[ %JKPC'U OKPQTKV[ RGQRNG KU PQV GPEQWTCIGF, CPF KV JCU DGGP GXGP OQTG
FKHHKEWNV HQT VJGO VQ KFGPVKH[ C OGVCRJQT1044 QT C UVTCVGIKE FKUEQWTUG VQ QRRQUG *CP
FGXGNQROGPV QT VQ FGXGNQR VJGKT QYP CWVQPQO[1045.
7.5.1 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %QPUEKQWUPGUU
’PXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU GOGTIGF KP 6CKYCP CPF %JKPC DGECWUG QH DQVJ UQEKQ-
RU[EJQNQIKECN CPF UVTWEVWTCN HCEVQTU. +P 6CKYCP, CHVGT 30 [GCTU QH TCRKF GEQPQOKE ITQYVJ, VJG
OCVGTKCN YGNN-DGKPI QH OQUV 6CKYCPGUG JCU KORTQXGF UKIPKHKECPVN[. 6JG KPETGCUG KP GEQPQOKE
UCVKUHCEVKQP JCU DTGF PQP-GEQPQOKE KPVGTGUVU, GURGEKCNN[ VJQUG TGNCVGF VQ VJG SWCNKV[ QH NKHG. 6JKU
KU GURGEKCNN[ VTWG QH VJG GOGTIKPI OKFFNG ENCUU YJQ JCXG DGGP KPHNWGPEGF D[ YGUVGTP
UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN-RQNKVKECN KFGCU CPF XCNWGU. 6JG[ JCXG RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP 6CKYCP'U
VTCPUHQTOCVKQP CPF EQPUVKVWVG VJG OCKP UWRRQTVGTU QH 6CKYCP'U GPXKTQPOGPVCN OQXGOGPV1046.
6JG EWTTGPV CYCTGPGUU KP %JKPC QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP1047 EQPVTCUVU, CV VJG TJGVQTKECN
NGXGN, YKVJ HCKTN[ TGEGPV CVVKVWFGU QH EQORNCEGPE[ CPF UGNH-RTCKUG, YJGTGKP PQ QPG EQWNF VGNN VJG
VTWVJ YKVJQWV DGKPI UGGP VQ ETKVKEK\G UQEKCNKUO1048. 1PN[ UKPEG 1978 JCXG UGPKQT TGUGCTEJGTU CPF
YTKVGTU HKPCNN[ DGGP CDNG VQ URGCM QWV KP UGXGTCN FKHHGTGPV HQTOU: - UEKGPVKHKE LQWTPCNU,
EQPHGTGPEGU, U[ORQUKC, CPF FCKN[ PGYURCRGTU. 6JG IQXGTPOGPV TGURQPUG CRRGCTU VQ JCXG DGGP
OWNVKHCEGVGF CPF, UKPEG 1978, %JKPC JCU QTFGTGF DQVJ KPFWUVT[ CPF EQPUVTWEVKQP VQ EQPVTQN
RQNNWVKQP QT HCEG UJWVFQYP, DGICP VQ RCUU NCYU QP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNNWVKQP, LQKPGF CNN VJG
TGNGXCPV DTCPEJGU QH VJG 701049, CPF JCU OCFG GPEQWTCIKPI RTQITGUU KP PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP.
#NN VJGUG GHHQTVU JQYGXGT JCXG DGGP OCFG CICKPUV C DCEMITQWPF QH CVVGORVKPI VQ SWCFTWRNG
GEQPQOKE QWVRWV CPF C HGCT QH EKVK\GP OQXGOGPVU. (TQO CP KPFKXKFWCN UVCPFRQKPV, CNVJQWIJ
1043 (GWEJVYCPI 1999 1044 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 5C[GTU 2002 YGDNQI 1045 (GKV 2001 1046 %JCPI 1993, *UKCQ 1996 1047 −KTD[ 2002 1048 )CQ CPF ,KP 1980 1049 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 171
OCP[ JCXG DGEQOG OQTG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ CYCTG', YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH UQOG RGQRNG KP
$GKLKPI CPF 5JCPIJCK1050 OQUV QH %JKPC'U GOGTIKPI OKFFNG ENCUU CRRGCT PQV VQ DG QXGTN[
EQPEGTPGF CDQWV VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CU NQPI CU VJG[ ECP UGEWTG JKIJGT EKV[ GCTPKPIU. 6JG 1989
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP NCY1051 JCU RTQXGF VQ DG YGCM CPF FKHHKEWNV VQ KORNGOGPV, PCVWTG
EQPUGTXCVKQP JCU NCEMGF UWUVCKPGF GPHQTEGOGPV CPF JCU DGGP WUGF HQT "GEQEQNQPKCNKUO"1052 CU
PCVWTG TGUGTXGU JCXG DGGP HQTEGHWNN[ GUVCDNKUJGF KP KPFKIGPQWU OKPQTKV[ CTGCU, KIPQTKPI VJGKT
TKIJVU, XCNWGU CPF MPQYNGFIG1053. ’XGP %JKPC'U GZVGPUKXG TGE[ENKPI RTQITCOOG, OWEJ
CFOKTGF D[ PCÊXG YGUVGTPGTU1054 KU PQV CNN KV UGGOU. +V QTKIKPCVGU HTQO PGEGUUKV[ QYKPI VQ
UJQTVCIG TCVJGT VJCP GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU1055.
7.5.2 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN /QXGOGPVU
2TKQT VQ VJG OKF 1990'U VJGTG YGTG PQ UKIPKHKECPV PQP-IQXGTPOGPV GPXKTQPOGPVCN OQXGOGPVU
(0)’/) KP %JKPC. 9KVJ CP GORJCUKU QP EGPVTCNK\CVKQP, NQECN IQXGTPOGPV'U TQNG CU C ECVCN[UV
HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN NGIKUNCVKQP KU PQV NKMGN[ VQ JCRRGP CU KV FKF KP ,CRCP1056. +H 6CKYCP KU VQ DG
VCMGP CU C OQFGN KV KU RQUUKDNG VJCV GXGPVWCNN[ OCUUKXG RTGUUWTG EQWNF DG RWV QP EGPVTCN
IQXGTPOGPV HQTEKPI EJCPIG1057.
6JG UVGTGQV[RG VJCV VJG %JKPGUG CTG FQEKNG CPF WPKPVGTGUVGF KP ITCUU TQQVU RQNKVKECN OQXGOGPVU
EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG GPXKTQPOGPV JCU DGGP RTQXGF WPVTWG YKVJ VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTGUUWTG ITQWRU KP 6CKYCP, *QPI −QPI CPF /CECW. 6JGUG ITQWRU JCXG DGGP
UWEEGUUHWN CV EJCPIKPI VJG RNCPU QH IQXGTPOGPV CPF RTKXCVG GPVGTRTKUGU1058 DWV KV KU HCKT VQ UC[
VJCV VJG QPN[ UWDUVCPVKCN QRGP GPXKTQPOGPVCN OQXGOGPVU KP %JKPGUG UQEKGVKGU CTG KP 6CKYCP,
1050 ;QWPI 1996 1051 ’FOQPFU 1994 1052 GEQEQNQPKCNKUO KU VJG KORQUKVKQP QH GZQIGPQWU EQPUGTXCVKQP RCTCFKIOU CPF RQYGT UVTWEVWTGU QP KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CPF KU KPEQORCVKDNG YKVJ KPFKIGPQWU EQPEGRVU QH EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF JWOCP FKIPKV[ (%QZ CPF ’NOSXKUV 1997 CPF JVVR://YYY.COC\QP.EQO/IR/RJTCUG/TGH=UKRAVQRA3/104-5629773-1073558!%5(GPEQFKPI=76(8&UTE=0313307253&EJGEM5WO=YL%2$:55$RX84:6TXN%2(K%2(D[4)M<23PN$U,0373[H0L079%2()%2$1HDXH82#%3&%3&&RJTCUG=GEQNQIKECN%20EQNQPKCNKUO) CEEGUUGF 28VJ 1EV 2005. 1053 #JQTC0QY 2000, $QPPGT 1994 1054 −CRR 1975 1055 −KP\GNDCEJ 1981 1056 +OCOWTC 1989, 7GVC 1989 1057 *UKCQ 1986 1989 1058 ’FOQPFU 1994
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 172
*QPI −QPI CPF /CECW. 6JG FKEVCVQTKCN RQNKVKECN U[UVGO CPF VJG NQECN NGXGN QH GEQPQOKE
FGXGNQROGPV JCXG JKPFGTGF VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH 0)’/U.
$GECWUG QH &GPI'U RQNKE[ QH QRGPKPI CPF TGHQTO (HTQO 1979), KPETGCUGU KP KPEQOG, CPF VJG
GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH C EQORNCKPV QHHKEG, VJKU FKF CNNQY HQT UQOG EQORNCKPVU CPF RTQVGUVU. +P 1979,
VJGTG YGTG C TGRQTVGF 339 EQPHTQPVCVKQPU, KP 5JCPIJCK, DGVYGGP HCEVQTKGU CPF VJG IGPGTCN
RWDNKE, CPF VJGTG JCU DGGP C EQPUKUVGPV GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUV UKPEG &GPI'U TGHQTO DGICP1059.
/QUV QH VJG RTQVGUVU JCXG DGGP UVCIGF D[ RGCUCPVU CPIGTGF D[ HCEVQT[ RQNNWVKQP TWKPKPI VJGKT
ETQRU1060. 6JTQWIJQWV VJG 1980'U ITQWRU DGECOG OQTG QRGPN[ ETKVKECN QH IQXGTPOGPV CVVKVWFGU
VQYCTFU RQNNWVKQP, DWV CHVGT VJG ECTPCIG QH '6KCPCPOGP'1061 IQXGTPOGPV HGCT QH QTICPK\GF
EKVK\GP-DCUGF PCVKQPCN NGXGN GPXKTQPOGPVCN OQXGOGPVU KPETGCUGF, GURGEKCNN[ QH WPKXGTUKV[
DCUGF CEVKXKUV ITQWRU1062. +P VJG OKF 1990'U C VKP[ DWV KORQTVCPV PQP-IQXGTPOGPV ITGGP
UGEVQT1063 YCU CNNQYGF VQ GOGTIG DWV IQXGTPOGPV "HKTON[ TGVCKPU VJG 'ITGGP' KPKVKCVKXG YJGTG KV
KU XWNPGTCDNG VQ .... VGEJPQETCVKE EGPVTCNKUO"1064 YJKEJ YG CNNWFGF VQ KP %JCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.1.3
CPF 3.1.4. #HVGT 6KCPCPOGP, GPXKTQPOGPVCN PQP-IQXGTPOGPV QTICPKUCVKQPU (0)1'U) JCF VQ
RKEM CPF EJQQUG ECWUGU CPF WUG UWDVGTHWIG. '(TKGPFU QH 0CVWTG' FKF PQV CFFTGUU VJG 6JTGG
)QTIGU &CO 2TQLGEV1065, DWV YCU CDNG VQ OQDKNKUG UWRRQTV VQ RTQVGEV VJG UPWD-PQUGF OQPMG[ KP
;WPPCP, CPF UWRRQTV VJG NQIIKPI DCP1066. '6JG )TGGP 5VWFGPV (QTWO', C PCVKQPYKFG PGVYQTM QH
OQTG VJCP 60 ITQWRU, TCVJGT VJCP RTQVGUVKPI CDQWV RQNNWVKQP HQEWUGF QP VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH
GPFCPIGTGF URGEKGU. +P TGEGPV [GCTU, JQYGXGT VJG[ JCXG DGGP CDNG VQ CFFTGUU C DTQCFGT TCPIG
QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU, CNVJQWIJ VJG[ UVKNN OQUVN[ CFFTGUU PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP. 4GEGPVN[ VJG[
YGTG CDNG VQ UGPF QPG QH VJGKT OGODGTU VQ VJG 75# VQ OGGV YKVJ #OGTKECP GPXKTQPOGPVCN
ITQWRU VQ NGCTP JQY VQ QTICPKUG, OQVKXCVG, GFWECVG CPF RTQVGUV1067.
1059 4QUU 1988 1060 4QUU 1988 1061 4VJ ,WPG 1989 1062 ’FOQPFU 1994, 9GP $Q 2000 1063 6JG 0)1'U KPXQNXGF KPENWFGF $GKLKPI ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV +PUVKVWVG, (TKGPFU QH 0CVWTG, +PUVKVWVG QH ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV CPF ;WPPCP /CP CPF 0CVWTG (QWFCVKQP (;QWPI 1996). 1064 ;QWPI 1996 RCIG 3 1065 JVVR://GP.YKMKRGFKC.QTI/YKMK/6JTGGA)QTIGUA&CO CEEGUUGF 29VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 1066 *CQ $KPI 1998 1067 9GP $Q 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 173
#NVJQWIJ VJGTG JCU DGGP EQPUKFGTCDNG KPVGTPCVKQPCN ETKVKEKUO1068 QH VJG 6JTGG )QTIGU &CO
2TQLGEV1069 CPF KVU YGUVGTP UWRRNKGTU1070 CPF WPFGTYTKVGTU1071, GURGEKCNN[ /QTICP 5VCPNG[1072, KV
KU TCTGN[ CNNQYGF VQ CRRGCT KP %JKPC'U UVCVG-EQPVTQNNGF OGFKC1073. +P 1999, JQYGXGT C %JKPGUG
CECFGOKE, YTQVG KP C NGCFKPI LQWTPCN VJCV VJG TGUGVVNGOGPV RTQITCOOG EQWNF DGEQOG "CP
GZRNQUKXG UQEKCN KUUWG, CPF C UQWTEG QH EQPUVCPV UQEKCN KPUVCDKNKV[ HQT VJG HKTUV JCNH QH VJG PGZV
EGPVWT["1074. +P 2001 YJGP HQWT HCTOGTU EQORNCKPGF VQ YGUVGTP LQWTPCNKUVU CDQWV EQTTWRVKQP
COQPI TGUGVVNGOGPV QHHKEKCNU, VJG[ YGTG CTTGUVGF CPF CEEWUGF QH 'NGCMKPI UVCVG UGETGVU'. +P NCVG
/C[ 2002 YJGP JWPFTGFU QH XKNNCIGTU HTQO ;CQYCP RTQVGUVGF CDQWV KPCFGSWCVG EQORGPUCVKQP,
JWPFTGFU QH RQNKEG CPF RCTCOKNKVCT[ VTQQRU YGTG FGRNQ[GF CPF 12 RGQRNG YGTG FGVCKPGF. 6JGTG
CTG HGCTU VJCV RTQVGUVU YKNN KPETGCUG CU TGUGVVNGOGPV CPF HNQQFKPI KU UVGRRGF WR. %JKPC'U (KPCPEG
/KPKUVT[ YCPV VQ TGNQECVG UQOG QH VJG 2 OKNNKQP RGQRNG VQ 6KDGV, YJKEJ YKNN CNUQ HWGN
CPVK-%JKPGUG UGPVKOGPV COQPI VJG GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU KP VJQUG CTGCU.
6JGTG JCU DGGP, CPF EQPVKPWGU VQ DG, C ITGCV FGCN QH TGHQTO VQ VJG NGICN U[UVGO KP TGNCVKQP VQ
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP. 6JGTG JCXG DGGP UGTKQWU RTQDNGOU YKVJ KORNGOGPVKPI TGIWNCVKQPU
CPF EQPVTQNU, RCTVKEWNCTN[ EQPEGTPKPI RQNNWVKQP HTQO HCEVQTKGU CPF RWDNKE RTQVGUV KU GOGTIKPI CU
C HQTEG FGOCPFKPI VJCV VJKU DG TGEVKHKGF. 6JG 2GQRNG'U &CKN[1075 TGIWNCTN[ RTKPVU CTVKENGU CDQWV
VJG ENQUWTG QH HCEVQTKGU, KPENWFKPI UVCVG QYPGF GPVGTRTKUGU, HQT PQV EQORN[KPI YKVJ GOKUUKQP
UVCPFCTFU. 6JKU KPFKECVGU CV VJG XGT[ NGCUV CP CEMPQYNGFIGOGPV QH LWUV JQY KORQTVCPV VJKU MKPF
QH RQNKE[ KORNGOGPVCVKQP KU VQ RWDNKE QRKPKQP. 5KIPKHKECPVN[, KP 1EVQDGT 2000 VJG IQXGTPOGPV
ENQUGF C HCEVQT[ KP $GKJCK TGRQTVGFN[ CU C FKTGEV TGUWNV QH UVTQPI RWDNKE RTQVGUV QXGT
1068 (TGG 6KDGV %CORCKIP, VGTPCVKQPCN 4KXGTU 0GVYQTM, %QTRYCVEJ, (TKGPFU QH VJG ’CTVJ (7−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’ZEJCPIG. 1073 &CK 3KPI 1994 1074 ,QJP 2QOHTGV 2001 RCIG #01 1075 JVVR://GPINKUJ.RGQRNGFCKN[.EQO.EP/QVJGT/CDQWV.UJVON CEEGUUGF 29VJ 1EVQDGT 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 174
GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU. 6JGUG MKPFU QH EKXKN RTQVGUV CTG UVKNN TCTG KP %JKPC, DWV VJG[ TGRTGUGPV CP
GOGTIKPI VTGPF1076.
7.5.3 5VCVG-2WDNKE &KCNQIWG
5KPEG 2000, %JKPC'U GPXKTQPOGPVCN ETKUKU JCU DGEQOG VJG HQEWU QH C XGT[ RWDNKE FKCNQIWG
DGVYGGP UVCVG CPF UQEKGV[. # TG-PGIQVKCVKQP QH VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP VJG VYQ KU WPFGTYC[,
CPF C PGY CPF RQNKVKECNN[ UKIPKHKECPV F[PCOKE DGVYGGP VJGO KU GOGTIKPI. 6JKU FKCNQIWG KU
DGKPI GURGEKCNN[ CTVKEWNCVGF KP VJG OGFKC. $GVYGGP 1995-1999 EQXGTCIG QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN
KUUWGU VTKRNGF. /CP[ QH VJG CTVKENGU HGNN KPVQ VYQ ECVGIQTKGU, GKVJGT CYCTGPGUU TCKUKPI QT
KPHQTOCVKQP QP IQXGTPOGPV RQNKE[1077. +UUWGU QH RQNNWVKQP CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP JCXG
DGGP OCFG XGT[ RWDNKE CPF DQVJ IQXGTPOGPV CPF VJG RWDNKE CTG TGURQPFKPI VQ VJGO. 6JG
FGUKTGF TGURQPUGU QH DQVJ UGEVQTU WNVKOCVGN[ KPXQNXGU EJCPIGU KP VJG YC[U KP YJKEJ RGQRNG
WPFGTUVCPF VJGKT TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ PCVWTG CPF VJG RTKQTKV[ IKXGP VQ KV. 6JG RTQOKPGPEG QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU KP VJG '2GQRNG'U &CKN['1078 KPFKECVGU PQV QPN[ VJG KORQTVCPEG YKVJ YJKEJ
VJG IQXGTPOGPV XKGY GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU, DWV TGEQIPKVKQP VJCV VJGTG KU C RWDNKE FKUEQWTUG
CTQWPF UWEJ KUUWGU.
6JG IQXGTPOGPV JCXG CNUQ TGURQPFGF D[ GUVCDNKUJKPI C EGPVTG HQT NGICN CUUKUVCPEG VQ RQNNWVKQP
XKEVKOU, KP $GKLKPI. 6JG UWEEGUU CPF EQPVKPWGF WUG QH VJG EGPVTG FGRGPFU QP VJG TGUWNVU
CEJKGXGF DWV KVU GZKUVGPEG WPFGTNKPGU VJG F[PCOKE PCVWTG QH UVCVG-UQEKGV[ TGNCVKQPU QXGT
GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU. 6JG EGPVTG RTQXKFGU CP CXGPWG HQT EKVK\GPU VQ GZRTGUU FKUEQPVGPV, UGGM
EQORGPUCVKQP CPF VQ CUUGTV VJG KORQTVCPEG VJG[ CVVCEJ VQ OQTG GHHGEVKXG RQNKE[
KORNGOGPVCVKQP1079.
6JG UVCVG QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV JCU DGEQOG C XGT[ RWDNKE KUUWG CPF KV KU DGKPI WUGF CU C UKVG HQT
VGUVKPI VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP VJGUG VYQ UGEVQTU. 9JKNG VJG IQXGTPOGPV JCU OCFG C ECNN HQT
RWDNKE TGHQTO YKVJ TGURGEV VQ VTGCVOGPV QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV VJGTG KU CNUQ RTGUUWTG WRQP KV VQ
1076 5C[GTU 2000 1077 5C[GTU 2000 1078 JVVR://GPINKUJ.RGQRNGFCKN[.EQO.EP/ 1PG QH %JKPC'U OQUV YKFGN[ TGCF PGYURCRGTU YKVJ C EKTEWNCVKQP QH 3 VQ 4 OKNNKQP. 1079 5C[GTU 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 175
TGHQTO KVUGNH. 6JGTG KU CNUQ KPVGTPCVKQPCN RTGUUWTG QP %JKPC HQT KORTQXGOGPV. /GODGTUJKR QH
9611080 TGSWKTGU C EQOOKVOGPV VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN UVCPFCTFU, DWV VJGTG CTG FCPIGTU VJCV YKVJ
HWNN GZRQUWTG VQ OCTMGV HQTEGU VJGTG YKNN DG NGUU EQPEGTP YKVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP.
7.5.4 %JKPGUG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGUV
’PXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU KP %JKPC CTG C TGNCVKXGN[ TGEGPV RJGPQOGPQP. 6JG RTQOWNICVKQP QH
%JKPC'U HKTUV GPXKTQPOGPVCN NCY, KP 1979, JCU PQV QPN[ RTQXKFGF C NGICN DCUKU HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN
RTQVGEVKQP DWV CNUQ GPJCPEGF VJG RWDNKE'U UGPUG QH DCUKE TKIJVU KP HCXQWT QH LWUVKH[KPI HQTEGHWN,
UQOGVKOGU GXGP XKQNGPV, GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU. 5WEJ RTQVGUVU CNUQ GODQF[ C TKEJ, EWNVWTCNN[
KPHQTOGF TGRGTVQKTG QH UQEKCN OQXGOGPVU KP %JKPGUG JKUVQT[. 5RGEKHKECNN[, MKPUJKR, RQRWNCT
TGNKIKQP, OQTCN EQPEGTPU, CPF CPEKGPV VCNGU QH LWUVKEG UGTXG CU ETWEKCN KPUVKVWVKQPCN CPF U[ODQNKE
TGUQWTEGU KP VJG OQDKNK\CVKQP QH RTQVGUVGTU CV VJG ITCUUTQQVU NGXGN. 6JG KPVGTRNC[ QH VJGUG KUUWGU
KPHQTOU VJG UQEKCN CPF EWNVWTCN EQPVGZV KP YJKEJ TWTCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU VCMG RNCEG CPF CTG
QTICPK\GF, WUWCNN[ YKVJ GORJCUKU QP GEQNQIKECN KORTQXGOGPVU GUUGPVKCN HQT RGQRNG'U
YGNN-DGKPI TCVJGT VJCP VT[KPI VQ UCXG VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV HQT KVU QYP UCMG.
’PXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUV PGGFU VQ DG WPFGTUVQQF CICKPUV C DCEMITQWPF QH OWNVKRNG UQWTEGU QH
TGUKUVCPEG, PCOGN[ ENCUU, IGPFGT, GVJPKEKV[, IGPGTCVKQP, CPF TGIKQPCN NQECVKQP, KP VJG HCEG QH VJG
OCUUKXG UQEKCN EJCPIG CPF FKUTWRVKQP DTQWIJV CDQWV D[:-
• 6JG HWTVJGT FKUOCPVNKPI QH VJG QNF UQEKCNKUV U[UVGO
• 6JG FGGRGPKPI OCTMGVK\CVKQP QH GEQPQOKE TGNCVKQPU
• 6JG FG HCEVQ TGFKUVTKDWVKQP QH RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU
• 6JG NC[KPI QHH QH VJQWUCPFU QH UVCVG-UGEVQT YQTMGTU
• 6JG WTDCP OKITCVKQP QH OKNNKQPU QH RQQT
• 6JG WPHCKT RTKEGU IKXGP VQ TWTCN HCTOGTU HQT ETQRU
• +PGSWKVCDNG VCZ CUUGUUOGPVU
• 6JG NCTIG UECNG #+&5 KPHGEVKQP QH RQQT DNQQF FQPQTU
• 6JG QPG-EJKNF RQNKE[
1080 9QTNF 6TCFG 1TICPKUCVKQP JVVR://YYY.YVQ.QTI/ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 176
• 6JG QRRTGUUKQP CPF EQOOQFKHKECVKQP QH CTV CPF NKVGTCVWTG
• 6JG QRRTGUUKQP QH GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU CPF NCEM QH HTGGFQO QH GZRTGUUKQP
• 6JG TGUGVVNGOGPV QH OKNNKQPU QH *CP %JKPGUG KP GVJPKE OKPQTKV[ CTGCU
2TQVGUVU JCXG DGGP FKTGEVGF CICKPUV UVCVG RQNKEKGU, UVCVG RTCEVKEGU CPF UVCVG QHHKEKCNU, DWV OQUV
CEVKQPU JCXG TGOCKPGF NQECN CPF NKOKVGF. 6JG CWVJQTKVKGU, GXGT YCVEJHWN, JCXG CNN YQTMGF JCTF
VQ EQPVCKP UWEJ KPEKFGPVU CPF RTGXGPV VJGO ITQYKPI KPVQ NCTIGT-UECNG OCUU OQXGOGPVU. 0Q
UWUVCKPGF OQXGOGPV QH RQRWNCT QRRQUKVKQP HTQO YQTMGTU1081, OKITCPVU1082, RGCUCPVU1083,
YQOGP1084, KPVGNNGEVWCNU1085, GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU1086 QT GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUVU1087 JCU DGGP TGCNKUGF
YKVJ VJG RQUUKDNG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG TGUWTIGPEG QH RQRWNCT TGNKIKQP, UGEVU CPF MKPUJKR VKGU1088.
5KPEG VJG OKF 1980'U VJGTG JCU DGGP TGOCTMCDNG ITQYVJ KP DQVJ 'OKZKP'1089 CPF '\QPILKCQ'1090
TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQPU1091 YKVJ CP GUVKOCVGF 70 -100 OKNNKQP %JTKUVKCPU1092 CVVGPFKPI WPFGTITQWPF
EJWTEJGU.
+P GXGT[ TGIKQP CPF RTQXKPEG CEVU QH FKUTWRVKQP D[ TGCEVKQPCT[ UGEVU CPF UQEKGVKGU JCXG QEEWTTGF.
%QPVTCT[ VQ QHHKEKCN TGRQTVU VJGUG CEVKXKVKGU JCXG PQV QPN[ VCMGP RNCEG KP VJG EQWPVT[UKFG KP
TGOQVG OQWPVCKP CTGCU CNQPI %JKPC'U DQTFGTU, DWV CTG YKFGURTGCF VJTQWIJQWV %JKPC YJGTG VJG[
CTG QHVGP VQNGTCVGF CU EWUVQO QT EQOOQFKHKGF HQT VQWTKUO1093.
.QPIUVCPFKPI XKNNCIG CPF MKPUJKR NQ[CNVKGU EQPVKPWG VQ UJCRG KPUWTIGPV KFGPVKVKGU KP TWTCN %JKPC
CU UQEKCN OQXGOGPVU FTCY QP VJGOGU CPF KOCIGU UCPEVKHKGF D[ VTCFKVKQP GXGP CU VJG[ GPICIG
1081 .GG 2000 1082 /CNNGG 2000 1083 $GTPUVGKP 2000 1084 JVVR://YYY.EJKPCNCDQTYCVEJ.QTI/GP/YGD/CTVKENG.RJR!CTVKENGAKF=50205 CEEGUUGF 29VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 1085 )QNFOCP 2000 1086 $WNCI 1999, &TG[GT 2000 1087 ,KPI 1999 1088 5EJGEJVGT 2000, 5JWG 2001, 9QPI CPF .KW 1999 1089 民心民心民心民心 OK2 ZKP4: KU XKGYGF CU UWRGTUVKVKQWU (OK KU RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 2PF VQPG CPF ZKP KP VJG 4VJ).
1090 宗教宗教宗教宗教 \QPI1 LKCQ4: KU QHHKEKCNN[ TGEQIPK\GF D[ VJG UVCVG (\QPI KU RTQPQWPEGF KP VJG 1UV VQPG CPF LKCQ KP VJG 4VJ). 1091 #PVJTQRQNQIKUVU PQ NQPIGT ECVGIQTK\G TGNKIKQPU QP VJG DCUKU QH 'JKIJ' CPF 'NQY' DGECWUG VJG[ EQPUKFGT VJG NCVVGT VGTO VQ DG RGLQTCVKXG (RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP #PFGTUQP 7/2/2000 YGDNQI). 1092 JVVR://YYY.EDP.EQO/%$00GYU/%90/062504JGCXGPN[OCP.CUR CEEGUUGF 29VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 1093 (GWEJVYCPI 1999, /WPTQ 1989
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 177
VJG EQPUGSWGPEGU QH TGHQTO1094. 4GXKVCNK\GF TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQPU CPF HQNM KFGQNQIKGU RNC[
RKXQVCN TQNGU KP VJKU RTQEGUU, YKVJ VJG DGNKGHU CPF TKVWCNU UWTTQWPFKPI NQECN VGORNGU, FGKVKGU,
CPEGUVTCN JCNNU, CPF HGUVKXCNU QHVGP RTQXKFKPI KPURKTCVKQP HQT EQNNGEVKXG OQDKNK\CVKQP CPF
RQNKVKECN TGUKUVCPEG1095. 6JKU KU VJG ECUG GXGP KP VJG HCEG QH OQFGTPK\KPI CIGPFCU, UWEJ CU VJG
VJTGG IQTIGU FCO RTQLGEV. 6TCFKVKQPCN HQTOU QH EQPVGPVKQP CTG DGKPI TGXKVCNK\GF KP C PGY
UQEKQ-RQNKVKECN EQPVGZV, UQOGVKOGU ETGCVKPI PGY RWDNKE URCEGU YKVJ PGY GEQPQOKE DCUGU1096.
5QOG XKGY VJG TGUWTIGPEG QH KPVGTGUV KP MKPUJKR VKGU CPF RQRWNCT TGNKIKQP CU JCTDKPIGTU QH
'QTKGPVCN FGOQETCE['1097 CPF C RNCVHQTO HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEVKXKUO1098. 6JG[ RTQXKFGF C UCHG
TGCNO KP RTG-FGOQETCE[ 6CKYCP YJGTG 'UQEKCN ECRKVCN'1099 YCU CDNG VQ KPEWDCVG CYC[ HTQO VJG
UVCVG. 9KVJ VJG CTTKXCN QH FGOQETCVKE IQXGTPOGPV KP VJG NCVG 1980'U C OCVWTG EKXKN UQEKGV[
HNQWTKUJGF CNOQUV KOOGFKCVGN[, KP UJCTR EQPVTCUV VQ VJG EJCQU QH VJG UWFFGP NKDGTCNK\CVKQP QH
’CUVGTP ’WTQRG. 6QFC[ TGNKIKQWU UGEVU JCXG DGEQOG UQOG QH VJG OQUV TGURGEVGF, YGNN-HWPFGF
CPF UQEKCNN[ TGURQPUKDNG EKXKE CUUQEKCVKQPU KP 6CKYCP, CPF JCXG RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEVKXKUO.
%JKPGUG NGCFGTU JQYGXGT CTG CYCTG QH VJG FCPIGTU KPJGTGPV KP ETQUU-ENCUU, ETQUU-PCVKQPCNKV[ CPF
ETQUU-TGIKQPCN CUUQEKCVKQPU. 5KPEG VJG HQWPFKPI QH VJG 2GQRNG'U 4GRWDNKE, CVVGORVU VQ HQTIG
UWEJ DQPFU JCXG DGGP FGCNV YKVJ UYKHVN[ CPF UGXGTGN[. 6JG ETCEMFQYP CICKPUV VJG
(CNWPIQPI1100 OQXGOGPV, TGHGTTGF VQ GCTNKGT KP VJKU EJCRVGT, KP 1999 KU QPN[ VJG NCVGUV KP C UGTKGU
QH UWRRTGUUKQP GHHQTVU VJCV KPENWFGU VJG CPVK-TKIJVKUV ECORCKIP QH 1957, VJG ETWUJKPI QH %WNVWTCN
4GXQNWVKQP TGDGNU KP 1967-68, VJG ENQUKPI QH VJG FGOQETCE[ YCNN KP 1979, CPF VJG 6KCPCOGP
5SWCTG OCUUCETG QH 4VJ ,WPG 1989 COQPI QVJGTU. +P CNN QH VJGUG KPUVCPEGU, TGRTGUUKQP YCU C
1094 ,KPI 1999 1095 (GWEJVYCPI 1999 1096 2GTT[ CPF 5GNFGP 1999 1097 # HQTO QH FGOQETCE[ VJCV GXQNXGU HTQO UQEKCN VKGU VJCV YGTG CNYC[U DCUGF KP RCTVKEWNCT NQECNKVKGU CPF EQTRQTCVG KFGPVKVKGU, CPF PGXGT VJG CWVQPQOQWU KPFKXKFWCNU QH CP KFGCNK\GF 'YGUV'. 1098 9GNNGT 1999 1099 6JKU KU C EQPVGUVGF VGTO ($CTQP GV CN 2004, .GWPI 2002, 5VQNNG CPF .GYKU WPFCVGF). 1100 (CNWP )QPI (法輪功 � NKVGTCNN[ 2TCEVKEG QH VJG 9JGGN QH .CY) KU C EQPVTQXGTUKCN %JKPGUG URKTKVWCN OQXGOGPV YJKEJ YCU KPVTQFWEGF KP 1992 D[ .K *QPI\JK. %GPVTCN VQ (CNWP )QPI CTG HKXG UGVU QH GZGTEKUGU (HQWT UVCPFKPI, CPF QPG UKVVKPI) VJCV KPXQNXG OGFKVCVKQP CPF CTG UCKF VQ JGNR KP VJG RWTKHKECVKQP QH VJG OKPF CPF VJG DQF[. /CP[ VGCEJKPIU CTG UKOKNCT VQ VJQUG KP $WFFJKUO CPF &CQKUO � VJQWIJ KV CFFU C EQPUGTXCVKXG OQTCNKV[ CPF UGXGTCN 0GY #IG CPF CRQECN[RVKE DGNKGHU. #NUQ MPQYP CU (CNWP &CHC, VJG RTCEVKEG JCU ITQYP UYKHVN[ KP RQRWNCTKV[ CTQWPF VJG YQTNF. JVVR://GP.YKMKRGFKC.QTI/YKMK/(CNWPA)QPI CEEGUUGF 31UV 1EVQDGT 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 178
TGURQPUG VQ UVCVG HGCTU VJCV RTQVGUV EQWNF IKXG TKUG VQ KPVGT-ENCUU CPF KPVGT-TGIKQPCN
EQPPGEVKQPU1101. #NVJQWIJ $GKLKPI KU WPNKMGN[ VQ YGNEQOG TGNKIKQWU UGEVU HQT UQOG VKOG KV OC[
JCXG OQTG FKHHKEWNV[ YKVJ CPQVJGT, DWV TGNCVGF , UQWTEG QH 6CKYCPGUG 'UQEKCN ECRKVCN',
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEVKXKUO. +P 6CKYCP ITCUU-TQQVU CEVKQP, QHVGP GPEQWTCIGF D[ TGNKIKQWU UGEVU,
CICKPUV KPFWUVTKCN RQNNWVKQP YCU C OCLQT RTGEWTUQT VQ FGOQETCE[. 9KVJ VJG GZVTGOG
GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP VJCV KU QEEWTTKPI KP %JKPC, $GKLKPI ECP KNN CHHQTF VQ FKUEQWTCIG
RQRWNCT EQPEGTP HQT VJG GPXKTQPOGPV.
+V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUV KP TWTCN %JKPC KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF:-
• $[ VJG EGPVTCN TQNG QH EWNVWTG KP VJG OQDKNK\CVKQP QH RCTVKEKRCPVU. 6JKU KU QHVGP FQPG
VJTQWIJ CRRGCNU VQ MKPUJKR VKGU, XKNNCIG WPKV[, RQRWNCT TGNKIKQP, CPF VJG UGEWTKV[ QH VJG
TWTCN HCOKN[.
• $[ GEQPQOKE ITKGXCPEGU, JGCNVJ-ENCKOU, QT NGICN FGOCPFU CEEQORCPKGF D[ FKUVKPEVN[
OQTCN LWFIGOGPVU.
• $[ RTQVGUV QTICPK\GTU YJQ CTG GXKFGPVN[ PQV QPN[ JKIJN[ CYCTG QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN NCY
DWV QH VCMKPI CFXCPVCIG QH HKUUWTGU YKVJKP VJG IQXGTPOGPV VQ HKPF CNNKGU.
• $[ VJG CDKNKV[ QH RGQRNG KP TWTCN %JKPC VQ NCWPEJ YGNN-QTICPK\GF CPF HQTEGHWN RTQVGUVU
CICKPUV GPXKTQPOGPVCN CDWUGU.
6JG YC[ VJCV TWTCN RGQRNG QTICPK\G VJGKT RTQVGUVU TGHNGEVU VJG EGPVTCNKV[ QH RCTVKEWNCT UQEKCN
XCNWGU CPF OQTCN EQPEGTPU. 6JG RTQVGUVU CTG CKOGF CV UGGMKPI UQEKCN LWUVKEG VQ RTQVGEV VJG
GEQNQIKECN DCUKU QH JWOCP GZKUVGPEG1102.
#NVJQWIJ VJG NCPFUECRG QH ITCUUTQQVU RTQVGUV EJCPIGF CV VJG GPF QH VJG 1970U YJGP EQORNCKPVU
QHHKEGU CPF NGIKVKOCVG EJCPPGNU HQT RTQVGUV YGTG GUVCDNKUJGF, VJQUG VJCV RTQVGUV CNOQUV CNYC[U
HCEG JQUVKNKV[, DTKDGT[ CPF GXGP TGXGPIG. .QECN ECFTGU YKNN VT[ CNN OGVJQFU VQ UVQR QT UWRRTGUU
ITCUUTQQVU RTQVGUV CICKPUV VJGO, GURGEKCNN[ EQNNGEVKXG RTQVGUVU, DGECWUG QH VJG VJTGCV RQUGF VQ
VJGO QHHKEKCNN[. 6JG RWPKUJOGPV CPF TGOQXCN QH VJG NGCFGTU QH EQNNGEVKXG RTQVGUVU KU TGICTFGF
CU CP GHHKEKGPV CRRTQCEJ VQ UOCUJ VJG EQNNGEVKXG CEVKQP KOOGFKCVGN[. +P EQPVGORQTCT[ %JKPC,
NQECN QHHKEKCNU EQPVTQN OCP[ KPFKURGPUCDNG TGUQWTEGU CPF VJG UVCVG UVKNN GHHGEVKXGN[ RGPGVTCVGU
1101 2GTT[ CPF 5GNFGP 1999 1102 ,KPI 1999
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 179
KPVQ VJG KPFKXKFWCN'U GXGT[FC[ NKHG. 6JG[ YKNN WUWCNN[ RWPKUJ RTQVGUV NGCFGTU D[ OGCPU VJCV CTG
PQV TGNCVGF VQ VJG RTQVGUV KP SWGUVKQP, UWEJ CU DKTVJ EQPVTQN XKQNCVKQP1103.
7.5.5 6KDGVCP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGUV CPF %QRKPI 5VTCVGIKGU
+V JCU RTQXGF CNOQUV KORQUUKDNG HQT %JKPC'U OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU VQ HQTO GXGP C UOCNN NQECN
OQXGOGPV VQ QXGTVN[ 'RTQVGUV' CDQWV CP[VJKPI, NGV CNQPG VJG FCOCIG ECWUGF D[ VJG PCVKQPCN
UQEKGV[ VQ VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV. 6KDGVCPU CTG EQPEGTPGF CDQWV VJG GZRNQKVCVKQP QH VJGKT OKPGTCN
CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU, CPF VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU VJCV FCOCIG VJGKT
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF OCTIKPCNKUG VJGO. 6JG[ CTG CHTCKF, HQT IQQF TGCUQP VQ RTQVGUV, GXGP VJTQWIJ
NGIKVKOCVG EJCPPGNU, VJCV VJG[ YKNN DG NCDGNNGF 'URNKVVKUV' QT 'EQWPVGT- TGXQNWVKQPCTKGU' CPF
KORTKUQPGF . 6JKU JCU IQV YQTUG UKPEG 11VJ 5GRVGODGT 2001, YJGP VJG %JKPGUG DTCPFGF CNN
'GVJPKE UGRCTCVKUVU' CU 'VGTTQTKUVU' CPF KPETGCUGF RWPKUJOGPVU HQT RGQRNG 'YJQ NGCF C VGTTQTKUV
QTICPK\CVKQP'1104. 6KDGVCPU, JQYGXGT, CTG TGURQPFKPI VQ VJG FGUVTWEVKQP QH VJGKT PCVWTCN
TGUQWTEGU CPF EWNVWTG KP C PWODGT QH YC[U.
• $[ NQECN RTQVGUV, KH VJG[ CTG YKNNKPI VQ CEEGRV CTTGUV
• $[ FGXGNQRKPI NKPMU YKVJ KPVGTPCVKQPCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF JWOCP TKIJVU ITQWRU
• $[ XQKEKPI VJGKT EQPEGTPU CV KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTC1105
• $[ RTQOQVKPI FKUEWTUKXG 'ITGGP' UVTCVGIKGU1106
• $[ CFQRVKPI EQRKPI UVTCVGIKGU RTGFKECVGF QP VJG GPJCPEGOGPV QH VJGKT KFGPVKV[, EWNVWTG
CPF RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.4.4 CPF 7.5.5
• 6JTQWIJ TKVWCNU QH FGHKCPEG TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.4.4 CPF 7.5.5
.QECN RTQVGUV
’PXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU D[ NQECN 6KDGVCP RGQRNG CDQWV J[FTQ-GNGEVTKEKV[, QKN CPF OKPKPI, VJG
GPXKTQPOGPVCN, FGXGNQROGPV, FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN GEQPQOKE GZRNQKVCVKQP JCXG DGGP
KIPQTGF QT ETWUJGF. /CP[ KPFKXKFWCNU JCXG DGGP UWDLGEVGF VQ UGXGTG RWPKUJOGPVU, QHVGP
NGCFKPI VQ NQPI-VGTO KORTKUQPOGPV, VQTVWTG CPF FGCVJ1107. 6JKU JCU, KH CP[VJKPI IQV YQTUG UKPEG
11VJ 5GRVGODGT 2001.
1103 ,KP 2001 1104 #TVKENG 120 QH VJG ETKOKPCN .CY. 1105 GI 4KQ ’CTVJ 5WOOKV 1992, 70 *WOCP 4KIJVU %QOOKUUKQP 2002, 955& 2002 1106 *WDGT 1995, 4CVJGT CPF &QFKP 2001 1107 /CTUJCNN 2002
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 180
+P 1986 VJG [WOFQI VUJQ1108 J[FTQGNGEVTKE RTQLGEV YCU DTQWIJV VQ C JCNV FWG VQ EQPEGTPU
GZRTGUUGF D[ 6KDGVCPU CPF 70&21109 VJCV VJG RTQLGEV YQWNF FCOCIG VJG NQECN GEQU[UVGO,
XKQNCVG 6KDGV'U OQUV UCETGF NCMG, CPF HCXQWT *CP %JKPGUG KOOKITCPVU1110. +P URKVG QH VJGUG
EQPEGTPU, VJG RTQLGEV DGECOG QPG QH %JKPC'U MG[ RTQLGEVU KP KVU GKIJVJ HKXG-[GCT RNCP1111 CPF
CTOGF RQNKEG YGTG FTCHVGF KP VQ QXGTUGG VJG RTQLGEV. #U C TGUWNV; KP 1991 VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN
%CORCKIP HQT 6KDGV (+%6) NCWPEJGF C ECORCKIP VQ UVQR VJG RTQLGEV CPF )TGGPRGCEG WTIGF KVU
OGODGTU VQ YTKVG VQ /CQ 4WDCK VJG XKEG EJCKT QH VJG 6KDGVCP #WVQPQOQWU 4GIKQP (6#4)1112,
KP 1992 FWTKPI VJG 4KQ ’CTVJ 5WOOKV +%6 CPF ’EQ-6KDGV RTGUGPVGF C RGVKVKQP QH QXGT 10,000
UKIPCVWTGU VQ UVQR VJG RTQLGEV, CPF +%6 CPF )TGGPRGCEG GZRQUGF VJG KPXQNXGOGPV QH #WUVTKCP
(’NKP1113), )GTOCP (8QVJ) CPF RQUUKDN[ 0QTYGIKCP EQORCPKGU KP VJG RTQLGEV1114. +P URKVG QH
KPVGTPCVKQPCN ETKVKEKUO, VJG %JKPGUG DGICP VQ FTCKP VJG NCMG KP 2000 VQ RTQFWEG GNGEVTKEKV[.
#NVJQWIJ CU QH 2005 VJGTG JCXG DGGP PQ KORCEV CUUGUUOGPVU PQ NQECN RGQRNG JCF TGEGKXGF CP[
GNGEVTKEKV[ CPF VJGTG CTG HGCTU VJCV VJG VWTSWQKUG EQNQWT KU HCFKPI CU VJG NGXGN QH VJG NCMG KU
NQYGTGF.
+P 1991 VYQ 6KDGVCP OGP PCOGF 2JWPVUQM %JQUCPI1115 CPF )[CVUQ1116 RCUVGF RQUVGTU HQT VJG
VJKTF VKOG VQ RTQVGUV CDQWV VJG DWKNFKPI QH TQCFU KPVQ VJGKT JQOGVQYP, /GNFTQ )QPIMCT1117, HQT
VJG VTCPURQTVCVKQP QH OKPGTCNU HTQO 6JCNWPI1118 /KPG KP )[COC1119 VQ *CP %JKPC.
5WDUGSWGPVN[ NQECNU KP VJG OKPKPI CTGC CNUQ TCKUGF QDLGEVKQPU VQ VJG QRGTCVKQP QH VJG OKPG
DGECWUG QH VJG WUG QH VQZKE OCVGTKCNU CPF F[PCOKVG KP VJG CTGC. #EEQTFKPI VQ 2JWPVUQM VJG OKPG
JCU ECWUGF UGXGTG GEQNQIKECN KODCNCPEG KP VJG HQTO QH UQKN GTQUKQP, HTGSWGPV TCKPHCNN CPF
1108 #-9v-1+}#-3~k
I.[W OFQI VUJQ KU 6KDGVCP HQT VWTSWKQUG EQNQWTGF NCMG.�
1109 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU &GXGNQROGPV 2TQITCOOG. 1110 .KXKPI KP .JCUC 1111 1991-1995 1112 9GUVGTP −JCO KU KP 6#4 DWV ’CUVGTP −JCO KU PQV (UGG OCR 1-1). 1113 JVVR://YYY.GNKPGDIVTCEVKQP.CV/RCIG/GP/7 CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1114 9JQ YGTG NCVGT CEEWUGF QH JWOCP TKIJV XKQNCVKQP D[ VJG 70*% HQT *WOCP 4KIJVU.
1115 /v,2~!-&}=$k
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1116 >2~k
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1117 1{;H }-#}$!:k
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1118 *;v$k
VJCNWPI
1119 >1k
I[COC KU NQECVGF 80 MKNQOGVGTU GCUV QH .JCUC, CPF KU VJG DKTVJRNCEG QH −KPI 5TQPIVUCP )CORQ.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 181
JCKNUVQTOU CPF OCP[ YKNF CPKOCNU, DKTFU CPF HCTO CPKOCNU JCXG FKGF HTQO VJG VQZKE ICUGU
TGNGCUGF. $WV VJG CWVJQTKVKGU KIPQTGF VJGKT RNGCU CPF DQVJ 2JWPVUQM %JQUCPI CPF )[CVUQ YGTG
KORTKUQPGF, VQTVWTGF CPF RWV KP UQNKVCT[ EQPHKPGOGPV HQT 13 FC[U CPF PKIJVU.
+P 1996 YJGP −CDWM[G 4KPRQEJG1120 EQORNCKPGF CDQWV VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP ECWUGF
D[ IQNF OKPKPI PGCT 0CD\WT OQPCUVGT[1121 JG YCU KORTKUQPGF HQT UKZ [GCTU HQT 'EQWPVGT-
TGXQNWVKQPCT[- URNKVVKUO'1122. 6JG 4KPRQEJG1123 YCU XGT[ YGNN TGURGEVGF CPF JKU KORTKUQPOGPV
CPF VQTVWTG ECWUGF YKFGURTGCF CPIGT COQPI 6KDGVCPU1124.
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+P 1997 $TGEMGPTKFIG 4GUQWTEGU1125, CPPQWPEGF RNCPU, CICKPUV VJG YKUJGU QH NQECN 6KDGVCP
RGQRNG, VQ FGXGNQR QRGP ECUV OKPGU KP XGT[ HTCIKNG GEQU[UVGOU, PGCT .KVCPI, $CK[W CPF
4CPIVCPI1126. +P VJG HGCUKDKNKV[ UVWF[ EQPFWEVGF D[ 4GUECP ’PIKPGGTKPI1127, PGCT .KVCPI1128, PQ
GPXKTQPOGPVCN QT UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN KORCEV CUUGUUOGPV YCU EQPFWEVGF. .QECN RGQRNG GZRTGUUGF
XGT[ TGCN HGCTU PQV QPN[ CDQWV GPXKTQPOGPVCN FCOCIG DWV VJCV OQUV QH VJG YQTMGTU YQWNF DG
%JKPGUG CPF VJG KP-OKITCVKQP YQWNF HWTVJGT VJTGCVGP 6KDGVCP EWNVWTCN CPF UWTXKXCN1129.
+P 1999, %JKPGUG RQNKEG DCPPGF VJG HKTUV MPQYP CVVGORV D[ 6KDGVCPU KP .JCUC VQ UVCIG CP
GPXKTQPOGPV-TGNCVGF FGOQPUVTCVKQP. 6JG UVWFGPV-QTICPKUGF FGOQPUVTCVKQP YCU VQ JKIJNKIJV
EQPEGTP QXGT VJG FGITCFCVKQP QH 6KDGV'U HTCIKNG GEQU[UVGO CPF VQ GPJCPEG RWDNKE CYCTGPGUU QH
VJG KUUWG. 6JG .JCUC RQNKEG CNUQ DCPPGF VJG UVWFGPVU HTQO FKUVTKDWVKPI C RGVKVKQP, YJKEJ YCU C
RNGC HQT DGVVGT GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP. 6JKU YCU KP URKVG QH VJG HCEV VJCV %JKPC CFOKVVGF VJCV
1120 !0v< {-:m,0}&{k
CNUQ MPQYP CU ,7}+-FsRrk
PC\QF VTWNMW.
1121 ,07v:k
KP 5GTVC %QWPV[, )CP\K 2TGHGEVWTG KP 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEG.
1122 5EJYCTV\ 1994D 1123 # TGKPECTPCVG 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUV NCOC. 1124 5VWFNG[ 1999C, 6+0 1998 1125 # %CPCFKCP OKPKPI EQORCP[, RCTV QH #VJCDCUMC )QNF 4GUQWTEGU .VF JVVR://YYY.KPHQOKPG.EQO/KPFGZ/EQORCPKGU/#6*#$#5−#A)1.&A4’5174%’5A.6&..JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,CP 2003. 1126 #NN KP 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEG. 1127 JVVR://YYY.KPHQOKPG.EQO/KPFGZ/UWRRNKGTU/4GUECPA’PIKPGGTKPIA.VF..JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 1128 )CP\K 6#2, 5KEJWCP 1129 960 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 182
TCORCPV FGHQTGUVCVKQP QP VJG 6KDGVCP RNCVGCW, JCF ECWUGF VJG YQTUV HNQQFU UKPEG 1954, VJG NQUU
QH 4,150 RGQRNG CPF 248.4 DKNNKQP [WCP QH FCOCIG.
+P 2001, VJKTV[ 6KDGVCPU UVCIGF C UKNGPV DWV HWVKNG RTQVGUV, QWVUKFG 3KPIJCK RTQXKPEKCN
IQXGTPOGPV JGCFSWCTVGTU, CICKPUV VJG UGK\WTG QH VJGKT NCPF KP VJG PCOG QH %JKPC'U ')TGCV
9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV %CORCKIP', YJKEJ KU FKUEWUUGF HWTVJGT KP UGEVKQP 7.6.3.
# UGPKQT 6KDGVCP VGCEJGT YCU FGVCKPGF QP 7VJ #RTKN 2002, D[ VJG 2WDNKE 5GEWTKV[ $WTGCW QP
'EQPURKTCE[ VQ DQOD EJCTIGU' CNNGIGFN[ HQT NGCFKPI C 'RQRWNCT RTQVGUV' CICKPUV FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF
VT[KPI VQ GUVCDNKUJ RTKXCVG UEJQQNU, QTRJCPCIGU, CPF CP QNF RGQRNGU JQOG1130. #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG
−CUJCI1131 EJCKT VJG CTTGUV QH UWEJ C JKIJN[ TGXGTGF VGCEJGT YKNN QPN[ UGTXG VQ CNKGPCVG VJG
6KDGVCP RGQRNG GXGP HWTVJGT. 6JG PCVWTG QH VJG 'RQRWNCT RTQVGUV' KPENWFGF RWDNKUJKPI RQGOU VJCV
JKIJNKIJVGF VJG KORQTVCPEG QH HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU VQ NQECN RGQRNG, CPF OCMKPI TGRTGUGPVCVKQP VQ
VJG CWVJQTKVKGU QP VJG DGJCNH QH RGQRNG YJQUG XKNNCIG HQTGUV JCF DGGP HGNNGF D[ VJG (QTGUVT[
$WTGCW1132. 6JG 6GCEJGT CRRTQCEJGF VJG CWVJQT, CPF RTQXKFGF RJQVQU CPF RQGOU CDQWV VJG
HQTGUV FGUVTWEVKQP, DWV IKXGP VJG UGPUKVKXKVKGU KPXQNXGF, C EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ RTQITCOOG YCU
UWIIGUVGF VQ TGRNCEG VJG HGNNGF HQTGUV. 6JG CWVJQT YCU FGPKGF RGTOKUUKQP VQ XKUKV VJG CTGC VQ
GZRNQTG VJKU QRVKQP KP OQTG FGVCKN. #HVGT CRRGCTKPI CV C 'ENQUGF JGCTKPI', VJG VGCEJGT CPF C
EQNNGCIWG YGTG UGPVGPEGF VQ FGCVJ D[ CP +PVGTOGFKCVG 2GQRNG'U %QWTV1133. 6JG FGCVJ UGPVGPEG
OC[ RTQXG VQ DG QH YKFGT UKIPKHKECPEG YKVJ TGURGEV VQ TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP VJG %JKPGUG CPF
6KDGVCP IQXGTPOGPVU CPF KU VJG HKTUV TGRQTVGF KPUVCPEG HQT OCP[ [GCTU QH VJG FGCVJ RGPCNV[
DGKPI KORQUGF CICKPUV C 6KDGVCP, HQT CP QHHGPEG YKVJ C 'RQNKVKECN' DCEMITQWPF. +P 2002, VJGTG
YCU VJG WPRTGEGFGPVGF GCTN[ TGNGCUG D[ %JKPC QH UKZ 6KDGVCP RQNKVKECN RTKUQPGTU, VJG &CNCK
.COC'U URGEKCN GPXQ[ YCU CDNG VQ RCTVKEKRCVG KP VCNMU KP $GKLKPI CPF .JCUC, VJG HKTUV HQTOCN
EQPVCEV UKPEG 1993, CPF VJG 75 YCU CDNG VQ JQNF VJG HKTUV 'JWOCP TKIJVU' (UKE) FKCNQIWG YKVJ
%JKPC UKPEG 2001. 5KPEG VJG VGCEJGT YCU UGPVGPEGF, JQYGXGT VGP OQTG 6KDGVCPU CTG TGRQTVGF VQ
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 183
JCXG DGGP CTTGUVGF KP EQPPGEVKQP YKVJ 'C DQODKPI ECORCKIP' KP UQWVJ-YGUV %JKPC. 6JKU TCKUGU
EQPEGTPU CDQWV VJG CRRCTGPVN[ YKFGPKPI UEQRG QH VJKU ECUG CPF CDQWV VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ VJCV %JKPC
OC[ JCXG YKVJJGNF VJKU KPHQTOCVKQP KP TGEGPV JWOCP TKIJVU VCNMU KP &GEGODGT 20021134.
6JG RTQVGUVU EQPVKPWG VQ VJKU FC[ CPF KP /C[ 2005 VJQWUCPFU QH 6KDGVCPU ENCUJGF YKVJ %JKPGUG
UGEWTKV[ HQTEGU QXGT CEEGUU VQ C XCNWCDNG OGFKEKPCN HWPIWU1135, CHVGT EQWPV[ QHHKEKCNU KORQUGF
C 75&180 VCZ QP EQNNGEVQTU CPF *CP %JKPGUG QHHKEKCNU YGTG CEEWUGF QH RQEMGVKPI 75&
78,5001136.
+PVGTPCVKQPCN RTQVGUV
#U VJG QEEWRCVKQP QH 6KDGV GPVGTU KVU UKZVJ FGECFG, C PGY HQTEG KU DGKPI DTQWIJV VQ DGCT QP VJG
PCVKQP, %JKPC'U GEQPQOKE TGXQNWVKQP, YJKEJ KU OQXKPI YGUV DTKPIKPI KPVGTPCVKQPCN ECRKVCN CPF
VGEJPQNQI[ QP C UECNG PGXGT DGHQTG UGGP.
.CTIG-UECNG FGXGNQROGPVU KP 6KDGV TCTGN[ DGPGHKV NQECN 6KDGVCPU, DWV OQUVN[ KPVGTPCVKQPCN
EQORCPKGU QT *CP %JKPGUG. /QTG VJCP QHVGP TGUQWTEGU NGCXG 6KDGV, *CP %JKPGUG OQXG KP,
YJKNG NGCXKPI C NGICE[ QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN JCTO CPF UQEKCN FKUNQECVKQP VJCV HCNNU QP VJG RQQTGUV
KPJCDKVCPVU.
#U C TGUWNV, UQOG OCLQT KPXGUVOGPVU KP 6KDGV JCXG IGPGTCVGF KPVGPUG KPVGTPCVKQPCN QRRQUKVKQP.
+P 1999 CPF 2000, GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF JWOCP TKIJVU QTICPKUCVKQPU1137:
• 2TGXGPVGF $2 HTQO KPXGUVKPI KP C RKRGNKPG RTQLGEV VJCV YQWNF JCXG OQXGF PCVWTCN ICU
C VJQWUCPF MKNQOGVTGU GCUV HTQO HKGNFU KP PQTVJGTP 6KDGV. $2, JQYGXGT EQPVKPWG VQ DG
C UJCTGJQNFGT KP 2GVTQ%JKPC.
1134 $$% 0GYU: #UKC-2CEKHKE 22/1/2003C.E, 6+0 27/1/03 1135 %QTF[EGRU UKPGPUKU 1136 ’05 2005 1137 /KNCTGRC (WPF, 5VWFGPVU HQT (TGG 6KDGV, 6KDGV )QXGTPOGPV-KP-GZKNG, (TGG 6KDGV %CORCKIP, +PVGTPCVKQPCN ECORCKIP HQT 6KDGV, #OPGUV[ +PVGTPCVKQPCN, 2TQLGEV 7PFGTITQWPF, 6+0 (7−), (NQWTKFG #EVKQP 0GVYQTM, +PVGTPCVKQPCN 4KXGTU 0GVYQTM, #WUVTCNKCP 6KDGV %QWPEKN, %QTRYCVEJ, +PVGTPCVKQPCN ECORCKIP HQT 6KDGVCP GPXKTQPOGPVCN TKIJVU, *QWUVQP KPFGRGPFGPV OGFKC EGPVTG, (1’ (7−), %CPCFC 6KDGV %QOOKVVGG, 5KGTTC %NWD, 5VWFGPV #EVKQP 0GVYQTM, 6KDGV ,WUVKEG %GPVTG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 184
• 5WEEGUUHWNN[ EJCNNGPIGF VJG 9QTNF $CPM'U1138 75& 40 OKNNKQP NQCP VQ CUUKUV %JKPC KP
TGNQECVKPI VJQWUCPFU QH *CP %JKPGUG HCTOGTU KP 6KDGV'U 6UCKFCO $CUKP.
• 6JYCTVGF QPG QH %JKPC'U NCTIGUV QKN EQORCPKGU (2GVTQ%JKPC) CVVGORV VQ QHHGT UVQEM QP
VJG 0GY ;QTM UVQEM GZEJCPIG, EQUVKPI VJGO 75& 7 DKNNKQP
7PHQTVWPCVGN[, VJG IQNF TWUJ KP 6KDGV EQPVKPWGU CU %JKPC TQNNU QWV KVU ')TGCV 9GUVGTP
&GXGNQROGPV ECORCKIP', CPF PGYU QH PGY FKUEQXGTKGU CPF QXGTVWTGU HTQO YGUVGTP EQORCPKGU
CTG TGRQTVGF YKVJ KPETGCUKPI HTGSWGPE[. 6JKU KU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH C EJCNNGPIKPI RGTKQF KP 6KDGV'U
JKUVQT[. #VVGORVKPI VQ KPHNWGPEG VJG EQWTUG QH FGXGNQROGPV KP 6KDGV KU XGT[ FKHHKEWNV HQT VJG
IQXGTPOGPV-KP-GZKNG CPF 6KDGV'U UWRRQTVGTU, CU %JKPC KU KPVGPV QP GZVGPFKPI VQVCN RQNKVKECN
EQPVTQN QXGT 6KDGV.
6JG ')TGCV 9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV 2TQLGEV' KU VJG %JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV'U EWTTGPV CVVGORV VQ
CIITGUUKXGN[ EQWTV HQTGKIP KPXGUVOGPV KP QEEWRKGF 6KDGV. $[ NQEMKPI HQTGKIP ECRKVCN KPVQ
TGUQWTEG GZVTCEVKQP RTQLGEVU, VJG %JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV JQRGU VQ UQNKFKH[ KVU ITKR QP KVU TGUVKXG
YGUVGTP TGIKQPU. &GXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU UGTXG VJG EGPVTCN IQXGTPOGPV'U CKO VQ VWTP 6KDGV KPVQ C
TGUQWTEG GZVTCEVKQP EQNQP[ CPF VQ NWTG %JKPGUG UGVVNGTU VQ 6KDGV, FKNWVKPI VJG KPFKIGPQWU
6KDGVCP RQRWNCVKQP.
’CEJ PGY FKUEQXGT[ CPF PGY KPXGUVOGPV KP GZVTCEVKQP, YJGVJGT %JKPGUG, HQTGKIP, QT DQVJ,
RNCEGU EQPUKFGTCDNG CFFKVKQPCN RTGUUWTG QP 6KDGV'U PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU CPF HWTVJGT CUUKOKNCVGU KVU
RGQRNG CPF EWNVWTG KPVQ VJG %JKPGUG UVCVG1139.
1138 +P URKVG QH VJG 9QTNF $CPM'U (9$) XCUV CPF XGT[ UQRJKUVKECVGF 24 QRGTCVKQPU, VJKU RTQLGEV OCPCIGF VQ VTKR QXGT QPG QH VJG OQUV KPHNWGPVKCN CPF YGNN-MPQYP KPFKIGPQWU TKIJVU OQXGOGPVU KP VJG YQTNF. %QPVTQXGTU[ TCIGF CV VJG JKIJGUV NGXGNU CPF DGVYGGP VJG 75 CPF %JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPVU, YJGP CHHGEVGF 6KDGVCPU HKNGF C ENCKO YKVJ VJG 9$'U QODWFUOCP'U QHHKEG EJCTIKPI XKQNCVKQPU QH KVU QYP RQNKEKGU. 6JG ECUG VWTPGF KPVQ C OCMG-QT-DTGCM VGUV, KP VJG HCEG QH EJCTIGU VJCV KVU 'UQEKCN CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNKEKGU XKQNCVGF PCVKQPCN UQXGTGKIPV['. (QNNQYKPI QP HTQO (5GG (QZ 2000) CPVK 961 RTQVGUVU KP 5GCVVNG (030), CPVK-INQDCNK\CVKQP RTQVGUVU (,18) CPF VJG CPVK +/(/9$ RTQVGUVU KP &% (#16) VJG OGFKC YCU CNTGCF[ TGEGRVKXG CPF VJG 6KDGVCP UQNKFCTKV[ OQXGOGPV JCF CNTGCF[ VCTIGVGF VJG $CPM. 6JGTG YCU C VQTTGPV QH QRRQUKVKQP. 6JG 9$ JCF RTQDCDN[ PGXGT DGHQTG HCEGF UWEJ CP GPQTOQWU HCZ CPF GOCKN ECORCKIP, CPF CU C TGUWNV 9QNHGPUQJP'U HCZ OCEJKPGU MGRV DTGCMKPI FQYP HTQO QXGTWUG. +P ,WPG CPF ,WN[ 1999 XQECN RTQVGUVGTU YGTG UKVWCVGF FQYPUVCKTU YJKNG VJG 9$ DQCTF QH GZGEWVKXG FKTGEVQTU YGTG FKUEWUUKPI VJG RTQLGEV WRUVCKTU. +V KU QPG QH VJG HGY VKOGU VJCV C OCUU RTQVGUV JCU VCTIGVGF C DQCTF'U FGEKUKQP-OCMKPI RTQEGUU CPF YQP. 6JG %JKPGUG, YJQ YGTG HWTKQWU CV VJG 'RQNKVKEK\CVKQP QH VJG 9$' YGTG QDNKIGF VQ YKVJFTCY VJGKT RTQRQUCN, VJTGCVGPKPI VQ 'TG-GXCNWCVG' VJGKT GPVKTG TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ VJG $CPM (’EQPQOKUV 19VJ ,WPG 1999, 6+0 15/6/99). 1139 (KUEJGT 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 185
5KPEG VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJKU OKNNGPPKWO GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF JWOCP TKIJVU, ITQWRU JCXG DGGP
ETKVKECN QH
• 6JG %JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV HQT: KVU KORTKUQPOGPV QH C) −CDWM[G 4KPRQEJG, D)
’PXKTQPOGPVCNN[ FGUVTWEVKXG RTQLGEVU E) (QT KVU EQORNKEKV[ KP TGNKIKQWU CPF RQNKVKECN
RGTUGEWVKQP, VJG TCRG QH $WFFJKUV PWPU, VQTVWTG QH 6KDGVCP RQNKVKECN RTKUQPGTU, HQTEGF
CDQTVKQPU CPF UVGTKNK\CVKQPU F) 6JG GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGUVTWEVKQP QH 6KDGV'U HTCIKNG
GEQU[UVGO G) (QT KORTKUQPKPI 6GP\KP &GNGM 4KPRQEJG1140.
• /QTICP 5VCPNG[ (0GY ;QTM CPF .QPFQP) HQT KVU NCEM QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN TKUM
OCPCIGOGPV RQNKEKGU YJKEJ JCXG NGF VJG EQORCP[ VQ WPFGTYTKVG:- %JCNEQ
#NWOKPKWO1141, VJG )QNOWF-.JCUC 4CKNYC[, 2GVTQ%JKPC CPF 6JG 6JTGG )QTIGU &CO
2TQLGEV1142.
• ’ZZQP/QDKN/5JGNN HQT VJGKT LQKPV XGPVWTG YKVJ VJG %JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV VQ DWKNF C 4000
MO RKRGNKPG VQ GZVTCEV 6KDGV'U QKN CPF PCVWTCN ICU TGUGTXGU HTQO :KPLKCPI VQ 5JCPIJCK
CPF CTG CNUQ EQORNKEKV KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGUVTWEVKQP QH 6KDGV'U HTCIKNG GEQU[UVGO.
1140 4GRTGUGPVCVKQP JCU DGGP OCFG VQ 9GUVGTP IQXGTPOGPVU VQ RWV RTGUUWTG QP %JKPC VQ TGNGCUG VJG 4KPRQEJG. 6JG 75 5VCVG FGRCTVOGPV CTG CYCTG QH 6GP\KP &GNGM'U ECUG CPF JCXG CUMGF VJGKT EQPUWNCVG KP %JGPIFW VQ OQPKVQT VJG UKVWCVKQP. 6JG 4KPRQEJG'U CTTGUV ECOG CV C VKOG YJGP VJG 24% YCU TGNGCUKPI UGNGEVGF 6KDGVCP RTKUQPGTU XGT[ RWDNKECNN[ DGHQTG VJG 70 *WOCP 4KIJVU %QOOKUUKQP KP )GPGXC. 6JG[ YGTG, JQYGXGT UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ CTTGUVKPI RQRWNCT 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQWU HKIWTGU (RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP −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’ CPF 5(6 DGNKGXG VJCV %JCNEQ KU RQKUQPKPI 6KDGV CPF KORQXGTKUJKPI KVU RGQRNG, KV UJQWNF TGNGCUG VJG 9QTNG[ TGRQTV KP HWNN CPF VJCV /QTICP 5VCPNG[ YQWNF DG YGNN CFXKUGF VQ RQUVRQPG VJG PGZV RWDNKE QHHGTKPI (21) WPVKN VJG[ ECP RTQXG VJCV 6KDGVCPU CTG PQV DGKPI JCTOGF D[ VJG EQORCP[ VJG[ CTG WPFGTYTKVKPI. +P
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 186
• $QODCTFKGT (%CPCFC) HQT UWRRN[KPI 361 ECTU1143 CPF 0QTVGN HQT UWRRN[KPI
EQOOWPKECVKQPU1144 HQT VJG )QNOWF VQ .JCUC TCKNYC[.
• $TGEMGPTKFIG 4GUQWTEGU HQT KVU CVVGORVU VQ OKPG KP .KVCPI $CK[W CPF 4QPIVCPI
%QWPVKGU 1145.
• $TKVKUJ 2GVTQNGWO1146 HQT KVU KPXQNXGOGPV YKVJ 2GVTQ%JKPC. #HVGT RTGUUWTG HTQO JWOCP
TKIJVU ITQWRU CPF 6KDGVCP UWRRQTVGTU YQTNFYKFG $2 #OQEQ FGEKFGF PQV VQ RCTVKEKRCVG
KP C LQKPV XGPVWTG CTQWPF VJG 5GDGK-.CP\JQW RKRGNKPG. +V EQPVKPWGU JQYGXGT VQ DG C
OCLQT UJCTGJQNFGT KP 2GVTQ%JKPC CPF KP 5GRV 2000 CPPQWPEGF C d400 OKNNKQP
KPXGUVOGPV KP 5KPQRGE1147, YJKEJ OCMGU KV VJG NCTIGUV HQTGKIP KPXGUVQT KP %JKPC1148. $2
CRRGCTU VQ DG CV QFFU YKVJ KVU QYP GVJKECN EQFG1149 VJG 70 %QOOKUUKQP QP JWOCP
TKIJVU 1150 , 6KDGVCP UQEKGV[ CPF VJGKT XCNWGU CPF GVJKEU
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−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
')GVVKPI KV TKIJV KU PQV QPN[ C OCVVGT QH GVJKECN DGJCXKQWT CPF OQTCN EJQKEG. ’PNKIJVGPGF DWUKPGUU
RGQRNG JCXG TGCNKUGF VJCV IQQF DWUKPGUU KU IQQF HQT DWUKPGUU. )QQF DWUKPGUU KU UWUVCKPCDNG, KU RCTV QH
INQDCN UQEKGV[, PQV CV QFFU YKVJ KV, CPF TGHNGEVU XCNWGU YJKEJ CTG UJCTGF CETQUU VJG YQTNF.'. 1147 5KPQRGE JQNFU VJG TKIJVU VQ VJG .WPRQNC QKN HKGNF, VJG YQTNF'U JKIJGUV, CPF QPN[ 300MO HTQO .JCUC. 1148 d1.7 DKNNKQP 1149 JVVR://YYY.KDNH.QTI/KDNH/EUTYGDCUUKUV.PUH/EQPVGPV/H1D2C3G4.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 JVVR://YYY.DR.EQO/UGEVKQPIGPGTKECTVKENG.FQ!ECVGIQT[+F=9002630CPFEQPVGPV+F=7005204 CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1150 JVVR://YYY.WPJEJT.EJ/JVON/OGPW2/2/54UWD/QQF0808.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 187
+PVGTPCVKQPCN HQTC
+PETGCUKPI PWODGTU QH 6KDGVCPU CPF VJGKT UWRRQTVGTU CTG TCKUKPI DQVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF JWOCP
TKIJVU KUUWGU CV KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTC.
• 5KPEG VJG OKF-1980'U VJG &CNCK .COC JCU OCFG GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP VJG VJGOG QH
PWOGTQWU OCLQT UVCVGOGPVU, KPENWFKPI UGXGTCN URGGEJGU CV VJG ’CTVJ 5WOOKV KP 1992
CPF VJG HKXG RQKPV RGCEG RNCP CV VJG 75 EQPITGUUKQPCN JWOCP TKIJVU %CWEWU (1987).
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GPXKTQPOGPV'1151
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JQYGXGT, YCU RTGUGPVGF D[ VJG 6KDGV ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV 1TICPKUCVKQP,
EQXGTKPI HQTGUVT[, GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF YGNNDGKPI KUUWGU.
• %QPEGTP YCU GZRTGUUGF CV VJG 54VJ UGUUKQP1153 QH VJG 70 *WOCP 4KIJVU 5WD-
%QOOKUUKQP CDQWV VJG CDKNKV[ QH VTCPUPCVKQPCN EQTRQTCVKQPU (60%U) VQ QRGTCVG YKVJ
KORWPKV[ KP RCTVPGTUJKR YKVJ UVCVGU UWEJ CU %JKPC VJCV TQWVKPGN[ XKQNCVG CPF RGTOKV VJG
XKQNCVKQP QH JWOCP TKIJVU KP VJGKT VGTTKVQTKGU. %QTRQTCVKQPU VJCV MPQYKPIN[ EQPVTKDWVG VQ
JWOCP TKIJVU XKQNCVKQPU UJQWNF PQV DG CNNQYGF VQ CDUQNXG VJGOUGNXGU QH TGURQPUKDKNKV[
D[ ENCKOKPI VJCV CP[ JWOCP TKIJVU XKQNCVKQPU CTG VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ QH VJG UVCVG KP YJKEJ
VJG[ QEEWT1154 1155. 6JG 5WD-%QOOKUUKQP CEEWUGU C PWODGT QH 60%U, KPENWFKPI $2
#OQEQ, QH XKQNCVKPI WR VQ PKPG *WOCP TKIJV RTKPEKRNGU1156 KP 6KDGV1157.
1151 &CNCK .COC 1987 1152 #UKRKUW 2002, .CVGNKPG PGYU 2002 1153 8VJ #WIWUV 2002 1154 ’/%0.4/5WD.2/2002/1&.9 )’.02-0 14372 70 *%*4, )GPGXC 2002 1155 6JG 70 *WOCP 4KIJVU RTKPEKRNGU (’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’CUVGTP %JKPC, DWV CUUKOKNCVG 6KDGV KPVQ VJG OQVJGTNCPF
D[ KPETGCUKPI *CP %JKPGUG OKITCVKQP.
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 188
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RGTJCRU OQTG KORQTVCPVN[ VJKU EJCRVGT YKNN EQPENWFG YKVJ C ETKVKSWG QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF
HQTGUVT[ RQNKE[ KP VGTOU QH VJG EJCNNGPIGU QH KORNGOGPVCVKQP CPF VJGKT KORCEV QP VJG RGQRNGU QH
%JKPC, 6KDGV, CPF −JCO.
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VTGCVOGPV QH VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF. %JKPC KU C UKIPCVQT[ QH C PWODGT QH KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQPXGPVKQPU
VJCV CFFTGUU EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF VJGKT RQNKEKGU TGUQPCVG YKVJ VJG YGUVGTP
OCKPUVTGCO TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 3.3.1 CPF 3.3.2.6JG[ TGFWEG VJG HQTGUV VQ C WVKNKVCTKCP
EQOOQFKV[, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 31159 , 4.5 CPF 51160, CPF KIPQTG VJG XCNWGU, NKPIWKUVKE
GEQNQIKGU CPF PGGFU QH NQECN RGQRNG.
%JKPGUG EKXKNK\CVKQP TGCNKUGF VJG PGGF VQ RTQVGEV PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU, GURGEKCNN[ HNQTC CPF HCWPC
NQPI DGHQTG VJG DKTVJ QH %JTKUV CPF VJG KORQTVCPEG QH VTGG RNCPVKPI KP UQKN GTQUKQP EQPVTQN CPF
YCVGT EQPUGTXCVKQP.
1158 5RGTNKPI 1998 1159 UGEVKQP 3.1.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.5. 1160 UGEVKQP 5.3, 5.5, 5.8, 5.9, 5.9.2.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 189
/CP[ RCUUCIGU KP %JKPGUG ENCUUKECN NKVGTCVWTG TGHGT VQ VJG TWNGT'U FWV[ VQ UCHGIWCTF VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV1161. +P VJG %JQW .K1162
VYQ ENCUUGU QH 'EQPUGTXCVKQP QHHKEKCN' CTG TGEQIPK\GF1163
CPF D[ VJG 5QPI RGTKQF1164 VJG EQPEGRV QH CP GEQNQIKECN DCNCPEG KP PCVWTG YCU TGEQIPKUGF1165.
(TQO VJG HQWTVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ QPYCTFU, RQRWNCVKQP RTGUUWTG YCU UWEJ VJCV GPXKTQPOGPVCN
RTQVGEVKQP YCU QHVGP QH UGEQPFCT[ KORQTVCPEG CPF DGECOG KPETGCUKPIN[ CP KFGCN1166.
6JG GCTNKGUV GZCORNGU QH 'TGUGTXGU' QT 'RCTMU' KP %JKPC DGNQPIGF VQ KVU TWNGTU, CPF CNVJQWIJ VJGKT
RWTRQUG YCU CU ICTFGPU, VGORNGU QT HQT JWPVKPI VJG[ KPFKTGEVN[ UGTXGF CU RTQVGEVGF QT
UGOK-RTQVGEVGF GPXKTQPOGPVU. 2CTMU CPF TGUGTXGU ECP DG HQWPF KP KORGTKCN TGEQTFU HTQO VJG
3KP1167 CPF *CP F[PCUVKGU1168 CPF FQYP VQ VJG NCUV F[PCUV[1169. 5CETGF OQWPVCKPU CPF HQTGUVU
CPF QHVGP-GZVGPUKXG VGORNG NCPFU CNUQ JGNRGF VQ RTGUGTXG URGEKGU, YJKEJ OKIJV JCXG
FKUCRRGCTGF1170. %JKPC HKTUV PCVWTG TGUGTXG1171 YCU GUVCDNKUJGF KP 1956, DWV KV YCU TGCNN[ QPN[
CHVGT 1979 VJCV UWDUVCPVKCN FGXGNQROGPV QH PCVWTG TGUGTXGU DGICP, D[ YJKEJ VKOG KV YCU
RTQDCDN[ VQQ NCVG HQT OCP[ CPKOCNU. #P GEQNQIKECN CRRTQCEJ VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU FKF
PQV TGCNN[ DGIKP WPVKN CHVGT 1983 YJGP C YKNFNKHG RTQVGEVKQP DWTGCW YCU GUVCDNKUJGF, CPF VJG
%JKPC YKNFNKHG EQPUGTXCVKQP CUUQEKCVKQP YCU HQWPFGF1172. $[ 1991, %JKPC JCF GUVCDNKUJGF 708
PCVWTG TGUGTXGU EQXGTKPI 6.6 % QH %JKPC'U PCVKQPCN VGTTKVQT[1173. +H YG KPENWFG JGTKVCIG VTCXGN,
RKNITKOCIG CPF HGUVKXCNU CU 'VQWTKUO' KV KU RQUUKDNG VQ EJCTV KVU JKUVQT[ QXGT HQWT OKNNGPPKC
EQXGTKPI VJG TGKIPU QH VJG F[PCUVKE GORGTQTU1174. +V XKTVWCNN[ FKUCRRGCTGF FWTKPI VJG VYGPVKGVJ
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’FOQPFU 1994).
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%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 190
EGPVWT[ KP VJG −WQOKPVCPI TGIKOG CPF /CQ <GFQPI'U TGIKOG. /CQ UWRRTGUUGF EWNVWTG, JCDKVU
CPF VQWTKUO, CPF YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG 800-[GCT-QNF, :KCQNCP %JT[UCPVJGOWO HGUVKXCN,
XKTVWCNN[ VJG QPN[ HQTO QH 'VQWTKUO' CNNQYGF YCU KVU WUG CU C RTQRCICPFC VQQN1175. +V YCU QPN[
CHVGT VJG 'QRGPKPI CPF TGHQTO RQNKEKGU' QH &GPI :KCQRKPI KP 1978 VJCV VTGPFU YGTG TGXGTUGF CPF
VQWTKUO CNNQYGF1176, DGECWUG QH KVU ECRCEKV[ VQ EQPVTKDWVG VQ OQFGTPKUCVKQP CPF KVU RGTEGKXGF
EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ PCVKQPCN WPKV[. *QYGXGT, EQPVTCFKEVKQPU TGOCKP DGVYGGP VJG EQORGVKPI
KFGQNQIKGU QH UQEKCNKUO, OQFGTPKUCVKQP, INQDCNK\CVKQP CPF VTCFKVKQPCN EWNVWTG.
#NVJQWIJ %JKPC JCU GODTCEGF VJG 'UQEKCNKUV OCTMGV GEQPQO[', KVU HQTO TGOCKPU GODGFFGF KP
CPEKGPV JGTKVCIG. 6JG TGUQNWVKQP QH VJG VGPUKQP DGVYGGP KVU VTCFKVKQPCN TQQVU CPF EQPVGORQTCT[
EQOOQFKVKUCVKQP KU CRRCTGPVN[ GUUGPVKCN1177 VQ FGXGNQR UWUVCKPCDNG VQWTKUO. 6JG KORQTVCPEG QH
'GEQ-VQWTKUO' KU ICKPKPI TGEQIPKVKQP1178 CPF VJG 5VCVG HQTGUV DWTGCW JCU CPPQWPEGF RNCPU1179 VQ
GZRCPF KVU HQTGUV RCTMU HTQO 8741180 VQ 2000 RCTMU1181 D[ 2010. ’XGT[ CVVGORV KU DGKPI OCFG VQ
VCR KPVQ YJCV %JKPC EQPUKFGTU VQ DG 'TKEJ DKQNQIKECN CPF EWNVWTCN TGUQWTEGU QH TCTG YGCNVJ VQ
JWOCPMKPF'1182. ’XGP VJQWIJ %JKPC FQGU PQV JCXG GZVGPUKXG HQTGUVU TGOCKPKPI, VJGTG CTG C
TGNCVKXGN[ NCTIG PWODGT QH WPWUWCNN[ URGEVCEWNCT HQTGUV RCTMU VJCV QHVGP KPENWFG CPEKGPV EWNVWTCN
CPF UCETGF TGUQWTEGU CU YGNN CU WPKSWG OQWPVCKPU CPF TKXGTU. +P VJG RCUV FGECFG, %JKPC JCU
GUVCDNKUJGF QXGT GKIJV[-HQWT PCVKQPCN UKVGU QH UEGPKE DGCWV[ CU YGNN CU QXGT HKXG JWPFTGF
JKUVQTKE CPF PCVKQPCN TGNKE UKVGU. %JKPC KU UGGOKPIN[ MGGP VQ RTQOQVG 'GVJPKE' VQWTKUO, DGECWUG
QH FGOCPF CPF KVU RQVGPVKCN HQT 'FGXGNQRKPI' UQOG QH %JKPC'U OQTG TGOQVG CTGCU CPF
KPEQTRQTCVKPI VJGO KPVQ VJG OCTMGV GEQPQO[. 5KPEG 1997, VJGTG JCU DGGP CP KPETGCUG KP 'GVJPKE'
VQWTU CTTCPIGF D[ %JKPC 0CVKQPCN 6QWTKUO #FOKPKUVTCVKQP (%06#) 1183 CPF NQECN CWVJQTKVKGU KP
GVJPKE OKPQTKV[ CTGCU CTG DGKPI GPEQWTCIGF VQ TGUVQTG VTCFKVKQPCN DWKNFKPIU CPF VGORNGU
+P URKVG QH VJG UVGRU %JKPC KU VCMKPI QXGTCNN VJG HCEVU EQPEGTPKPI GEQNQIKECN FGVGTKQTCVKQP KP
EQPVGORQTCT[ %JKPC CTG ITKO CPF JCXG QDXKQWU INQDCN KORNKECVKQPU. 5VWFKGU JCXG EQPENWFGF
VJCV PKPG QH VJG VGP YQTUV CKT-RQNNWVGF EKVKGU KP VJG YQTNF CTG HQWPF KP %JKPC. 1VJGT UVCVKUVKEU
1175 5QHKGNF CPF .K 1998 1176 /GKUPGT 1986 1177 5YCKP 1989 1178 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP .KPI .KP 8/1998 1179 JVVR://GPINKUJ.RGQRNG.EQO.EP/200205/16/GPI20020516A95836.UJVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1180 7.48 OKNNKQP JC 1181 19 OKNNKQP JC 1182 6CQ 1990 1183 %JKPC 0CVKQPCN 6QWTKUO #FOKPKUVTCVKQP JVVR://YYY.EPVC.EQO/N[GP/KPFGZ.CUR CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 191
EQPEGTPKPI FGHQTGUVCVKQP, FGUGTVKHKECVKQP, CPF YCVGT RQNNWVKQP CTG GSWCNN[ CNCTOKPI. 6JGTG CTG,
JQYGXGT, UQOG RTQOKUKPI UKIPU VJCV IQ DCEM VQ 1972 YJGP %JKPC UGPV C FGNGICVKQP VQ VJG
*WOCP ’PXKTQPOGPV %QPHGTGPEG KP 5VQEMJQNO. 6JKU YCU HQNNQYGF D[ VJG RTQOWNICVKQP QH CP
’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGEVKQP .CY KP 1989 CPF VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH C 5VCVG ’PXKTQPOGPV
2TQVGEVKQP #FOKPKUVTCVKQP KP 19981184.
7.6.1 6JG %JCNNGPIGU HQT %QPUGTXCVKQP, 0CVKQPCN 2CTMU CPF 6QWTKUO
#NVJQWIJ EQPUGTXCVKQP, PCVKQPCN RCTMU CPF VQWTKUO CTG CNN TGNCVKXGN[ PGY, KV YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV
VJG[ CNN RTGUGPV C PWODGT QH EJCNNGPIGU VJCV UJQWNF DG EQPUKFGTGF DGHQTG GZRCPUKQP.
#NVJQWIJ %JKPC JCU GZRGTKGPEGF OCUUKXG FGHQTGUVCVKQP UKPEG 1950, CPF 3,000 VTGG URGEKGU
JCXG DGGP UGTKQWUN[ TGFWEGF KP PWODGT, VJGTG CTG GXKFGPVN[ PQ GZCORNGU QH VTGG URGEKGU
FKUCRRGCTKPI KP VJG NCUV 30 [GCTU. 9JCV KU OQTG YQTT[KPI VJQWIJ KU GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP
CPF NQUU QH JCDKVCV TGUWNVKPI HTQO FGHQTGUVCVKQP. 6JGTG KU C IQQF FGCN QH URGEKHKE KPHQTOCVKQP QP
VJG GZVKPEVKQP QT GPFCPIGTGF UVCVG QH PWOGTQWU OCOOCNU CPF DKTFU. 5KPEG 1949, VGP YKNF
OCOOCN URGEKGU JCXG DGEQOG GZVKPEV1185 CPF 20 CTG GPFCPIGTGF. /QUV QH VJG GPFCPIGTGF
URGEKGU CTG KP UQWVJYGUV %JKPC YJGTG VJG EQWPVTKGU TKEJGUV HQTGUVU JCXG DGGP KPFKUETKOKPCVGN[
EWV ECWUKPI FTCUVKE FGENKPGU QH OCOOCN CPF DKTF EQWPVU1186.
6JG OCLQT RWTRQUG QH 80% QH %JKPC'U TGUGTXGU KU VJG RTQVGEVKQP CPF EQPUGTXCVKQP QH HNQTC CPF
HCWPC, DWV UKOKNCT RTQDNGOU VQ VJG UEGPKE TGUGTXGU JCXG DGGP ECWUGF D[ : VJG NCEM QH C EGPVTCN
RNCPPKPI CIGPE[; CIGPEKGU YJQ QPN[ RTQVGEV VJGKT QYP KPVGTGUVU; TGUGTXGU VJCV CTG VQQ UOCNN VQ
DG GHHGEVKXG; KNNGICN VTGG HGNNKPI; C NCEM QH EQQRGTCVKQP DGVYGGP CFLCEGPV HQTGUV RCTMU CPF
TGUGTXGU; NQY NGXGNU QH 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN GFWECVKQP' COQPIUV VJG RGQRNG NKXKPI ENQUG VQ VJG TGUGTXG;
UVCHH UJQTVCIGU; C HCKNWTG VQ EQORGPUCVG NQECN KPJCDKVCPVU; C HCKNWTG VQ EWTD QT EQPVTQN VQWTKUO;
CPF JWPVKPI KP GZEJCPIG HQT UJQQVKPI HGGU CPF VJG UCNG QH VTQRJ[ JGCFU. 5QOG QH VJGUG
RTQDNGOU CTG ECWUGF D[ VJG EQPVTCFKEVQT[ TGUGTXG IQCNU QH OCZKOKUKPI KPEQOG CPF
EQPUGTXCVKQP.1187
1184 ’FOQPFU 1994, 1999 1185 +PENWFKPI ’SWWU RT\GYCNUMKK (2T\GYCNUMK'U *QTUG) CPF 5CKIC VCVCTKEC (5CKIC CPVGNQRG). 1186 ’FOQPFU 1994, /C CPF %JCPI 1980 1187 ’FOQPFU 1994, 4KEJCTFUQP 1990
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 192
(QTGUV RCTMU CTG GXKFGPVN[ PGGFGF OQTG HQT VJGKT UQEKCN XCNWGU VJCP HQT VJG NKOKVGF GEQPQOKE
TGVWTPU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VKODGT JCTXGUV. 1PG QH VJG OCLQT IQCNU HQT %JKPC'U HQTGUV RCTMU KU VQ
RTQXKFG DGPGHKVU VQ VJG FQOGUVKE OCTMGV CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGKIP XKUKVQTU. 7PHQTVWPCVGN[, VJGUG
IQCNU CTG PQV EQORCVKDNG CU VJG WUG RCVVGTPU CPF PGGFU QH VJG HQTGKIP XKUKVQT CTG PQV CNYC[U VJG
UCOG CU VJG %JKPGUG. 6[RKECNN[, VJG HQTGKIP XKUKVQT WUGU C HQTGUV RCTM HQT ECORKPI; QTKGPVGGTKPI;
DCEMRCEMKPI; OQWPVCKP DKMKPI; MC[CMKPI; JKIJ-TKUM TGETGCVKQP1188; FTKXKPI-HQT-RNGCUWTG;
ECTCXCPPKPI; CPF TGETGCVKQPCN XGJKENG WUG. #NN QH VJGUG CEVKXKVKGU CTG XGT[ NQY QP VJG RTGHGTGPEG
NKUV QH V[RKECN %JKPGUG RCTM XKUKVQTU. %JKPGUG HQTGUV RCTM XKUKVQTU V[RKECNN[ FTGUU KP VJGKT DGUV
ENQVJGU CPF IQ VQ VJG RCTMU VQ GPLQ[ VJGKT HCOKNKGU CPF TQOCPVKE KPVGTGUVU. %CT QYPGTUJKR KU NQY
RTGENWFKPI VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH FTKXKPI-HQT-RNGCUWTG, DKE[ENG TKFKPI KU FGGOGF C PGEGUUKV[ PQV C
TGETGCVKQPCN CEVKXKV[, VJGTG CTG HGY HCEKNKVKGU HQT 48'U QT ECTCXCPU, UNGGRKPI KP C VGPV QP VJG
ITQWPF CPF DCEMRCEMKPI CTG PQV EQPUKFGTGF TGETGCVKQPCN CPF OQUV %JKPGUG RGQRNG FQ PQV NKMG
JKIJ-TKUM TGETGCVKQP. /QUV QH %JKPC'U RCTMU CPF TGUGTXGU FQ PQV HKV PGCVN[ KPVQ QPG ECVGIQT[, CPF
VJGTG KU EQPUKFGTCDNG QXGTNCR. /CP[ QH VJGO CTG, KP HCEV, OWNVKHWPEVKQPCN YJKEJ NGCFU VQ C
EQPHNKEV QH KPVGTGUV. (QTGUV RCTMU ECP QPN[ DG WVKNK\GF YJGP VJG[ CTG RTQRGTN[ FGXGNQRGF. +H
EQPUGTXCVKQP KU PQV HWNN[ EQPUKFGTGF VJG TGUQWTEG OC[ DG FCOCIGF FWTKPI FGXGNQROGPV1189. +P
QTFGT VQ RTGUGTXG VQWTKUV TGUQWTEGU KV KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ TGIWNCVG, EQPUGTXG CPF GFWECVG. 6JG
PWODGT QH VQWTKUVU KP VJG (QTDKFFGP %KV[ JCU DGGP TGIWNCVGF D[ TCKUKPI VJG CFOKUUKQP HGG. #
PGY UGEVKQP QH VJG )TGCV 9CNN1190 JCU DGGP QRGPGF VQ TGNKGXG RTGUUWTG QP VJG EQPIGUVGF
$CFCNKPI UGEVKQP, CPF VYQ OQTG UGEVKQPU CTG DGKPI TGUVQTGF. ’PXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUGTXCVKQP
TGIWNCVKQPU CTG PGGFGF HQT CNN OCLQT VQWTKUV CTGCU. +P CFFKVKQP, VJGTG KU C PGGF HQT PCVWTCN
GPXKTQPOGPV KPVGTRTGVCVKQP CPF GFWECVKQP1191
+P VJG RCUV FGECFG, %JKPC JCU GUVCDNKUJGF QXGT GKIJV[-HQWT PCVKQPCN UKVGU QH UEGPKE DGCWV[ CU
YGNN CU QXGT HKXG JWPFTGF JKUVQTKE CPF PCVKQPCN TGNKE UKVGU. 4CRKF VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV
JQYGXGT, JCU ECWUGF C PWODGT QH QP-UKVG RTQDNGOU KPENWFKPI: RQQT RNCPPKPI, EQPUVCPV EJCPIGU
QH OCPCIGOGPV CIGPE[; C NCEM QH EQQRGTCVKQP DGVYGGP VQQ OCP[ CIGPEKGU; CPF VJG NCEM QH C
1188 5MKKPI, OQWPVCKP ENKODKPI, JWPVKPI, ECXKPI. 1189 1PG GZCORNG QH VJKU KU VJG *CKNWQIQW )NCEKGT 2CTM, KP 5KEJWCP, YJKEJ + HKTUV XKUKVGF KP 1994, YJGP KV JCF C HGY FKUETGVG JQVGNU, CPF C RCVJ YJKEJ YQWPF KVU YC[ DGVYGGP OCIPKHKEGPV EQPKHGTU (#DKGU URR CPF 2KEGC URR) YJKEJ NKPMGF VJG VJTGG ECORU VQ VJG INCEKGT. 6QFC[ KV JCU DGGP QXGT-FGXGNQRGF, YKVJ NCTIG DTCUJ EQPETGVG JQVGNU,
RQQTN[ CNKIPGF RQYGT NKPGU, CPF CP WPPGEGUUCT[ 'OQVQTYC[' UNKEKPI VJTQWIJ VJG HQTGUV, VQ VJG GFIG QH VJG INCEKGT (5EJCNNGT 1998D). 1190 #V /WVCKP[W. 1191 .KW CPF &QYNKPI 1991
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 193
EGPVTCNKUGF OCPCIGOGPV U[UVGO. 6JKU JCU TGUWNVGF KP: RQNNWVKQP; UQKN GTQUKQP; WTDCPK\CVKQP,
NKVVGT; KPFWUVTKCN YCUVG; JCRJC\CTF QT KPCRRTQRTKCVG NQECVKQP QH EQPEGUUKQPU1192; KPCRRTQRTKCVG
DWKNFKPI UV[NGU; RQQT OCKPVGPCPEG; CEKF TCKP; VJG GTQUKQP QH VTCFKVKQPCN GVJPKE EWNVWTG CPF UQEKCN
XCNWGU; GNKVG ECRVWTG CPF KPGSWKVCDNG DGPGHKV UJCTKPI; CPF VJG "/E&QPCNFK\CVKQP" QH
VQWTKUO.1193. +P VJG RCUV HGY [GCTU, JQYGXGT NQECN IQXGTPOGPVU JCXG FQPG OQTG VQ RTQVGEV
TGNKEU, TGUVQTG VGORNGU, RNCPV VTGGU CPF FGXGNQR VQWTKUO UGTXKEGU. /QUV GEQ-VQWTKUO KU
RTGFKECVGF QP CP GEQVQWTKUO-HQT-DWUKPGUU OQFGN CPF VJGTG CTG HGY KH CP[ OQFGNU QH
GEQVQWTKUO-HQT-FGXGNQROGPV. 6JGTG CRRGCTU VQ DG CP GORJCUKU YKVJKP GVJPKE VQWTKUO QP VJG
GEQPQOKE FGXGNQROGPV QH UGNGEV 'KFGCN' ITQWRU, QHVGP VQ VJG FGVTKOGPV QH EWNVWTG CPF
GPXKTQPOGPV, CPF QHVGP YKVJQWV CP CFGSWCVG UQEKQ-GPXKTQPOGPVCN KORCEV CUUGUUOGPV. 6JKU JCU
TGUWNVGF KP : C NCEM QH GVJPKE EQPVTQN CPF QYPGTUJKR; GNKVG ECRVWTG; VJG 'HTGG\KPI' QH GVJPKE EWNVWTG;
CUUKOKNCVKQP YKVJ VJG PCVKQPCN UQEKGV[; KPGSWKVCDNG DGPGHKV FKUVTKDWVKQP; CWVJGPVKE EQORTQOKUG;
KPEQORNGVG GVJPKE KOCIGU; VJG GTQUKQP QH VTCFKVKQPCN GVJPKE EWNVWTG CPF UQEKCN XCNWGU; CPF
EQORQWPFGF D[ C NCEM QH GVJPKE ECRCEKV[ DWKNFKPI KP TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV, OCTMGVKPI QT UKVG
FGXGNQROGPV1194. 1PG ETKVKECN EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH KPFKIGPQWU QT GVJPKE VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV KU VJG
CEVWCN 'QYPGTUJKR' QT EQPVTQN CP GVJPKE OKPQTKV[ ITQWR ECP GZGTV KP VJG RTQEGUU. +H VJG ITQWR JCU
NGICNN[ TGEQIPKUGF RQYGT KP FGVGTOKPKPI NQECN WUG QH PCVKQPCN UGTXKEGU CPF KPHTCUVTWEVWTG, CPF
PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV KV KU NKMGN[ VQ RNC[ C UVTQPI TQNG KP KVU QYP VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV.
6JG EQQRGTCVKQP QH NQECN, PCVKQPCN CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQPEGTPU KU C EGPVTCN KUUWG KP VJKU MKPF QH
VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV. 2QNKVKECN CWVQPQO[ RNC[U C MG[ TQNG KP VJKU FGXGNQROGPV RTQEGUU, YJKEJ
DGPGHKVU OKPQTKV[ ITQWRU1195. 6JG RCTCFQZGU QH GVJPKE VQWTKUO QEEWT DGECWUG QH KPJGTGPV
EQPVTCFKEVKQPU DGVYGGP EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF EJCPIG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG RTQEGUU QH FGXGNQROGPV.
8KCDNG EWNVWTGU CTG PQV UVCVKE DWV GXQNXG CPF VQWTKUO CEEGNGTCVGU UQEKQGEQPQOKE EJCPIG, YJKEJ
QHVGP CHHGEVU VJG CWVJGPVKEKV[ QH GVJPKE VQWTKUO. %WNVWTCN RNWTCNKUO KU CP KORQTVCPV CUUGV KP
GVJPKE VQWTKUO, [GV RQNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE KPUVKVWVKQPU VGPF VQ KPVGITCVG OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU KPVQ
VJG PCVKQPCN UQEKGV[. %WNVWTCNN[ CPF GEQPQOKECNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV OWUV HKV VJG
NQECN UQEKGV[ CPF OCMG EWNVWTCN UGPUG. 6JG GVJPKE RGQRNG VJGOUGNXGU OWUV QYP VJG RTQEGUU QH
1192 *QVGNU KP RCTVKEWNCT. 1193 &CPIGTHKGNF 1995, .KW CPF &QYNKPI 1991, .K CPF *KPEJ 1998, /E/CUVGT 1999, 0GYD[ CPF *QPI 6CQ 1991, 4KV\GT 1993, 6KUFGNN 1996 1194 .K CPF *KPEJ 1998 1195 .K CPF *KPEJ 1998
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 194
NQECN VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV, CPF VJG UVCVG, KP VWTP, OC[ DGPGHKV HTQO EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[ KP DQVJ
C UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN CPF CP GEQPQOKE UGPUG1196.
7.6.2 (QTGUV 2QNKEKGU
#NVJQWIJ VJKU UVWF[ TGEQIPK\GU VJG XGT[ NQPI JKUVQT[ QH HQTGUV RQNKE[ KP %JKPC1197 KV YKNN HQEWU
QP VJG TCHV QH %JKPGUG HQTGUV RQNKEKGU KPVTQFWEGF QT CEEGNGTCVGF UKPEG VJG 1998 HNQQFU VJCV CTG
IGTOCPG VQ VJKU UVWF[ CPF YGTG OQUVN[ KPVTQFWEGF KP 5QWVJYGUV %JKPC KP 5KEJWCP CPF ;WPPCP
2TQXKPEG CPF 6KDGV #4.
&WTKPI VJG UWOOGT QH 1998, %JKPC1198 GZRGTKGPEGF VJG YQTUV HNQQFKPI UKPEG 1954, YJKEJ YG
TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.5.5 CPF YKNN GZRNQTG HWTVJGT KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.1.7. #U C
TGUWNV, VJG %JKPGUG )QXGTPOGPV KPVTQFWEGF QT CEEGNGTCVGF C PWODGT QH RQNKEKGU KP YJCV
CRRGCTGF VQ DG C 'MPGG-LGTM' TGCEVKQP VQ VJG HNQQFU.
6JG[ KPENWFGF:-
• # NQIIKPI DCP KP UQWVJYGUV %JKPC
• # PCVWTCN HQTGUV RTQVGEVKQP RTQITCOOG
• #P WRNCPF EQPXGTUKQP (QT EQPUGTXCVKQP UGV-CUKFG) RTQITCOOG QH UVGGR CITKEWNVWTCN
NCPF VQ HQTGUV QT ITCUUNCPF
• 0CVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP
6Q DG HCKT OQUV QH VJG RQNKEKGU JCF DGGP RNCPPGF CPF YGTG DGKPI ITCFWCNN[ KPVTQFWEGF CPF
DTQCFN[ URGCMKPI YGTG KPENWFGF WPFGT )TGCV 9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV 5VTCVGI[, %JKPC'U 10VJ
5-[GCT RNCP CPF #IGPFC 21.
6JG )TGCV 9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV 5VTCVGI[
6JG )TGCV 9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV 5VTCVGI[ KU PQV C PGY EQPEGRV KV TGRTGUGPVU CP CEEGNGTCVKQP QH
RQNKEKGU, YJKEJ DGICP YJGP ’CUVGTP −JCO YCU 'NKDGTCVGF' KP 1949. +P VJG 1950'U VJG 5QXKGV
1196 5YCKP 1989 1197 4KEJCTFUQP 1990, ’FOQPFU 1994 1198 #U YGNN CU +PFKC CPF $CPINCFGUJ.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 195
7PKQP JGNRGF %JKPC VQ DWKNF HCEVQTKGU KP VJG TGIKQP CPF KP VJG 1960'U /CQ <GFQPI CPPQWPEGF
RNCPU VQ FGXGNQR JGCX[ KPFWUVT[. +P VJG 1980'U, JQYGXGT, &GPI :KCQRKPI HQEWUGF JKU OCTMGV
TGHQTO RQNKE[ QP VJG ’CUV %QCUV, CPF WTIGF VJG YGUVGTP TGIKQPU VQ DG RCVKGPV, UVCVKPI VJCV VJGKT
VKOG YQWNF EQOG. 2TGUKFGPV ,KCPI <GOKP NCWPEJGF VJG ECORCKIP VQ FGXGNQR VJG YGUV YKVJ
ITGCV HCPHCTG KP ,WPG 1999. 6JG FGXGNQROGPV OQFGN DGKPI WUGF, JQYGXGT, TGUQPCVGU YKVJ
.QEMG CPF VTCFKVKQPCN /CTZKUO YJGTG UQEKGV[ KU FGGOGF VQ RTQITGUU VJTQWIJ UGV UVCIGU1199. 6JG
NGCFKPI ITQWR HQT 9GUVGTP &GXGNQROGPV, KP VJGKT UGCTEJ HQT CP CRRQUKVG FGXGNQROGPV OQFGN,
JCXG KIPQTGF ITCUU TQQVU RCTVKEKRCVKQP CPF EQPUWNVCVKQP, CPF NQECN PGGF, CPF HQEWUGF KPUVGCF QP
QWVOQFGF 19VJ EGPVWT[ EQNQPKCN OQFGNU QH FGXGNQROGPV1200. 6JG RTQLGEV YCU JGTCNFGF CU
'GRQEJ-OCMKPI' CPF C 'QPEG KP C OKNNGPPKWO QRRQTVWPKV['. +V YQWNF CRRGCT, JQYGXGT, VJCV
CNTGCF[ RQNKEKGU KORQUGF VQR-FQYP CTG HCKNKPI VQ CFFTGUU NQECN PGGFU CPF CTG FGVTKOGPVCN VQ VJG
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG. 2QNKEKGU YKVJ VJG CKO QH 'GEQNQIKECN RTQVGEVKQP', UWEJ CU VJG PGY HQTGUV
RQNKEKGU CTG FGRTKXKPI RGQRNG QH VJGKT NKXGNKJQQF. 6JG KPHNWZ QH *CP %JKPGUG OKITCPVU KU JCXKPI
C FTCOCVKE KORCEV QP VJG NKXGU CPF NKXGNKJQQFU QH VJG NQECN RGQRNG. +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG HCEG
KPETGCUKPI EQORGVKVKQP HQT GORNQ[OGPV CPF OCTIKPCNKUCVKQP YKVJKP VJGKT QYP EQOOWPKVKGU
FWG VQ PWODGTU QH *CP OKITCPVU GPVGTKPI VJG CTGC, NGCFKPI VQ EQPEGTPU HQT VJG UWTXKXCN QH VJGKT
EWNVWTG CPF KFGPVKV[1201. 9JKNG $GKLKPI RTGUGPVU VJG ECORCKIP CU CP GPVKTGN[ RQUKVKXG KPKVKCVKXG
NGCFKPI VQ YGCNVJ ETGCVKQP CPF RQXGTV[ CNNGXKCVKQP, OCP[ VJKPM KVU C UOQMGUETGGP VQ VTCPUHGT
JWPFTGFU QH *CP %JKPGUG HQT RGTOCPGPV UGVVNGOGPV KPVQ OKPQTKV[ CTGCU, VQ HWTVJGT GZRNQKV
TGUQWTEGU, CPF VQ DGCT FQYP JGCXKN[ QP 'URNKVVKUO' QT RQNKVKECN KPVTCPUKIGPEG. 6QR-FQYP RQNKEKGU
UWEJ CU VJKU JCXG VGPFGF VQ GZENWFG VJG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG HTQO RCTVKEKRCVKPI KP VJG UJCRKPI QH
VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV CPF FGXGNQROGPV QH VJGKT GEQPQO[.
6JG .QIIKPI $CP
+P OKF-#WIWUV 1998, VJG 5VCVG %QWPEKN TGEQIPK\GF VJCV VJG ;CPIV\G TKXGT HNQQFU, FKUEWUUGF KP
KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.1.7, YGTG TGNCVGF VQ FGHQTGUVCVKQP KP VJG WRRGT TGCEJGU CPF KV WTIGF CNN
IQXGTPOGPVU VQ RTQVGEV VJGKT HQTGUVU. 5KEJWCP RTQXKPEG TGURQPFGF D[ KPVTQFWEKPI C HGNNKPI DCP
1199 6+0 2000 1200 6JGKT 'GZGORNCTU' HQT UVWF[ KPENWFGF VJG 'FGXGNQROGPV' QH VJG #OGTKECP 9GUV, QH 20VJ EGPVWT[ 5KDGTKC, QH RQUV 992 ,CRCP, CPF VJG RQQTGT CTGCU QH $TC\KN CPF +PFKC. 1201 (KUEJGT 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 196
QP 1 5GRVGODGT KP 54 EQWPVKGU1202 CPF ENQUKPI 9 OKNNKQP JC QH ITC\KPI VQ HCEKNKVCVG TGHQTGUVCVKQP.
+P NCVG #WIWUV, VJG 5VCVG %QWPEKN WTIGF 51 MG[ HQTGUVT[ GPVGTRTKUGU VQ UVQR, NQIIKPI CPF ;WPPCP
KPVTQFWEGF C HGNNKPI DCP, CNQPI KVU UGEVKQP QH VJG ;CPIV\G. +P &GEGODGT 6KDGV #4 ENQUGF CNN
UCYOKNNU KP UQWVJGCUV 6KDGV1203 CPF VJG 5VCVG %QWPEKN TCVKHKGF VJG DCP. #NOQUV KOOGFKCVGN[,
CHVGT VJG HGNNKPI DCP YCU KPVTQFWEGF VKODGT RTKEGU KP VJG $GKLKPI YQQF OCTMGV TQUG D[ WR VQ
30% CPF VJG CWVJQTKVKGU CPPQWPEGF VJG[ YGTG GZRGEVKPI C UJQTVHCNN QH 45OKNNKQP EWDKE OGVTGU,
QWV QH C VQVCN TGSWKTGOGPV QH 100 OKNNKQP EWDKE OGVTGU1204.
+P ;WPPCP, VJG NQIIKPI DCP YCU KORQUGF KP 54 EQWPVKGU1205 KPENWFKPI PKPG EQWPVKGU YJGTG
TGHQTGUVCVKQP GZRGTKOGPVCN WPKVU QRGTCVG. +V JCU JCF DQVJ RQUKVKXG CPF PGICVKXG KORCEVU. 6JG
RQNKE[ CRRGCTU VQ JCXG JGNRGF CEEGNGTCVG VJG RTQEGUU QH PCVWTCN HQTGUV RTQVGEVKQP. +PKVKCNN[ VJG
NQIIKPI DCP YCU YGNEQOGF CNVJQWIJ VJGTG YGTG KOOGFKCVG UKIPU VJCV KV YCU DGKPI HNQWVGF, CPF
QHHKEKCNU YJQ SWGUVKQPGF KH VJG HWPFKPI HQT EQPUGTXCVKQP (QHHGTGF KP NKGW QH NQIIKPI TGXGPWG)
YCU C UWUVCKPCDNG KPEQOG UVTGCO. %QPEGTPU YGTG CNUQ GZRTGUUGF CDQWV VJG KORCEV QH VJG DCP
CPF RCUVWTG ENQUWTG QP VJG NQECN KPJCDKVCPVU CPF VJCV OQUV QH VJG HWPFU HQT TGRNCPVKPI YQWNF IQ
VQ *CP %JKPGUG HQTGUVT[ YQTMGTU, KPUVGCF QH NQECN RGQRNG. +V ECWUGF OWEJ KPKVKCN JCTFUJKR VQ
EQWPV[ IQXGTPOGPVU CPF VJQUG TGEGKXKPI KPEQOG HTQO VJG NQIIKPI CPF VTCPURQTVCVKQP DWUKPGUU.
#FFKVKQPCNN[ VJQUG KPFKXKFWCNU YJQ JCF KPXGUVGF KP NQIIKPI QT VTCPURQTVCVKQP GSWKROGPV
TGEGKXGF PQ EQORGPUCVKQP CPF YGTG HQTEGF VQ UGNN CV XGT[ NQY RTKEGU. +V KU GUVKOCVGF VJCV KP
<JCQVQPI 2TGHGEVWTG1206, HQT GZCORNG NQECN KPEQOG YCU TGFWEGF D[ 35OKNNKQP 4/$1207, CPF KP
.KLKCPI D[ 70%1208. 6JG NQIIKPI DCP ITGCVN[ NKOKVGF UQWTEGU QH KPEQOG KP OCP[ XKNNCIGU
DGECWUG HCTOGTU YGTG PQV CDNG VQ GCTP KPEQOG HTQO EQNNGEVKXG HQTGUV CPF NCDQWT QRRQTVWPKVKGU
KP NQIIKPI QT VTCPURQTVCVKQP JCF IQPG1209. 6JKU FTQXG OCP[ VQ HKPF QHH-HCTO KPEQOG QT DCEM VQ
UWDUKUVGPEG NKHGUV[NGU CPF CU C TGUWNV, 1.2 OKNNKQP RGQRNG DGECOG 'RQQT'. 6JG KORCEV QP VJG
UWDUKUVGPEG UGEVQTU CRRGCTU NGUU UGXGTG, DGECWUG NKOKVGF CEEGUU VQ VJG HQTGUV YCU CNNQYGF HQT
1202 4.5OKNNKQP JC. 1203 9KPMNGT 1998C+D 1204 #PQP 1998C 1205 %QORTKUKPI 164,343 MO2 1206 +P ;WPPCP 2TQXKPEG. 1207 d2.4 OKNNKQP. 1208 75’ 2000, RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP <JCQ 21/8/01 1209 /CNNGG 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 197
HKTGYQQF CPF PQP-VKODGT HQTGUV RTQFWEVU (06(2)1210. 6JG GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU YGTG GURGEKCNN[
WRUGV D[ VJG NQIIKPI DCP, DGECWUG VJG[ JCF DGGP WUKPI VJG HQTGUV UWUVCKPCDN[ HQT VJQWUCPFU QH
[GCTU1211. 9JKNG NQECN HCTOGTU CTG QRRQUGF VQ VJG DCP VJG[ MPQY VJCV VJG RQNKE[ EQOGU HTQO VJG
VQR CPF ECPPQV DG FKURWVGF. 6JG DCP TGKPHQTEGU VJGKT UGPUG QH RQYGTNGUUPGUU, LWUVKHKGU VJGKT
UEGRVKEKUO QH VJG FWTCDKNKV[ QH RQNKE[ KORQUKVKQPU, CPF YGCMGPU VJGKT UGEWTKV[ QH VGPWTG.
#NVJQWIJ GORNQ[OGPV YCU RTQXKFGF HQT VJQUG UVCVG GORNQ[GGU KP VJG NQIIKPI KPFWUVT[ CPF
UQOG EQORGPUCVKQP YCU IKXGP VQ NQECN IQXGTPOGPVU VJKU RTQXGF KPCFGSWCVG CV VJG VKOG. #U C
TGUWNV, VJG ECRCEKV[ QH NQECN IQXGTPOGPV VQ FGXGNQR KPHTCUVTWEVWTG CPF OCKPVCKP JGCNVJ CPF
GFWECVKQP UGTXKEGU YCU KORCKTGF1212. +P URKVG QH VJG KORCEV QH VJG NQIIKPI DCP, VJGTG YGTG UKIPU
QH NQECNKUGF TGEQXGT[ YKVJKP 2 [GCTU. +P &GSKP, HQT GZCORNG, YJGTG IQXGTPOGPV KPEQOG YCU
TGFWEGF D[ 80% CPF 340,000 RGQRNG DGECOG RQQT VJG GEQPQO[ EJCPIGF HTQO NQIIKPI VQ
VQWTKUO, CPF D[ 2001 CEEGUU HGGU VQ PCVWTG TGUGTXGU CNQPG RTQXKFG VJG UCOG KPEQOG CU NQIIKPI
WUGF VQ1213.
+PVGTPCVKQPCN UVWFKGU QH VJG KORCEV QH NQIIKPI DCPU UJQY XGT[ OKZGF TGUWNVU. +P UQOG ECUGU, C
NQIIKPI DCP JCU KPETGCUGF RTGUUWTG QP HQTGUVU KP PGKIJDQWTKPI EQWPVTKGU CPF KP QVJGT EQWPVTKGU
VJG[ JCXG RTQXKFGF RTQVGEVKQP HQT HQTGUVU CV TKUM. #P (#1 TGRQTV1214 QP NQIIKPI DCPU KP 0GY
<GCNCPF, %JKPC, VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU, 5TK .CPMC, 6JCKNCPF CPF 8KGV 0CO EQPENWFGF VJCV DCPU JCXG
KP UQOG ECUGU UVQRRGF QT UNQYGF FGHQTGUVCVKQP. 1P C TGIKQPCN QT INQDCN UECNG, JQYGXGT DCPU
JCXG PQV UKIPKHKECPVN[ UNQYGF FGHQTGUVCVKQP. # MG[ EQPENWUKQP VQ DG FTCYP KU VJCV NQIIKPI DCPU
CTG UKORN[ QPG UGV QH RQNKE[ VQQNU CXCKNCDNG VQ FGEKUKQP-OCMGTU YKVJKP C URGEVTWO QH QRVKQPU
CPF CNVGTPCVKXGU. 5GXGTCN ECUG UVWFKGU QP VJG %JKPGUG NQIIKPI DCP1215 JCXG EQPENWFGF:
• 6JG DCPPKPI QH NQIIKPI KP EQNNGEVKXG HQTGUVU CEVWCNN[ NCEMU C NGICN DCUKU. #EEQTFKPI VQ
VJG (QTGUV .CY HCTOGTU YJQ RNCPV VTGGU QP EQNNGEVKXG NCPF QYP VJGUG VTGGU CPF ECP
JCTXGUV VJGO DCUGF QP C JCTXGUV SWQVC U[UVGO.
• 6JCV UWDUKFKGU HCKNGF VQ CFFTGUU VJG RTQDNGOU QH VJG NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU FGRGPFGPV QP
VJG VKODGT GEQPQO[.
1210 :W RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQPO 18/9/01 1211 %QNEJGUVGT 2002 1212 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP :W 18/9/01 1213 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 9CPI &GSKCPI 24/9/01 1214 $TQYP GV CN 2001 1215 %%+%’& 2002, 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 198
• $NCPMGV NQIIKPI DCPU ETGCVG C XGT[ RQYGTHWN FKUKPEGPVKXG HQT HCTOGTU CPF VJG RTKXCVG
UGEVQT VQ RNCPV VTGGU, KPENWFKPI PGICVKXG GHHGEVU QP UWUVCKPKPI HQTGUV FGXGNQROGPV KP VJG
OKF CPF NQPI VGTO
6JG ECUG UVWFKGU1216 RTQRQUG
• 6JG NQIIKPI DCP UJQWNF DG TGOQXGF HTQO EQNNGEVKXG HQTGUVU YJGTG CRRTQRTKCVG CPF VJG
HCTOGTU RTQXKFGF YKVJ UGEWTG RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU QXGT VJGKT HQTGUVU
• %QORGPUCVKQP UJQWNF DG RTQXKFGF HQT VJG NQUUGU QH RTKXCVG KPXGUVQTU
• 6JG PCVWTCN HQTGUV RTQVGEVKQP RTQITCO UJQWNF PQV DG EQPUKFGTGF GSWKXCNGPV VQ C NQIIKPI
DCP. +P OCP[ ECUGU, PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG EQPUGTXCVKQP ECP EQGZKUV YKVJ VKODGT CPF 06(2
WVKNK\CVKQP, IKXGP C ECTGHWNN[ FGUKIPGF QRGTCVKQPCN RNCP CPF CP CRRTQRTKCVG JCTXGUVKPI
TGIKOG.
• 6JG IQXGTPOGPV UJQWNF OCMG C ITCFWCN CPF ECTGHWNN[ RNCPPGF VTCPUKVKQP QXGT VKOG
HTQO C DNCPMGV DCP VQ C OQTG FKXGTUKHKGF HNGZKDNG CRRTQCEJ VJCV GPCDNGU UWUVCKPCDNG
HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV QH UVCVG-QYPGF HQTGUVU. 6JKU YKNN TGSWKTG RNCPPKPI HQT FKXGTUKHKGF
NCPF WUG VJCV KPENWFGU GPUWTKPI CFGSWCVG RTQVGEVKQP QH QNF ITQYVJ HQTGUVU, VTGG RNCPVKPI
CU YGNN CU PCVWTCN TGJCDKNKVCVKQP QH UKVGU1217
• 6JCV EQOOWPKV[-DCUGF PCVWTCN HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV UJQWNF DG EQPUKFGTGF CU CP QRVKQP
HQT DGVVGT OCPCIGOGPV QH PCVWTCN HQTGUVU KPUVGCF QH VJG NQIIKPI DCP1218
%NGCTN[, %JKPC EQWNF PQV JCXG CPVKEKRCVGF CNN VJG QWVEQOGU QH VJG NQIIKPI DCP, CPF KV YQWNF DG
WPHCKT VQ UKPING QWV %JKPC CNQPG HQT DNCOG. +P OQXKPI VQ CXQKF GEQNQIKECN FKUCUVGT CV JQOG,
$GKLKPI JQYGXGT JCU ECWUKPI C ECVCUVTQRJG CDTQCF, VQ UWRRN[ KVU JWIG FGOCPF HQT VKODGT CPF
VKODGT RTQFWEVU. ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ITQWRU CTG OQPKVQTKPI VJG CNCTOKPI KORCEV QH FGOCPF HTQO
%JKPC KP 4WUUKC, +PFQPGUKC, $WTOC, %CODQFKC, .CQU, 8KGVPCO, 6JCKNCPF, )CDQP CPF 2CRWC
0GY )WKPGC. ,CRCP'U JWPIGT HQT VKODGT JGNRGF FGUVTQ[ VJG TCKP HQTGUVU QH VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU CPF
$QTPGQ CPF GEQNQIKUVU PQY HGCT %JKPC YKNN HGNN VJG TGUV. 6Q OCMG OCVVGTU YQTUG KNNGICN NQIIGTU
1216 %%+%’& 2002, 2003 1217 %%+%’& 2003 1218 9GKLK &GPI PF
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 199
CTG VCMKPI CFXCPVCIG QH GPVTGPEJGF EQTTWRVKQP KP VKODGT-RTQFWEKPI EQWPVTKGU VQ UWRRN[ VJKU
FGOCPF. 6JG NQYNCPF HQTGUVU QH +PFQPGUKC, HQT GZCORNG CTG DGKPI U[UVGOCVKECNN[ FGUVTQ[GF D[
C EQTTWRV VTKCPING QH OKNKVCT[ QHHKEGTU, VKODGT DCTQPU CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQORCPKGU. #V VJG
EWTTGPV TCVGU QH FGUVTWEVKQP, HQTGUVU YKNN FKUCRRGCT QP 5WOCVTC CPF −CNKOCPVCP DGHQTG 2010.
%JKPC KU OQXKPI KP CIITGUUKXGN[, OWUENKPI QWV EQORGVKVQTU CPF YCU TCRKFN[ DGEQOKPI VJG
NGCFKPI FGUVKPCVKQP HQT +PFQPGUKC'U KNNGICN NQIU. 6JGTG YCU GXKFGPEG VQ UWIIGUV VJCV KP 2002
%JKPC KORQTVGF 200 VKOGU VJG SWCPVKV[ QH NQIU TGRQTVGF D[ +PFQPGUKCP EWUVQOU. 0GCTN[ 50% QH
%JKPC'U KORQTVU EQOG HTQO VJG EQPKHGTQWU HQTGUVU QH 5KDGTKC CPF VJG 4WUUKCP (CT ’CUV CPF
KNNGICN NQIIKPI EQWNF GZEGGF 70% QH VJG VQVCN1219 YKVJ EQTTWRV QHHKEKCNU CPF ETKOKPCN ICPIU QP
DQVJ UKFGU QH VJG DQTFGT RNC[KPI C TQNG1220. 9KVJ C DQTFGT VJCV GZVGPFU CRRTQZKOCVGN[ 2000
OKNGU CPF FQ\GPU QH DQTFGT ETQUUKPIU1221 VJCV CNNQY HQT VJG WPTGIWNCVGF GZRQTV QH NQIU. .QECN
QDUGTXGTU ENCKO VJGTG KU NKVVNG OQPKVQTKPI QT NGICN EQPVTQN QH VJG VKODGT VTCFG CPF VJCV JWPFTGFU
QH UOCNN EQPVTCEVQTU CTG UWRRN[KPI %JKPGUG VKODGT DW[GTU. 5QOG %JKPGUG NQIIKPI EQORCPKGU
JCXG DGIWP KPXGUVKPI KP NQIIKPI EQORCPKGU1222 KP 5KDGTKC CPF VJG 4WUUKCP (CT ’CUV CPF VQ
OCPCIG NQIIKPI QRGTCVKQPU CU YGNN1223. +V KU GUVKOCVGF VJCV 70% QH %CODQFKC'U NQIIKPI KU
WPTGIWNCVGF CPF OWEJ QH KV KU FGUVKPGF HQT %JKPC. 2JPQO 2GPJ, JQYGXGT, GZRGNNGF VJG
GPXKTQPOGPVCN ITQWR )NQDCN 9KVPGUU1224, YJQ JCF DGGP EQPVTCEVGF VQ OQPKVQT KNNGICN NQIIKPI,
DGECWUG VJG[ PCOGF EQTTWRV QHHKEKCNU KP VJG VKODGT VTCFG1225. 6JG ECUJ-UVTCRRGF OKNKVCT[ TGIKOG
KP 4CPIQQP JCU DGGP CEEWUGF QH GZEGUUKXG NQIIKPI KP UQOG QH VJG YQTNF'U NCTIGUV TGOCKPKPI
VTCEVU QH XKTIKP VTQRKECN HQTGUV. ’ZVGPUKXG CTGCU QH RTKUVKPG HQTGUV KP −CEJKP UVCVG, QP VJG 9GUVGTP
UNQRGU QH )CQNKIQPIUJCP, JCXG DGGP HGNNGF VQ UWRRN[ VJG %JKPC VTCFG. 9JKNG VYQ PCVKQPCN
PCVWTG TGUGTXGU RTQVGEV VJG %JKPGUG UKFG QH VJG OQWPVCKPU, %JKPGUG EQORCPKGU CTG ECTT[KPI QWV
NCTIG-UECNG, WPTGIWNCVGF NQIIKPI CPF OKPKPI QRGTCVKQPU QP VJG $WTOGUG UKFG. 6JG KORNKECVKQPU
HQT NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV YKNN DG ECVCUVTQRJKE1226. #U VJG NQIIKPI DCP VQQM
JQNF KP VJG NCVG 1990'U %JKPC UWFFGPN[ DGECOG VJG YQTNF'U UGEQPF DKIIGUV VKODGT KORQTVGT,
CHVGT VJG 75#. 6JG NQIIKPI DCP YCU C JWIG HCEVQT, DWV VJGTG CTG QVJGTU VQQ. &QOGUVKE
1219 17OKNNKQP EWDKE OGVTGU. 1220 .CIWG 2003, 2004 1221 #PF HTQ\GP TKXGTU. 1222 −NWEJK CPF ’RQU 1223 9GP $Q PF, −PKIJV 2000 1224 JVVR://YYY.INQDCNYKVPGUU.QTI/ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1225 .CTOGT CPF 5GPQ 2003 1226 )NQDCN 9KVPGUU 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 200
EQPUWORVKQP KU ITQYKPI HCUV CU VJG OKFFNG ENCUUGU DW[ PGY JQOGU CPF %JKPC WPFGTVCMGU JWIG
EKXKN EQPUVTWEVKQP RTQLGEVU. %JKPC'U GPVT[ KPVQ 9611227 JCU FTKXGP VCTKHHU HQT OQUV VKODGT
KORQTVU FQYP VQ \GTQ, HWGNNKPI KORQTVU CU YGNN CU C TCRKFN[ GZRCPFKPI GZRQTV KPFWUVT[ OQUV QH
KV FGUVKPGF VQ VJG 75 CPF ’WTQRG. 6JG TKUG KP FGOCPF HTQO %JKPC KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ FGXCUVCVKPI HQT
#UKC KP VGTOU QH KVU VKOKPI CPF OQOGPVWO. (QTGUVU YGTG CNTGCF[ FGRNGVGF CHVGT FGECFGU QH
HGNNKPI, D[ VJG 75 CPF ’WTQRG CPF OQTG TGEGPVN[ ,CRCP, 6CKYCP CPF −QTGC, DGHQTG %JKPC
DGECOG C OCLQT RNC[GT. +P OCP[ #UKCP EQWPVTKGU EQPUGTXCVKQP RQNKEKGU YGTG QPN[ LWUV DGKPI
KORNGOGPVGF YJGP %JKPC'U GEQPQO[ VQQM QHH CPF VJGTG CTG HGCTU VJCV RTQVGEVKXG OGCUWTGU YKNN
RTQXG KPCFGSWCVG KP VJG HCEG QH GEQPQOKE RTGUUWTG. /CPCIKPI %JKPC'U TGSWKTGOGPVU KU XKVCN HQT
VJG UWTXKXCN QH UQOG QH VJG YQTNF'U OQUV XCNWCDNG TGOCKPKPI VTCEVU QH HQTGUV. &GURKVG VJG ITKO
QWVNQQM VJGTG CTG UKIPU VJCV $GKLKPI KU YKNNKPI VQ YQTM YKVJ HQTGKIP IQXGTPOGPVU CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN ITQWRU VQ VT[ VQ GPF VJG VTCFG KP KNNGICN NQIU CPF VKODGT RTQFWEVU.
+P &GEGODGT 2002, $GKLKPI CPF ,CMCTVC UKIPGF C OGOQTCPFWO QH WPFGTUVCPFKPI VQ EWTD VJG
HNQY QH KNNGICN VKODGT KPVQ %JKPC. +V QWVNKPGU PQ URGEKHKE RNCPU QT RQNKEKGU, QPN[ C NKUV QH
KPVGPVKQPU. +V KU JQYGXGT, C RQUKVKXG UVGR JQNFKPI DQVJ IQXGTPOGPVU CEEQWPVCDNG1228. /CP[
GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUVU JQYGXGT TGOCKP UEGRVKECN VJCV VJKU YKNN JCXG CP[ KORCEV WPVKN ,CMCTVC VCEMNGU
VJG EQTTWRVKQP UWTTQWPFKPI VJG NQIIKPI CPF VKODGT KPFWUVTKGU1229. 6JGTG CTG CNUQ JKIJ JQRGU VJCV
%JKPC YKNN LQKP KPVGTPCVKQPCN GHHQTVU VQ EGTVKH[ NGICNN[ NQIIGF VKODGT UQ VJCV KV ECP DG VTCEMGF
HTQO HQTGUV VQ GPF-WUGT.
$GKLKPI KU CNUQ EQOKPI WPFGT RTGUUWTG VQ TGNCZ KVU NQIIKPI DCP UGNGEVKXGN[ UQ VJCV FGUKIPCVGF
HQTGUVU ECP DG JCTXGUVGF QP C UWUVCKPCDNG DCUKU. #V VJG UCOG VKOG GPXKTQPOGPVCN ITQWRU, UWEJ
CU 99( CTG GPEQWTCIKPI %JKPC VQ GZRCPF KVU EQOOGTEKCN VKODGT RNCPVCVKQPU, YJKEJ EQWNF
TGRNCEG C DKI RTQRQTVKQP QH KORQTVU KH OCPCIGF GHHKEKGPVN[. 5QOG HQTGKIP-QYPGF VKODGT
RNCPVCVKQP EQORCPKGU XKGY %JKPC CU C 'UWRRNKGTU' OCTMGV HQT 20 [GCTU' CPF CTG GZRCPFKPI VJGKT
JQNFKPIU. 6JG 6QTQPVQ NKUVGF 5KPQ-(QTGUV %QTR, YJKEJ QRGTCVGU RNCPVCVKQPU KP UQWVJGTP %JKPC,
1227 9QTNF 6TCFG 1TICPKUCVKQP. 1228 .CTOGT CPF 5GPQ 2003 1229 .CIWG 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 201
RNCPU VQ NKUV C UWDUKFKCT[, 5KPQ-9QQF, KP *QPI −QPI GCTN[ KP 2004 YKVJ VJG RTQEGGFU VQ DG WUGF
VQ HWPF GZRCPUKQP QP VJG OCKPNCPF1230.
0CVWTCN (QTGUV 2TQVGEVKQP 2TQITCOOG
+P &GE 2000, VJG 5VCVG %QWPEKN CPPQWPEGF C NCTIG CPF WPKSWG RNCP HQT RTQVGEVKPI %JKPC'U
PCVWTCN HQTGUVU, VJG 0CVWTCN (QTGUV 2TQVGEVKQP 2TQITCOOG (0(22). 6JG JKUVQTKE TQQVU HQT VJG
RNCP IQ DCEM VQ VJG 1970'U, DWV VJG KUUWGU YGTG FTCOCVKECNN[ DTQWIJV VQ RWDNKE CVVGPVKQP,
DGECWUG QH VJG JGCX[ HNQQFU KP 1998 CPF C PWODGT QH RTQXKPEGU KPVTQFWEGF C HGNNKPI DCP. +P VJG
VYQ [GCTU HQNNQYKPI, VJG %JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV KPXGUVGF d0.68 DKNNKQP1231 KP 0(22 CPF TGNCVGF
CEVKXKVKGU. 5QOG QH VJG HWPFU YGTG WUGF VQ RTQXKFG PGY LQDU CPF UQOG HQT EQORGPUCVKQP VQ
NQECN IQXGTPOGPVU1232 DWV VJG OCKP HQEWU YCU QP HQTGUV RTQVGEVKQP CPF TGHQTGUVCVKQP. +P ;WPPCP,
VJKU RTQLGEV EQXGTU 8.5OKNNKQP JC QH HQTGUVNCPF1233 KP VJG OCKP TKXGT DCUKPU1234 EQORTKUKPI 74
EQWPVKGU1235. 6JG CKO QH VJGUG HQTGUVU KU VQ RTQXKFG CP GPXKTQPOGPVCN HWPEVKQP KP VGTOU QH
DKQFKXGTUKV[, ENKOCVG TGIWNCVKQP, PWVTKGPV E[ENKPI CPF YCVGT CPF UQKN EQPUGTXCVKQP. 6JG RTQLGEV
KPENWFGU PQV QPN[ VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH GZKUVKPI PCVWTCN HQTGUV DWV CHHQTGUVCVKQP D[ RNCPVKPI, CKT
UGGFKPI CPF OQWPVCKP ENQUWTG.
’VJPKE OKPQTKVKGU CTG ETKVKECN QH 0(22 CPF OQWPVCKP ENQUWTG KP CTGCU VJCV YGTG JKUVQTKECN
ITC\KPI NCPFU1236 DGECWUG VJTQWIJQWV VJGKT NKXGU, VJG[ JCF RTQVGEVGF VJGKT HQTGUV CPF GPJCPEGF
NQECN DKQFKXGTUKV[1237 CPF VJG[ YGTG PQV TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG HGNNKPI. 6JG[ TGEGKXGF NKVVNG QT PQ
EQORGPUCVKQP CPF CTG GZRGEVGF VQ 'RTQVGEV' VJG HQTGUV, YJKEJ GZENWFGU VJGO CPF KIPQTGU VJGKT
EWUVQOCT[ TKIJVU, KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF NKPIWKUVKE GEQNQIKGU1238.
%CUG UVWFKGU1239 JCXG GZRTGUUGF EQPEGTP CDQWV 0(22
1230 JVVR://YYY.UKPQHQTGUV.EQO/ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1231 VGP DKNNKQP %JKPC ;WCP 4GPOKPDK (4/$). 1232 /CNNGG 2000 1233 #EEQWPVKPI HQT 66% QH HQTGUV NCPF KP ;WPPCP. 1234 0COGN[ VJG WRRGT ;CPIV\G, /GMQPI, CPF 5CNYGGP. 1235 13 RTGHGEVWTGU. 1236 #PF CTG PQY FGUKIPCVGF HQT TGHQTGUVCVKQP, JCXG DGGP HGPEGF QHH CPF GPENQUGF CICKPUV VJGO. 1237 %JGP $Q GV CN 2003, *G, ;W, CPF .K 2000, ;KP 5JCQVKPI 2001 1238 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP *G 5JCQ ;KPI 2001 1239 %%+%’& 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 202
• FWG VQ VJG NCEM QH CP[ URGEKHKE QRGTCVKPI TGIWNCVKQPU HQT HQTGUV ECTG CPF OCPCIGOGPV
CPF KVU HCKNWTG VQ CFFTGUU VJG UWDUKUVGPEG PGGFU QH VJG RQQT
• VJCV VJG GEQNQIKECN IQCNU QH 0(22 CTG PQV DGKPI HWNN[ OGV KP VJCV VJG RTQOQVKQP QH
OQPQEWNVWTG RNCPVKPIU KP RTQVGEVGF CTGCU HCKNU VQ GPUWTG RTGUGTXCVKQP QH DKQFKXGTUKV[
7RNCPF %QPXGTUKQP (CITKEWNVWTG VQ HQTGUV)
6JG CKO QH '7RNCPF %QPXGTUKQP' (7%) YCU VQ EWTD CNN CITKEWNVWTG QP NCPFU YKVJ C UNQRG QH QXGT
25 FGITGGU. 7PFGT VJG RTQITCOOG, HCTOGTU YGTG GPEQWTCIGF VQ RNCPV VTGGU QP VJGKT UVGGRGT
HKGNFU, CPF YGTG QHHGTGF HTGG ITCKP CPF ECUJ EQORGPUCVKQP VQ OCMG WR NQUUGU. #FFKVKQPCN UWOU
YGTG CFXCPEGF VQ GUVCDNKUJ PWTUGTKGU CPF CESWKTG UCRNKPIU. 9JGP EQORNGVGF VJG CKO KU VQ
EQPXGTV CTQWPF 14.67 OKNNKQP JGEVCTGU QH ETQRNCPF VQ HQTGUV QT RCUVWTG. &WTKPI VJG HKTUV VJTGG
[GCTU, VJG RTQITCO URTGCF VQ 20 RTQXKPEGU, 400 EQWPVKGU CPF 27,000 XKNNCIGU CPF OQTG VJCP 15
OKNNKQP HCTOGTU RCTVKEKRCVGF KP VJG RTQITCO. 6JG RQVGPVKCN KORCEV QH WRNCPF EQPXGTUKQP KU JWIG
CPF EQWNF CHHGEV 25% QH VJG OQWPVCKP RQRWNCVKQP QH 5QWVJYGUV %JKPC. 6JGTG YGTG EQPEGTPU
VJQWIJ VJCV EQORGPUCVKQP QH ITCKPU CPF ECUJ KU KPCFGSWCVG HQT VJG NQECN RQRWNCVKQP CPF
CNVGTPCVKXG NKXGNKJQQF UVTCVGIKGU CTG TGSWKTGF1240.
+P ;WPPCP, VJG RTQLGEV DGICP KP PKPG RKNQV EQWPVKGU1241 DWV VJGTG KU RQVGPVKCN HQT VJG RTQITCOOG
VQ URTGCF VQ 1261242 EQWPVKGU, YJKEJ JCXG UVGGR NCPF. 6JG RTQITCOOG JCU DGGP YKFGN[ CFQRVGF
CPF FGOCPF HQT VTGG UGGFNKPI, D[ 2000 GZEGGFGF 6O/[GCT1243. $[ 0QXGODGT 2000, OQTG VJCP
50,000 TWTCN JQWUGJQNFU KP ;WPPCP JCF UKIPGF EQPVTCEVU, YJKNG QVJGTU1244 YGTG TGRQTVKPI C
FGENKPG KP KPEQOG CPF HCTONCPF1245. 6JG GPVJWUKCUO CV NQECN NGXGN ECP DG GZRNCKPGF D[ VYQ
HCEVQTU. (KTUVN[, VJG EQORGPUCVKQP QH HQQF CPF ECUJ RGT OW1246 IGPGTCNN[ GZEGGFGF VJG HCTOGT'U
[KGNF QP VJG VCTIGVGF NCPF. 5GEQPFN[, VJG RTGXKQWU VJTGG [GCTU JCF DGGP RQQT KP VGTOU QH
CITKEWNVWTCN QWVRWV CPF UVQTGF HQQF YCU TWPPKPI QWV. 6JG EQORGPUCVKQP, VJGP UGTXGF CU
1240 <JCQ GV CN 2002 1241 %QORTKUKPI 11.21OKNNKQP OW QH UVGGR NCPF QH YJKEJ 2O OW JCU DGGP VTCPUHGTTGF VQ VGTTCEG, 8OKNNKQP OW VQ HQTGUV CPF 1OKNNKQP OW VQ ITCUUNCPF. 1242 1H 128 EQWPVKGU. 1243 6+0 2000
1244 7UWCNN[ RQQT PQP-RCTVKEKRCPVU. 1245 .K 9GKEJCPI 2001, 9CTF CPF %JCWFT[ 2001 1246 15 OW = 1 JGEVCTG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 203
GOGTIGPE[ CKF VQ HCTOGTU. 6JGTG YCU GXKFGPEG JQYGXGT, VJCV WRNCPF EQPXGTUKQP KU ECWUKPI
UQEKQGEQPQOKE EJCPIG, KPENWFKPI NQUU QH KPEQOG CPF HCTONCPF, KPETGCUGF QWV-OKITCVKQP CPF
UEJQQN FTQRQWV TCVGU, TGFWEGF EQOOWPKV[ CEVKQP, NCDQWT GZEJCPIG CPF UQEKCN EQJGUKQP CPF C
FGETGCUG KP EQNNGEVKXG VTWUVGGUJKR QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU1247. %WTKQWUN[, VJKU NQUU QH 'EQOOQP
NCPF/HQTGUV EQOOQP' JCU VCMGP RNCEG CV VJG UCOG VKOG CU NQECN XKNNCIG GNGEVKQPU, YJKEJ CTG
RTGFKECVGF QP 'NQECN UGNH-IQXGTPCPEG'. 6JG VYQ RTQEGUUGU, VJG NQUU QH EQPVTQN QXGT EQOOQPN[
OCPCIGF TGUQWTEGU CPF KPETGCUGF XKNNCIG EQPVTQN CTG QDXKQWU EQPVTCFKEVQT[ RJGPQOGPC1248.
5QOG HCTOGTU JCXG DGGP HQTEGF VQ UGNN NKXGUVQEM, TGPV ITC\KPI, ITC\G KNNGICNN[ KP 'ENQUGF' HQTGUV
QT OQWPVCKPU, QT GXGP ETQUU KPVGTPCVKQPCN DQWPFCTKGU KP UGCTEJ QH ITC\KPI1249. ’VJPKE OKPQTKVKGU
JCXG DGGP ETKVKECN QH VJG KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH 7RNCPF %QPXGTUKQP CPF C FGNGICVKQP CV VJG
955&1250 EQORNCKPGF VJCV VJG RQNKE[ GZENWFGF VJGO, OCTIKPCNK\GF VJGO CPF KORQXGTKUJGF
VJGO LWUV CU OWEJ CU VJG NQIIKPI RTKQT VQ 1998.
#NVJQWIJ %JKPC JCU TGXGTUGF KVU RQNKEKGU, KV EQPVKPWGU VQ VTGCV OKPQTKV[ RGQRNG CU RTKOKVKXG CPF
DCEMYCTF YKVJ PQ RQUKVKXG TQNG VQ RNC[ KP VJG TGIGPGTCVKQP QH HQTGUV. 6JG FGNGICVKQP YQWNF
YGNEQOG VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ RCTVKEKRCVG KP TGHQTGUVCVKQP VQ COGNKQTCVG GPXKTQPOGPVCN FCOCIG CU
EQTG UVCMGJQNFGTU CPF HQT EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ DCUGF QP DGUV KPVGTPCVKQPCN RTCEVKEG TCVJGT VJCP
CU CP KPUVTWOGPV QH UQEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI. 6JG[ TGSWGUVGF 955& VQ RTGUU %JKPC VQ CNNQY CNN
GVJPKE OKPQTKV[ ITQWRU VQ DGEQOG HWNN RCTVPGTU KP UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV1251. 6JGTG CTG VJQUG
YJQ SWGUVKQP KH 7RNCPF %QPXGTUKQP KU GEQPQOKECNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG, YJCV YKNN JCRRGP YJGP VJG
EQORGPUCVKQP TWPU QWV CPF KH VJG EQORGPUCVKQP KU CFGSWCVG KP VJG NQPI VGTO1252. +H
EQORGPUCVKQP CTTKXGU NCVG VJKU ECP ECWUG RTQDNGOU CPF URGEKGU EJQKEG KU MG[ DGECWUG RGQRNG
PGGF KPEQOG GCTN[1253. +P OCP[ RCTVU QH −JCO, ITC\KPI EQPVKPWGU KP VJG PGY HQTGUV CTGCU, CPF
UQOG JCXG UWIIGUVGF VJCV HQT TGHQTGUVCVKQP VQ UWEEGGF VJG NQECN GEQPQO[ UJQWNF JCXG DGGP
CNNQYGF VQ FKXGTUKH[ KPVQ CTGCU NKMG 06(2 CPF GEQVQWTKUO1254. +P VGTOU QH DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF
1247 %%+%’& 2001, &W CPF )WQ 2001 1248 5VWTIGQP 2003 1249 9CTF CPF %JCWFT[ 2001 1250 9QTNF 5WOOKV QP 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV =2002?. 1251 *QYCTF 1994, .K CPF *G 1998 1252 75’ 2000 1253 6JG .KUW CPF 0W RGQRNG QH 0WLKCPI WUGF VQ ITQY %CPPCDKU UCVKXC =JGOR? CU C ECUJ ETQR, DWV DGECWUG GEQPQOKE VTGGU FQ PQV IKXG VJG UCOG TGVWTP, VJG IQXGTPOGPV EQORGPUCVGU VJGO HQT PQV ITQYKPI JGOR. +H VJG EQORGPUCVKQP CTTKXGU NCVG VJG RGQRNG JCXG VQ EWV VTGGU, HQT UCNG, HTQO VJGKT EQNNGEVKXG HQTGUV. 1254 6+0 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 204
GTQUKQP RTGXGPVKQP VJGTG CTG VJQUG YJQ JCXG UWIIGUVGF VJCV C EQPKHGT OQPQEWNVWTG FQGU NKVVNG VQ
RTGXGPV GTQUKQP CPF VJCV VJG RTGXKQWU CITKEWNVWTCN NCPF OC[ JCXG GXGP UWRRQTVGF ITGCVGT
FKXGTUKV[. /WNVKRNG-UVQTG[ CITQ-HQTGUVT[ YQWNF JCXG DGGP C OQTG UWKVCDNG QRVKQP KP VGTOU QH
CFFTGUUKPI PWVTKVKQP, DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF GTQUKQP RTGXGPVKQP1255. 6JG WPEGTVCKPV[ CPF CODKIWKVKGU
UWTTQWPFKPI VJG VGPWTG CTTCPIGOGPVU YKNN JCTFN[ CEV CU CP KPEGPVKXG HQT HCTOGTU EQPUKFGTKPI
EQPXGTUKQP, GURGEKCNN[ CU VGPWTG TKIJVU CTG FKHHKEWNV VQ UWRRQTV WPFGT %JKPGUG NCY1256. .CUVN[,
CFGSWCVG HWPFKPI JCU PQV DGGP RTQXKFGF VQ RTQVGEV CPF OCPCIG VJG HQTGUV CHVGT VJG[ DGEQOG
GUVCDNKUJGF1257. #NVJQWIJ VJG RTQITCO KU KORTGUUKXG KP VGTOU QH UECNG, UWEEGUU KU FGRGPFGPV PQV
QPN[ QP GTQUKQP TGFWEVKQP, CPF CFGSWCVG NGXGNU QH NQPI-VGTO KPEQOG VQ RCTVKEKRCVKPI HCTOGTU
DWV VJG YGNNDGKPI QH RQQT PQP- RCTVKEKRCPVU. 5WTRTKUKPIN[, IKXGP VJG NCTIG GZRGPFKVWTGU QH GHHQTV
CPF ECRKVCN, VJG IQXGTPOGPV JCU WPFGTVCMGP XGT[ NKVVNG U[UVGOCVKE GXCNWCVKQP.
9JKNG OCP[ EQWPVTKGU JCXG KORNGOGPVGF CODKVKQWU EQPUGTXCVKQP UGV-CUKFG RTQITCOOGU1258
NGUUQPU ECP DG NGCTPGF HTQO VJG 75 %QPUGTXCVKQP 4GUGTXG 2TQITCO (%42), DGECWUG QH KVU UECNG,
JKUVQT[ CPF OQFKHKECVKQPU. 1HHKEKCNU KP VJG 75 YGTG EQPEGTPGF CDQWV VJG EQUV-GHHGEVKXGPGUU QH
%42, KVU UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, CPF VJG RQUV-EQPVTCEV NCPF WUG FGEKUKQPU QH RCTVKEKRCVKPI HCTOGTU. 6JG[
HQWPF VJCV HCTOGTU YKVJ JKIJ EWTTGPV HCTO KPEQOG CPF VJQUG YKVJ JKIJN[ RTQFWEVKXG NCPF YGTG
NGUU NKMGN[ VQ TG-GPTQN KP %42 YJGP VJG EQPVTCEV GZRKTGF, CPF VJCV HCTOGTU VJCV YGTG NGUU TKUM
CXGTUG, JCXG JKIJGT FKUEQWPV TCVGU CPF JCXG OQTG FGDV YGTG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ TGVWTP VQ EWNVKXCVKQP.
9JKNG VJG RQNKE['U ETKVGTKQP YCU ENGCT, ECUG UVWFKGU QH 7RNCPF %QPXGTUKQP KP %JKPC1259 JCXG
UJQYP VJCV VJG URGGF, VQR-FQYP PCVWTG CPF QXGT-WPKHQTOKV[ QH KORNGOGPVCVKQP NGF VQ UQOG
CPQOCNKGU CPF HCKNKPIU:
• +P CFFKVKQP VQ NCPF YKVJ UVGGR UNQRGU UQOG TGIKQPU JCXG IKXGP RTKQTKV[ VQ HNCV UKVGU ENQUG
VQ VJG TQCF
• 6JG RTQITCO NCEMU U[UVGOCVKE KPFKECVQTU VJCV OGCUWTGU VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN DGPGHKVU QH
GCEJ UKVG
1255 /CNNGG 2000 1256 /CNNGG 2000, RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP <JCQ 21/8/01 1257 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP *W CPF .W 16/8/01 1258 (GTTCTQ CPF 5KORUQP 2000, 7EJKFC GV CN 2004 1259 %%+%’& 2002, 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 205
• 6JGTG CTG PQ ENGCT IWKFGNKPGU QXGT RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU QT HWVWTG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ HQT
OCPCIGOGPV QH VJG VTGGU
• 6JGTG JCU DGGP C OKUOCVEJ DGVYGGP NQECN CPF EGPVTCN IQXGTPOGPV VCTIGVU.
• 6TGG UWTXKXCN TCVGU JCXG KP IGPGTCN DGGP NGUU VJCP 50%
• 6JGTG YCU C VGEJPKECN DKCU HCXQWTKPI VTGG RNCPVKPI QXGT QVJGT XGIGVCVKQP CPF TGNKCPEG
JGCXKN[ QP CEVKXKVKGU NKOKVGF VQ VJG HQTGUVT[ UGEVQT.
• 6JG URGGF QH KORNGOGPVCVKQP YCU DG[QPF VJG HKPCPEKCN, VGEJPKECN, KPUVKVWVKQPCN CPF
JWOCP ECRCEKV[ QH VJG CEVQTU KPXQNXGF.
• 6JGTG YCU NKVVNG KPVGITCVKQP YKVJ QVJGT TGNCVGF CTGCU QH CITKEWNVWTG.
• 6JGTG YCU RQQT RNCPV/VTGG UGNGEVKQP CPF CP GEQPQOKE VTGG DKCU
• 6JGTG YCU CODKIWKV[ QXGT 'YCUVGNCPF' CPF 'DCTG NCPF' CHHQTGUVCVKQP
• 6JGTG YCU C VQVCN NCEM QH HCTOGT RCTVKEKRCVKQP KP VJG RNCPPKPI FGUKIP CPF NQPI-VGTO
OCPCIGOGPV QH VJG NCPF EQPXGTUKQP RTQITCO
• 6JGTG YCU RQQT GZVGPUKQP KP VGTOU QH VJG EQPVGPV QH VJG RQNKE[
• (CTOGTU JCF PQ KPHNWGPEG QP VJG EJQKEG QH VGEJPQNQI[ QT URGEKGU QH XGIGVCVKQP VQ DG
WUGF.
• +V NGCF VQ C FKUVQTVKQP QH NQECN OCTMGVU RWVVKPI FQYPYCTF RTGUUWTG QP RTKEGU, FGETGCUKPI
KPEQOGU HQT HCTOGTU YJQ CTG PQV KPXQNXGF KP 7% [GV UVKNN TGN[ QP ETQR RTQFWEVKQP.
6JG UVWFKGU RTQRQUGF
• 7RNCPF EQPXGTUKQP UJQWNF DG KPVGITCVGF KPVQ YCVGTUJGF OCPCIGOGPV
• 9CUVGNCPF RNCPVKPI UJQWNF DG TGFWEGF
• 4GNKCPEG QP PCVWTCN TGIGPGTCVKQP QH CPVK-FTQWIJV URGEKGU UJQWNF DG KPETGCUGF
• %QPUGTXCVKQP VGEJPQNQI[ UJQWNF DG KPVGITCVGF KPVQ VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH QTEJCTFU
• #P GZVGPUKQP VQ VJG EQORGPUCVKQP RGTKQF UJQWNF DG EQPUKFGTGF
• (CTOGT RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU QP EQPXGTVGF NCPF UJQWNF DG TGKPHQTEGF
• 6JG IQXGTPOGPV UJQWNF CFQRV C JQNKUVKE, OQTG HNGZKDNG CPF OWNVK-UGEVQTCN CRRTQCEJ VQ
OCMG WRNCPF EQPXGTUKQP DQVJ GEQNQIKECNN[ CPF GEQPQOKECNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG. 9JCV KU
PGGFGF KU CP CRRTQCEJ CKOGF CV CEJKGXKPI GEQNQIKECN TGUVQTCVKQP YJKNG RTQXKFKPI
TGCNKUVKE, GEQPQOKE OCTMGV-DCUGF KPEGPVKXGU VQ JQWUGJQNFU. 6JKU YKNN TGSWKTG C OQTG
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 206
HKPG-VWPGF, FGEGPVTCNK\GF, NQECVKQP-URGEKHKE CRRTQCEJ UWKVGF VQ JKIJN[ FKXGTUG WRNCPF
EQPXGTUKQP EKTEWOUVCPEGU.
• 6JG IQXGTPOGPV UJQWNF RTQOQVG TQWVKPG KPFGRGPFGPV OQPKVQTKPI CPF GXCNWCVKQP VQ
KORTQXG RNCPPKPI CPF KORNGOGPVCVKQP CV CNN NGXGNU, CFQRVKPI C RCTVKEKRCVQT[
EQPUWNVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ VQ RNCPPKPI VJCV KPXQNXGU UVCMGJQNFGTU.
0CVWTG %QPUGTXCVKQP
#NVJQWIJ PCVWTG TGUGTXGU YGTG KPVTQFWEGF KP 5QWVJYGUV %JKPC UQOG VKOG CIQ, VJGKT
KPVTQFWEVKQP JCU TGEGPVN[ DGGP KPETGCUGF CPF VJGKT KORCEV PGGFU VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF KP VCPFGO
YKVJ VJG QVJGT HQTGUV RQNKEKGU. 2NCPU YGTG HKTUV OCFG HQT PCVWTG TGUGTXGU KP ;WPPCP KP 1958, DWV
FWG VQ NCEM QH HWPFU CPF EQPUGTXCVKQP CYCTGPGUU, VJG[ YGTG PQV KORNGOGPVGF HQT 22 [GCTU.
&WTKPI VJCV VKOG 900 VKIGTU, 40,000 NGQRCTFU CPF 85,000 R[VJQPU YGTG MKNNGF. .GCTPKPI HTQO
VJKU NGUUQP VJG ;WPPCP 2TQXKPEKCN )QXGTPOGPV (;2)) JCU OCFG C UKIPKHKECPV KPXGUVOGPV KP VJG
GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH PCVWTG TGUGTXGU. $[ VJG GPF QH 1999, ;WPPCP JCF GUVCDNKUJGF OQTG PCVWTG
TGUGTXGU VJCP CP[ QVJGT RTQXKPEG KP %JKPC1260. /QUV PCVWTG TGUGTXGU1261 EQOG WPFGT VJG FKTGEV
OCPCIGOGPV QH VJG YKNFNKHG EQPUGTXCVKQP QHHKEG QH ;WPPCP (QTGUVT[ $WTGCW (;($).6JGTG CTG
RNCPU, KP ;WPPCP, VQ CFF 11 PCVWTG TGUGTXGU CPF 3 DCUGU HQT YKNF URGEKGU FWTKPI VJG 10VJ 5-[GCT
HQTGUVT[ RNCP. 0CVWTG TGUGTXGU CTG QHVGP UKVWCVGF PGCT VJG RQQT, YJQ OC[ TGEQIPK\G VJGKT
KORQTVCPEG DWV TGSWKTG HKTGYQQF, VKODGT, HQQF, OGFKEKPGU, CPF ITC\KPI HQT VJGKT UWDUKUVGPEG
NKXGNKJQQFU, YJKEJ NGCFU VQ EQPHNKEV. #FFKVKQPCNN[ DKTFU CPF CPKOCNU ECP FGUVTQ[ ETQRU, CPF
HCTOGTU TGEGKXG KPCFGSWCVG EQORGPUCVKQP1262. '8QNWPVCT[' TGNQECVKQP QH RGQRNG HTQO TGUGTXGU,
JCU RTQXGF RQUUKDNG KP UQOG RCTVU QH ;WPPCP, CNVJQWIJ KP &CPUJCPDCQ VQYPUJKR 30 HCOKNKGU
CUMGF VQ DG TGNQECVGF YKVJKP VJG VQYPUJKR TCVJGT VJCP OQXKPI VQ 5KOCQ 2TGHGEVWTG. %WTTGPVN[,
JQYGXGT, PQ HWPFKPI KU CXCKNCDNG HQT TGNQECVKQP YKVJKP C VQYPUJKR. 0CVWTG TGUGTXG OCPCIGTU
JQRG VJCV VQWTKUO YKNN DTKPI KPETGCUGF KPEQOG, DWV VJKU OC[ PGICVKXGN[ KORCEV VJG YKNFNKHG VJG
1260 112 TGUGTXGU YKVJ C VQVCN NCPF CTGC QH 2.2OKNNKQP JC EQORTKUKPI 6.6% QH VJG RTQXKPEG. 1261 100 QWV QH 112. 1262 G.I. &WTKPI 1998 CPF 1999 DKTFU FGUVTQ[GF 300 JC QH ETQRU KP .KLKCPI YGVNCPF TGUGTXG, CPF HCTOGTU QPN[ TGEGKXGF 75& 4,200 .
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 207
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF VJG NQECN EWNVWTG1263. /CP[ TGUGTXGU (GURGEKCNN[ KP PQTVJ ;WPPCP) CTG
QXGT-UVCHHGF, DWV WPFGT HWPFGF, CPF CU C TGUWNV VJGTG KU NKVVNG FCVC EQNNGEVKQP, KPXGPVQT[
FGXGNQROGPV QT TGRQTVKPI. /CPCIGOGPV ECRCDKNKV[ KU C OCLQT YGCMPGUU CPF VJGTG CTG PQ
U[UVGOU VQ OQPKVQT ITQYVJ CPF FGENKPG QH YKNFNKHG URGEKGU. 5WDUGSWGPVN[ VJG CEVWCN UVCVWU QH
YKNFNKHG RQRWNCVKQPU KP OCP[ QH ;WPPCP'U TGUGTXGU KU SWKVG WPEGTVCKP. $GVVGT RNCPPKPI KU
TGSWKTGF CPF OQTG ECRCEKV[ DWKNFKPI KP YKNFNKHG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF VQWTKUO OCPCIGOGPV, CPF
OQTG TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF VQ HKPF C HQTOWNC VJCV DCNCPEGU GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[
RTQVGEVKQP, EWNVWTCN RTGUGTXCVKQP, CPF EQOOWPKV[ FGXGNQROGPV. +P QTFGT VQ OCKPVCKP VJG
TGUGTXGU CPF TGFWEG EQPHNKEV RTQXKUKQP JCU DGGP OCFG YKVJKP VJG PCVWTG TGUGTXG NGIKUNCVKQP (KP
VJG GZRGTKOGPVCN CTGCU) HQT: HWGN YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU; GEQPQOKE VTGGU; TWTCN GPGTI[; 06(2
FGXGNQROGPV; GEQ-VQWTKUO; KPHTCUVTWEVWTG FGXGNQROGPV CPF GORNQ[OGPV. 2TQXKUKQP CNUQ GZKUVU
HQT VJG LQKPV-OCPCIGOGPV QH PCVWTG TGUGTXG DGVYGGP VJG ;($ CPF VJG NQECN RGQRNG.
0QPG QH VJG HQTGUV RQNKEKGU ETKVKSWGF CDQXG GPJCPEG VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF VJG YGNN-DGKPI QH VJG
TGIKQP'U RQQT QT OKPQTKV[ RGQRNG. 6JG[ CNN CTG DCUGF QP C DKQEGPVTKE FKUEQWTUG VJCV RTKQTKVK\GU
GPXKTQPOGPVCN LWUVKEG QXGT UQEKCN LWUVKEG. +P UQ FQKPI, VJKU FKUEQWTUG UVTKMGU FKTGEVN[ CV GHHQTVU
VQ CFFTGUU VJG HGNV PGGFU QH VJG RQQT CPF KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU. 6JG QPN[ RQNKE[ VJCV OCMGU CP[
RTQXKUKQP HQT VJG UWDUKUVGPEG PGGFU1264 KU 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCVKQP. ’XGP VJKU CRRGCTU VQ DG C
EQPEGUUKQP TCVJGT VJCP C FGNKDGTCVG CKO. 1PG XKUKQP HQT HQTGUVT[ KP VJG TGIKQP YQWNF DG DCUGF
QP OWNVK-CKO EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[1265 DCUGF QP DGUV KPVGTPCVKQPCN RTCEVKEG, TCVJGT VJCP UQEKCN
HQTGUVT[1266, YJKEJ CRRGCTU VQ DG VJG CPVKVJGUKU. #P CNVGTPCVKXG OKIJV DG EQOOWPKV[- DCUGF
PCVWTCN HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV1267. 7PHQTVWPCVGN[, VJG OCKP QDUVCENG VQ YKFGT UWEEGUU KP
EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ KU VJCV VJG CRRTQCEJ DGKPI FGOQPUVTCVGF CPF CFXQECVGF D[ C PWODGT QH
RTQLGEVU1268 KP ;WPPCP JCU PQV DGGP CFQRVGF D[ VJG IQXGTPOGPV. #NVJQWIJ VJG IQXGTPOGPV
RGTOKVU HQTGKIP CIGPEKGU VQ ECTT[ QWV EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ KPKVKCVKXGU, CPF 5QWVJ 9GUV (QTGUVT[
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 208
%QNNGIG (;WPPCP) CPF 5KEJWCP (QTGUVT[ %QNNGIG JCXG CRRTQRTKCVG FGRCTVOGPVU, VJG
IQXGTPOGPV TGICTFU VJG CRRTQCEJ CU VQQ GZRGPUKXG CPF VKOG-EQPUWOKPI. +PFGGF CNN VJG PGY
HQTGUV RQNKEKGU TWP FKTGEVN[ EQWPVGT VQ EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[.
)KXGP VJG NCEM QH EQOOKVOGPV VQ EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[, YC[U UJQWNF DG UQWIJV VQ TGXKUG VJG PGY
RQNKEKGU UQ VJCV VJG[ GPJCPEG VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF VJG YGNN-DGKPI QH VJG RQQT KP VJG HQNNQYKPI
YC[U:-
• 6JGTG UJQWNF DG HWNN RCTVPGTUJKR/RCTVKEKRCVKQP HQT CNN GVJPKE CPF NQECN ITQWRU KP CNN
HQTGUVT[ RTQITCOU CNNWFGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 5 UGEVKQP 5.5, 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 CPF 5.9
• 6JG NQIIKPI DCP UJQWNF DG TGOQXGF HTQO EQNNGEVKXG HQTGUVU CPF RGQRNG RTQXKFGF
YKVJ RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU
• 6JGTG UJQWNF DG GCUKGT TGENCUUKHKECVKQP QH PCVWTG TGUGTXG1269
• (QTGUVU UWDLGEV VQ VJG NQIIKPI DCP UJQWNF ITCFWCNN[ DGEQOG UWUVCKPCDN[ OCPCIGF
(OWNVKRNG CKO) QT KPENWFGF KP EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ RTQITCOOGU
• 10% QH CNN HQTGUVU UJQWNF DG FGUKIPCVGF HQT UWDUKUVGPEG WUG
• $CTG/DWTPV CTGCU KP CNN 0CVWTG 4GUGTXGU UJQWNF DG FGUKIPCVGF HQT %QOOWPKV[
2NCPVCVKQPU
• 6JG HKTGYQQF/06(2 SWQVC UJQWNF DG KPETGCUGF1270 HTQO HQTGUVU UWDLGEV VQ NQIIKPI
DCP.
• 6JCV UWDUKUVGPEG RTQXKUKQP (QH HWGN, 06(2 GVE) DG GUVCDNKUJGF KP VJG GZRGTKOGPVCN
\QPGU QH CNN 0CVWTG 4GUGTXGU
• 6JCV GZRGTKOGPVCN \QPGU KP 0CVWTG 4GUGTXGU DG NQECVGF PGCT XKNNCIGU
• 6JCV ENGCTGT VGPWTG CTTCPIGOGPVU DG OCFG HQT VJQUG RCTVKEKRCVKPI KP 7%
• 6JCV HWPFU HQT 7% HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV DG OCFG CXCKNCDNG
• 6JCV URGEKGU EJQKEG HQT 7% UJQWNF PQV LWUV EQORTKUG EQPKHGT OQPQEWNVWTGU DWV
UJQWNF CFFTGUU YCVGT CPF UQKN EQPUGTXCVKQP, DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF CITQ-HQTGUVT[.
1269 (TQO EQTG VQ GZRGTKOGPVCN YJGTG TGSWKTGF. 1270 C UOCNN WPHKZGF SWQVC QH HKTGYQQF/06(2 YCU CNNQYGF HTQO HQTGUVU UWDLGEV VQ VJG NQIIKPI DCP KP QTFGT VQ CFFTGUU UWDUKUVGPEG PGGF.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 209
7.7 %10%.75+105
+P VJKU EJCRVGT, YG EQPUKFGTGF %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP GEQ-URKTKVWCN, PCVWTG, TCEG, CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUGU CPF RQNKE[ CPF TGCEJGF VJG HQNNQYKPI EQPENWUKQPU.
6TCFKVKQPCN TGNKIKQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CTG DGKPI TGEQPUKFGTGF KP #UKC HQT VJGKT
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQVGPVKCN. +P 6JCKNCPF, OQPMU CTG VCEMNKPI GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU WUKPI,
&JCOOKE UQEKCNKUO, HQNM $WFFJKUV TKVWCNU CPF CP GEQNQIKECN KPVGTRTGVCVKQP QH $WFFJKUV
VGCEJKPIU CPF KP +PFKC %JKRMQ, CEVKXKUVU CTG FTCYKPI QP C $KUJPQKU 8CKUJPCXKVG VTCFKVKQP. +P
%JKPC HGPIUJWK, &CQKUO CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CTG DGKPI TGXKXGF KP C RTQEGUU QH
PCVKXK\CVKQP, VJCV KU LWZVCRQUGF CICKPUV C RQNKVKECN NCPFUECRG VJCV GPEQWTCIGU 'UEKGPEG' CPF
'GEQPQOKEU' CV VJG GZRGPUG QH 'UWRGTUVKVKQP' CPF 'DCEMYCTF EWNVWTG'. 9G FKUEQXGTGF VJCV
CNVJQWIJ &CQKUO CPF HGPIUJWK JCXG TGUQWTEGU VJCV UWRRQTV PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP PGKVJGT CTG
GZGORNCTU QH GZRNKEKV PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP.
0GKVJGT ’CUVGTP PQT 9GUVGTP UQEKGVKGU CTG KPVTKPUKECNN[ KPHGTKQT QT UWRGTKQT KP VJGKT RGTURGEVKXGU
QH PCVWTG. %QPEGRVWCNN[ CPF GORKTKECNN[, DQVJ EWNVWTCN XKGYRQKPVU TGHNGEV HWPEVKQPCN CPF
F[UHWPEVKQPCN CVVKVWFGU VQYCTF VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF. (TQO C RQUKVKXG RGTURGEVKXG, DQVJ EWNVWTCN
VTCFKVKQPU JCXG GODGFFGF YKVJKP VJGKT EQPEGRVKQPU QH PCVWTG VJG UGGFU QH C RQYGTHWN GVJKE QH
CRRTGEKCVKQP, TGURGEV, CPF EQPEGTP HQT VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH PCVWTG. (TQO VJG ’CUV, YG FGTKXG CP
GPJCPEGF EQORCUUKQP CPF CRRTGEKCVKQP HQT NKHG, C RTQHQWPF KPVWKVKQP QH PCVWTG'U QPGPGUU, CPF
VJG YKNNKPIPGUU VQ GZKUV KP JCTOQP[ CPF DCNCPEG YKVJ VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF. (TQO VJG 9GUV, YG
WPFGTUVCPF PCVWTG GORKTKECNN[; YG JCXG C VTCFKVKQP QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN UVGYCTFUJKR, CPF VJG
DGNKGH KP YKUGN[ OCPCIKPI CPF EQPVTQNNKPI VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF.
6JG TKIJV HQT %JKPC'U KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG VQ OCKPVCKP VJGKT QYP EWNVWTCN KFGPVKV[ CPF NKHGUV[NG KP
VJG NCUV 20 [GCTU JCU DGEQOG C RCTCFQZ. /KPQTKVKGU CTG NGICNN[ TGEQIPK\GF, NQECN NGCFGTU OWUV
DGNQPI VQ C OKPQTKV[ ITQWR, CPF RTQXKUKQP KU OCFG HQT VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH NQECN KPUVKVWVKQPU
DWV CV VJG GZRGPUG QH EWNVWTCN GTQUKQP. #NVJQWIJ VJG UVCVG KU KPVGTGUVGF KP VJG HQNMNQTKE FKXGTUKV[
QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH CVVTCEVKPI VQWTKUVU VJG[ OCMG PQ CVVGORV VQ WPFGTUVCPF
KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTCN XCNWGU QT MPQYNGFIG. 1HHKEKCN FKUEQWTUG EQORNGVGN[ KIPQTGU VJG YGCNVJ QH
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 210
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF NCPF WUG U[UVGOU VJCV GZKUV. +P QTFGT VQ OCKPVCKP VJGKT EWNVWTCN
KFGPVKV[ VJG 6KDGVCPU JCXG JCF VQ CFQRV C HQTO QH TKVWCNK\GF RTQVGUV CU C UWDUVKVWVG HQT FKUEQWTUG.
6JTQWIJQWV %JKPC'U NQPI JKUVQT[ VJGTG KU GXKFGPEG QH C NQPI NGICE[ QH EQPUGTXCVKQP, 'PCVWTG
TGUGTXGU', CPF 'GEQ-VQWTKUO' DWV VJGTG CTG RCTCFQZGU KP DQVJ %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP VTGCVOGPV QH
VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, YJKEJ RTGUGPV EJCNNGPIGU VQ 0CVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG
/CPCIGOGPV. %JKPC'U TGEGPV HQTGUVT[ RQNKEKGU CTG OCPKHGUVN[ QXGTN[ DKQEGPVTKE CPF XGT[ NKVVNG
CVVGPVKQP CRRGCTU VQ JCXG DGGP IKXGP VQ VJG KORCEV QH KPFKXKFWCN QT EQNNGEVKXG RQNKEKGU QP VJG
UWDUKUVGPEG GEQPQO[, VJG KPENWUKQP QH DGUV RTCEVKEGU KP EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[, QT VJG KORCEV QP
IGPFGT TGNCVKQP QT VJG RQQT, QT OKPQTKV[ ITQWRU.
+P URKVG QH UGXGTG RQNNWVKQP, GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU JCU QPN[ GOGTIGF UNQYN[ COQPI VJG
*CP %JKPGUG CPF CWVJQTKVCTKCP TWNG JCU QPN[ TGEGPVN[ CNNQYGF NKOKVGF GPICIGOGPV KP
GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG, OQXGOGPVU CPF RQRWNCT RTQVGUV. +P VJG OKF 1990'U C VKP[, DWV
KORQTVCPV GPXKTQPOGPVCN OQXGOGPV YCU CNNQYGF VQ GOGTIG CNVJQWIJ VJG IQXGTPOGPV TGVCKPGF
VJG ITGGP KPKVKCVKXG, YJKEJ EQPVKPWGU VQ DG XWNPGTCDNG VQ VGEJPQETCVKE EGPVTCNKUO. #HVGT
6KCPCPOGP GPXKTQPOGPVCN 0)1U JCF VQ RKEM CPF EJQQUG ECWUGU CPF WUG UWDVGTHWIG, DWV UKPEG
2000 %JKPC'U GPXKTQPOGPVCN ETKUKU JCU DGEQOG VJG HQEWU QH C XGT[ RWDNKE FKCNQIWG DGVYGGP
UVCVG CPF UQEKGV[. # TG-PGIQVKCVKQP QH VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP VJG VYQ KU WPFGTYC[, CPF C PGY
CPF RQNKVKECNN[ UKIPKHKECPV F[PCOKE DGVYGGP VJGO KU GOGTIKPI. 6JKU FKCNQIWG KU DGKPI
GURGEKCNN[ CTVKEWNCVGF KP VJG OGFKC
’PXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU KP %JKPC CTG C TGNCVKXGN[ TGEGPV RJGPQOGPQP. 6JG RTQOWNICVKQP QH
%JKPC'U HKTUV GPXKTQPOGPVCN NCY, KP 1979, JCU PQV QPN[ RTQXKFGF C NGICN DCUKU HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN
RTQVGEVKQP DWV CNUQ GPJCPEGF VJG RWDNKE'U UGPUG QH DCUKE TKIJVU KP HCXQWT QH LWUVKH[KPI HQTEGHWN,
UQOGVKOGU GXGP XKQNGPV, GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUVU. 5WEJ RTQVGUVU CNUQ GODQF[ C TKEJ, EWNVWTCNN[
KPHQTOGF TGRGTVQKTG QH UQEKCN OQXGOGPVU KP %JKPGUG JKUVQT[. 5RGEKHKECNN[, MKPUJKR, RQRWNCT
TGNKIKQP, OQTCN EQPEGTPU, CPF CPEKGPV VCNGU QH LWUVKEG UGTXG CU ETWEKCN KPUVKVWVKQPCN CPF U[ODQNKE
TGUQWTEGU KP VJG OQDKNK\CVKQP QH RTQVGUVGTU CV VJG ITCUUTQQVU NGXGN. )GPGTCN 2TQVGUVU JCXG DGGP
FKTGEVGF CICKPUV UVCVG RQNKEKGU, UVCVG RTCEVKEGU CPF UVCVG QHHKEKCNU, DWV OQUV CEVKQPU JCXG
TGOCKPGF NQECN CPF NKOKVGF. 6JG CWVJQTKVKGU, GXGT YCVEJHWN, JCXG CNN YQTMGF JCTF VQ EQPVCKP
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 211
UWEJ KPEKFGPVU CPF RTGXGPV VJGO ITQYKPI KPVQ NCTIGT-UECNG OCUU OQXGOGPVU. #NVJQWIJ VJG
NCPFUECRG QH ITCUUTQQVU RTQVGUV EJCPIGF CV VJG GPF QH VJG 1970U YJGP EQORNCKPVU QHHKEGU CPF
NGIKVKOCVG EJCPPGNU HQT RTQVGUV YGTG GUVCDNKUJGF, VJQUG VJCV RTQVGUV CNOQUV CNYC[U HCEG JQUVKNKV[,
DTKDGT[ CPF GXGP TGXGPIG.
#P[ HQTO QH RTQVGUV, D[ OKPQTKV[ RGQRNG KU PQV GPEQWTCIGF, CPF RQUV 11VJ 5GRV CTG QHVGP
KPVGTRTGVGF CU 'CEVU QH VGTTQTKUO' CPF KV JCU DGGP GXGP OQTG FKHHKEWNV HQT VJGO VQ KFGPVKH[ C
OGVCRJQT QT C UVTCVGIKE FKUEQWTUG VQ QRRQUG *CP FGXGNQROGPV QT VQ FGXGNQR VJGKT QYP
CWVQPQO[. 6JG 6KDGVCPU, JQYGXGT, CTG TGURQPFKPI VQ VJG FGUVTWEVKQP QH VJGKT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU
CPF EWNVWTG KP C PWODGT QH YC[U D[ NQECN RTQVGUV, D[ FGXGNQRKPI NKPMU YKVJ KPVGTPCVKQPCN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF JWOCP TKIJVU ITQWRU, D[ XQKEKPI VJGKT EQPEGTPU CV KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTC, CPF D[
RTQOQVKPI FKUEWTUKXG 'ITGGP' UVTCVGIKGU.
+P URKVG QH VJG KORCEV QH HQWT VQVCNK\KPI FKUEQWTUGU CPF GZVTCEVKXG HQTGUV RQNKEKGU GPFWTGF HQT
OQTG VJCP 50 [GCTU VJGTG TGOCKPU C UVTQPI VTCFKVKQP QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR COQPI
VJG RGQRNGU QH VJG −JCO. 6JGKT HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF WPKSWG NKPIWKUVKE GEQNQIKGU1271 DGCT
VGUVKOQP[ VQ VJGUG VTCFKVKQPU CU FQ VJGKT "GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG". +P VJG PGZV EJCRVGT, YG YKNN
CVVGORV VQ CPCN[\G VJGUG RJGPQOGPC COQPI VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO YKVJ VJG TGUGCTEJ
OGVJQFU TGXKGYGF KP EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.3.
1271 /WNJCWUNGT 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 7 %JKPC CPF 6KDGV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 212
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 213
%*#26’4 8 (14’56 8#.7’5 +0 ’#56’40 −*#/:
4’57.65 1( %1)0+6+8’ /#22+0) 6JKU EJCRVGT YKNN HQEWU RTKOCTKN[ QP VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH HQTGUV XCNWGU KP ’CUVGTP −JCO
KP RWTUWCPEG QH VJG CKOU QWVNKPGF CV VJG GPF QH EJCRVGT 5, DCUGF QP VJG OGVJQFU QWVNKPGF KP
EJCRVGT UKZ UGEVKQP 6.3 CPF CICKPUV VJG DCEMITQWPF QH VJG FKUEQWTUGU FKUEWUUGF KP VJG NCUV
EJCRVGT. $GHQTG, JQYGXGT, YG EQPUKFGT VJG TGUWNVU KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ TGEQIPK\G VJCV
PQVYKVJUVCPFKPI VJG KPHNWGPEG QH $GKLKPI FKUEWUUGF KP VJG NCUV EJCRVGT VJCV ’CUVGTP −JCO JCU
GZKUVGF CU C UGRCTCVG IGQ-RQNKVKECN GPVKV[ HQT OWEJ QH VJG NCUV OKNNGPPKWO. +P EQORCTKUQP
9GUVGTP −JCO, YJKEJ EWNVWTCNN[ JCU OWEJ KP EQOOQP YKVJ ’CUVGTP −JCO, JCU NCTIGN[ DGGP
EQPVTQNNGF HTQO .JCUC. $GECWUG QH VJGKT TGURGEVKXG DCEMITQWPFU, VJKU EJCRVGT YKNN DGIKP D[
CFFTGUUKPI DQVJ (5GG /CR 1-1). (QT OQTG FGVCKNU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO, TGHGT VQ /CR 8-2 HQT GVJPKE
ITQWRU, /CR 8-3 HQT VJG HQTGUV EQXGT, /CR 8-4 HQT EQWPVKGU, CPF /CR 8-5 HQT YCVGT ECVEJOGPVU.
8.1 −*#/
8.1.1 −JCO
−JCO (UWDUGSWGPVN[ TGHGTTGF VQ CU 'VJG TGIKQP') TGRTGUGPVU QPG QH VJG OQUV WPKSWG DKQNQIKECN
TGIKQPU QP GCTVJ. +V KU UKVWCVGF CV VJG GCUVGTP GPF QH VJG *KOCNC[C DGVYGGP VJG 3KPIJCK-
:K\JCPI1272 2NCVGCW CPF VJG EGPVTCN RNCKP QH %JKPC. 6JG URGEVCEWNCT PQTVJ-UQWVJ OQWPVCKP
TKFIGU UCPFYKEJGF DGVYGGP FGGR TKXGT IQTIGU EQPVCKP VJG OQUV FKXGTUG XCUEWNCT RNCPV HNQTC QH
CP[ TGIKQP QH EQORCTCDNG UK\G KP VJG VGORGTCVG \QPG, CPF CNOQUV JCNH QH %JKPC'U HNQYGTKPI
RNCPV URGEKGU. +FGPVKHKGF CU QPG QH VYGPV[ HKXG DKQFKXGTUKV[ 'JQVURQVU'1273 QP GCTVJ VJKU XCUV
TGIKQP, EQXGTKPI EC 400,000 US MO, EQPVCKPU QXGT 12,000 URGEKGU QH XCUEWNCT RNCPVU1274.
#NVJQWIJ UQOG DQVCPKECN GZRNQTCVKQP JCU DGGP EQPFWEVGF, VJG TGIKQP JCU PGXGT DGGP HWNN[
KPXGPVQTKGF DGECWUG QH VJG UGPUKVKXG RQNKVKECN GPXKTQPOGPV CPF VJG TWIIGF VGTTCKP OCMGU OWEJ
QH VJG CTGC FKHHKEWNV VQ VTCXGTUG. 6JG 4GIKQP EQPUVKVWVGU CDQWV 4% QH %JKPC'U NCPF CTGC,
1272 6KDGVCP. 1273 /[GTU 1988 1274 9KVJ CNOQUV 3,500 GPFGOKE URGEKGU CPF CV NGCUV 20 GPFGOKE IGPGTC.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 214
/CR 8-1 QH 9GUVGTP CPF ’CUVGTP −JCO (GCUV QH VJG ;KCPIV\G 4KXGT)
9’56’40−*#/
’#56’40−*#/
6KDGVCP #WVQPQOQWU 4GIKQP
3KPIJCK 2TQXKPEG
5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEG
;WPPCP 2TQXKPEG
.WIW .CMG
’CUVGTP −JCO - EQIPKVKXGOCRRKPI EQWPVKGU
’CUVGTP −JCO - PQP EQIPKVKXGOCRRKPI EQWPVKGU
9GUVGTP −JCO
%WNVWTCN 6KDGV
KPENWFGU UGXGP OQWPVCKP TCPIGU1275 CPF EQORTKUGU '9GUVGTP −JCO'1276 CPF '’CUVGTP −JCO'1277.
’NGXCVKQPU TCPIG HTQO 1000O VQ QXGT 7556O1278 YKVJ C OGCP GNGXCVKQP QH 3500O. (QWT QH
#UKC'U NCTIGUV TKXGTU1279 HNQY VJTQWIJ VJG TGIKQP, YJKEJ QTKIKPCVG QP VJG 5000O JKIJ
3KPIJCK-<K\CPI1280 RNCVGCW CPF CTG QH ITGCV GEQPQOKE KORQTVCPEG VQ VJG RGQRNG YJQ NKXG CNQPI
VJGO. 6JG TCRKFN[ KPETGCUKPI GZQIGPQWU KORCEV QP VJG TGIKQP VJTGCVGPU PQV QPN[ VJG FKXGTUKV[
QH HNQTC CPF HCWPC, DWV CNUQ VJG UWTXKXCN QH KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTGU VJCV FGHKPG OWEJ QH 5QWVJGCUV
#UKC. # DTKGH INKORUG CV VJG FQOKPCPV 6KDGVCP EWNVWTG KNNWUVTCVGU VJG TKEJN[ VGZVWTGF VTCFKVKQPU,
YJKEJ EJCTCEVGTK\G VJG TGIKQP. 6JG TGIKQP DGCTU VJG UVTQPI KORTKPV QH 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO, $QP
1275 5JCNWNK UJCP, 6CPKCPVCYGPI UJCP, 0W UJCP, )QNKIQPI UJCP, &CZWG UJCP, 3KQPINCK UJCP CPF /KP UJCP. 1276 2CTVU QH GCUVGTP :K\CPI CPF UQWVJGTP 3KPIJCK VQ VJG YGUV QH VJG ;CPIV\G TKXGT. 1277 2CTVU QH YGUVGTP 5KEJWCP CPF PQTVJGTP ;WPPCP VQ VJG GCUV QH VJG ;CPIV\G TKXGT. 1278 #V VJG UWOOKV QH )QPIIC 5JCP KP YGUVGTP 5KEJWCP. 1279 ;CPIV\G, /GMQPI, CPF 5CNYGGP CPF $TCJOCRWVTC. 1280 6KDGVCP.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 215
CPF HQNM TGNKIKQP1281 YJKEJ KU FKURNC[GF KP NCTIG VGORNG EQORNGZGU, EJQTVGPU, RTC[GT HNCIU,
HGUVKXCNU, QTCENGU CPF PWOKPC CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ UCETGF NCPFUECRG HGCVWTGU1282. 5CETGF OQWPVCKPU
RWPEVWCVG VJG NCPFUECRG CPF VJG[ CTG WPKSWG KP VJCV VJGKT HQTGUVU JCXG PQV DGGP UWDLGEV VQ
NQIIKPI1283. #NVJQWIJ OQTG GVJPQDQVCPKECN TGUGCTEJ JCU DGGP FQPG KP VJG TGIKQP VJCP KP VJG TGUV
QH %JKPC, NKVVNG TGUGCTEJ JCU DGGP EQPFWEVGF QP EWUVQOCT[ PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP RTCEVKEGU,
NKPIWKUVKE GEQNQI[, GPXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP, QT VJG KORCEV QH RTQRQUGF NCPFUECRG WUG EJCPIGU
QP VJG NQECN RGQRNG
8.1.2 6JG −JCODC 2GQRNGU
1H PGCTN[ 5 OKNNKQP '6KDGVCPU'1284, NKXKPI KP %JKPC, VJGTG CTG CRRTQZKOCVGN[ 2 OKNNKQP YJQ URGCM
'−JCO'1285, YJKEJ KU SWKVG FKUVKPEV1286 HTQO VJG −JCO URQMGP KP OKF-YGUVGTP 0GRCN1287. 6JG[
KPJCDKV C XCUV CTGC DWV CTG RTKOCTKN[ EQPEGPVTCVGF HQT RQNKVKECN CPF JKUVQTKE TGCUQPU KP YGUVGTP
5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEG1288, C NCTIG RQTVKQP QH GCUVGTP 6KDGV1289, RCTVU QH UQWVJGTP 3KPIJCK
2TQXKPEG1290, CPF RCTVU QH 0QTVJGTP ;WPPCP1291. 6JG GCUVGTP −JCO NCPIWCIG (5GG /CR 8-21292)
KU D[ HCT VJG NCTIGUV QH VJG −JCO XCTKGVKGU YKVJ RQUUKDN[ 1,250,000 URGCMGTU. +V KU TGRQTVGF VQ
JCXG 8 FKCNGEVU CPF 80% NGZKECN UKOKNCTKV[ YKVJ EGPVTCN 6KDGVCP. 6JGTG CTG CNUQ CDQWV 50,000
3KCPIKE URGCMKPI RGQRNGU1293 KP ’CUVGTP −JCO YJQ CTG CNUQ ENCUUKHKGF CU '6KDGVCP'
1281 5COWGN 1993 C + D 5VGKP, 1972 1282 4CODNG CPF $TCWP 1993 1283 5VGXGPU 1993, 1997, 5VWFNG[ 2004E 1284 K.G. 藏族藏族藏族藏族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’TIQPI, ’TUW, /KP[CM, <JCDC, :KCPIEJGPI, 3WG[K, 0COW[K, 5JKZKPI, /CP[CM, CPF .W\W RGQRNGU (*CVVCYC[ 2000).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 216
/CR 8-2 6JG NCPIWCIG ITQWRU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO
3+#0)+%&+#.’%65−*#/
&+#.’%65
EQWPVKGU
OFU UKVGU
DGECWUG QH VJGKT EWNVWTG, EWUVQOU CPF DGNKGHU1294, DWV URGCM −JCODC CU C UGEQPF QT VJKTF
NCPIWCIG, CPF CTG WUWCNN[ OCVTKNKPGCN1295. 6JG OQUV KORQTVCPV EKVKGU KP −JCO KPENWFG: %JCOFQ,
>IG, ;WUJW, −CPFKPI CPF <JQPIFKCP, CPF COQPI VJGUG %JCOFQ1296 YKVJ C OQPCUVGT[
JQWUKPI 2500 OQPMU CPF FCVKPI HTQO 1473, KU TGICTFGF CU VJG OCKP EGPVTG. 1VJGT OCKP VQYPU
KPENWFG $C[K, YJGTG C OCUUKXG VGZVKNG CPF ECTRGV HCEVQT[ GORNQ[U 1,300 YQTMGTU, CPF $CVCPI,
YJKEJ CV 2,700 OGVGTU JCF C NCTIG %JKPGUG CPF UOCNN ’WTQRGCP UGVVNGOGPV RTKQT VQ 19501297.
1294 +P EQOOQP YKVJ VJG −JCODCU VJG[ CTG CPKOKUVKE/UJCOCPKUVKE CU YGNN CU 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUV CU YGNN CU DWTPKPI KPEGPUG CPF JQPQWTKPI OQWPVCKP IQFU CV [GCTN[ HGUVKXCNU. 1295 JVVR://YYY.CPUYGTU.EQO/VQRKE/SKCPI-1 CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1296 KP 9GUVGTP −JCO. 1297 )[WTOG &QTLG 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 217
6JG −JCODC JCXG C HGCTUQOG TGRWVCVKQP CU VJG OQUV JQUVKNG CPF XKQNGPV QH 6KDGVCPU. 6JG[ JCXG
DGGP FGUETKDGF CU VCNN CPF YGNN-DWKNV OGP, HGCTNGUU CPF QRGP QH EQWPVGPCPEG, VJG[ TGUGODNG
#RCEJG +PFKCPU, YKVJ RNCKVGF JCKT JCPIKPI HTQO GCEJ UKFG QH YGNN-OQFGNNGF JGCFU1298. −JCO KU
NCTIGT VJCP 5RCKP; C TGEVCPING QH CRRTQZKOCVGN[ 160,000 USWCTG OKNGU1299 N[KPI DGVYGGP EGPVTCN
6KDGV CPF %JKPC, CPF KU RCTV QH ')TGCVGT 6KDGV' QT '’VJPQITCRJKE 6KDGV'1300. $KUGEVGF D[ FGGR
IQTIGU CPF JKIJ RCUUGU −JCO'U CNVKVWFG, YGCVJGT, CPF CIITGUUKXG RQRWNCVKQP JCXG CNYC[U
WPKVGF VQ FGP[ GPVT[ VQ VJG HQTGKIPGT. ’XGP VQFC[, VJGTG CTG HGY CEEWTCVG OCRU VJCV FGHKPG KVU
EQPVQWTU, TGEQTF KVU XKNNCIGU CPF VJG UGETGV TQWVGU QH KVU PQOCFU. 6Q VJG ’WTQRGCPU, %JKPGUG CPF
.JCUC 6KDGVCPU, −JCO JCU CNYC[U DGGP C XCUV PQ-OCP'U-NCPF. 6Q VJG UQWVJ, KV KU DQWPFGF D[ VJG
*KOCNC[C CPF VJG $TCOCRWVTC, VQ VJG PQTVJ VJG #OPG /CEJKP TCPIG CPF VJG 6KDGVCP TGIKQP QH
#OFQ, CPF VQ VJG GCUV VJG 5KEJWCP $CUKP.
8.1.3 −JCO *KUVQT[
5RCEG QPN[ CNNQYU OG VQ UWOOCTKUG O[ CEEQWPV1301 QH VJG JKUVQT[ QH −JCO. +V KU JCTFN[
UWTRTKUKPI VJCV JGTG KP VJKU YKNF, HQTIQVVGP NCPF, UJQWNF DG HQWPF QPG QH VJG OQUV TWIIGF TCEGU
QP GCTVJ, CPF CP KPFGRGPFGPV HKIJVKPI URKTKV VJCV YCU DKTVJGF FWTKPI VJG TGKIP QH 6KDGVCP −KPI
5QPIVUGP )CORQ1302. 5QPIVUGP )CORQ YCU C 6KDGVCP EJKGHVCKP YJQ, KP #& 630 UGV QWV VQ WPKH[
VJG YKNF VTKDGU QH EGPVTCN #UKC. 6YGPV[ [GCTU CHVGT VCMKPI WR CTOU, JG JCF TCKUGF QPG QH VJG
HKGTEGUV CTOKGU QH CNN VKOG CPF GZVGPFGF JKU GORKTG QXGT −JCO CPF #OFQ, YJKEJ JCF DGGP VJG
FQOCKP QH VJG 9JKVG 9QNH 3KCPI, CU YGNN CU OQUV QH EGPVTCN #UKC CPF YGNN KPVQ %JKPC1303.
(TQO VJG HTKIJVGPGF %JKPGUG GORGTQT JG FGOCPFGF C FCWIJVGT KP OCTTKCIG. 6JG GORGTQT YCU
QDNKIGF VQ EQORN[ CPF CNUQ VQ RC[ CP CPPWCN VTKDWVG VQ VJG 6KDGVCP −KPI. 5Q RQYGTHWN YCU 6KDGV
CV VJKU VKOG VJCV YJGP KP #& 763 C UWDUGSWGPV %JKPGUG GORGTQT TGHWUGF VQ RC[ VJG HKHV[
VJQWUCPF TQNNU QH UKNM QYGF KP VTKDWVG VQ VJG 6KDGVCP EQWTV, 6TKUQPI &GVUQP1304, 5QPIVUGP
)CORQ'U ITGCV-ITCPFUQP, KPXCFGF %JKPC CPF ECRVWTGF VJG ECRKVCN QH VJG %GNGUVKCN ’ORKTG1305.
6JG 6KDGVCP MKPI VJGP FGRQUGF VJG %JKPGUG GORGTQT CPF TGRNCEGF JKO VGORQTCTKN[ YKVJ JKU
1298 *CVVCYC[ 2000 1299 414,400 US MO. 1300 5GG /CR 1-1 QP RCIG 7 1301 5VWFNG[ 2004 YYY.OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/−JCO *KUVQT[.TVH CEEGUUGF 12VJ (GD. 2004 1302 #& 617-650 1303 /CTUJCNN CPF %QQMG 1997 1304 #& 741-798 1305 9JKEJ YCU :K'CP (QT %JCPI'CP) KP VJQUG FC[U.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 218
QYP DTQVJGT-KP-NCY. .CVGT YJGP −KPI 4CNRCEJGP EQPXGTVGF VQ $WFFJKUO VJG 6KDGVCP GORKTG
DGICP VQ FKUKPVGITCVG, CPF −JCO DGECOG OQTG KPFGRGPFGPV. +P 821 FWTKPI C NWNN KP JQUVKNKVKGU,
6KDGV CPF %JKPC OCFG C RCEV QH PQPCIITGUUKQP1306.
+P VJG 1,200 [GCTU VJCV HQNNQYGF, JQYGXGT, VJG JKUVQT[ QH −JCO YCU OCTMGF D[ GPFNGUU HGWFU
DGVYGGP YCTTKQT EJKGHU KP FGCFN[ EQORGVKVKQP HQT UWRTGOCE[ QXGT −JCO'U TGOQVG
JKPVGTNCPFU1307. $[ VJG GPF QH VJG 12VJ EGPVWT[, VJG −KPIFQO QH .KPI, JQOG QH VJG GRKE JGTQ
−KPI )GUCT, JCF GZRCPFGF, VQ KPENWFG OQUV QH −JCO, KH YG CTG VQ DGNKGXG JKU "UWRGT JWOCP"
GZRNQKVU1308. +P VJG 1600'U VJG 0CZK −KPIU1309 HGNV UVTQPI GPQWIJ VQ OCMG KPEWTUKQPU KPVQ
6KDGVCP VGTTKVQT[, TGUWNVKPI KP TGEWTTGPV HKIJVKPI QP VJG UQWVJGTP −JCO EWNVWTCN-GEQNQIKECN
HTQPVKGT. 6JKU OCFG VJG 6KDGVCPU DWKNF YCVEJ CPF FGHGPEG VQYGTU CETQUU UQWVJGTP −JCO
UGRCTCVKPI VJG 6KDGVCPU HTQO VJG 6KDGVQ-$WTOCPU1310. 6JG MKPIFQO QH .KPI OWUV JCXG
FGENKPGF DGECWUG KV CRRCTGPVN[ RNC[GF PQ UKIPKHKECPV TQNG KP 1640 FWTKPI )WUJTK −JCP'U
ECORCKIPU KP −JCO, YJGP JKU RTKPEKRCN QRRQPGPV YCU VJG RTQ-$QP −KPI QH $GTK. $[ VJG 17VJ
EGPVWT[, VJG MKPIFQO QH >IG JCF GPNCTIGF KVUGNH CV .KPI'U CPF $GTK'U GZRGPUG, CPF
UWDUGSWGPVN[ OWEJ QH GCUVGTP −JCO DGECOG RCTV QH VJG GZVGPUKXG >IG GUVCVG. +V YQWNF
CRRGCT, JQYGXGT VJCV .KPI CPF $GTK EQPVKPWGF CU C UGOK-KPFGRGPFGPV UVCVGU. +P URKVG QH >IG'U
QXGTNQTFUJKR, GCUVGTP −JCO'U PQOCFU YGTG PQVQTKQWU HQT VJGKT KPFGRGPFGPV PCVWTG, CPF EQWNF
JCTFN[ DG EQPUKFGTGF UWDOKUUKXG VQ CP[QPG GZEGRV VJGKT KOOGFKCVG VTKDCN EJKGHU. 9JGP, CU
QEECUKQPCNN[ JCRRGPGF, C HQTGKIPGT YCU HQQNKUJ GPQWIJ VQ EJCNNGPIG VJG −JCODCU, VJG[ YQWNF
WPKVG, VJGKT SWCTTGNU OQOGPVCTKN[ HQTIQVVGP. 9JGP VJKU QEEWTTGF VJGTG YGTG HGY YJQ EQWNF
QRRQUG VJG "TCEG QH MKPIU", PQV VJG %JKPGUG, QT GXGP %JGPIIKU −JCP YJQ GXGPVWCNN[ ECOG VQ
VGTOU YKVJ VJGO QP VJG DCUKU QH RCVTQP-RTKGUV TGNCVKQPUJKR1311.
1306 5PGNNITQXG CPF 4KEJCTFUQP 1968, 5VGKP 1972, 5VTCWUU 1992 1307 .CPG 1994 1308 5COWGN 1992 1309 1H 09 ;WPPCP 1310 4QEM 1930C + D, 4QQUGXGNV CPF 4QQUGXGNV 1929, XCP 5RGPIGP 2002 1311 2GKUUGN 1972 RCIG 11-18
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 219
8.1.4 −JCODC +FGPVKV[
−JCO KU UKVWCVGF DGVYGGP VYQ RQYGT EGPVTGU, %JKPC CPF 6KDGV CPF HTQO VJG NCVG PKPGVGGPVJ VQ
VJG OKF-VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[, KORGTKCN, EQNQPKCN CPF NQECN HQTEGU ENCUJGF CPF KPVGTUGEVGF KP C
RTQEGUU QH RNCEG-OCMKPI CPF PCVKQP-DWKNFKPI. 6QQ QHVGP NCVVGT-FC[ %JKPGUG, 6KDGVCP CPF
9GUVGTP CEEQWPVU JCXG KIPQTGF VJKU CPF RGTKRJGTK\GF NQECN EQPEGTPU. 6JG OWNVKRNGZ EQPFKVKQPU
VJCV EQPUVKVWVGF VJG −JCODC IGQRQNKV[ JCXG TGEGKXGF NKVVNG CVVGPVKQP. 4GEGPV TGUGCTEJ JQYGXGT
JCU DGIWP VQ CFFTGUU CURGEVU QH VJG CZGU QH RQYGT, URCEG CPF KFGPVKV[ KP −JCO, VJG
QHVGP-FKUEQTFCPV XKUKQPU QH RCTVKGU YJQ YKUJGF VQ VTCPUHQTO KV CPF VJG XKUKQP QH VJG −JCODC.
6TCFKVKQPCN JKUVQTKQIGQITCRJ[ EJCTCEVGTK\GF −JCO CU C HTQPVKGT \QPG VQ DG KPEQTRQTCVGF CPF
EKXKNK\GF D[ VJG EGPVTGU QH RQYGT, CPF KIPQTGF VJG HTQPVKGT CU FKUEWTUKXG RTQEGUU. +P VTCFKVKQPCN
UVWFKGU QH HTQPVKGT RNCEGU, VJG RGQRNG YJQ KPJCDKV VJGO JCXG DGGP RQTVTC[GF CU RCUUKXG QDLGEVU,
CPF VJGKT TGURQPUGU VQ HQTEGU DG[QPF VJGKT KOOGFKCVG EQPVTQN UKORN[ KIPQTGF. 9JGP XKGYGF
HTQO VJG EGPVTGU QH RQYGT ($GKLKPI, %JGPIFW CPF .JCUC) HTQPVKGT \QPGU NKMG −JCO YGTG GCUKN[
TGNGICVGF VQ VJG OCTIKPU QH JKUVQT[. 6JKU RQUKVKQP JCU DGGP KPVGTTQICVGF KPETGCUKPIN[ KP TGEGPV
UEJQNCTUJKR QH VJG *CP HTQPVKGT CPF JCU NGF VQ C TGEGPVGTKPI QH VJG NQECN. 6JG −JCODCU JCXG
DGGP GORNQ[KPI RQNKVKECN UVTCVGIKGU, YJKEJ CRRTQRTKCVGF DQVJ NQECN CPF KPHNQYKPI TGUQWTEGU
VJWU VWTPKPI VJGO KPVQ RQYGT UQWTEGU CPF GUVCDNKUJKPI VJGKT UGPUG QH EGPVTCNKV[. #NVJQWIJ
OWEJ QH VJG GVJPQ-ITCRJKE CPF JKUVQTKECN UVWFKGU HQEWU QP EGPVTCN 6KDGV, YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH
−KPI )GUCT QH .KPI1312, KV YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV −JCO FKF PQV OCMG OWEJ KORTGUUKQP QP VJG
6KDGVCP QT %JKPGUG EQPUEKQWUPGUU WPVKN VJG OKF-PKPGVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ YKVJ VJG −JCODC YCTNQTF
P[CI TQPI OIQP RQ OCO TI[CN (OIQP OCO)1313 CPF %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP CEVKXKVKGU KP VJG
DQTFGT TGIKQP. 6JGTG KU JQYGXGT UVTQPI KPFKECVKQPU VJCV GXGP DGHQTG VJKU RGTKQF VJGTG YCU CP
GOGTIGPV GVJPQ-PCVKQPCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU COQPI VJG −JCODCU QH YJKEJ OIQP OCO YCU QPN[ C
RCTV. &WTKPI VJG 4GRWDNKECP RGTKQF1314 VJGTG YGTG VJTGG OQXGOGPVU1315 HQT −JCODC CWVQPQO[,
VJG $CCP KPEKFGPV KP 1932, VJG 0WQNC +PEKFGPV KP 1935, CPF VJG )CP\G KPEKFGPV KP 1939, DWV VJG[
YGTG NCTIGN[ YTKVVGP QWV QH UVCPFCTF %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP JKUVQTKGU. +P TGCNKV[, VJG −JCODCU'
CEVKQPU YGTG OCRRGF KP TGURQPUG VQ RQNKVKECN GZKIGPEKGU KP %GPVTCN 6KDGV CPF %JKPC. 6JG[ YGTG
1312 9JQUG UWRGT JWOCP GZRNQKVU KP VJG 11VJ EGPVWT[ KPENWFKPI EQPSWGTKPI OQUV QH VJG TGIKQP.
1313 (#-:}$-1#},-.}-W;k
P[CI TQPI OIQP RQ OCO TI[CN 1314 #& 1911-1949. 1315 2GPI 9GPDKP 2002, 3KPI 1975
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 220
CVVGORVKPI VQ GUVCDNKUJ TGIKQPCN CWVQPQO[ YJKNG EQRKPI YKVJ %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP
PCVKQP-DWKNFKPI RTQLGEVU1316. 6JGTG JCU DGGP NKVVNG TGUGCTEJ GZRNQTKPI; OIQP OCO'U CVVGORV VQ
TGUVTWEVWTG UQEKGV[ CPF DWKNF C −JCODC UVCVG1317, VJG TGNKIKQ- RJKNQUQRJKECN WPKQP TGUWNVKPI
HTQO VJG TKU OGF1318 OQXGOGPV 1319 QT VJG TGXKXCN QH VJG −KPI )GUCT EWNV CU VJG HQWPFCVKQPCN
UCIC HQT WPKHKECVKQP1320. 6CMGP VQIGVJGT VJGUG OQXGOGPVU CRRGCT VQ UKIPCN C PCUEGPV UGPUG QH
WPKSWG −JCODC KFGPVKV[1321 YJKEJ EQPVKPWG VQ VJKU FC[ YJGTG VJG[ RTQXKFG VJG DCUKU HQT CP
QDNKSWG 'EQWPVGT FKUEQWTUGU' CICKPUV *CP %JKPC RTGFKECVGF QP TKVWCNU QH FGHKCPEG CPF RTQVGUV,
YJKEJ YG TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.4.4 CPF 7.5.5.
8.1.5 ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &GITCFCVKQP
6JG HQTGUVU QH −JCO1322 YGTG COQPI VJG OQUV GZVGPUKXG CTGCU QH HQTGUV EQXGT KP %JKPC CPF
EQORTKUG 95% QH HQTGUVNCPF HQWPF KP VJG 'JGCFYCVGTU QH VJG ;CPIV\G'. 5KPEG VJG[ YGTG
FGUKIPCVGF,1323 %JKPC'U 'UGEQPF VKODGT RTQFWEVKQP DCUG' CPF OCETQ-UECNG VKODGT RTQFWEVKQP
GPVGTRTKUGU YGTG GUVCDNKUJGF1324 CNN VJGUG CTGCU JCXG GZRGTKGPEGF KPFKUETKOKPCVG HGNNKPI1325. 6JG
OCLQTKV[ QH VJG FGUVTWEVKQP YCU PQV ECWUGF D[ RQRWNCVKQP RTGUUWTG, QT 'ETKOKPCN GNGOGPVU', QT
NQECN HCTOGTU, CPF KV FKF PQV OQUVN[ QEEWT "40 [GCTU CIQ VQ HWGN DCEM[CTF UVGGN HWTPCEGU QH
%JCKTOCP /CQ'U KNN HCVGF )TGCV .GCR (QTYCTF"1326. +V YCU ECWUGF D[ 'RNCPPGF' EQOOGTEKCN
VKODGT GZVTCEVKQP DCUGF QP IQXGTPOGPV SWQVCU1327. 6KODGT YCU PQV QPN[ TGSWKTGF HQT %JKPC'U
DQQOKPI GEQPQO[, DWV KV YCU QHVGP VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV UQWTEG QH ECUJ TGXGPWG HQT NQECN
CFOKPKUVTCVKQPU, GPCDNKPI VJGO VQ HWPF GFWECVKQP JGCNVJ CPF KPHTCUVTWEVWTG. 5VCVG HQTGUV
GPVGTRTKUGU YGTG TGSWKTGF VQ UGNN C OKPKOWO VKODGT SWQVC, YJKEJ YCU QHVGP CU OWEJ CU 3 VKOGU
VJG UWUVCKPCDNG [KGNF, CV C RTKEG VJCV YCU QHVGP DGNQY RTQFWEVKQP EQUVU1328. 6Q EQORGPUCVG HQT
VJKU VJG[ QHVGP UQNF GXGP OQTG VKODGT QP VJG HTGG OCTMGV. #U C TGUWNV, KP UQOG CTGCU CPPWCN
1316 (GPI 1992 1317 6UGTKPI 1985
1318 :m=-1{+k
TKU OGF 1319 # U[PVJGUKU QH CECFGOKE CPF UJCOCPKE CURGEVU QH 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO (5COWGN 1993C). 1320 5COWGN 2002 1321 ’RUVGKP 2002, 5COWGN 1993C 1322 +PENWFKPI 5’ 6KDGV #4, 9GUVGTP 5KEJWCP, 0QTVJGTP ;WPPCP, 5QWVJ 9GUV )CPUW, CPF 5’ 3KPIJCK. 1323 +P 1950 1324 +P 1956 1325 .K 1993, 4KEJCTFUQP 1990 1326 2GCTEG 1999 1327 5OKN 1984, 9KPMNGT 1998C+D 1328 9KPMNGT 1998C+D
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 221
HGNNKPI YCU HQWT VKOGU OQTG VJCP VJG UWUVCKPCDNG [KGNF. %QPUGSWGPVN[, (QTGUV EQXGT KP 6#4 HGNN
HTQO 9 % VQ 5 %1329, KP ;WPPCP HTQO 55 % VQ 30 %1330 , CPF KP 5KEJWCP HTQO 30% VQ 6.5%1331
1332. 5QOG QH VJG OQUV FKUSWKGVKPI TGRQTVU QP FGHQTGUVCVKQP EQOG HTQO 5KEJWCP CPF ;WPPCP
2TQXKPEG. &GHQTGUVCVKQP KP #DC 2TGHGEVWTG1333 DGICP KP VJG NCVG 1950'U, CPF CNVJQWIJ 5KEJWCP
FKF NQUG QPG VGPVJ QH KVU ITQYKPI UVQEM1334 FWTKPI VJG ')TGCV .GCR (QTYCTF'1335 VJKU YCU OQUVN[
KP VJG 5KEJWCP $CUKP1336. &GHQTGUVCVKQP CEEGNGTCVGF KP #DC 2TGHGEVWTG KP VJG NCVG 1960'U, YJGP
KV UWRRNKGF WR VQ 84% QH 5KEJWCP'U VKODGT SWQVC. +V YCU PQV WPVKN VJG 1980'U CPF 1990'U, YJGP
OQUV QH #DC'U HQTGUVU YGTG FGRNGVGF1337 VJCV NCTIG-UECNG FGHQTGUVCVKQP URTGCF KPVQ VJG OCKP
;CPIV\G ECVEJOGPV KP −JCO.
;WPPCP UVKNN TCPMU HQWTVJ KP %JKPC KP VGTOU QH VQVCN VKODGT TGUQWTEGU, DWV KP TGNCVKXG VGTOU, VJG
RTQXKPEG'U FGHQTGUVCVKQP JCU DGGP GXGP OQTG GZVGPUKXG VJCP KP 5KEJWCP, CPF KVU NQUU QH
HQTGUVNCPF CRRGCTU VQ DG D[ HCT VJG ITGCVGUV KP %JKPC. %NGCT HGNNKPI DGICP KP 0 ;WPPCP KP VJG
GCTN[ 1950'U YJGP CDQWV 55 RGTEGPV QH RTQXKPEG YCU EQXGTGF D[ HQTGUVU, DWV D[ VJG 980'U, KV JCF
FTQRRGF VQ 30 RGTEGPV1338, CPF CPPWCN YQQF EQPUWORVKQP YCU FQWDNG VJG ITQYVJ TCVG. 6Q OCMG
OCVVGTU YQTUG NCTIG UECNG ENGCT HGNNKPI YCU YKFGN[ RTCEVKEGF, VTGG RNCPVKPI VQ VTGG HGNNKPI TCVKQU
YGTG XGT[ NQY (1:10), VTGG UGGFNKPI UWTXKXCN TCVGU QH NGUU VJCP 30% YGTG EQOOQP1339, NGUU VJCP
40% QH YQQF[ DKQOCUU YCU WVKNK\GF, CPF QPN[ CDQWV 7% QH OKNNKPI YCUVGU YGTG WVKNK\GF1340 .
6JG FGUVTWEVKQP QH VJG HQTGUVU QH −JCO, HTQO VJG 1980'U CRRGCTU VQ JCXG DGGP RCTCNNGNGF D[ CP
CNOQUV CPPWCN QEEWTTGPEG QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGUVTWEVKQP1341 YKVJ HNQQFKPI CPF UPQY FKUCUVGTU.
1329 1950-1985 1330 1950-1975 1331 1950-1998 1332 2QOHTGV 1998, 9KPMNGT 1998C+D 1333 9GUVGTP 5KEJWCP. 1334 1T 1.24O JC. 1335 1958-61 1336 K.G. ’CUVGTP 5KEJWCP. 1337 +V QPN[ UWRRNKGF 15% QH 5KEJWCP'U VQVCN SWQVC KP 1980. 1338 +P UQOG CTGCU KV YCU OWEJ YQTUG CPF KP <JCQVQPI %QWPV[ HQTGUV EQXGT HGNN HTQO 50% VQ 8%. 1339 &QPI 1985, *G 1991 1340 5OKN 1993 1341 5VWFNG[ 1999C, 1999D, 5OKN 1984, 9CPI *QPIEJCPI WPFCVGF
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 222
8.1.6 %NKOCVG %JCPIG
6JG FGUVTWEVKQP QH HQTGUV, CPF ITCUUNCPF, KP −JCO, CRRGCTU VQ JCXG KORCEVGF PQV QPN[ TGIKQPCN
DWV CNUQ INQDCN ENKOCVKE RCVVGTPU. 6JG GPXKTQPOGPVCN, UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE KORCEV YCU PQV LWUV
EQPHKPGF VQ VJG TGIKQP1342. −JCO VQYGTU QXGT VJG ’WTCUKCP NCPFOCUU FGHNGEVKPI VJG 'LGV
UVTGCOU'1343, KP VJG WRRGT CVOQURJGTG KPHNWGPEKPI VJG CVOQURJGTKE EKTEWNCVKQP QH VJG PQTVJGTP
JGOKURJGTG. 6JG CTGC KU C ETKVKECN RNC[GT KP INQDCN ENKOCVG UVCDKNKV[ CPF JCU CP GURGEKCNN[
KORQTVCPV KPHNWGPEG QP VJG +PFKCP OQPUQQP. 9KVJ VJG JGNR QH EQORWVGT OQFGNNKPI WR VQ 29
KPFKECVQTU JCXG DGGP KFGPVKHKGF YJKEJ JGNR RTGFKEV VJG HQTOCVKQP QH OQPUQQPU. 6YQ KORQTVCPV
KPFKECVQTU CTG VJG LGV UVTGCO RCVVGTPU CPF VJG COQWPV QH UPQY EQXGT QP VJG CTGC. 6JG COQWPV QH
UPQY EQXGT KU RCTVKCNN[ FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJG COQWPV QH HQTGUV CPF ITCUU EQXGT, DWV OQTG
URGEKHKECNN[ CP[ TGFWEVKQP KP XGIGVCVKQP, KPETGCUGU CNDGFQ1344 YJKEJ FGNC[U TCVGU QH UPQY OGNV
FWTKPI VJG URTKPI. )TGGP HQTGUV EQXGT CDUQTDU 95% QH UQNCT GPGTI[, ENGCT-HGNNGF CTGCU CPF
ITCUUNCPFU CDUQTD 80% YJKNG DCTTGP NCPF CPF TQEM GXGP NGUU. (QTGUVGF CTGCU PQV QPN[ DTGCM WR
UPQY EQXGT DWV CNUQ TGVCKP JGCV. #U VJG RNCVGCW'U CDKNKV[ VQ CDUQTD UQNCT JGCV KU ETKRRNGF D[
FGHQTGUVCVKQP, CPF RCUVWTG FGITCFCVKQP, UPQY FKUCUVGTU CTG GZCEGTDCVGF1345 CPF UPQYOGNV KU
FGNC[GF. &WG VQ VJG FGNC[ KP UPQYOGNV, VJG JGCVKPI OGEJCPKUOU QH VJG CTGC FKOKPKUJ, CPF
VJTQWIJ C UGTKGU QH KPVGTEQPPGEVKQPU VJG RTGUUWTG U[UVGOU CTG CNVGTGF YJKEJ FGNC[ QT TGFWEG VJG
+PFKCP OQPUQQP. 6JG FKUTWRVKQP QH VJG OQPUQQP KU RQVGPVKCNN[ FKUCUVTQWU HQT +PFKCP
CITKEWNVWTG1346. #U VJG JGCVKPI ECRCDKNKVKGU QH VJG CTGC CTG FGNC[GF LGV UVTGCO RCVVGTPU VJCV CHHGEV
VJG GPVKTG PQTVJGTP JGOKURJGTG CTG CNVGTGF, CPF YKPF EWTTGPVU CTG FGHNGEVGF CPF EQORTGUUGF
QXGT VJQWUCPFU QH MKNQOGVTGU1347. # EQTTGNCVKQP JCU, HQT GZCORNG, DGGP GUVCDNKUJGF DGVYGGP
GZVGPFGF UPQY EQXGT KP 6KDGV CPF PQV QPN[ JGCX[ TCKPHCNN KP VJG ;CPIV\G DCUKP DWV JKIJ UGC
VGORGTCVWTGU QXGT VJG 0QTVJ #VNCPVKE, TGUWNVKPI KP UWPUJKPG KP ’WTQRG CPF V[RJQQPU KP VJG
1342 >D[UJKTG CPF )CUUG 1996, 5OKN 1984, 5VWFNG[ 1999C, 1999D 9CPI *QPIEJCPI PF 1343 6JG LGV UVTGCO KU C EWTTGPV QH HCUV OQXKPI CKT HQWPF KP VJG WRRGT NGXGNU QH VJG CVOQURJGTG. 6JKU TCRKF EWTTGPV KU V[RKECNN[ VJQWUCPFU QH MKNQOGVGTU NQPI, C HGY JWPFTGF MKNQOGVGTU YKFG, CPF QPN[ C HGY MKNQOGVGTU VJKEM. ,GV UVTGCOU CTG WUWCNN[ HQWPF UQOGYJGTG DGVYGGP 10-15 MO (6-9 OKNGU) CDQXG VJG GCTVJ'U UWTHCEG. JVVR://YY2010.CVOQU.WKWE.GFW/()J)/IWKFGU/OVT/E[E/WRC/LGV.TZON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1344 6JG HTCEVKQP QH UQNCT GPGTI[ (UJQTVYCXG TCFKCVKQP) TGHNGEVGF HTQO VJG ’CTVJ DCEM KPVQ URCEG. 1345 1'−CPG, /. 12/12/1998, 5VWFNG[ 1999C, 1999D 1346 +P 1998, HQT GZCORNG, VJG GTTCVKE DGJCXKQWT QH VJG OQPUQQP (WPGZRGEVGF TCKPU CPF FTQWIJV) ECWUGF GZVGPUKXG FCOCIG VQ ETQRU, TGUWNVKPI KP GUECNCVKPI HQQF RTKEGU, CPF GZVTGOG JCTFUJKR. 1347 4GKVGT 1981
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 223
2CEKHKE1348. #NVJQWIJ VJGTG KU UQOG FGDCVG KP %JKPC1349 CDQWV UPQY FKUCUVGT TGFWEVKQP DGECWUG
QH INQDCN YCTOKPI VJG TGEGPV GXKFGPEG1350 UVKNN UWIIGUVU CNOQUV CPPWCN UPQY FKUCUVGTU KP VJG
TGIKQP. +P:-
� 1993-1994 - KP 0CIEJW 2TGHGEVWTG (6#4) 76% QH NKXGUVQEM FKGF
� 1995-1996 - KP ;WUJW 2TGHGEVWTG (3KPIJCK 2TQXKPEG) CPF 5JKSW CPF 5GTVC %QWPV[
800,000 [CM FKGF YKVJ NQUUGU QH 75& 14.5 OKNNKQP
� 1997-1998 - KP ;WUJW, %JCOFQ, CPF 0CIEJW 2TGHGEVWTGU (KP 6#4) 50% QH NKXGUVQEM FKGF
YKVJ NQUUGU QH 75& 125 OKNNKQP
� 1998- 1999 - KP 3KPIJCK 2TQXKPEG 100,000 [CMU FKGF YKVJ NQUUGU QH 75& 31 OKNNKQP
� 6JG URTKPI QH 2000, UQOG RCUVQTCN CTGCU KP :KPLKCPI CPF +PPGT /QPIQNKC UWHHGTGF HTQO
JGCX[ UPQY FKUCUVGTU. 25 RGTUQPU YGTG MKNNGF, 16 KP +PPGT /QPIQNKC CPF 9 KP :KPLKCPI.
788,000 CPKOCNU FKGF, 467,000 KP +PPGT /QPIQNKC CPF 321,000 KP :KPLKCPI1351.
� 6JG &GEGODGT 2002 EQPVKPWQWU UPQY HGNN KP +PPGT /QPIQNKC, CEEQORCPKGF D[ C FTCUVKE
VGORGTCVWTG FTQR CPF 20-40 EO QH UPQY. +P ,CPWCT[ 2003, VJG UPQY FKUCUVGT DGECOG YQTUG
CPF D[ VJG GPF QH (GDTWCT[, CPKOCNU YGTG UVKNN WPCDNG VQ IQ QWV HQT HQQF1352.
� ,WN[ 2003 TCKP, HNQQFU CPF JCKN ECWUGF JCXQE KP ;WUJW 6QYP (KP 3KPIJCK 2TQXKPEG).
#EEQTFKPI VQ NQECN IQXGTPOGPV TGRQTV, VJGTG YGTG 67 HCOKN[ JQOGU KP ;WUJW VQYP
EQORNGVGN[ FGUVTQ[GF ECWUKPI 348 RGQRNG VQ DGEQOG JQOGNGUU YKVJ PQVJKPI NGHV GZEGRV VJG
ENQVJGU QP VJGKT DCEMU. 6JGTG YGTG 5491 HCOKN[ JQOGU FCOCIGF QT RCTVKCNN[ FGUVTQ[GF CPF
33,023 RGQRNG CTG CHHGEVGF KP UQOG YC[1353.
� ,CPWCT[ 2005 EQPUVCPV UPQYHCNNU JKV #TK, 5JKICVUG CPF 0CIEJW KP 6KDGV #WVQPQOQWU
4GIKQP, ECWUKPI VJG FGCVJ QH 16,600 CPKOCNU CPF DNQEMKPI VTCPURQTV1354.
1348 9JGP VJG V[RJQQPU KP VJG 2CEKHKE KPVGTTWRV VJG VTCFG YKPFU QHH VJG 9GUV %QCUV QH 0QTVJ CPF 5QWVJ #OGTKEC, VJG[ OC[ ECWUG GN PKPQ, YJKEJ KU UGGOKPIN[ TGURQPUKDNG HQT FKUTWRVKQP CPF UVQTOU KP 2GTW, ’EWCFQT CPF %CNKHQTPKC CPF RQUUKDN[ FTQWIJVU KP 0GY <GCNCPF, +PFQPGUKC, #WUVTCNKC, +PFKC CPF UQWVJGTP #HTKEC. +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV CNVGTCVKQPU VQ VJG CTGC'U XGIGVCVKQP EQXGT RNC[ C TQNG KP IGPGTCVKPI TGIKQPCN ENKOCVKE FKUTWRVKQPU YJKEJ JCXG VJG RQVGPVKCN VQ FQXGVCKN KPVQ INQDCN ENKOCVKE EJCPIG. 1349 +68.%1/ 2005, 2GQRNG'U &CKN[ 4/4/2003 1350 #(2 31/12/1997, 1'−CPG 12/12/1998, 6+0 13/3/98, 3/3/96, :KPJWC 28/8/94 1351 JVVR://YYY.\JD.IQX.EP/GPINKUJ/51’/UQGEJKPC2000/GPINKUJ/ENKOCVG/ENKOCVGAOCKPG.JVO CEEGUUGF 31UV 1EVQDGT 2005 . 1352 JVVR://YYY.\JD.IQX.EP/GPINKUJ/51’/UQGEJKPC2003/FKUCUVGT.JVO CEEGUUGF 31UV 1EVQDGT 2005. 1353 JVVR://YYY.LKPRC.QTI/PGYU/030813PGYU.CUR CEEGUUGF 31UV 1EVQDGT 2005. 1354 JVVR://GPINKUJ.UKPC.EQO/EJKPC/1/2005/0227/22558.JVON CEEGUUGF 29VJ 5GRV 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 224
6JKU GXKFGPEG WPFGTNKPGU HQT VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO, KP EQOOQP YKVJ VJG %JKRMQ CEVKXKUVU YG
YKNN FKUEWUU KP EJCRVGT 10 UGEVKQP 10.1.1, VJCV QP VJG DCUKU QH 'HQNM UGPUG' VJG FGUVTWEVKQP QH VJG
HQTGUVU CPF RCUVWTG NCPF D[ VJG *CP %JKPGUG JCU C ECWUCN NKPM YKVJ ENKOCVG, GPXKTQPOGPV,
YGNN-DGKPI CPF GURGEKCNN[ VJG HNQQFU QH 1998.
8.1.7 6JG (NQQFU
&WTKPI VJG UWOOGT QH 1998, %JKPC1355 GZRGTKGPEGF UGXGTG HNQQFU CHHGEVKPI OCP[ QH #UKC'U
NCTIGUV TKXGTU, YJKEJ YG TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.6.2. 6JG ;CPIV\G GZRGTKGPEGF VJG
YQTUV HNQQFKPI UKPEG 1954, ENCKOKPI OQTG VJCP 3,650 NKXGU CPF ECWUKPI OQTG VJCP 75& 30
DKNNKQP QH FCOCIG. #NVJQWIJ OQUV QH VJG HNQQFKPI QEEWTTGF KP VJG %JKPGUG NQYNCPFU KV CNUQ
QEEWTTGF QP VJG 6KDGVCP RNCVGCW. +P 6KDGV #4, VJG ;CTNCPI 6UCPIRQ1356, VJG −[K-%JW CPF QVJGT
TKXGTU TQUG VQ TGEQTF NGXGNU TGUWNVKPI KP VJG NQUU QH CV NGCUV 53 RGQRNG CPF 4000 JGCF QH
NKXGUVQEM1357. /QTG VJCP 40 EQWPVKGU YGTG CHHGEVGF CPF OQUV QH 6#4'U TQCFU YGTG FCOCIGF.
(NQQF HTGSWGPE[ JCU DGGP KPETGCUKPI KP DQVJ 6KDGV CPF UQWVJYGUV %JKPC. &WTKPI VJG 3KPI
F[PCUV[,1358 VJG ;CPIV\G HNQQFGF GXGT[ FGECFG, CPF DGVYGGP 1921-1949, VJG HTGSWGPE[ TQUG VQ
QPEG GXGT[ UKZ [GCTU. +P VJG 1980'U VJG HTGSWGPE[ TQUG VQ C NCTIG HNQQF GXGT[ VYQ [GCTU. +P VJG
1990'U VJG UKVWCVKQP IQV YQTUG YKVJ HNQQFU KP 1994, 1995, 1996 CPF 1998. 6JG %JKPGUG
IQXGTPOGPV HKTUV QHHKEKCNN[ TGEQIPK\GF C ECWUCN NKPM DGVYGGP FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN
FGUVTWEVKQP CHVGT VJG HNQQFU QH 1981 CPF 19831359 CPF OGCUWTGU YGTG KORNGOGPVGF KP UQOG
CTGCU. %JKPGUG HQTGUV TGUGCTEJGTU JCXG HQT OCP[ [GCTU DGGP FGXGNQRKPI RTCIOCVKE GEQ-HTKGPFN[
UKNXKEWNVWTCN CPF JCTXGUVKPI IWKFGNKPGU1360. #NN VJGUG OGCUWTGU, JQYGXGT YGNN-KPVGPVKQPGF JCXG
TCTGN[ DGGP VTCPUNCVGF KPVQ DGUV RTCEVKEG QP VJG ITQWPF. $GUV RTCEVKEG JCU CNYC[U JCF VQ EQORGVG
YKVJ VJG FQEVTKPG QH 'UQEKCN OCTMGV HQTEGU', YJKEJ JCU VTGCVGF VTGGU CU C HTGG IQQF CPF NCEMU VJG
HGGFDCEM RTQEGUUGU QH VJG EQPXGPVKQPCN OCTMGV GEQPQOKGU1361. #HVGT HQWT FGECFGU QH VKODGT
OKPKPI, VJG HNQQFU ECWUGF VJG IQXGTPOGPV VQ EQPUKFGT KP OQTG FGVCKN DQVJ NQIIKPI RTCEVKEGU CPF
TGHQTGUVCVKQP KP VJG JGCFYCVGTU QH OCP[ QH #UKC'U NCTIGUV TKXGTU.
1355 #U YGNN CU +PFKC CPF $CPINCFGUJ. 1356 $TCOCRWVTC. 1357 /QUVN[ ;CM. 1358 1644-1911. 1359 4KEJCTFUQP 1990 1360 GI ;CPI 1986, 1987 1361 <JCPI 1/11/1998
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 225
6JG RTGEGFKPI UGEVKQPU QH VJKU EJCRVGT JCXG RTQXKFGF C XKIPGVVG QH VJG JKUVQT[ CPF F[PCOKEU QH
−JCO CPF VJG −JCODC RGQRNGU CPF VJG URGEKHKEU QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN EKTEWOUVCPEGU HCEKPI
VJG TGIKQP CPF KVU RGQRNGU QXGT TGEGPV [GCTU. 6JKU JCU RTQXKFGF C EQPVGZVWCN DCUG VQ EQPUKFGT KP
VJG HQNNQYKPI UGEVKQPU GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF HQTGUVT[ RGTEGRVKQP COQPI VJG −JCODC RGQRNGU
VJTQWIJ C RTGUGPVCVKQP QH EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI TGUGCTEJ EQPFWEVGF COQPIUV VJG RGQRNGU QH
GCUVGTP −JCO. 6JG LWUVKHKECVKQP HQT VJKU SWCPVKVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ CPF VJG OGVJQFQNQIKGU WUGF
FGUETKDGF CPF GXCNWCVGF CTG HQWPF KP EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.1 CPF 6.3.
8.2 4’57.65
6JG TGUWNVU QH EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI YKNN DG FKUEWUUGF CPF CPCN[\GF HTQO C NQECN CPF TGIKQPCN
EQPVGZV CPF YKNN FTCY JGCXKN[ QP VYQ UVWFKGU HTQO CP GPENCXG QH −JCO CV .WIW .CMG
(KIWTG 8-1 )GPGVKE RTQHKNG QH UGNGEVGF GVJPKE ITQWRU
)GPGVKE NQEK, 2QN[OQTRJKUOU & *CRNQV[RGU
/130 /1 /89 =%-6?
=%-6? /9 =%-) ?
;#2 /15 /122 /119 /95 /45 /5
+ =%?
/103 & /88 & /120 /3 /117
/7 /134 /110 & /111
/50
’VJPKE ITQWR *1 *2 *3 *4 *5 *6 *7 *8 *9 *10 *11 *12 *13 *14 *15 *16 *17
*GPCP *CP 7.1 3.6 25 32.1 14.3 10.7 7.1
0QTVJGTP *CP 9.1 22.7 27.3 27.3 9.1 4.5
−JCODC 4 28 8 12 6 4 34 4
/QUWQ 6.4 23 .4 4.3 2.1 31.9 4 .3 6 .4 12.8 8.5
2WOK 2.1 70 .2 2.1 4.3 6.4 2 .1 6.4 4.3 2.1
0CZK 2.5 37 .5 10 2.5 47.5
*
TGEQIPK\GF D[ VJG 6KDGVCP IQXGTPOGPV-KP-GZKNG COQPI RGQRNG YKVJ UKOKNCT IGPGVKE UVQEM1362
(5GG (KIWTG 8-1) CU VJG −JCODC 6KDGVCPU. 6JG VYQ UVWFKGU YGTG FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP
6.5.2, 6.5.3, KPENWFGF HQTGUV XCNWG TCPMKPI, CPF GVJPQHQTGUVT[.
1362 +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG −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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 226
8.2.1 6JG (QTGUV 8CNWGU 7UGF HQT %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI
6JG RWTRQUG QH EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI KU VQ WPFGTUVCPF; VJG TGNCVKXG KORQTVCPEG QH NQECN HQTGUV
XCNWGU VQ VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO, VJG EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU1363 (QT UWDFQOCKPU) CPF
RCTCFKIOU VJG[ WUG, CPF VJG RGTEGRVWCN KORCEV QH GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU. 6JG ')CNKNGQ' /&5
VGEJPKSWG FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.3.1 YCU CFQRVGF KP QTFGT VQ EQIPKVKXGN[ OCR VJG 15
HQTGUV XCNWGU (5GG 6CDNG 8-1) VJCV YGTG KFGPVKHKGF FWTKPI VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[ FWTKPI HKGNF
VGUVKPI KP −JCO FGUETKDGF KP EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.6.2.
6CDNG 8-1 (QTGUV XCNWGU CFQRVGF HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI HTQO 1999-2005
;GCTU 6[RG QH 8CNWG 15 (QTGUV 8CNWG 17 (QTGUV 8CNWGU .QECN XCNWGU %QPUGTXCVKQP, $NGUUKPI,
6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO, [WN-NJC, 0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP, (QTGUV RTQFWEVU, 0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP
%QPUGTXCVKQP, $NGUUKPI, 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO, [WN-NJC, 0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP, (QTGUV RTQFWEVU, 0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP
1DLGEVU QH 8CNWG
(QTGUV CPF 9KNFNKHG (QTGUV CPF 9KNFNKHG
.QECN HQTGUV CEVQTU
/GP, 9QOGP, 5GNH /GP, 9QOGP, 5GNH
1999- 2005
’ZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU
%QPUGTXCVKQP, *WPVKPI HQT HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG, +PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP, 5QEKCNKUO
%QPUGTXCVKQP, *WPVKPI HQT HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG, +PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP, 5QEKCNKUO
2003- 2005
1VJGT 6JKU RNCEG CPF )CP\K 6QYP
&WTKPI 1999-2002 /&5 YCU DCUGF QP UECNKPI DGVYGGP 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU (5GG 2NQV 8-1 CPF 8-2)
QT 105 RCKTU1364 TGHGTTGF VQ CDQXG CPF HTQO 2003- 2005 KV YCU DCUGF QP 17 HQTGUV XCNWGU (5GG
2NQV 8-3) QT 135 RCKTU1365. 6JG PGY XCNWGU CFFGF HTQO 2003 KPENWFGF 'VJKU RNCEG' CPF ')CP\K
6QYP'1366 VJG NCVVGT DGKPI CFFGF HQT EQORCTKUQP, DGECWUG VJG LWZVCRQUKVKQP QH 'RNCEG' CPF VJG
QVJGT XCNWGU YQWNF JCXG DGGP OGCPKPINGUU QP KVU QYP. '6JKU RNCEG' YCU CFFGF DGECWUG QH KVU
KPETGCUKPI KORQTVCPEG, KP VJG HCEG QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG CRRTQRTKCVKQP, CNQPI YKVJ EWNVWTCN
1363 &QOCKPU CTG OQUV V[RKECNN[ KPVTQFWEGF VQ EKTEWOUETKDG GZENWUKXG TGCNOU QT UGVU -- K.G., VJG[ UGTXG CU ECVGIQTK\CVKQP EQPUVTWEVU HQT UQTVKPI QWV WPKVKGU CPF RJGPQOGPC. JVVR://YYY.KORTKPV.EQ.WM/VJGUCWTWU/FQOCKP.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ 1EVQDGT 2005.
1364 ((15Z15)-15/2) 1365 ((17Z17)-17/2) 1366 YJKEJ IKXGU KVU PCOG VQ VJG 2TGHGEVWTG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 227
KFGPVKV[ ('UGNH' KP VJKU UVWF[) KP DQVJ VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN RU[EJQNQI[ NKVGTCVWTG1367 CPF 6KDGVCP
NKVGTCVWTG1368.
#NVJQWIJ /&5 UQHVYCTG ECP JCPFNG JWPFTGFU QH XCNWGU, VJG HKGNF-VGUVKPI FGOQPUVTCVGF VJCV
TGURQPFGPVU 'NQUV HQEWU' UECNKPI 20 XCNWGU (QT 190 RCKTU QH XCNWGU) CPF 15 XCNWGU (105 RCKTU QH
XCNWGU) CRRGCTGF VQ DG VJG QRVKOWO. )KXGP (5GG 6CDNG 8-1) VJCV VJGTG YGTG 4 KPVGTXGPVKQPU, 3
NQECN CEVQTU, 2 QDLGEVU QH XCNWG VJKU QPN[ CNNQYGF WU VQ UGNGEV 6 NQECN XCNWGU HTQO VJG HQTGUV
XCNWG UVWF[, YJKEJ YGTG EJQUGP QP VJG DCUKU QH C HTGSWGPE[ QH 3 QT OQTG1369. +P CP[ EQIPKVKXG
OCRRKPI UVWF[ KV YCU KORQTVCPV VQ KPENWFG NQECN CEVQTU (/GP, 9QOGP, 5GNH) KP QTFGT VQ
FKHHGTGPVKCVG DGVYGGP CVVKVWFGU CPF DGNKGH. 6JG GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU VJCV YGTG UGNGEVGF YGTG
GKVJGT DGKPI KORNGOGPVGF QT RNCPPGF D[ NQECN IQXGTPOGPV CPF KV YCU KORQTVCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF
VJGKT KORCEV QP UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR. %QPUGTXCVKQP YCU EQPUKFGTGF D[ TGURQPFGPVU
VQ DG DQVJ C NQECN HQTGUV XCNWG CPF CP GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQP.
8.2.2 )GQITCRJKECN %QXGTCIG
/&5 YCU EQPFWEVGF COQPI 86 RGQRNG CV 86 UKVGU (5GG /CR 8-3) KP 16 EQWPVKGU (/CR 8-4) KP
’CUVGTP −JCO1370 CPF C HWNN DTGCMFQYP QH TGURQPFGPVU D[ EQWPV[, XKNNCIG, EQQTFKPCVGU, IGPFGT,
GVJPKEKV[, CIG, CPF ECVEJOGPV ECP DG HQWPF KP #RRGPFKZ 1.
1TKIKPCNN[, KV YCU RNCPPGF VQ UWTXG[ VJG YJQNG QH −JCO DWV EJCNNGPIKPI VGTTCKP, NCEM QH
EQPUWNVCPE[ QRRQTVWPKVKGU, GZRGPUG, CPF DWTGCWETCE[ OCFG VJKU KORQUUKDNG CPF ’CUVGTP −JCO
YCU UGNGEVGF FWG VQ KVU TGNCVKXG CEEGUUKDKNKV[ CPF QRGPPGUU. #NVJQWIJ GVJPQ-NKPIWKUVKECNN[ VJGTG
KU PQV OWEJ FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP ’CUVGTP CPF 9GUVGTP −JCO IGQ-RQNKVKECNN[ ’CUVGTP −JCO HQT
OWEJ QH KVU JKUVQT[ JCU TGRTGUGPVGF CP KPFGRGPFGPV VGTTKVQT[, YKVJ KVU QYP VTKDCN EJKGHVCKPU,
UCPFYKEJGF DGVYGGP .JCUC EQPVTQNNGF 6KDGV CPF *CP %JKPC.
1367 $QPCKWVQ GV CN 2002 1368 )QNFUVGKP CPF −CRUVGKP 1998, 5EJYCTV\ 1994 1369 K.G. XCNWGU VJCV YGTG OGPVKQPGF D[ VJTGG QT OQTG TGURQPFGPVU. 1370 5GG UKVG KPHQTOCVKQP #RRGPFKZ 1.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 228
/CR 8-3 ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC KP TGF CPF EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UKVGU CU TGF USWCTGU
0Q HQTGUV5RCTUG HQTGUV/KZGF EQPKHGT/DTQCFNGCH$TQCFNGCH HQTGUV/QWPVCKPU 5000O+%QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UKVGU4GUGCTEJ CTGC
.WIW .CMG
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 229
/CR 8-4 6JG EQWPVKGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO
.WIW .CMG
&GPIMQ
&GMC 5JKSW
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%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 230
/CR 8-5 6JG YCVGT ECVEJOGPVU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO
5#.9’’0 4+8’4 %#6%*/’06
/’−10) 4+8’4 %#6%*/’06
;+#0)6<’ 4+8’4 %#6%*/’06
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−JCODC URGCMGTU
−JCODC URGCMGTU KP VJG ;CLKCPI XCNNG[
3KCPIKE URGCMGTU
%QWPV[ DQWPFCTKGU
8.2.3 /WNVKFKOGPUKQPCN 5ECNKPI
+P ECUG, VJG TGCFGT JCU HQTIQVVGP /&5 CVVGORVU VQ CTTCPIG QDLGEVU (KP VJKU ECUG HQTGUV XCNWGU) KP
4GKOCPP URCEG (5GG (KIWTG 6-2) YKVJ C RCTVKEWNCT PWODGT QH FKOGPUKQPU UQ CU VQ TGRTQFWEG
OGCP FKUVCPEGU QT FKUUKOKNCTKVKGU. #U C TGUWNV, YG ECP 'GZRNCKP' VJG FKUVCPEGU KP VGTOU QH
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 231
WPFGTN[KPI ENWUVGTU (QT FQOCKPU1371), FKOGPUKQPU, CPF RCTCFKIOU. +P VJKU UVWF[, /&5 RNQVU
YGTG EQPUVTWEVGF DCUGF QP OGCP FKUVCPEGU1372 DGVYGGP CNN 15 XCNWGU (2NQV 8-2) QT 17 XCNWGU
(2NQV 8-3) CPF DCUGF QP VJG PWODGT QH FKOGPUKQPU1373 EJQUGP VQ GPUWTG CEEGRVCDNG NGXGNU QH
UVTGUU1374 (K.G. NGUU VJCP 0.05). #NVJQWIJ UGXGTCN FKOGPUKQPU CTG UQOGVKOGU TGSWKTGF VQ TGFWEG
UVTGUU CPF OCZKOK\G HKV, (T2) VYQ FKOGPUKQPU (2NQV 8-2) CTG QHVGP CFGSWCVG VQ KFGPVKH[ VJG OCKP
FKOGPUKQPU CPF ENWUVGTU. +P VJKU UVWF[, JQYGXGT VYQ FKOGPUKQPU FKF PQV HWNN[ GZRNCKP 'JWPVKPI'
UQ C VJKTF FKOGPUKQP YCU WUGF (2NQV 8-1). 5GG GZRNCPCVKQP QH JWPVKPI KP UGEVKQP 8.2.4 CPF 2NQV
8-4.
2NQV 8-1 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI 15 XCNWGU KP 3 FKOGPUKQPU
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU
CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF
QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 232
2NQV 8-2 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI 15 XCNWGU KP 2 FKOGPUKQPU
-1.50
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6
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8
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2&KOGPUKQPU 555&U 566.068155&H 13.45VTGUU 0.0234-5SWCTGF 69.37
(QTGUV 1 9KNFNKHG2 %QPUGTXCVKQP 3 $NGUUKPI 4 /GP 5 9QOGP 6 5GNH 7 6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8[WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 100’( 11
(QTGUVARTQFWEVU 120*( 13
+PFWUVTKCNAHQTGUVCVKQP 14 5QEKCNKUO 15
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
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2NQV 8-3 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI 17 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP 2 FKOGPUKQPU
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55&H 27.077737
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*WPVKPI 110’( 12
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GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
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%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 233
+V YQWNF CRRGCT HTQO /&5 (2NQV 8-1 CPF 8-2) VJCV, KP EQOOQP YKVJ HKGNF-VGUVKPI KP &GMC KP
EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.6.2, VJGTG CTG HQWT ENWUVGTU, QPG UKPINGVQP ('JWPVKPI') CPF VYQ FKOGPUKQPU.
$CUGF QP JKGTCTEJKECN ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU1375 CPF O[ UWDLGEVKXG MPQYNGFIG QH VJG TGIKQP VJG HQWT
ENWUVGTU UWIIGUV VJG GZKUVGPEG QH HQWT EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU1376 PCOGN[; UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE,
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN, GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG1377 UGTXKEGU, CPF DKQRJ[UKECN FQOCKPU, YJKEJ
CTG FKUVTKDWVGF CNQPI VYQ CZKU QT FKOGPUKQPU (1=0CVWTCN 2=*WOCP). 1VJGT RQNGU QT RCTVKVKQPU
OC[ CNUQ DG RQUUKDNG CPF YJKNG VJG FCVC OC[ PQV DG KPEQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VJG KFGPVKHKGF ITQWRU,
VJGKT GZKUVGPEG KU D[ PQ OGCPU GSWKXQECN.
+P ECUG KV KU PQV ENGCT CNN 86 TGURQPFGPVU YGTG CUMGF VQ FKUVCPEG 15 XCNWGU CPF QH VJGO 57 YGTG
CUMGF VQ FKUVCPEG 2 CFFKVKQPCN XCNWGU (K.G. 17 XCNWGU) KP QTFGT VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJG TGNCVKXG
KORQTVCPEG QH RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV. +V CRRGCTU VJCV QP VJG DCUKU QH 15 XCNWGU (2NQV 8-2) VJCV 'UGNH' KU
NQECVGF KP DQVJ VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP, 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' KP VJG
'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKPU CPF EQPUGTXCVKQP KP
VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU', 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN'.
+P EQPVTCUV YKVJ 17 XCNWGU (2NQV 8-3) 'UGNH' KV KU QPN[ NQECVGF KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP
'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP, EQPUGTXCVKQP KP VJG
'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' CPF 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKPU CPF 'RNCEG' KP VJG
'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' CPF 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP. 6JKU CRRGCTU VQ UWIIGUV VJCV VJG NCVVGT
TGURQPFGPVU (HTQO 2003) CTG OQTG VTCFKVKQPCN CPF FQ PQV ENQUGN[ KFGPVKH[ YKVJ VJG
'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP. 6JGTG KU UQOG PGGF HQT ECWVKQP VJQWIJ IKXGP VJG NQY NGXGNU QH T2.
+P VJG HQNNQYKPI UGEVKQPU YG YKNN GZRNQTG HQTGUV XCNWGU: DCUGF QP VJGKT FQOCKP RNCEGOGPV
UWIIGUVGF KP VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI (8.2.4); QP VJG DCUKU QH FKUCIITGICVKQP (8.2.5); VJCV YGTG
GZENWFGF HTQO EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI (8.2.6); VJCV YGTG CFFTGUUGF KP EQPVGZVWCN UVWFKGU (8.2.7)
1375 *KGTCTEJKECN ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU KU C UVCVKUVKECN OGVJQF HQT HKPFKPI TGNCVKXGN[ JQOQIGPGQWU ENWUVGTU QH ECUGU DCUGF QP OGCUWTGF EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU. +V FQGU PQV, JQYGXGT CFFTGUU FKOGPUKQPCNKV[. 1376 &QOCKPU CTG OQUV V[RKECNN[ KPVTQFWEGF VQ EKTEWOUETKDG GZENWUKXG TGCNOU QT UGVU -- K.G., VJG[ UGTXG CU ECVGIQTK\CVKQP EQPUVTWEVU HQT UQTVKPI QWV WPKVKGU CPF RJGPQOGPC. JVVR://YYY.KORTKPV.EQ.WM/VJGUCWTWU/FQOCKP.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ 1EVQDGT 2005. 1377 6JKU JCU UQOG TGNGXCPEG KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV DGECWUG QH EQOOQPGTU TKIJVU DWV KV JCU NKVVNG TGNGXCPEG VQ FC[ XKUKVQTU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 234
CPF UGEQPFCT[ UQWTEGU. $CUGF QP VJG GXKFGPEG RTGUGPVGF DGNQY KV YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG
EQPUVGNNCVKQPU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU OC[ YGNN EQPUVKVWVG HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU (8.2.8) CU FGHKPGF KP
EJCRVGT 2 UGEVKQP 2.2 YJKEJ OKIJV RTQXKFG VGORNCVGU HQT HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR.
8.2.4. (QTGUV 8CNWGU +PENWFGF KP VJG %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI
.KHG UWRRQTV XCNWGU
+P ’CUVGTP −JCO VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN NKHG-UWRRQTV RTQXKFGF D[ HQTGUVU KU IGPGTCNN[ NQECVGF (2NQV
8-2) KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP CPF YCU GZRTGUUGF FWTKPI VJG
HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ KP VGTOU QH RTGXGPVKPI 'NCTIG-UECNG FQYPUVTGCO HNQQFKPI', C XKGY UWRRQTVGF
VJTQWIJ OWEJ QH '*KIJ #UKC'1378. 6JKU XKGY KU UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG /&5 YJGTG VJG 'PCVWTCN' TQNG
QH HQTGUVU KP NKHG UWRRQTV K.G. 'HQTGUV', ''PCVWTCN J[FTQNQIKECN HWPEVKQP'', CPF ''PCVWTCN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN HWPEVKQP'' CTG CNN KP TGNCVKXGN[ ENQUG RTQZKOKV[ CPF CV .WIW .CMG TGHGTTGF VQ KP
EJCRVGT 6 (5GG 6CDNG 6.5) YJGTG NKHG-UWRRQTV XCNWGU TCPMGF 1UV QWV QH 13 XCNWGU CPF TGRTGUGPVGF
14% QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG1379. +V YCU KPEQTTGEVN[ CUUWOGF1380 VJCV OCP[ NKHG-UWRRQTV
UGTXKEGU YGTG NCTIGN[ KPFGRGPFGPV QH JWOCP CIGPE[ CPF VQ GORJCUK\G VJGKT KPFGRGPFGPEG VJG[
YGTG RTGHKZGF YKVJ 'PCVWTCN'. +P URKVG QH VJKU, TGURQPFGPVU EQPVKPWGF VQ RNCEG 'UGNH' ENQUG VQ
''PCVWTCN J[FTQNQIKECN HWPEVKQP'' CPF ''PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN HWPEVKQP'' (2NQV 8-2). +V OWUV DG
CUUWOGF VJCV HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH VJQUG UWTXG[GF VJG[ UGG GXGT[ NKXKPI CPF PQP-NKXKPI VJKPI
KP VJG YQTNF CU DGKPI KPVGTTGNCVGF CPF KPVGTFGRGPFGPV CPF VJG[ V[RKECNN[ GODGF PCVWTG KP
UQEKGV[1381.
%QPUGTXCVKQP XCNWGU
4GURQPFGPVU HTQO ’CUVGTP −JCO TGEQIPK\G VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP XCNWG QH HQTGUVU YJKEJ VJG[
NQECVG KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU', 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' CPF 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN'
FQOCKPU CPF GZRTGUUGF KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ KP VGTOU QH 'GEQU[UVGO UWRRQTV' CPF
1378 JVVR://DQUVQPINQDCNCEVKQP.PGV/7−/NCPFUNKFG.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 JVVR://DQUVQPINQDCNCEVKQP.PGV/7−/EJKRMQ.JVON CEEGUUGF 7VJ ,WN[ 2005 1379 6JG UWO QH WUG CPF PQP-WUG XCNWGU YKVJ FWG EQPUKFGTCVKQP QH CP[ VTCFG-QHHU QT OWVWCNN[ GZENWUKXG WUGU QT HWPEVKQPU QH VJG TGUQWTEG/JCDKVCV KP SWGUVKQP. 5QWTEG: )NQDCN $KQFKXGTUKV[ #UUGUUOGPV )$# JVVR://GWTQRC.GW.KPV/EQOO/TGUGCTEJ/DKQUQEKGV[/NKDTCT[/INQUUCT[NKUVAGP.EHO!+PKV=6 CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WN 2005. 1380 $CUGF QP C YGUVGTP OKPFUGV. 1381 5CJVQWTKU 1995
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 235
'GEQNQIKECN KORQTVCPEG FQ PQV, JQYGXGT TGCFKN[ TGEQIPK\G VJG TQNG QH UQEKGV[ QT VJCV QH VJG
%JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV KP HQTGUV EQPUGTXCVKQP.
6JGUG XKGYU YGTG UWRRQTVGF CV .WIW .CMG YJGTG 'DKQFKXGTUKV[' TGRTGUGPVGF 7% QH VQVCN
GEQPQOKE XCNWG CPF D[ /&5 YKVJ GXKFGPEG QH 'PCVWTCN EQPUGTXCVKQP' (K.G. EQPUGTXCVKQP YKVJQWV
JWOCP CIGPE[)1382, 'GPFQIGPQWU EQPUGTXCVKQP' (EQPUGTXCVKQP YKVJ NQECN JWOCP CIGPE[ QT
KFGPVKHKECVKQP) 1383 CPF NKVVNG GXKFGPEG QH 'GZQIGPQWU EQPUGTXCVKQP' (EQPUGTXCVKQP D[ VJG UVCVG QT
KPVGTPCVKQPCN 0)1) 1384 . 6JG QPN[ GZEGRVKQP KP VJG NCUV ECUG DGKPI 'QNF' TGURQPFGPVU1385 (2NQV
8-10) CPF TGURQPFGPVU HTQO ';CLKCPI %QWPV[' (2NQV 8-11). 6JKU OC[ JCXG TGUWNVGF HTQO C
'RQNKVKECNN[ EQTTGEVGF' TGURQPUG HTQO VJG QNF YJQ ECP TGOGODGT VJG QEEWRCVKQP D[ VJG 2GQRNGU
.KDGTCVKQP #TO[ CPF VJG %WNVWTCN 4GXQNWVKQP CPF HQTGUVT[ GZVGPUKQP KP ;CLKCPI %QWPV[.
(QT VJG 6KDGVCPU VJG URKTKVWCN UKIPKHKECPEG QH EQPUGTXCVKQP1386 CRRGCTGF OQTG KORQTVCPV VJCP
VJG GEQNQIKECN UKIPKHKECPEG. −JCODC TGURQPFGPVU CTG GXKFGPVN[ UKOKNCT VQ UQOG QVJGT
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OCPKHGUV CP GVJKECN CVVKVWFG1388 D[ NQECVKPI 'UGNH' CPF 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN'
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YQQF EJQRRKPI QT EWNVKXCVKQP) FWTKPI VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[, VJG 24# UVWF[ CPF GVJPQHQTGUVT[
UVWF[.
5RKTKVWCN CPF UCETGF XCNWGU
−JCODC XKGYU QH URKTKVWCN XCNWGU CTG KP UJCTR EQPVTCUV VQ VJG 7− YJGTG PQ QPG OGPVKQPGF C
URKTKVWCN FKOGPUKQP CU C HQTGUV XCNWG KP HKGNF-VGUVKPI1389. +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG "FG-UQWNKPI QH
PCVWTG"1390 D[ ,QJP .QEMG CPF JKU UWEEGUUQTU KU UVKNN C FQOKPCPV XKGY COQPI HQTGUV FC[-XKUKVQTU
1382 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KU KP VJG 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP KP 2NQV 8-2. 1383 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KU KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP KP 2NQV 8-2. 1384 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KU PQV KP QT ENQUG VQ VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP KP 2NQV 8-2. 1385 CIG 51+ 1386 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KU ENQUGT VQ '[WN-NJC', '6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO' CPF 'DNGUUKPI' VJCP 'HQTGUV' CPF 'YKNFNKHG'. 1387 %CNNKEQVV 1982 1388 0QTOCVKXG IWKFGNKPGU IQXGTPKPI OCP'U CVVKVWFGU, DGJCXKQWT, CPF CEVKQP VQYCTF VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV. 1389 YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH YKNFGTPGUU CPF VJGTCRGWVKE XCNWGU: YJKEJ FQ CRRGCT KP UQOG V[RQNQIKGU CU "URKTKVWCN" XCNWGU. 1390 $CPWTK CPF /CTINKP 1993 RCIG 18 CPF 19
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 236
CPF RTQHGUUKQPCN HQTGUVGTU KP VJG 7−1391. 95% QH TGURQPFGPVU KP ’CUVGTP −JCO TGEQIPK\GF C
URKTKVWCN FKOGPUKQP1392 KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[1393, YJKEJ KU IGPGTCNN[ NQECVGF KP VJG
'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP (2NQV 8-2). +P FKUEWUUKQP YKVJ VJG TGURQPFGPVU KP $GPIFC, VJG NKPM
DGVYGGP VJGKT CPKOKUVKE-UJCOCPKUVKE DGNKGHU YCU GZRTGUUGF KP 'DNGUUKPI' D[ VJG NQECN FKXKPKV[1394,
KP TGURQPUG VQ VJGKT ECTG QH VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF QH VJG FKXKPKV[1395. 6JG PCVWTG QH VJKU NKPM CRRGCTGF
VQ DG OWEJ OQTG F[PCOKE CPF RGTUQPCN VJCP YKVJ 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO1396, YJKEJ YCU OQTG
CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ YJCV VJG OQPMU CPF OQPCUVGTKGU FKF1397.
6JGUG XKGYU YGTG UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG EQPVGZVWCN UVWFKGU CV &GPIMQ CPF CV .WIW .CMG YJGTG
URKTKVWCN XCNWGU TGRTGUGPVGF 5% QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG, COQPI 2WOK OGP, KV TCPMGF UGEQPF
QWV QH 13 XCNWGU CPF VJG HKPFKPIU UWIIGUV VJCV UCETGF UKVGU RTQXKFG XGT[ IQQF GZGORNCTU QH
EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF DKQ-FKXGTUKV[, DCEMGF D[ TGNKIKQWU UCPEVKQP1398. +P EQOOQP YKVJ VJG RGQRNGU
QH $GPIFC1399, )QPIIC 5JCP1400, &GPIMQ1401 CPF &GSKP1402 VJG .WIW .CMG TGURQPFGPVU YGTG
CDNG VQ KFGPVKH[ UCETGF OQWPVCKPU, VTGGU, CPKOCNU, CPF URTKPIU.
6JG /WUWQ CPF 2WOK FGVCKNGF1403 VJG OGCUWTGU TGSWKTGF VQ RNCECVG NQECN PWOKPC, YKVJ VJG
1391 .GG 2001 CPF RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 28/4/2003 YGDNQI 1392 DNGUUKPI, 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO CPF [WN-NJC. 1393 +P HKGNF VGUVKPI KP −JCO UGG EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.6.2.
1394 [WN-NJC 9v;-[k�
1395 K.G. VJG NQECNG QXGT YJKEJ JG RTGUKFGF.
1396 6KDGVCPU EQOOQPN[ FTCY C FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP VJTGG TGNKIKQWU VTCFKVKQPU, 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO [-&}=k
NJC EJQU,
$QP 0},-&}=k
DQP EJQU CPF /K EJQU 1m-&}=k
. OK EJQU KU C NKVGTCT[ VGTO CPF PQV WUGF D[ KNNKVGTCVG HCTOGTU, YJQ CTG
OQTG HCOKNKCT YKVJ [WN-NJC 9v;-[k VJG VGTTKVQTKCN/EQOOWPKV[ FKXKPKVKGU. 6JGTG CTG VJTGG RJCUGU QH DQP, CNVJQWIJ
OQFGTP DQP ECP DG TGICTFGF CU VJG HKHVJ UEJQQN QH 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO, YKVJ EGTVCKP FKHHGTGPEGU QH XQECDWNCT[, DWV PQ OCLQT FKHHGTGPEG KP EQPVGPV (5COWGN 1993C.). 1397 6TGG RNCPVKPI CPF VJG RTGXGPVKQP QH JWPVKPI. 1398 .CKTF 1995, /CTVKP 1999, 2GK 5JGPILK 1993 1399 +P $GPIFC &KUVTKEV VJGTG CTG VJTGG UCETGF OQWPVCKPU:- 0[QY[GG, 0[CLK &TCYIW, 5CYCTC.
1400 +P VJG CTGC CTQWPF )QPIIC 5JCP %CRTKEQTPKU UWOCVTCGPUKU (KP .CVKP , VJG UGTQY KP ’PINKUJ, VJG < Ÿ-Wk
UJC(YC\C) TCIC([C) KP 6KDGVCP) CTG TCTGN[ JWPVGF DGECWUG VJG[ CTG UCETGF VQ VJG 'NQTF QH VJG OQWPVCKP' ($NGKUEJ CPF 9QPI 1990). 1401 5VWFNG[ GV CN 1995 CPF 6CDNG 6-2 1402 2GK 1999, 60% 2005 1403 #TQWPF .WIW .CMG (5VWFNG[ 1999C + D, 2004E..F).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 237
JGNR QH C UJCOCP1404/RTKGUV, CPF OCMG TGUVKVWVKQP YKVJ VJG NQECN EQOOWPKV[, YJGP VTGGU QT
CPKOCNU YGTG MKNNGF KP UCETGF CTGCU1405. 6[RKECNN[, COQPI CNN VJGUG ITQWRU CEEGUU VQ UCETGF
VGTTKVQT[ KU TGUVTKEVGF D[ "UQEKCN HGPEKPI"1406 CHHGEVGF D[ VCDQQU, EQFGU CPF EWUVQO VQ RCTVKEWNCT
CEVKXKVKGU CPF OGODGTU QH C EQOOWPKV[1407. +P EQOOQP YKVJ VJG RGQRNG QH $GPIFC VJG
TGURQPFGPVU CV .WIW CTG XGT[ CYCTG QH VJG DQWPFCTKGU1408 QH VJG VGTTKVQT[ YJGTG ICVJGTKPI,
JWPVKPI, YQQF EJQRRKPI CPF EWNVKXCVKQP CTG UVTKEVN[ RTQJKDKVGF. 6JG[ DGNKGXG VJCV VJGUG
CEVKXKVKGU YKNN OCMG VJG NQECN IQFU CPIT[ CPF DTKPI OKUHQTVWPG CPF FKUCUVGT WRQP VJG
EQOOWPKV[1409.
9JKNG CEEGUU VQ UCETGF CTGCU KU TGUVTKEVGF, VJG UCOG UCPEVKQPU FQ PQV CRRN[ VQ PQP-UCETGF CTGCU.
/QTG TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG UCETGF/PQP-UCETGF ECVGIQTKGU TGEQIPK\GF D[ VJG
RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO. 9JCV KU MPQYP KU VJCV VJG 5JGTRCU1410 FQ PQV GZVGPF VJG UCOG FGITGG
QH EQPUGTXCVKQP EQPUEKQWUPGUU VQ PQP-UCETGF HQTGUV. 5QOG QH VJGKT HQTGUVU CTG ECTGHWNN[
OCPCIGF VQ RTQXKFG UWUVCKPCDNG UQWTEGU QH JKIJN[ XCNWGF RTQFWEVU UWEJ CU JQWUG DGCOU, DWV
OQUV VKODGT CPF HWGN-YQQF KU QDVCKPGF HTQO WPRTQVGEVGF WPOCPCIGF NQECN HQTGUVU CPF
YQQFNCPFU. 1TCN VTCFKVKQPU QH JKUVQTKECN FGITCFCVKQP CPF ENGCTKPI QH VJGUG JGCXKN[ WUGF CTGCU
EQPVTCUV UJCTRN[ YKVJ VJG GZVTCQTFKPCT[ TGURGEV YKVJ YJKEJ UCETGF HQTGUVU CTG RTQVGEVGF1411.
1404 $QVJ UJCOCP CPF RTKGUVU YGTG JGCXKN[ RGTUGEWVGF FWTKPI VJG %WNVWTCN 4GXQNWVKQP CPF CNVJQWIJ UQOG RTKGUVU CPF ;K DKOQ YGTG CNNQYGF VQ RTCEVKEG CICKP HTQO VJG GCTN[ 1980U VJG UJCOCP JCF VQ YCKV WPVKN VJG OKF 1990U, DGECWUG VJGKT DGNKGHU CPF RTCEVKEGU YGTG XKGYGF CU 'UWRGTUVKVKQWU'. #U C TGUWNV KP NQECN CTGCU VJKU VTCFKVKQP JCU CNOQUV FKGF QWV CPF VJGTG CTG QPN[ VYQ FCDC NGHV COQPI VJG /QUWQ RGQRNG CPF QPN[ QPG VJCV KU HCOKNKCT YKVJ CNN VJTGG FCDC VTCFKVKQPU (4KVWCN CPF TKVG QH RCUUCIG RTC[GTU, FKXKPCVKQP, UJCOCP/JGCNGT (%CK *WC 2001)). #VVGORVU JCXG DGGP OCFG VQ VTCKP CPF OGPVQT OQTG UJCOCP DWV VJG NWTG QH VQWTKUO RTQXGF VQQ OWEJ (5VWFNG[ 2004E..F,;CPI (WSWCP 2003). #NVJQWIJ KP VJG TGIKQP VJGTG KU C TGXKXCN COQPI VJG 2WOK JCPIWK CPF ;K DKOQ VJGTG CTG NQECN UJQTVCIGU. (QT VJG 2WOK YJQ NKXG PGZV VQ .WIW .CMG VJG PGCTGUV JCPIWK NKXG KP 5KEJWCP CPF HQT VJG ;K VJG PGCTGUV DKOQ NKXGU 40 MO CYC[, CNVJQWIJ JG FQGU XKUKV VJG CTGC TGIWNCTN[. 1405 +PVGPVKQPCNN[ QT D[ OKUVCMG. 1406 JVVR://YYY.VGTKKP.QTI/VGTKUEQRG/TGUWRFCVGU/HQTGUVGTU4KU.JVO CEEGUUGF 20VJ ,WN[ 2005 1407 −QVJCTK CPF &CU 1999 1408 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP $NQPFGCW 4/2/2003 YGDNQI 1409 2GK 5JGPILK 1993 CPF 1999 1410 9JQ CTG QH 6KDGVCP GVJPKE QTKIKP, RQUUKDN[ HTQO −JCO JVVR://YYY.MJCPFTQ.PGV/RNCEGA0GRCN.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 1411 5VGXGPU 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 238
(QTGUV RTQFWEVU
+P ’CUVGTP −JCO, TGURQPFGPVU TGEQIPK\GF VJG KORQTVCPEG QH '(QTGUV 2TQFWEVU' KP VJGKT
UWDUKUVGPEG NKHGUV[NG. 6JGKT KORQTVCPEG YCU GURGEKCNN[ TGEQIPK\GF KP &GPIMQ1412 CPF $GPIFC
YJGTG FWTKPI VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[ VJG[ TCPMGF JKIJGT VJCP CP[ QVJGT XCNWG. 6JKU KU UWRRQTVGF
D[ /&5 YJGTG '(QTGUV 2TQFWEVU' KU TGEQIPK\GF CU C EQORQPGPV QH VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF
UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP (2NQV 8-2) CPF CV .WIW .CMG 1413 YJGTG
UWDUKUVGPEG XCNWG TGRTGUGPVGF 10 % QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG EQORCTGF VQ 'EQOOGTEKCN
XCNWG'1414 YJKEJ KU QPN[ 5%. (QTGUV 2TQFWEVU CTG ETWEKCN GURGEKCNN[ KP VKOGU QH HCOKPG QT
FKUCUVGT DWV JCXG NCTIGN[ DGGP KIPQTGF D[ VJG %JKPGUG UVCVG KP TGEGPV HQTGUV RQNKEKGU.
+PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP
+PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[ KU NQECVGF KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP CPF KFGPVKHKGF ENQUGN[ YKVJ
'UQEKCNKUO'. +V KU PQV EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG ENQUG VQ 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' QT VQ 'DNGUUKPI', '[WN-NJC' QT '6KDGVCP
$WFFJKUO'. +V YCU PQV GZCOKPGF KP CP[ QVJGT UVWF[.
5QEKCNKUO
#NVJQWIJ UQEKCNKUO YCU PQV KFGPVKHKGF FWTKPI VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ KV YCU UGNGEVGF HQT
EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI DGECWUG KV TGRTGUGPVU CP CNKGP UGV QH XCNWGU (QT KFGCNU) VJCV RTQXKFGU C
RNCVHQTO HQT RQNKVKECN CPF UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE FGXGNQROGPV, PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG KPVGTXGPVKQP, CPF VJG
*CPKHKECVKQP QH %JKPC'U OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU.
#NVJQWIJ VJG *CP XCNWGU QH VJG PCVKQP-UVCVG CTG WPFGTRKPPGF D[ C OKZVWTG QH %QPHWEKCP,
%QOOWPKUV, VTCFKVKQPCN CPF OCTMGV XCNWGU YJGP %JKPC'U 2TGUKFGPV, *W ,KPVCQ, VQQM QXGT KP
GCTN[ 2003 JG UKIPCNNGF PQ UJCTR FGRCTVWTGU HTQO VJG RQNKEKGU QH JKU RTGFGEGUUQT. %KVKPI VJG
"JWIG UVTKFGU" %JKPC JCU OCFG UKPEG VJG EQOOWPKUV TGXQNWVKQP, *W RNGFIGF VQ UVC[ VJG EQWTUG
CPF TGKVGTCVGF VJCV "1PN[ UQEKCNKUO ECP UCXG %JKPC, CPF %JKPC ECP FGXGNQR QPN[ WPFGT
1412 5GG 6CDNG 6-2 1413 5VWFNG[ CV CN 2005 1414 6JKU KU QHVGP VJG QPN[ XCNWG WUGF D[ GEQPQOKUVU, YJKEJ PQV QPN[ KIPQTGU UWDUKUVGPEG DWV OQUV QVJGT HQTGUV XCNWGU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 239
UQEKCNKUO YKVJ %JKPGUG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU"1415. %QPUGSWGPVN[ OQUV QTICPU QH IQXGTPOGPV
QHHKEKCNN[ EQPVKPWG VQ QRGTCVG WPFGT VJG CGIKU QH C UQEKCNKUV RCTCFKIO. +V KU KORQTVCPV, KP VGTOU
QH VJKU UVWF[, VQ WPFGTUVCPF KH UQEKCNKUO RTQXKFGF C 'OQTCN' RNCVHQTO HQT PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP,
IKXGP VJCV VJG −JCODC 6KDGVCPU JCXG PGXGT HWNN[ CEEGRVGF KVU VGPGVU1416. 7PVKN XGT[ TGEGPVN[ KV
JCU DGGP FKHHKEWNV VQ LWFIG KVU KORQTVCPEG KP VGTOU QH EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI, DGECWUG CP[ ETKVKEKUO
YCU PQV VQNGTCVGF D[ CP[ UGEVQT QH UQEKGV[1417 CPF KV KU GXKFGPV VJCV KP URKVG QH VJG GOGTIGPEG QH
CP GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU KP *CP %JKPC XGUVKIGU QH VJKU NGICE[ TGOCKP. 9JGP CUMGF VQ
UECNG UQEKCNKUO OCP[ TGURQPFGPVU ICXG CP GODCTTCUUGF NCWIJ CPF ENGCTN[ FGEKFGF VJCV VJG[ JCF
DGVVGT GTT QP VJG RQNKVKECNN[ UCHG UKFG. +P URKVG QH VJKU QPG VTCPUNCVQT, YJQ YCU /KP[CM1418, DWV
JCF DGGP KP VJG CTO[, DGECOG EQPEGTPGF YJGP TGURQPFGPVU ICXG 'JQPGUV' TGURQPUGU.
1P VJG DCUKU QH VJG 'RQNKVKECNN[ EQTTGEVGF' FCVC, 'UQEKCNKUO' KU IGPGTCNN[ NQECVGF KP VJG
'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP (2NQV 8-2) CPF KV KU SWKVG FKUVCPV HTQO VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN',
'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU', CPF 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' FQOCKP. &WG VQ KVU FKUVCPEG HTQO
VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP KV FQGU PQV CRRGCT VQ RTQXKFG VJG QRVKOWO RNCVHQTO HQT
EQPUGTXCVKQP CFXQECE[.
*WPVKPI HQT HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG
*WPVKPI YCU PQV KFGPVKHKGF FWTKPI VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ EQPFWEVGF KP −JCO FWTKPI HKGNF
VGUVKPI (5GG 6.6.2) DWV KV YCU KPENWFGF KP EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI DGECWUG QH NQECN IQXGTPOGPV RNCPU
VQ KPVTQFWEG KV CU C OGCPU QH UGEWTKPI HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG. #NVJQWIJ UQOG CWVJQTU1419 YQWNF
JCXG WU DGNKGXG QVJGTYKUG VJG 6KDGVCPU KP EQOOQP YKVJ OQUV "RTG-OQFGTP"1420 RGQRNGU
CEVKXGN[ GZRNQKV VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV, KP URKVG QH VJGKT DGNKGHU, CPF VJKU CRRGCTU VQ KPENWFG
JWPVKPI1421. *WPVKPI JQYGXGT KU KNNGICN CPF FKUEQWTCIGF D[ 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO CPF XKIKNCPVG
OQPMU.
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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 240
2NQV 8-4 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH ’CUVGTP −JCO UJQYKPI &KOGPUKQP 3 CPF 4
-1.00
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1
2
3
45
6
7
8
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11
12
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*WPVKPI (P=86)
&KO3
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4&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 566.0681
55&H 13.4
5VTGUU 0.023
4-5SWCTGF 69.37
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9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
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9QOGP6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
[WNANJC 9
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0’( 11
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5QEKCNKUO 15
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU
CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF
QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
6JGUG FKURCTCVG XKGYU CTG TGHNGEVGF KP VJG /&5 RNQVU YJGTG 'JWPVKPI' KU C UKPINGVQP CPF CRRGCTU
VQ DG XGT[ FKUVCPV HTQO CNN XCNWGU KP 2NQV 8-21422 DWV ENQUG VQ 'OGP' , 'DNGUUKPI', CPF '[WN-NJC' KP
2NQV 8-41423. #NVJQWIJ VJGUG HKPFKPIU CTG EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ −JCODC EWUVQO CPF EWNVWTG HWTVJGT
HKGNF TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF KP VGTOU QH GUVCDNKUJKPI YJCV FKOGPUKQP VJTGG CPF HQWT TGRTGUGPVU
HTQO C −JCODC RGTURGEVKXG.
/CP[ TGURQPFGPVU YJQ YGTG CYCTG QH VJG RTQJKDKVKQP, DWV WPUWTG QH O[ CIGPFC, 'FKUVCPEGF'
VJGOUGNXGU HTQO JWPVKPI DWV QVJGTU1424 UKVWCVGF VJGOUGNXGU CV ENQUG RTQZKOKV[ VQ JWPVKPI.
5QOG QH VJG TGURQPFGPVU KPFKECVGF VJCV JWPVKPI UJQWNF QPN[ VCMG RNCEG WPFGT VJG HQNNQYKPI
EQPFKVKQPU:- C) QPN[ RTGFCVQT[ CPKOCNU1425 D) QPN[ YJGP NKHG KU GPFCPIGTGF E) CU C UWTXKXCN
UVTCVGI[ HQT VJG XGT[ RQQT F) QPN[ KP EGTVCKP PQP-UCETGF NQECVKQPU. 4GURQPFGPVU CNUQ OGPVKQPGF
VJG TQNG QH OQPMU KP RTGXGPVKPI JWPVKPI KP UKVG URGEKHKE NQECVKQPU.
1422 &KOGPUKQP 1 CPF 2. 1423 &KOGPUKQP 3 CPF 4. 1424 9JQ LWFIKPI D[ VJGKT TGURQPUG JWPVGF. 1425 9QNXGU CPF $GCTU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 241
#NVJQWIJ 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO VGCEJGU VJCV NKHG KU UCETGF CPF VJG $WFFJKUV RWTICVQT[ KPENWFGU C
URGEKCN EQNF JGNN HQT UQWNU YJQ JCXG MKNNGF CPKOCNU VJG 6KDGVCPU JCXG CNYC[U DGGP CXKF JWPVGTU
CNVJQWIJ VJG[ JCXG CEEGRVGF UQOG TGUVTKEVKQPU QP NQECVKQPU CPF URGEKGU. *WPVKPI CRRGCTU VQ
JCXG DGGP CEEGRVGF D[ VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV YJGP ICOG YCU RNGPVKHWN1426, KH VJGTG YCU C FGOCPF
HQT HWTU KP VJG OQPCUVGTKGU QT HTQO VJG GNKVG1427, QT HQT VTCFKPI RWTRQUGU KP ’CUVGTP −JCO1428.
#PEKGPV FTCOCU, UWEJ CU '&WP[WFWPLW'1429 CTG UVKNN RGTHQTOGF FGRKEVKPI VJG JGTQ'U NGCTPKPI VJG
CTV QH JWPVKPI CPF 6KDGVCP PQOCFU UVKNN UGGM VJG DNGUUKPI CPF RTQVGEVKQP QH VJGKT VGTTKVQTKCN IQFU
YJGP VJG[ IQ JWPVKPI1430.
2NCEG CVVCEJOGPV XCNWGU
#NVJQWIJ VJG −JCODC TGURQPFGPVU FKF PQV URGEKHKECNN[ XQNWPVGGT 'RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV' QT 'EWNVWTCN
KFGPVKV[' KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ EQPFWEVGF KP −JCO FWTKPI HKGNF VGUVKPI (5GG 6.6.2) KV YCU
PQVGF KP IGPGTCN FKUEWUUKQPU VJCV TGURQPFGPVU JCF C UVTQPI UGPUG QH RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV VJCV KU
OQTG GXKFGPV COQPI VJG QNF VJCP VJG [QWPI1431 (5GG #IG KP UGEVKQP 8.2.5). '2NCEG' YCU KPENWFGF
KP EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI HTQO 2003 CPF KU IGPGTCNN[ NQECVGF KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP, CPF
')CP\K 6QYP', KPENWFGF HQT EQORCTKUQP, KU IGPGTCNN[ NQECVGF KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP
(2NQV 8-3). 6JGTG KU GXKFGPEG VJCV VJG 6KDGVCPU CTG GPJCPEKPI VJGKT EWNVWTCN KFGPVKV[1432 CPF
RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV1433 , KP VJG HCEG QH FQOKPCVKQP D[ VJG *CP %JKPGUG. +P EQOOQP YKVJ QVJGT
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU KP %JKPC1434 VJG −JCODCU CTG QDXKQWU EQPVKPWCNN[ TGEQPUVTWEVKPI NQECNK\GF
KFGPVKV[ CPF RNCEG HTQO VJG URCEG OCFG CXCKNCDNG D[ VJG DTQCFGT U[UVGOU QH RQNKVKECN GEQPQO[
CPF KP EQOOQP YKVJ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU INQDCNN[ D[ DQNUVGTKPI VJGKT 'GEQNQIKGU QH VJG JGCTV'.
8.2.5 &KUCIITGICVGF %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI
6JWU HCT YG JCXG ICKPGF CP QXGTXKGY QH HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF VJGKT RNCEGOGPV KP VJG EQIPKVKXG
FQOCKPU QH VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO, DWV RGTJCRU OQTG KORQTVCPVN[, KP VGTOU QH VJKU UVWF[,
YG YKNN GZCOKPG, KP VJKU UGEVKQP, FKUCIITGICVGF HQTGUV XCNWGU. # EQORCTKUQP QH /&5 RNQVU QP
1426 5GG 0QTDW 1960 1427 4KEJCTFUQP 1986 1428 %QODG 1926, 6UITQPI 1990
1429 `o,-9v-`o,-'vk
FWP[WFWPLW�
1430 $NGKUEJ CPF 9QPI 1990 1431 16-25 [GCTU QH CIG. 1432 )QNFUVGKP CPF −CRUVGKP 1998, 5EJYCTV\ 1994C 1433 $WHHGVTKNNG CPF &KGODGTIGT 2002, ’RUVGKP CPF 9GPDKP 1998, *WDGT 1999C, −CTOC[ 1994 1434 1CMGU 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 242
VJG DCUKU QH FKUCIITGICVKQP CRRGCTU VQ UWIIGUV FKHHGTGPV EQPUVGNNCVKQPU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VGTOU
QH FQOCKP RNCEGOGPV YJKEJ UWIIGUVU FKHHGTGPV RCTCFKIOU. +P EQOOQP YKVJ QVJGT /&5 UVWFKGU
CFFTGUUKPI HQTGUV XCNWGU1435 VJG OQUV CRRQUKVG DCUKU HQT FKUCIITGICVKQP CRRGCTGF VQ DG D[
GVJPKEKV[, IGPFGT, CIG, EQWPV[, CPF YCVGT ECVEJOGPV CPF KH CRRNKECDNG C EQODKPCVKQP.
’VJPKEKV[
6JGTG CTG GXKFGPVN[ UQOG FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP −JCODC CPF 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU (5GG /CR 8-2
CPF /CR 8-5) KP VGTOU QH EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU.
6JG −JCODCU NQECVG 'UGNH' KP DQVJ VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' CPF 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP,
'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU', 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF
'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' FQOCKP (2NQV 8-5), CPF 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' QPN[ VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG
UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP. 6JGTG KU UQOG PGGF HQT ECWVKQP VJQWIJ IKXGP VJG NQY NGXGNU QH T2 KP RNQV 8-5.
6JKU EQPVTCUVU YKVJ 3KCPI URGCMGTU (2NQV 8-6) YJQ NQECVG 'UGNH' KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP,
'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP
CPF 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' CPF 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN'
FQOCKP.
6JKU UWIIGUVU VJCV CNVJQWIJ VJG −JCODCU KFGPVKH[ OQTG ENQUGN[ YKVJ VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE'
FQOCKP VJCP VJG 3KCPI, 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' CTG RCTV QH VJG UWDUKUVGPEG GEQPQO[. $[ EQPVTCUV VJG
3KCPI KFGPVKH[ YKVJ VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP DWV 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' CTG RCTV QH VJG OCTMGV
GEQPQO[.
6JG 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU NKXG ENQUGT VQ *CP %JKPC VJCP VJG −JCODC URGCMGTU CPF HKTGYQQF UWRRN[
CPF QT HQTGUV EQXGT CRRGCTU VQ DG OQTG ETKVKECN. &KHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP VJG −JCODC CPF 3KCPIKE
URGCMGTU YKNN DG GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP 9.4.2 CPF 9.4.3.
1435 %QNHGT GV CN 1996
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 243
2NQV 8-5 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU COQPI −JCO URGCMGTU
-1.50
-0.75
0.00
0.75
1.50
-2.00 -0.75 0.50 1.75 3.00
1
2
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1213
14
15
−JCO URGCMGTU (P=65)
&KO1
&KO
2&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 573.7022
55&H 14.73381
5VTGUU 0.025682
4-5SWCTGF 64.58
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*(13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO15
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
2NQV 8-6 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI RNQV QH 15 OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU QH 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 547.6661
55&H 9.659390
5VTGUU 0.017637
4-5SWCTGF 83.09
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*(13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO15
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
-1.50
-0.75
0.00
0.75
1.50
-2.00 -0.50 1.00 2.50 4.00
1
2
34
56
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1415
3KCPIKE URGCMGTU (P=21)
&KO1
&KO
2
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCNDKQ-RJ[UKECN
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 244
)GPFGT
6JG /&5 RNQVU CRRGCT VQ UJQY, KP EQOOQP YKVJ UKOKNCT UVWFKGU EQPFWEVGF KP +PFQPGUKC1436,
VJCV VJGTG CTG QPN[ OKPQT FKHHGTGPEGU KP EQIPKVKXG ENWUVGTKPI QT GPXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP
DGVYGGP OGP CPF YQOGP.
/GP (2NQV 8-7) FQ NQECVG; 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' CPF
'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP, 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF
UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP, CPF DQVJ 'UGNH' CPF 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KP VJG RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN FQOCKP.
+P EQPVTCUV YQOGP (2NQV 8-8) NQECVG 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' CPF 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' QPN[ KP VJG
'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP.
6JKU UWIIGUVU VJCV OGP KFGPVKH[ HQTGUV RTQFWEVU OQTG YKVJ VJG OCTMGV VJCP UWDUKUVGPEG,
VJG[ KFGPVKH[ YKVJ EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF CUUQEKCVG KV YKVJ JWOCPMKPF.
6JG HKPFKPIU, KP EQOOQP YKVJ TGUGCTEJ KP 9GUV −CNKOCPVCP1437, CRRGCT VQ EQPVTCFKEV UVWFKGU
VJCV UWIIGUV VJCV VJGTG CTG OCLQT FKHHGTGPEGU KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP DGVYGGP VJG UGZGU1438
CPF VJCV YQOGP1439 CTG OQTG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ UGPUKVKXG'1440 VJCP OGP.
1436 %QNHGT GV CN 1996 1437 %QNHGT GV CN 1996 1438 0GYVQP 1977, 0GYVQP, $WEM CPF 9QGNHGN 1984
1439 G.I. &KCOQPF CPF 1TGPUVGKP 1990, )QOGU CPF −CPPGT 1995, 4QU\CM 1995 1440 6JCV KU C RTGFKURQUKVKQP VQ VCMG CP KPVGTGUV KP NGCTPKPI CDQWV VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, HGGNKPI EQPEGTP HQT KV, CPF CEVKPI VQ EQPUGTXG KV QP VJG DCUKU QH HQTOCVKXG GZRGTKGPEG (%JCYNC 1998).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 245
2NQV 8-7 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU HQT CNN OGP
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 555.46815
55&H 11.000721
5VTGUU 0.0198
4-5SWCTGF 75.90
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*( 13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO 15
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
-1.00
-0.38
0.25
0.88
1.50
-2.00 -0.50 1.00 2.50 4.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1415
#NN /GP (P=52)
&KO1
&KO
2
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
2NQV 8-8 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU HQT CNN YQOGP
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 529.8999
55&H 10.270066
5VTGUU 0.019381
4-5SWCTGF 77.48
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*( 13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO 15
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
-1.50
-0.75
0.00
0.75
1.50
-3.00 -1.75 -0.50 0.75 2.00
1
2
34
5
6
7
89
10
11
12
1314
15
#NN 9QOGP (P=34)
&KO1
&KO
2
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 246
#NVJQWIJ VJG /&5 FCVC FQGU PQV RTQXKFG GXKFGPEG QH OCLQT FKHHGTGPEGU KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN
RGTEGRVKQP, GPXKTQPOGPVCN UGPUKVKXKV[ QT IGPFGT UVGTGQV[RKPI HQWPF KP UQOG UVWFKGU1441 VJG
EQPVGZVWCN UVWFKGU, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.5.3, UWIIGUVU IGPFGT FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP
HQTGUV XCNWGU D[ TCPMKPI1442 (6CDNG 8-2) CPF CNVGTPCVKXG TQNGU CPF TGNCVKQPU VQ VJG HQTGUV KP
&GPIMQ1443 CPF COQPI VJG /QUWQ1444 CPF 0CZK1445 CPF QVJGT GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU KP ;WPPCP1446.
9QOGP KP VJG TGIKQP JCXG FGXGNQRGF C FKTGEV TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ VJG HQTGUV DGECWUG QH VJGKT
TGSWKTGOGPVU HQT HKTGYQQF, YCVGT, CPKOCN DGFFKPI, HQFFGT, JGTDU, OGFKEKPCN RNCPVU, ITCUU,
OWUJTQQOU CPF DCODQQ, CPF KPXQNXGOGPV KP RNCPVKPI CPF XGTPCEWNCT HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV1447
6CDNG 8-2 (QTGUV XCNWGU (P=54 ffff=26) CV .WIW .CMG D[ IGPFGTGF TCPM QTFGT
(QTGUV 8CNWGU /GP (QTGUV 8CNWGU 9QOGP (QTGUV 8CNWGU #NN ITQWRU
.KHG UWUVCKPKPI 14.75 .KHG UWUVCKPKPI 13.33 .KHG UWUVCKPKPI 14.14
5WDUKUVGPEG 12.5 6JGTCRGWVKE 11.33 +PVTKPUKE 11.29
+PVTKPUKE 12 (WVWTG 11.00 5WDUKUVGPEG 10.43
#GUVJGVKE 10 +PVTKPUKE 10.33 #GUVJGVKE 9.43
.GCTPKPI 8.25 #GUVJGVKE 8.67 6JGTCRGWVKE 9.29
$KQFKXGTUKV[ 8 5WDUKUVGPEG 7.67 (WVWTG 9.00
6JGTCRGWVKE 7.75 .GCTPKPI 7.33 .GCTPKPI 7.86
(WVWTG 7.5 %QOOGTEKCN 6.33 $KQFKXGTUKV[ 6.71
%WNVWTCN 4.75 5RKTKVWCN 6.00 %QOOGTEKCN 5.29
%QOOGTEKCN 4.5 $KQFKXGTUKV[ 5.00 5RKTKVWCN 4.43
*KUVQTKE 4 *KUVQTKE 4.67 %WNVWTCN 4.43
5RKTKVWCN 3.25 4GETGCVKQPCN 4.33 *KUVQTKE 4.29
4GETGCVKQPCN 2.75 %WNVWTCN 4.00 4GETGCVKQPCN 3.43
)GPFGT FKHHGTGPEGU YKNN DG GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP EJCRVGT 10 UGEVKQP 10.1.3.
#IG
+V YCU PQVGF FWTKPI EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI KPVGTXKGYU VJCV [QWPI TGURQPFGPVU1448, YJQ JCF
TGEGKXGF UQOG GFWECVKQP CRRGCTGF VQ JCXG NKVVNG 'RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV' CPF VQ FGURKUG VTCFKVKQPCN
XCNWGU. 6JKU YCU UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG /&5 RNQVU QH 17 XCNWGU YJGTG 'UGNH' KU NQECVGF FKUVCPV VQ CNN
1441 %QNHGT 1981, 1983, &CXKUQP CPF 5WVNKXG 1991, &TCMG 1991, /CUJOCP 1991, 5WVNKXG 1991, 6UKPI 1993 1442 2GCTEG 1990 1443 5VWFNG[ GV CN 1995 1444 *G <JQPIJWC 2003 1445 ;CPI (WSWCP CPF :K ;WJWC 2003 1446 )QXKPF −GNMCT CPF 2JWPVUJQM 6UJGTKPI 2002, −GNMCT GV CN 2003 1447 *G %JQPI *WC 2000 1448 16-26 [GCTU QH CIG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 247
VJG XCNWGU KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP COQPI VJG [QWPI (2NQV 8-9). 6JKU OKIJV DG CP
KPFKECVQT QH VJG KORCEV QH *CPKHKECVKQP CPF/QT OQFGTPKV[ CPF CU C RJGPQOGPQP KU V[RKECN QH VJG
PGICVKXG KPHNWGPEGU QH 'YGUVGTP' GFWECVKQP, FGXGNQROGPV, HKNOU CPF 68 QP VTCFKVKQPCN UQEKGVKGU
CPF TGUQPCVGU YKVJ UKOKNCT RTQEGUUGU QH CNKGPCVKQP COQPI [QWPI 6KDGVCPU KP .CFCMJ1449.
+P VGTOU QH QVJGT HQTGUV XCNWGU, [QWPI TGURQPFGPVU NQECVG 'EQPUGTXCVKQP', 'KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP'
CPF ')CP\K' KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP CPF 'RNCEG' KP VJG
'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP.
+P EQPVTCUV QNF TGURQPFGPVU1450 RNCEG 'UGNH' ENQUG VQ CNN VJG XCNWGU KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP,
CPF 'KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP' CPF )CP\K KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP. 6JGTG KU JQYGXGT UQOG
PGGF HQT ECWVKQP IKXGP VJG NQY NGXGNU QH T2 KP RNQV 8-10.
0QV YKVJUVCPFKPI O[ EQOOGPVU CDQWV RQNKVKECNN[ EQTTGEVGF UECNKPI WUGF HQT UQEKCNKUO KV KU
KPVGTGUVKPI VQ PQVG VJCV CNN TGURQPFGPVU (2NQV 8-3) NQECVGF 'UQEKCNKUO' KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE'
FQOCKP QNF TGURQPFGPVU NQECVG KV KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP CPF
[QWPI TGURQPFGPVU KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP. 6JKU CRRGCTU VQ UWIIGUV VJCV [QWPI RGQRNG
KFGPVKH[ YKVJ UQEKCNKUO OQTG VJCP QVJGT TGURQPFGPVU.
1449 5GG 0QTDGTI-*QFIG 1992 1450 51+ [GCTU QH CIG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 248
2NQV 8-9 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 17 HQTGUV XCNWGU QH [QWPI TGURQPFGPVU
-2.00
-1.13
-0.25
0.63
1.50
-3.00 -1.75 -0.50 0.75 2.00
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 16
17
;QWPI (16-25) RGQRNG (P=20)
&KO1
&KO
2 &KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 811.12824
55&H 11.599427
5VTGUU 0.014300
4-5SWCTGF 81.90
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6 KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
6JKUARNCEG 9
;WNANJC 10
*WPVKPI 11
0’( 12
(QTGUVARTQFWEVU 13
0*( 14
+PFWUVTKCNAHQTGUVCVKQP 15
5QEKCNKUO 16
)CP\K 1717 (QTGUV XCNWGU
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
2NQV 8-10 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 17 HQTGUV XCNWGU QH QNF TGURQPFGPVU
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
-4.00 -2.50 -1.00 0.50 2.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1NF (51+) RGQRNG (P=13)
&KO1
&KO
2
(QTGUV 1
9KNFN KHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
6JKUARNCEG 9
;WNANJC 10
*WPVKPI 11
0’( 12
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 13
0*( 14
+PFWUVTKCNAHQTGUVCVKQP 15
5QEKCNKUO 16
)CP\K 17
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 842.145125
55&H 26.951268
5VTGUU 0.032003
4-5SWCTGF 61.39
17 (QTGUV XCNWGU
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 249
%QWPVKGU
# UWRGTHKEKCN GZCOKPCVKQP QH OGCP OCVTKZ FCVC D[ EQWPV[ UWIIGUVGF VJCV <JQPIFKCP EQWPV[
(5GG /CR 8-4) JCF JKIJGT VJCP CXGTCIG OGCPU CPF ;CLKCPI (5GG /CR 8-4) JCF NQYGT VJCP
CXGTCIG OGCPU.
+V YQWNF CRRGCT HTQO VJG /&5 RNQVU VJCV KP ;CLKCPI %QWPV[ 12 (QH 15) HQTGUV XCNWGU CTG KP ENQUG
RTQZKOKV[ CPF TGURQPFGPVU KFGPVKH[ YKVJ EQPUGTXCVKQP ('UGNH' CPF 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' CTG KP VJG
'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP). 6JKU UWIIGUVU VJCV VJG[ JCXG C RQUKVKXG XKGY QH VJGKT EWNVWTG,
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU.
2NQV 8-11 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI RNQV QH 15 XCNWGU KP ;CLKCPI %QWPV[
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*(13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO15
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 429.36000
55FH 16.729626
5VTGUU 0.038964
4-5SWCTGF 77.35
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
-1.50
-0.63
0.25
1.13
2.00
-4.00 -2.50 -1.00 0.50 2.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
89
10
11
12
13 1415
;CLKCPI %QWPV[ (P=10)
&KO1
&KO
2
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
+P <JQPIFKCP (2NQV 8-12), D[ EQORCTKUQP, XCNWGU CTG UKVWCVGF OWEJ HWTVJGT CRCTV (GURGEKCNN[
'DNGUUKPI', 'KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP', CPF 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU') 'UGNH' KU NQECVGF KP DQVJ VJG
'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP CPF 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KU
NQECVGF KP DQVJ VJG 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP. 6JGTG
KU JQYGXGT UQOG PGGF HQT ECWVKQP IKXGP VJG NQY NGXGNU QH T2 KP RNQV 8-12.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 250
(WTVJGT TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF VQ GZRNCKP VJG FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP ;CLKCPI CPF <JQPIFKCP %QWPV[
DWV VJGTG CRRGCT VQ DG C PWODGT QH TGCUQPU HQT VJKU. +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG RGQRNG QH
<JQPIFKCP HGGN CNKGPCVGF HTQO VJGKT EWNVWTG CPF GPXKTQPOGPV CPF VJCV +PFWUVTKCN (QTGUVCVKQP
JCU PQV DGGP YGNN TGEGKXGF. 6JG 6KDGVCP RQRWNCVKQP KP <JQPIFKCP KU (41%) OWEJ UOCNNGT QP C
% DCUKU VJCP ;CLKCPI (89%) CPF KV KU QP VJG UQWVJGTP RGTKRJGT[ QH GVJPQITCRJKE 6KDGV. +V HCTGU
RQQTN[ GEQPQOKECNN[ KP EQORCTKUQP VQ QVJGT 6KDGVCP CTGCU, VQ QVJGT EQWPVKGU KP ;WPPCP CPF VQ
%JKPC CU C YJQNG. 6TGG HGNNKPI JCU DGGP EQPFWEVGF WPVKN TGEGPVN[ QP VJG DCUKU QH VJG UCOG
WPGSWCN F[PCOKE CU UGGP KP QVJGT NWODGT-TKEJ 6KDGVCP CTGCU; VJG TGOQXCN QH VKODGT QWV QH VJG
TGIKQP YKVJ HGY DGPGHKVU CEETWKPI VQ VJG NQECN 6KDGVCPU. #U C TGUWNV QH VJG VTGG HGNNKPI DCP KP
1998 VJG GORJCUKU EJCPIGF VQ PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF 'GEQVQWTKUO', DWV VJGUG YGTG KORQUGF
QP VJG NQECN 6KDGVCP RQRWNCVKQP YKVJQWV CFGSWCVG EQPUWNVCVKQP QHVGP KIPQTKPI VJGKT UCETGF CPF
CPVJTQRQIGPKE NCPFUECRG. %JKPGUG FGXGNQROGPV CPF RTQHQWPF NGXGNU QH *CPKHKECVKQP JCXG
EJCPIGF VJG GEQPQOKE CPF OCVTKNKPGCN RCVVGTPU QH VJG TGIKQP DWV VJG OCKP DGPGHKEKCTKGU CTG VJG
%JKPGUG UVCVG CPF %JKPGUG KOOKITCPVU, YJKEJ NGCXGU VJG 6KDGVCPU CU UGEQPFCT[ RNC[GTU KP VJG
GEQPQOKE EWNVWTCN CPF RQNKVKECN HKGNFU. 6JG COCNICOCVKQP QH VJKU OWNVK-GVJPKE CTGC KPVQ C UKPING
CFOKPKUVTCVKXG WPKV NGCXGU VJG 6KDGVCPU CU C FGOQITCRJKE OKPQTKV[ YKVJKP VJGKT UWRRQUGFN[
'CWVQPQOQWU' RTGHGEVWTG1451. +V KU PQV MPQYP YJCV VJG TQNG %JKPC'U HKTUV GPXKTQPOGPVCN 0)11452
JCF KP UJCRKPI XKGYU QH EQPUGTXCVKQP QT KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP KP <JQPIFKCP KP VJGKT CFXQECE[
QXGT <JQPIFKCP'U GPFCPIGTGF IQNFGP OQPMG[U1453. +P EQPVTCUV CNVJQWIJ ;CLKCPI JCU DGGP
JGCXKN[ FGHQTGUVGF KV KU UWTTQWPFGF D[ QVJGT 6KDGVCP EQWPVKGU, KV JCU DGGP NGUU *CPKHKGF, QWVUKFG
VJG EQWPV[ VQYP VJG RQRWNCVKQP KU CNOQUV GPVKTGN[ 6KDGVCP, CPF VJGTG CRRGCTU VQ JCU DGGP DQVJ
C 'UWEEGUUHWN' NCTIG UECNG UVCVG TGHQTGUVCVKQP RTQITCOOG CPF NQECN TGHQTGUVCVKQP RTQLGEVU1454.
6JGTG JCU PQV DGGP VJG UCOG NGXGN QH KPHTCUVTWEVWTG FGXGNQROGPV CU EQWPVKGU HWTVJGT GCUV, CPF
EQPUGSWGPVN[ %JKPGUG KOOKITCVKQP KU NQY, CPF VJGTG KU UVKNN C UVTQPI TGIKQPCN 6KDGVCP
KFGPVKV[1455.
1451 /CTUJCNN CPF %QQMG 1997 1452 (TKGPFU QH 0CVWTG.
1453 4JPQRKVJGEWU TQZGNNCPC (KP .CVKP, IQNFGP OQPMG[ KP ’PINKUJ, =m-D },-> m-c{;-={:k UK MJTQP I[K URTGN UGT KP
6KDGVCP CPF 四川金丝猴四川金丝猴四川金丝猴四川金丝猴 UK4 EJWCP1 LKP1 UK1 JQW2 KP %JKPGUG (UK KU 4VJ VQPG, EJWCP, LKP CPF UK CTG 1UV VQPG CPF JQW KP 2PF VQPG)) 1454 GI 2COCNKPI /QPCUVGT[. 1455 /CTUJCNN CPF %QQMG 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 251
2NQV 8-12 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP <JQPIFKCP %QWPV[
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 699.56996
55&H 22.777900
5VTGUU 0.032560
4-5SWCTGF 51.29
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*(13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO15
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
-1.50
-0.63
0.25
1.13
2.00
-3.00 -1.75 -0.50 0.75 2.00
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
<JQPIFKCP %QWPV[ (P=12)
&KO1
&KO
2
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
9CVGT ECVEJOGPVU
4GURQPFGPVU KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV CRRGCT VQ KFGPVKH[ YKVJ EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF NQECVG 'UGNH'
ENQUG VQ 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP XCNWGU CPF VQ VJG 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' CPF
'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKPU.
$[ EQORCTKUQP TGURQPFGPVU KP VJG ;KCPIV\G ECVEJOGPV FQ PQV KFGPVKH[ YKVJ EQPUGTXCVKQP,
NQECVG 'UGNH' HCT HTQO OQUV XCNWGU, CPF RNCEG 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP.
6JGTG KU JQYGXGT UQOG PGGF HQT ECWVKQP IKXGP VJG NQY NGXGNU QH T2 KP RNQV 8-14.
0QV YKVJUVCPFKPI VJG ECWVKQP KV YQWNF CRRGCT CU KH VJG TGURQPFGPVU NKXKPI KP VJG ;CPIV\G
ECVEJOGPV HGGN CNKGPCVGF HTQO VJGKT EWNVWTG CPF GPXKTQPOGPV CPF EQPUKFGT VJCV 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU'
CTG RCTV QH VJG OCTMGV GEQPQO[. 6JKU UWDLGEV KU FKUEWUUGF HWTVJGT KP EJCRVGT 9 UGEVKQP 9.3.2.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 252
2NQV 8-13 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 547.607
55&H 7.829
5VTGUU 0.0142
4-5SWCTGF 85.62
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*(13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO15
-1.50
-0.75
0.00
0.75
1.50
-2.00 -0.50 1.00 2.50 4.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112
13
14
15
;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV (P=49)
&KO1
&KO
2
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
2NQV 8-14 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJG ;CPIV\G ECVEJOGPV
-1.50
-0.88
-0.25
0.38
1.00
-2.00 -0.75 0.50 1.75 3.00
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
;CPIV\G ECVEJOGPV (P=37)
&KO1
&KO
2
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 597.9917
55&H 17.687253
5VTGUU 0.029578
4-5SWCTGF 52.17
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*(13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO15
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 253
6JG −JCODCU NKXKPI KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV
#NVJQWIJ VJGTG KU GXKFGPEG1456 VJCV OQWPVCKP TCPIGU ECP RTGXGPV VJG URTGCF QH NCPIWCIG CPF
FKCNGEV, CPF CPGEFQVCN GXKFGPEG VJCV GXGT[ XCNNG[ KP −JCO JCU KVU QYP FKCNGEV KV YCU KORQTVCPV
VQ WPFGTUVCPF KH VJG HQTGUV XCNWGU QH VJG −JCODC URGCMGTU NKXKPI KP VJG ;CLKCPI XCNNG[ YGTG
UKOKNCT VQ VJGKT −JCODC URGCMKPI MKPUOGP, DWV UGRCTCVGF D[ 5000O OQWPVCKP TCPIGU, KP VJG
;KCPIV\G XCNNG[, QT VJGKT 3KCPIKE URGCMKPI PGKIJDQWTU (5GG /CR 8-5). +P QTFGT VQ RTQXKFG C
EQORCTKUQP 2NQV 8-15 YCU EQPVTCUVGF YKVJ 2NQV 8-5 (−JCO &KCNGEV), 2NQV 8-6 (3KCPIKE &KCNGEV)
CPF 8-14 (;CPIVUG ECVEJOGPV). +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG −JCODCU KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV
(2NQV 8-15), KP EQOOQP YKVJ VJGKT 3KCPIKE URGCMKPI PGKIJDQWTU (2NQV 8-6) NQECVG 'EQPUGTXCVKQP'
KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP, CPF 'UGNH' KP VJG
'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP. 6JGKT XKGYU, JQYGXGT, EQPVTCUV YKVJ −JCO URGCMGTU (2NQV 8-5) CPF
VJG ;KCPIV\G ECVEJOGPV (2NQV 8-14) YJGTG 'UGNH' KU NQECVGF KP DQVJ VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF
'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP, CPF 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' KU NQECVGF KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP.
6JGKT XKGYU, JQYGXGT, CTG PQV KFGPVKECN VQ VJGKT 3KCPIKE PGKIJDQWTU YJQ NQECVG 'HQTGUV RTQFWEVU'
KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP CPF NQECVG
'YQOGP' HWTVJGT CYC[ HTQO VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU'
FQOCKPU. 6JG NCVVGT HKPFKPI KU UWTRTKUKPI IKXGP VJCV VJG 3KCPIKE RGQRNGU JCXG C OCVTKNKPGCN
VTCFKVKQP YJKEJ KU QHVGP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR1457.
1456 JVVR://YYY.[COCUC.QTI/CELU/GPINKUJ/NQECVKQP/NQECVKQPAGPXKTQPU.JVON CEEGUUGF 19VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 JVVR://MKTK.NKPI.ECO.CE.WM/OCTM/*KUV.KPI5.RFH CEEGUUGF 19VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 1457 −GNMCT GV CN 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 254
2NQV 8-15 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH −JCO URGCMGTU KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV
-1.50
-0.75
0.00
0.75
1.50
-2.00 -0.50 1.00 2.50 4.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
−JCO URGCMGTU KP ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV (P=28)
&KO1
&KO
2
&KOGPUKQPU 5
55&U 551.892
55&H 7.506755
5VTGUU 0.013602
4-5SWCTGF 86.78
(QTGUV 1
9KNFNKHG 2
%QPUGTXCVKQP 3
$NGUUKPI 4
/GP 5
9QOGP 6
5GNH 7
6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8
;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 10
0’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 12
0*(13
+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO15
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
+V FQGU CRRGCT VJCV VJG −JCODC URGCMGTU QH VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV JCXG OQTG KP EQOOQP YKVJ
VJGKT 3KCPIKE PGKIJDQWTU VJCP VJG −JCODCU YJQ NKXG KP VJG ;CPIV\G ECVEJOGPV. 1P VJG DCUKU
QH /&5 RNQVU CNQPG KV KU FKHHKEWNV VQ FGVGTOKPG KH HQTGUV XCNWGU COQPI VJG −JCODC URGCMGTU KU
FGVGTOKPGF D[ EWNVWTG QT VQRQITCRJ[, YJKEJ YKNN DG GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP VJG HQNNQYKPI EJCRVGTU.
8.2.6. 8CNWGU +FGPVKHKGF KP VJG (QTGUV 8CNWG 5WTXG[ DWV PQV +PENWFGF KP %QIPKVKXG
/CRRKPI
6JWU HCT YG JCXG EQPUKFGTGF VJG HQTGUV XCNWGU CFFTGUUGF KP EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI CPF KP VJKU
UGEVKQP YG YKNN FKUEWUU HQTGUV XCNWGU GZENWFGF HTQO EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI1458 VJCV QHVGP CRRGCT KP
HQTGUV XCNWG V[RQNQIKGU.
%QOOGTEKCN XCNWGU
&WTKPI VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[ QPN[ QPG TGURQPFGPV OGPVKQPGF EQOOGTEKCN XCNWGU CNVJQWIJ
CPQVJGT OGPVKQPGF KV KP TGNCVKQP VQ CITKEWNVWTCN UWRRQTV. (QT VJKU TGCUQP KV YCU PQV KPENWFGF KP
1458 DGECWUG VJG[ YGTG OGPVKQPGF D[ 3 TGURQPFGPVU QT NGUU FWTKPI HKGNF VGUVKPI KP 7− QT %JKPC.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 255
VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UVWF[. 6JKU NGXGN QH TGURQPUG TGUQPCVGF YKVJ C UVWF[ CV .WIW .CMG1459
YJGTG EQOOGTEKCN XCNWG QPN[ TCPMGF 8VJ QWV QH 13 HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF QPN[ TGRTGUGPVGF 5% QH
VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG. %NGCTN[ UQOG ECTG OWUV DG VCMGP PQV VQ QXGT-KPVGTRTGV VJGUG TGUWNVU, DWV
QXGTCNN VJG[ FQ UWIIGUV VJCV HQTGUVT[ RTQLGEVU VJCV V[RKECNN[ WUG EQOOGTEKCN QT OCTMGV XCNWGU
QPN[ ECRVWTG C UOCNN RCTV QH VJG VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG QH VJG HQTGUV VQ NQECN RGQRNG.
%WNVWTCN, JKUVQTKE, U[ODQNKE CPF GOQVKQPCN XCNWGU
#NVJQWIJ UQOG −JCODC TGURQPFGPVU FKF KFGPVKH[ CGUVJGVKE XCNWGU KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[
EQPFWEVGF KP −JCO FWTKPI HKGNF VGUVKPI (5GG 6.6.2) PQ QPG URGEKHKECNN[ KFGPVKHKGF EWNVWTCN,
JKUVQTKE QT VJGTCRGWVKE XCNWGU. 6JG[ FKF, JQYGXGT, OGPVKQP VTGG UVQTKGU (5GG 6CDNG 6-2),
URKTKVWCN XCNWGU, UCETGF HQTGUV CPF OQWPVCKPU (6CDNG 6-2), VGTTKVQTKCN EWNVU CPF URGEKCN NQECNGU
YJGTG VJG[ YQWNF RC[ VJGKT TGURGEVU VQ $WFFJC CPF NQECN FKXKPKVKGU. 6JGTG KU GXKFGPEG VJCV CNN
HQWT XCNWGU FQ GZKUV KP VJG TGIKQP1460 CPF VJCV CV .WIW .CMG EWNVWTCN XCNWGU TGRTGUGPV 5 % QH
VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG, JKUVQTKE XCNWGU 5% QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG, CGUVJGVKE XCNWGU 10% QH VQVCN
GEQPQOKE XCNWG, CPF VJGTCRGWVKE XCNWGU 9% QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG. 6JGTG KU CNUQ GXKFGPEG
VJCV VJG VGTTKVQTKCN EWNVU VJCV TGXKXGF KP GCUVGTP −JCO KP VJG 1980'U CTG UKOKNCT VQ EWNVU HQWPF KP
+PFKC CPF #HTKEC. 6JG[ CTG EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[, YGNN FGHKPGF NQECNGU (KPENWFKPI RTQVGEVGF HQTGUVU
CPF OQWPVCKPU) FGFKECVGF VQ VGTTKVQTKCN URKTKVU ([WN-NJC), YJGTG RQNKVKECN WPKV[ CPF EQOOWPKV[
KFGPVKV[ OC[, CU KP VJKU ECUG, DG TGYQTMGF KP C EWNVWTG QH TGUKUVCPEG1461.
9KNFGTPGUU XCNWGU
9KNFGTPGUU XCNWGU YGTG PQV OGPVKQPGF D[ −JCODC TGURQPFGPVU KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[
DGECWUG 'YKNFGTPGUU' CPF KVU OCKPUVTGCO RCTCFKIOU1462 CTG CNKGP VQ VJGO KP EQOOQP YKVJ OQUV
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG1463. 6JG[ YGTG, JQYGXGT, KFGPVKHKGF KP VJG 7− HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ (5GG 6.6.1)
CPF CTG DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ KPENWFGF KP HQTGUV XCNWG V[RQNQIKGU CPF TGEQIPK\GF D[ C PWODGT QH
1459 5VWFNG[ GV CN 2005 1460 5VWFNG[ GV CN 2005 1461 $NQPFGCW 1998, $WHHGTVTKNNG CPF &KGODGTIGT 2002, &KGODGTIGT 2002, ’NUV 2000, ’RUVGKP CPF 2GPI 1998, *WDGT 1999C, −CTOC[ 1994, 2CTCLWNK 2001C+D, 4CODNG 1998, 5EJYCTV\ 1994C 5VWCTV GV CN 1995, 1462 CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE QT DKQEGPVTKE (0CUJ 1982). 1463 −NGKP 1994
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 256
’0)1U YQTMKPI KP VJG TGIKQP. 6TCFKVKQPCNN[ VJG %JKPGUG 5VCVG JCU CFQRVGF C .QEMGCP
CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE RCTCFKIO, DWV YKVJ VJG CTTKXCN QH VJG PGY 'ITGGP YQTNF QTFGT' CP CNVGTPCVKXG
RCTCFKIO KU DGKPI KPVTQFWEGF VJCV JCU WPECPP[ UKOKNCTKVKGU VQ VJG UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[
RCTCFKIO1464. # EQCNKVKQP QH KPVGTPCVKQPCN ’0)1'U1465 CTG EWTTGPVN[ VT[KPI VQ 'UCXG' VJG TGIKQPU
DKQFKXGTUKV[ QP VJG DCUKU QH YJCV CRRGCTU VQ DG C 'DKQEGPVTKE' OQFGN1466. 6JKU OQFGN KU WUWCNN[
EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ GNKVG MPQYNGFIG1467 CPF 'YKNFGTPGUU GPENQUWTGU' VJCV GZENWFG VJG NQECN RGQRNG
CPF VJGKT MPQYNGFIG, YKVJ CP CIGPFC VQ RGTOCPGPVN[ VTCPUHGT VTWUVGGUJKR "QH VJG OCLQT YQTNF
TGUQWTEGU VQ OCUUKXG GEQ-JQNFKPI"1468 ECTVGNU1469. #NVJQWIJ VJGUG ITQWRU YGTG KPXKVGF KPVQ
%JKPC CPF CITGGF PQV VQ CFQRV C 'DKQEGPVTKE' OQFGN1470 VJGTG KU GXKFGPEG VJCV VJG[ CTG FQKPI UQ
GNUGYJGTG1471 CPF CTG GXKFGPVN[ RCTV QH CP "GEQ-KORGTKCNKUVKE"1472 QT "GZVTGOG
GPXKTQPOGPVCN"1473 OQXGOGPV. (TQO VJKU XKGY "VJG EQNNGEVKXG PGGFU QH PQP-JWOCP URGEKGU
OWUV VCMG RTGEGFGPEG QXGT VJG PGGFU CPF FGUKTGU QH JWOCPU1474". ’XGP KH ’0)1U JCXG PQV
CFQRVGF VJGKT WUWCN OQFGN VJGTG KU GXKFGPEG VJCV %JKPC JCU CFQRVGF C UKOKNCT HQTO QH
'GEQNQIKECN EQNQPKCNKUO' CU PCVWTG TGUGTXGU JCXG DGGP HQTEGHWNN[ GUVCDNKUJGF KP KPFKIGPQWU
OKPQTKV[ CTGCU, KIPQTKPI VJGKT TKIJVU, EWNVWTG, XCNWGU CPF MPQYNGFIG1475 CPF TGUWNVKPI KP
KORQXGTKUJOGPV. 6JGTG KU CPGEFQVCN GXKFGPEG VJCV VJG ECFTGU JQRG VJG FKURNCEGF RGQRNG YKNN
FTKHV KPVQ VJG NQECN EKVKGU, HKPF LQDU, CPF OCMG C EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ %JKPC'U OCTMGV GEQPQO[.
8.2.7 (QTGUV 8CNWGU +FGPVKHKGF KP VJG %QPVGZVWCN 5VWFKGU
6JWU HCT YG JCXG CFFTGUUGF RGTVKPGPV HQTGUV XCNWGU KPENWFGF KP EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QT KFGPVKHKGF
D[ TGURQPFGPVU KP −JCO CPF 7− FWTKPI HKGNF VGUVKPI. +P VJKU UGEVKQP YKNN FKUEWUU HQTGUV XCNWGU
VJCV YGTG QPN[ CNNWFGF VQ FWTKPI VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[ VJCV YGTG CFFTGUUGF CV .WIW .CMG CPF
CRRGCT KP HQTGUV XCNWG V[RQNQIKGU. 6JGUG XCNWGU DGECWUG VJG[ CTG VJG OQUV FKHHKEWNV VQ CTVKEWNCVG
CTG QHVGP VJG NGCUV WPFGTUVQQF HTQO C YGUVGTP YQTNFXKGY.
1464 )WJC 1996, 1997 1465 6JG 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCPE[ (75#), %QPUGTXCVKQP +PVGTPCVKQPCN, CPF 9QTNF 9KNFNKHG (WPF. 1466 −KVQUUC 2000 1467 )WJC 1997 1468 #DTCJCO 1990 %JCRVGT 3 JVVR://YYY.NCYHWNRCVJ.EQO/TGH/ITGGPKPI.UJVON#3 CEEGUUGF 5VJ &GE 2004 1469 #DTCJCO CPF 5CPFGTU 1993, %QHHOCP 1998, −GGNGT 2002, −KVQUUC 2000, −TWI 1994, /E/CMGP 2001 1470 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP *G 5JCQ;KPI 5/7/2003
1471 $TCPPCP 1996, −GGNGT 2002, 0QUU 1995 1472 −KVQUUC 2000 RCIG 24 1473 JVVR://YYY.HGG.QTI/XPGYU.RJR!PKF=4116#3 CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005
1474 $TCPPCP 1996 RCIG 6, 0QUU 1995 RCIG 20
1475 #JQTC0QY 2000, $QPPGT 1994, −KVQUUC 2000)
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 257
.GCTPKPI XCNWGU (QT YC[U QH MPQYKPI)
#NVJQWIJ VJG −JCODC TGURQPFGPVU FKF PQV KPENWFG 'NGCTPKPI XCNWG' KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[
VJG[ FKF OGPVKQP VTGG UVQTKGU (6CDNG 6-2) VJCV JCF DGGP RCUUGF FQYP VQ VJGO, CPF VJG
URGEKCNK\GF MPQYNGFIG QH RTKGUVU CPF UJCOCP. 6JKU TGUQPCVGF YKVJ VJG TGUGCTEJ CV .WIW .CMG
YJGTG 'NGCTPKPI XCNWG' TGRTGUGPVGF 8 % QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG CPF GVJPKE 'GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH
PCVWTG' YGTG KFGPVKHKGF COQPI VJG 6KDGVCPU, 0CZK, /QUWQ, 2WOK, CPF ;K.:
6JG 6KDGVCPU, CU YG FKUEQXGTGF KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.3.4 JCXG VYQ ECVGIQTKGU QH UCETGF
NCPFUECRG, PGTK1476
OQWPVCKPU RCTV QH C 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUV VTCFKVKQP1477 CPF NQECNGU YJKEJ CTG
GODQFKGF D[ C FKXKPKV[1478 YKVJ JWOCP RGTUQPCNKV[1479. 6JGUG NQECN FKXKPKVKGU ([WN-NJC) CTG
JQPQWTGF CPF CRRGCUGF VJTQWIJ VJG DWKNFKPI QH NCTVUG1480 YJKEJ CTG YQQFGP QT UVQPG ECKTPU
QP OQWPVCKP QT JKNNVQRU YJKEJ CTG CPPWCNN[ EQPUVTWEVGF KP EGTGOQPKGU XCT[KPI CEEQTFKPI
VQ VJG NWPCT ECNGPFCT. 6JKU KU QPG QH VJG QNFGUV 6KDGVCP EWUVQOU CPF KU HQWPF KP CNN
TGIKQPU KPJCDKVGF D[ 6KDGVCPU CPF JCU EQPVKPWGF VQ VJG RTGUGPV FC[ YKVJQWV KPVGTTWRVKQP. 6JG
[WN-NJC/ I\JK-DFC CPF QVJGT HQNM FKXKPKVKGU CTG RCTV QH 6KDGV'U CPKOKUVKE/ UJCOCPKUVKE VTCFKVKQP.
6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[ VJG ECUG COQPI 6KDGV'U NC[ RGQRNGU YJQ EQPVKPWG VQ FKURNC[ NGCPKPIU
VQYCTFU HQNM TGNKIKQP. 6JG [WN-NJC CPF QVJGT 'IQFU QH VJG RCUV' VJGQTGVKECNN[ 'VCOGF' D[
$WFFJKUO CTG ENQUGT VQ VJGO KP DQVJ IGQITCRJ[ KFGPVKV[ CPF KP UGPUGF RTGUGPEG. +P VJG
YQTNF QH VJG NC[ 6KDGVCP OCP[ NCPFUECRG HGCVWTGU RQKPV DCEM VQ VJG YQTUJKR QH CPEKGPV IQFU.
6JG[ CTG PQV QPN[ EQPUEKQWU QH VJG EQPUVCPV UETWVKP[ QH VJG [WN-NJC DWV YJGP PQOCFU IQ
JWPVKPI1481 DWV GPICIG KP HQNM-TGNKIKQWU TKVWCNU CPF RNCEG FGOCPFU QP VJGKT IQFU1482 HQT
RTQVGEVKQP CPF UWEEGUU KP JWPVKPI, VTCFKPI, VTCXGN, HCTOKPI, HQTGUVT[, CPF PCVWTG
EQPUGTXCVKQP. +P EQOOQP YKVJ VJG 5JGTRC 6KDGVCP XKNNCIGU1483 OQUV 6KDGVCPU CRRGCT VQ
1476 ,{-:mk
PGTK
1477 *WDGT 1999C
1478 #6mk
I\JK DFC QT 9v;-[k
[WN NJC - These terms can be used interchangeably although yul-lha
appears to be a literary term. 1479 $NQPFGCW GV CN 1998, −CTOC[ 1994, 4CODNG 1998, 5VWCTV GV CN 1995,
1480 ;:-2|k
NCTVUG 1481 0QOCFU IQ JWPVKPI OQTG HTGSWGPVN[ VJCP QVJGT 6KDGVCPU. 1482 1HVGP OGFKCVGF VJTQWIJ C UJCOCP. 1483 5VGXGPU 1993, 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 258
TGEQIPK\G UGXGTCN FKHHGTGPV ECVGIQTKGU QH HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR HTQO UCETGF CPF WPVQWEJGF VQ
WPOCPCIGF CPF QXGTGZRNQKVGF.
6JG 0CZK RGQRNG JCXG C PWOKPC PCOGF UJW YJQ KU TGURQPUKDNG HQT IQXGTPKPI PCVWTG. ’CEJ
[GCT VJG RGQRNG YQTUJKR UJW CPF RTC[ HQT DNGUUKPIU HQT VJGKT QHHURTKPI, HCXQWTCDNG YGCVJGT
HQT CITKEWNVWTG, RTQURGTKV[ CPF NQPIGXKV[ QH VJG EQOOWPKV[. 6JG[ OCMG QHHGTKPIU VQ VJKU
URKTKV WUWCNN[ CV C URTKPI QT RQPF OGFKCVGF VJTQWIJ C FQPIDC1484 CU C OGCPU QH TGRC[OGPV HQT
VJG PQP VKODGT HQTGUV RTQFWEVU EQNNGEVGF HTQO VJG YQQFU CPF TGEQPEKNKCVKQP YKVJ PCVWTG. 6JKU
GPUWGU PQV QPN[ VJCV VJG[ NKXG KP JCTOQP[ YKVJ VJG URKTKV YQTNF DWV TGEGKXG GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF
UQEKCN 'DNGUUKPI'1485.
6JG /QUWQ CTG CPKOKUVKE/UJCOCPKUVKE CPF VJKU KU OQUV FKTGEVN[ GZRTGUUGF VJTQWIJ VJG
XGPGTCVKQP QH ICP OW1486 GODQFKGF D[ .KQP /QWPVCKP1487 CPF D[ UJKP COK
1488 GODQFKGF D[
.WIW .CMG1489. 6JG RGQRNG DGNKGXG VJCV CPKOCNU CPF VTGGU CTG KPPQEGPV CPF FQ PQV MKNN VJGO
YKVJQWV TGCUQP. 6JG[ CNUQ JCXG UCETGF VTGGU1490 CPF YGNNU CPF VJG[ CRRGCUG VJG URKTKVU QH VJGUG
NQECNGU GKVJGT CV NQECN CNVCTU QT FWTKPI OCLQT HGUVKXCNU. 6JG /QUWQ FCDC RNC[ C OCLQT TQNG CU
KPVGTOGFKCTKGU DGVYGGP VJG JWOCP-PCVWTCN-URKTKV FQOCKPU KP PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN GFWECVKQP DWV VJG[ CTG CNOQUV GZVKPEV FWG VQ RGTUGEWVKQP FWTKPI VJG %WNVWTCN
4GXQNWVKQP1491.
6JG 2WOK JCXG VTCFKVKQPCNN[ EQPUGTXGF HQTGUVU RNCPVU HKUJ CPF YKNF CPKOCNU CPF JCXG UCETGF
NCMGU OQWPVCKPU CPKOCNU CPF VTGGU. 6JG[ JCXG VCDQQU CDQWV RQNNWVKPI UCETGF NCMGU QT VJG
FGNKDGTCVG QT CEEKFGPVCN MKNNKPI QH CPKOCNU/VTGGU KP UCETGF CTGCU. 6JQUG YJQ VTCPUITGUU CTG
GZRGEVGF VQ:-
� $WVEJGT C RNQWIJKPI CPKOCN HQT VJG XKNNCIG VQ GCV
1484 'UJCOCP'. 1485 ;CPI (WSWCP 2003, :W GV CN 2004 1486 6JG IQFFGUU QH .QXG. 1487 # UCETGF OQWPVCKP. 1488 6JG OQVJGT IQFFGUU. 1489 # UCETGF NCMG. 1490 1HVGP ,WINCPU TGIKC. 1491 %CK *WC 2001, 5VWFNG[ 2004E..F, ;CPI (WSWCP 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 259
� )Q VQ C 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUV .COC QT '.QECN .COC'1492 QT
� )Q VQ C JCPIWK VQ CRRGCUG VJG URKTKVU CPF TGUVQTG VQRQEQUOKE JCTOQP[1493.
.CMG .WIW KU GODQFKGF D[ C 2WOK IQFFGUU VCK CP [CP UQQ CPF YCU ETGCVGF HTQO VJG VGCTU QH VJG
IQFFGUU QH .KQP /QWPVCKP, ICP OW. 6JG[ DGNKGXG VJCV KH VJG[ RQNNWVG VJG NCMG VCK CP [CP UQQ
YKNN RWPKUJ VJGO CPF VJG[ VTCFKVKQPCNN[ WUGF C U[UVGO QH \QPGF HKUJKPI D[ HCOKN[. 6JG[
JCXG UGXGTCN UCETGF OQWPVCKPU1494 UGXGTCN UCETGF CPKOCNU1495 CPF UGXGTCN UCETGF VTGGU1496. 6JG[
DGNKGXG VJCV KH VJG DNCEM HQQVGF ETCPG1497 TGVWTPU VQ VJG .CMG KV YKNN DTKPI RTQURGTKV[.
#NVJQWIJ VJG ;K CV .WIW .CMG CTG PQV 6KDGVCP CPF FQ PQV EQPUVKVWVG CP GVJPKE ITQWR UVTKEVQ
UGPUW1498 VJG[ NKXG KP −JCO CU FGHKPGF D[ VJG 6KDGVCP IQXGTPOGPV-KP-GZKNG. +V YQWNF CRRGCT
VJCV UQOG ITQWRU ECVGIQTK\GF CU ;K1499 CTG CPKOKUVU YKVJ C VTCFKVKQP QH UCETGF NCPFUECRGU
PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF VQVGOKUO1500 GURGEKCNN[ VJG VKIGT1501 CPF UQOG ITQWRU1502 CTG OQTG
QHVGP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP1503. 6JQUG KPVGTXKGYGF1504 YGTG PQV CYCTG
QH CP[ VTCFKVKQP QH PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP QT UCETGF NCPFUECRG CPF OGPVKQPGF VJCV JKUVQTKECNN[
VJG[ YGTG C JWPVKPI OKPQTKV[ CPF VJCV VJG DKOQ XKUKVGF VJGO OQUVN[ VQ RGTHQTO 'TKVGU QH
RCUUCIG'1505. 6JG DKOQ CRRGCT VQ DG ENGTKEU KP VJG 'JKIJ-TGNKIKQWU' VTCFKVKQP1506 CPF CNUQ
XKNNCIG KPVGNNGEVWCNU. 6JG DKOQ QHHGTU VJG EQOOWPKV[ C U[UVGO QH EQORNGZ RTQEGFWTGU
HQEWUKPI QP CXQKFKPI FKUCUVGT DTKPIKPI HQTVWPG CPF GUVCDNKUJKPI C JCTOQPKQWU TGNCVKQPUJKR
DGVYGGP JWOCPU, PCVWTG, CPF URKTKVWCN DGKPIU. 9JKNG VJG[ CTG MPQYNGFIGCDNG CDQWV HNQTC
CPF HCWPC VJGKT YQTNFXKGY FQGU PQV CRRGCT VQ KPENWFG CP[ CPKOKUVKE RCTCFKIOU QH GZRNKEKV
1492 (QT VJGKT QYP MCTOC. 1493 $QWTFKGW 1972, 4QDGTV 1999, 5VWFNG[ 2004E..F, 9GNNGPU 2002 CPF RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 21/11/2003 YGDNQI 1494 +PENWFKPI VJWYC, NJCIQP CPF \WVUC[. 1495 #PKOCNU KPENWFKPI 9KNF (TQIU =CP 7PENG? %TCPGU =C .COC? CPF /CIRKGU. 1496 1HVGP NCTIG YCNPWV VTGGU. 1497 )TWU URR 1498 +P VJG UVTKEV UGPUG JVVR://YYY.HKUJDCUG.QTI/)NQUUCT[/)NQUUCT[.EHO!6GTO’PINKUJ=UGPUW%20UVTKEVQ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1499 +P %JWZKQPI, HQT GZCORNG. 1500 5[ODQNKE CUUQEKCVKQP DGVYGGP C UQEKCN ITQWR (GI, C NKPGCIG QT ENCP) CPF C MKPF QH DKTF, RNCPV, QT PCVWTCN RJGPQOGPQP. +P 'ENCUUKE' HQTOU, C OGODGT QH VJG UQEKCN ITQWR JCU UQOG URGEKCN TGNKIKQWU TGNCVKQPUJKR (GI, C HQQF VCDQQ) VQYCTF OGODGTU QH VJG PCVWTCN URGEKGU. JVVR://YYY.OQFGTPJWOCPQTKIKPU.EQO/ CEEGUUGF 25VJ ,WN[ 2005. 1501 .KW GV CN 1999, .KW GV CN 2000, :W GV CN 2004 1502 +P .KCPIUJCP. 1503 8GTOCPFGT 2000 1504 #TQWPF .WIW .CMG (5VWFNG[ 2004E..F). 1505 XCP )GPPWR 1960 1506 #NNKUQP 1984, /CTTKQVV 1955, /GPFGNDCWO 1964, *KGDGTV 1982 C + D, 4GFHKGNF 1955
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 260
PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP. 9KVJKP VJG TGIKQP VJGTG CTG 5000 VQ 8000 [QWPIUVGTU YJQ CTG
GPICIKPI KP C URGEKCN GFWECVKQP UQ VJG[ ECP QHHGT VJGKT UGTXKEGU VQ VJG EQOOWPKV[1507.
+PVTKPUKE XCNWGU
+PVTKPUKE1508 XCNWG KU C EGPVTCN VGPGV QH OCP[ TGNKIKQWU DGNKGHU1509 YJGTG "GXGT[VJKPI QP GCTVJ KU
KPJGTGPVN[ XCNWCDNG DGECWUG KV JCU DGGP ETGCVGF D[ C FKXKPG DGKPI"1510. 6JGTG KU EQORGNNKPI
GXKFGPEG1511 IKXGP VJGKT URKTKVWCN XCNWGU, CPKOKUVKE/UJCOCPKUVKE DGNKGHU, CPF YQTNFXKGY VJCV VJG
RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO TGEQIPK\G VJG KPVTKPUKE XCNWGU QH HQTGUVU.
#NVJQWIJ KPVTKPUKE XCNWG YCU PQV XQNWPVGGTGF KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[1512 KV KU TGEQIPK\GF CV
.WIW .CMG1513 YJGTG KPVTKPUKE XCNWG TGRTGUGPVGF 11 % QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG, CPF TCPMGF
UGEQPF QWV QH VJKTVGGP XCNWGU. 6JG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO KP EQOOQP YKVJ QVJGT KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNG1514 CRRGCT VQ JCXG C EQOOQP DGNKGH VJCV:-
• .KHG KU 'KPURKTKVGF'1515 CPF VJWU UCETGF YKVJ CP KPPCVG, KPVTKPUKE XCNWG CPF CNN QH ETGCVKQP
KU XGUVGF YKVJ URKTKV, OGCPKPI, CPF RWTRQUG.
• #NN GNGOGPVU QH VJG UCETGF YJQNG CTG KPVGTEQPPGEVGF, KPVGTFGRGPFGPV, KPVGTTGNCVGF CV VJG
FGGRGUV NGXGNU...CPF CNN UJQWNF DG VTGCVGF CU QWT TGNCVKXGU1516.
6JKU XKGY TGUQPCVGU YKVJ OCP[ TGNKIKQPU1517 VJCV EQPUKFGT GXGT[VJKPI QP GCTVJ VQ DG KPJGTGPVN[
UCETGF, CPF VJWU, KPVTKPUKECNN[ XCNWCDNG CPF JWOCPU CTG TGURQPUKDNG VQ ECTG HQT CPF TGURGEV VJGUG
ETGCVKQPU1518.
1507 $COQ #[K 2001 RCIG 118 1508 #P KPVTKPUKE IQQF KU UQOGVJKPI XCNWCDNG KP CPF QH KVUGNH (*CTOCP 2000). 1509 %CNNKEQVV 1986, 1999, +R 1983, 0CGUU 1984, <KOOGTOCP 1988 1510 .CXGTV[ CPF 5VGTNKPI 2004 JVVR://EPZ.TKEG.GFW/EQPVGPV/O12160/NCVGUV/#%CNNKEQVV CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1511 G.I. JVVR://YYY.VKDGV.EQO/’EQ/)TGGP97/DKQFKXGTUKV[.JVON CEEGUUGF 7VJ ,WN[ 2005 1512 +V RTQXGF VQ DG C FKHHKEWNV EQPEGRV VQ CTVKEWNCVG KP 7− CPF %JKPC CPF VQ VTCPUNCVG KPVQ %JKPGUG. 1513 5VWFNG[ CV CN 2005 1514 6JG 5CCOK QH 5ECPFKPCXKC CPF VJG #WUVTCNKCP #DQTKIKPG (*CTFKP 2003). 1515 6Q KPUVKN EQWTCIG QT NKHG KPVQ JVVR://YYY.CPUYGTU.EQO/KPURKTKVGFCPFT=67 CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 1516 ’CTVJ[QWVJ 2003 JVVR://GCTVJ[QWVJ.VCMKPIKVINQDCN.QTI/KUUWGU/HQTGUVU.JVON CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WN[ 2005. 1517 %JTKUVKCPKV[, ,WFCKUO, +UNCO, $WFFJKUO, ,CKPKUO, $CJC'K, &CQKUO, *KPFWKUO. 1518 %CNNKEQVV 1999, .CXGTV[ CPF 5VGTNKPI 2004
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 261
(WVWTG XCNWGU
6JG KORQTVCPEG QH 'HWVWTG' HQTGUV XCNWGU (QT 'KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN CEEGUU VQ HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU') HQT
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU JCU DGGP TGEQIPK\GF1519 CPF FGDCVGF KP PWOGTQWU UVWFKGU1520. #NVJQWIJ VJG
6KDGVCPU JCXG TGRGCVGFN[ CUMGF VJG %JKPGUG HQT IWCTCPVGGU QH HQTGUV CEEGUU1521 'HWVWTG XCNWG'
YCU PQV XQNWPVGGTGF CU C XCNWG D[ VJG −JCODC TGURQPFGPVU. +V KU, JQYGXGT, TGEQIPK\GF CV .WIW
.CMG1522 YJGTG 'HWVWTG XCNWG' TGRTGUGPVGF 9 % QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG, CPF TCPMGF 7VJ QWV QH
VJKTVGGP XCNWGU1523. 6JG OGCPKPI QH KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN KU SWKVG ENGCT KP VJG 6KDGVCP EQPVGZV; VJG
HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU KP SWGUVKQP CTG HQT VJG DGPGHKV QH DQVJ VJG RTGUGPV CPF UWDUGSWGPV
IGPGTCVKQPU1524.
4GETGCVKQP CPF VQWTKUO
#NVJQWIJ VJG TGETGCVKQPCN TQNG QH %JKPC'U HQTGUVU KU TGEQIPK\GF 1525 CPF VJG TGURQPFGPVU
KPFKECVGF VJG[ YQWNF YGNEQOG VQWTKUVU VQ VJG CTGC CPF VJGKT JQOGU, VJG[ YGTG EQPEGTPGF CDQWV
VJG KORCEV QH VQWTKUO QP VJGKT EWNVWTG NCPIWCIG CPF TGNKIKQP. #NVJQWIJ KV YCU PQV XQNWPVGGTGF
KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UVWF[ KV OWUV DG CUUWOGF VJCV UQOG HQTGUV DCUGF CEVKXKV[ OC[ JCXG CP
GNGOGPV QH TGETGCVKQP. 6JKU XKGY KU TGEQIPK\GF CV .WIW .CMG1526 YJGTG 'TGETGCVKQP' TGRTGUGPVGF
3.5 % QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG1527 CPF TCPMGF 7VJ QWV QH 13 HQT /QUWQ YQOGP1528. 6JG ’CUVGTP
−JCO TGIKQP JCU TGEGPVN[ DGGP FGUKIPCVGF CU VJG "%JKPC 5JCPITK-NC ’EQNQIKECN 6QWTKUO <QPG"
YJKEJ YKNN EQORTKUG 50 EQWPVKGU CPF TGUWNV KP CP KPETGCUG KP VQWTKUO CPF HQTGUV TGETGCVKQP.
8.2.8 %QIPKVKXG &QOCKPU CPF (QTGUV 8CNWG 2CTCFKIOU
#NVJQWIJ + JCXG FKUEWUUGF FQOCKPU CPF RCTCFKIOU KP EJCRVGT 2 UGEVKQP 2.2 CPF EJCRVGT 5
UGEVKQP 5.7.3 CPF TGHGTTGF VQ FKUEQWTUGU VJTQWIJQWV VJKU UVWF[ + YKNN TGOKPF VJG TGCFGT CICKP QH
VJGKT OGCPKPI, IKXGP VJGKT KORQTVCPEG KP VJKU UVWF[.
1519 %QNHGT GV CN 1995, .QIQ 2002, 2TCDJW GV CN 1996, 1998, 1520 $GUNG[ 1995, (QTVOCPP CPF $TWEG 1988, .WGEM 1995, .[PEJ CPF #NEQTP 1994, 1UVTQO 1990. 1521 &++4 ,WN[ 2003 1522 5VWFNG[ CV CN 2005 1523 (QT ;K OGP VJG[ TCPMGF 1UV QWV QH 13 CPF HQT ;K YQOGP 3TF QWV QH 13. 1524 5GG $GEMGT 1997 HQT C DTKGH RJKNQUQRJKECN FKUEWUUKQP QH VJKU KUUWG. 1525 .KW ,KJCP CPF &QYNKPI 1991, 0GYD[ CPF *QPI 6CQ 1991, 5QHKGNF CPF .K 1998, 6KUFGNN 1996, ;KRKPI .K CPF *KPEJ 1998 1526 5VWFNG[ CV CN 2005 1527 CPF TCPMGF 10VJ QWV QH 13 HQTGUV XCNWGU. 1528 6JG /QUWQ EQOG HTQO UKOKNCT IGPGVKE UVQEM CU VJG −JCODC 6KDGVCPU (UGG (KIWTG 8-1).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 262
%QIPKVKXG FQOCKPU QT UWD FQOCKPU OQUV V[RKECNN[ FGUETKDG GZENWUKXG TGCNOU QT UGVU YKVJKP
VJQWIJV RTQEGUUKPI YJKEJ UGTXG CU ECVGIQTK\CVKQP EQPUVTWEVU HQT UQTVKPI QWV WPKVKGU CPF
RJGPQOGPC. #NVGTPCVKXG VGTOU WUGF KP VJG NKVGTCVWTG QP MPQYNGFIG UVTWEVWTG KPENWFG UWD
RCTCFKIOU, QT UEJGOCVC. 6JG NKVGTCVWTG QP /&5 UWIIGUVU VJCV GCEJ ENWUVGT KU C FQOCKP QT UWD
FQOCKP YJKEJ UJQWNF DG CPCN[\GF KPFKXKFWCNN[1529. + CO UWIIGUVKPI VJCV KP VJKU ECUG VJCV VJG
HQWT ENWUVGTU QT FQOCKPU TGXGCNGF KP VJG /&5 RNQVU TGRTGUGPV HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU.
+H C RCTCFKIO KU C EQPUVGNNCVKQP QH EQPEGRVU, XCNWGU, DGNKGHU, RGTEGRVKQPU, OGVJQFQNQIKECN
CUUWORVKQPU CPF RTCEVKEGU UJCTGF D[ C EQOOWPKV[ VJGP C HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIO EQWNF DG
FGHKPGF CU HQNNQYU:-
# HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIO KU C EQPUVGNNCVKQP QH EQPEGRVU, XCNWGU, FQOCKPU, DGNKGHU,
RGTEGRVKQPU, OGVJQFQNQIKECN CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV VTGGU CPF HQTGUVU CPF HQTGUVT[
UVGYCTFUJKR RTCEVKEGU UJCTGF D[ C EQOOWPKV[.
'&KUEQWTUG', GV[OQNQIKECNN[ FGTKXGU HTQO VJG .CVKP 'FKUEWTUWU ' OGCPKPI TWPPKPI VQ CPF HTQ. +P
KVU OQFGTP WUCIG YG ECP FKUVKPIWKUJ DGVYGGP VYQ TGNCVGF UGPUGU QH 'FKUEQWTUG' KP VJG NKVGTCVWTG
CU EQPXGTUCVKQP, CPF CU VJG VGZVWCN VTGCVOGPV, TGIWNCVKQP CPF OCPCIGOGPV QH C UWDLGEV (DQVJ
YTKVVGP CPF URQMGP).
+P VJG HKTUV UGPUG QH EQPXGTUCVKQP, WVVGTCPEGU KP C NCPIWCIG 'TWP VQ CPF HTQ' DGVYGGP URGCMGTU
KORN[KPI VTCPUCEVKQP CPF KPVGTCEVKQP, C OQDKNKV[ QH UVCDNG HQTOU QH OGCPKPI DGVYGGP UVCDNG CPF
WPKVCT[ CEVQTU.
+P VJG UGEQPF UGPUG QH VJG VGZVWCN VTGCVOGPV, TGIWNCVKQP CPF OCPCIGOGPV QH C UWDLGEV, KFGCU,
EQPEGRVU CPF VGTOU 'TWP VQ CPF HTQ' DGVYGGP GCEJ QVJGT CU VGZV CPF DGVYGGP VGZVU, VJG EQWTUG QH
VJGKT VTCLGEVQTKGU GUVCDNKUJKPI VJG UWDLGEV. 6JKU UGPUG KORNKGU U[PEJTQPKE1530 VTCPUOWVCVKQP, C
VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH WPUVCDNG HQTOU QH UKIPKHKECVKQP (UKIPKHKGTU) KPVQ OGCPKPI D[ XKTVWG QH VJG
UKOWNVCPGKV[ QH VJGKT CRRGCTCPEG CPF FGHGTGPEG VQ GCEJ QVJGT.
1529 JVVR://YYY.CPCN[VKEVGEJ.EQO/DQTICVVK/OFU.JVO CEEGUUGF 19VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 1530 CV C URGEKHKE RQKPV KP VKOG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 263
/WEJ QH UQEKQNKPIWKUVKE CPCN[UKU WUGU VJG HKTUV UGPUG YJKEJ KU CNUQ EQPPGEVGF VQ VJG OGUUCIG
OQFGN QH EQOOWPKECVKQP, YJKNG UQEKCN VJGQT[ KUUWKPI HTQO (QWECWNV UGGOU VQ WUG VJG UGEQPF
UGPUG YJKEJ KU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJG UGOKQVKE1531 OQFGN1532.
+ NKMG QVJGT CWVJQTU1533 FQ PQV EQPUKFGT RCTCFKIO (KP KVU RQUV-OQFGTP OGCPKPI) CPF FKUEQWTUG VQ
DG U[PQP[OQWU CNVJQWIJ + TGEQIPK\G ENQUG NKPMU DGVYGGP VJGO, GZGORNKHKGF KP EJCRVGT 7
UGEVKQP 7.2.2.YKVJ HGPIUJWK FKUEQWTUGU. &KUEQWTUGU CTG QHVGP TGICTFGF CU "RQYGT
RCTCFKIOU"1534 DGECWUG VJG[ CTG RTKXKNGIGF1535 QP EGTVCKP RCTCFKIOU, UWEJ CU VJG UEKGPVKHKE
FKUEQWTUG RCTCFKIO1536. 6JG[ ECP, JQYGXGT CNUQ DG WUGF VQ EJCNNGPIG FQOKPCPV RCTCFKIOU1537
UWEJ CU VJG FKUEWTUKXG UVTCVGIKGU WUGF D[ VJG ,COGU $C[ %TGG TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP
3.3.3.#FFKVKQPCNN[ UQOG CWVJQTU EQPUKFGT VJCV RCTCFKIOU CTG EQPUVTWEVGF1538, NKOKVGF CPF
UJCRGF VJTQWIJ FKUEQWTUG YJKNG QVJGTU JCXG WUGF FKUEQWTUG CPCN[UKU VQ TGXGCN1539 , HQT GZCORNG
VJG RCTCFKIOU QH VJQUG CNNGIKPI ECPPKDCNKUO KP /GZKEQ KP VJG 15VJ EGPVWT[
+ YKNN CTIWG KP VJKU UGEVKQP VJCV VJG FKHHGTGPV EQPUVGNNCVKQPU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU WUGF D[ FKHHGTGPV
RQRWNCVKQPU QH TGURQPFGPVU KP GCUVGTP −JCO TGRTGUGPV FKUVKPEV HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU, YJKEJ
EQWNF DG WUGF CU VGORNCVGU HQT HQTGUVGTU RNCPPKPI HQTGUVT[ UVGYCTFUJKR DCUGF QP NQECN XCNWGU.
1P VJG DCUKU QH DQVJ OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI CPF ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU CPF O[ UWDLGEVKXG
MPQYNGFIG QH VJG TGIKQP VJGTG CRRGCTU VQ DG HQWT FQOCKPU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU PCOGN[:- VJG
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN, UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE, GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU, CPF DKQ-RJ[UKECN
FQOCKP.
1531 KU VJG UVWF[ QH UKIPU CPF UKIP U[UVGOU. 1532 JVVR://YYY.CWUKU.EQO.CW/RQNUKO/RQYGT/.GE3.JVON CEEGUUGF 20VJ 1EVQDGT 2005. 1533 $GUV CPF −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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 264
7UKPI FKUCIITGICVGF FCVC, JQYGXGT PQV QPN[ FQGU VJG LWZVCRQUKVKQP QH HQTGUV XCNWGU YKVJKP GCEJ
FQOCKP EJCPIG DWV FKHHGTGPV RQRWNCVKQPU NQECVG XCNWGU KP FKHHGTGPV FQOCKPU (5GG 6CDNG 8-3)
YJKEJ UWIIGUVU VJG[ WUG CNVGTPCVKXG RCTCFKIOU. +V YCU KPVGTGUVKPI VQ PQVG, HQT GZCORNG VJCV
YJGP VJG 2 PGY XCNWGU YGTG KPVTQFWEGF KP 2003 'RNCEG' YCU NQECVGF KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF
'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP, ')CP\K' KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP CPF 'UGNH' KP VJG
'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP1540. #NVJQWIJ YG FKUEWUUGF VJG CEEGRVCPEG QT TGLGEVKQP QH PGY
RJGPQOGPC KPVQ RCTCFKIOU KP EJCRVGT 2 UGEVKQP 2.2 YG FKF PQV OGPVKQP VJG UWDUGSWGPV FQOCKP
TGEQPHKIWTCVKQP VJCV OC[ TGUWNV.
1P VJG DCUKU QH VJG TGUWNVU CPCN[\GF VJGTG CTG GXKFGPVN[ 12 HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU KP ’CUVGTP
−JCO. #NVJQWIJ VJTGG CTG KFGPVKECN QP VJG DCUKU QH FQOCKP EQPHKIWTCVKQP, PCOGN[; −JCO
URGCMGTU, <JQPIFKCP %QWPV[ CPF ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV, VJG[ CTG PQV KFGPVKECN VQ VJG XCNWG UGV VJG[
CTG RCKTGF YKVJ; 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU, ;CLKCPI %QWPV[ CPF ;KCPIV\G ECVEJOGPV.
+P VGTOU QH NQECN NGXGN HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR VJG RCTCFKIOU VJCV CTG OQUV CRRQUKVG CTG DCUGF QP
GVJPKE ITQWRU, EQWPV[ QT ECVEJOGPV (RCTCFKIOU 3, 4, 8-12). 6JG GVJPKE ITQWR RCTCFKIOU,
JQYGXGT, CTG QPN[ UWKVCDNG HQT NQECN HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV KH VJGTG KU C ENGCT UWD-FKXKUKQP QH
VGTTKVQT[ D[ GVJPKE ITQWR CPF YQWNF PQV CRRN[ KP OWNVK-GVJPKE CTGCU.
2CTCFKIOU 6 ([QWPI) CPF 7 (QNF) CTG PQV XGT[ WUGHWN HQT HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV RWTRQUGU DWV VJG[
FQ FGOQPUVTCVG VJG KORCEV QH GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU UWEJ CU GFWECVKQP, *CPKHKECVKQP, UQEKCNKUO
QT OQFGTPKV[ QP HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF RCTCFKIOU. #U C TGUWNV VJG[ EQWNF DG WUGF HQT OQPKVQTKPI
HQTGUVT[ GZVGPUKQP RTQITCOOGU.
6JG FQOCKP PCOGU YGTG UGNGEVGF D[ VJG CWVJQT CPF OQTG HKGNF TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF KP QTFGT VQ
GUVCDNKUJ KH VJG PCOGU KFGPVKHKGF D[ VJG CWVJQT CTG UKOKNCT VQ VJG EQIPKVKXG ECVGIQTKGU WUGF D[
VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO.
1540 5GG RCTCFKIO 2.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 265
6CDNG 8-3 (QTGUV XCNWG EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU CPF RCTCFKIOU
(QTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU %QIPKVKXG FQOCKPU
# 0COG $KQ-RJ[UKECN 2U[EJQ-EWNVWTCN’PXKTQPOGPVCN CPF
UWDUKUVGPEGUGTXKEGU
5QEKQ-GEQPQOKE
1#NN (86)
15 XCNWGU
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
%QPUGTXCVKQP
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
5GNH(2
2#NN (57)
17 XCNWGU
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
$NGUUKPI5GNH6$
[WN-NJC6JKU RNCEG
%QPUGTXCVKQP
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
)CP\K6JKU RNCEG
3−JCO
URGCMGTU
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
%QPUGTXCVKQP
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
5GNH
4 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
(2
5 /CNG
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
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/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
5GNH(2
61NF
17 XCNWGU
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
$NGUUKPI5GNH6$
[WN-NJC6JKU RNCEG
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(5QEKCNKUO
/GP9QOGP
+()CP\K
7;QWPI
17 XCNWGU
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
$NGUUKPI5GNH6$
[WN-NJC6JKU RNCEG5QEKCNKUO
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(+(
)CP\K6JKU RNCEG
/GP9QOGP
8 ;CLKCPI %QWPV[
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’(
(20*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
9
<JQPIFKCP%QWPV[
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
%QPUGTXCVKQP
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
5GNH
10;CPIV\G
ECVEJOGPV
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
%QPUGTXCVKQP
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’(0*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
5GNH(2
11;CLKCPI
ECVEJOGPV
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
5GNH
12−JCO URGCMGTU
KP ;CLKCPIECVEJOGPV
(QTGUV9KNFNKHG
$NGUUKPI6$
[WN-NJC5GNH
%QPUGTXCVKQP
%QPUGTXCVKQP0’((2
0*(
/GP9QOGP
+(5QEKCNKUO
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 8 ’CUV −JCO 4GUWNVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 266
+P VJKU EJCRVGT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI COQPI VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO JCU GPCDNGF WU VQ
TGEQIPK\G; VJG KORQTVCPEG QH WR VQ 20 HQTGUV XCNWGU, VJG GZKUVGPEG QH HQWT EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU
CPF QH WR VQ 12 HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU. #NVJQWIJ VJKU KPHQTOCVKQP KU WUGHWN KP VJCV KV JGNRU WU
WPFGTUVCPF HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP HTQO C NQECN RGTURGEVKXG HQT HQTGUVT[ UVGYCTFUJKR KV HCKNU VQ
CFFTGUU VJG IGQURCVKCN FKOGPUKQP TGSWKTGF HQT HQTGUVT[ UVGYCTFUJKR. +P VJG PGZV EJCRVGT YG YKNN
WUG VJG UCOG FCVC RNWU UKVG EQQTFKPCVGU VQ GZRNQTG VJG FKUVTKDWVKQP QH HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF
RCTCFKIOU CETQUU ’CUVGTP −JCO, KP QTFGT VQ KFGPVKH[ JQOQIGPQWU CTGCU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU, CPF
VJG EQKPEKFGPEG QH EJCPIG KP HQTGUV XCNWG YKVJ EWNVWTCN QT DKQ-RJ[UKECN RJGPQOGPC.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 267
%*#26’4 9 52#6+#. #0& $170 #0#.;5+5
+P VJG NCUV EJCRVGT YG TGEQIPK\GF QP VJG DCUKU QH EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI VJG GZKUVGPEG QH WR VQ 12
HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU VJCV YGTG FGVGTOKPGF D[ XCNWG UGV, CIG, IGPFGT, EQWPV[, ECVEJOGPV,
FKCNGEV CPF C EQODKPCVKQP QH GNGOGPVU. 9G EQPENWFGF, JQYGXGT VJCV QPN[ RCTCFKIOU DCUGF QP
EQWPV[, ECVEJOGPV, CPF FKCNGEV CRRGCTGF UWKVCDNG HQT HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV.
+P VJKU EJCRVGT YG YKNN FGVGTOKPG; KH CP[ QH VJGUG EQIPKVKXG RCTCFKIOU CTG TGRNKECVGF
IGQURCVKCNN[ CETQUU ’CUVGTP −JCO CPF VJG KPHNWGPEG QH UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN QT DKQRJ[UKECN
RJGPQOGPC QP HQTGUV XCNWGU, CPF, KH CRRNKECDNG, VJGKT QTKIKP (G.I. $GKLKPI, %JGPIFW QT 3KPIJCK
RTQXKPEG). +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ TGOKPF QWTUGNXGU CV VJKU UVCIG VJCV VJG RWTRQUG QH VJKU UVWF[ YCU
PQV QPN[ VJG KFGPVKHKECVKQP QH OWNVKRNG HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU (EQIPKVKXGN[ CPF IGQURCVKCNN[) DWV VJG
KORCEV QH GZVGTPCN KPVGTXGPVKQPU UWEJ CU UQEKCNKUO, EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP QP
NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU. 6JGTG KU PQ UKPING IGQUVCVKUVKECN VGEJPKSWG VJCV YKNN CFFTGUU VJGUG CKOU UQ
C UWKVG QH VJTGG IGQUVCVKUVKECN VQQNU TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT UKZ UGEVKQP 6.3.2 CPF 6.3.3 YKNN DG WUGF,
PCOGN[ IGQUVCVKUVKECN CPCN[UKU (MTKIKPI), URCVKCN CPCN[UKU CPF C TCPIG QH DCTTKGT CPCN[UKU
VGEJPKSWGU.
9.1 )’156#6+56+%#. #0#.;5+5
)GQUVCVKUVKECN CPCN[UKU KP VJKU UVWF[ EQORTKUGU HQWT UVCIGU CPF KVU QDLGEV KU VQ ETGCVG C OCR, D[
KPVGTRQNCVKQP, QH HQTGUV XCNWGU FKUVTKDWVGF CETQUU GCUVGTP −JCO KP QTFGT VQ KFGPVKH[ JQOQIGPQWU
CTGCU. 6JG HQWT UVCIGU KPENWFG 1) UGOKXCTKCPEG OCRRKPI VQ GZCOKPG URCVKCN DKCU KP VJG FCVC UGV,
2) UGOKXCTKQITCO HKVVKPI, 3) KPVGTRQNCVKQP (MTKIKPI), CPF 4) MTKI VJTGUJQNF (ECVGIQTKGU)
FGVGTOKPCVKQP. 6JKU VGEJPKSWG QPN[ CNNQYU HQT QPG < XCTKCDNG (KP CFFKVKQP VQ VJG EQQTFKPCVGU)
CPF UQ C OGCP HKIWTG HTQO GCEJ QH VJG 86 UKVGU WUGF HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI YCU CFQRVGF.
+H C FCVC UGV GZJKDKVU URCVKCN DKCU QT URCVKCN FGRGPFGPE[ VJKU PGGFU VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF FWTKPI
KPVGTRQNCVKQP KP QTFGT VJCV VJG MTKIGF OCR YKNN TGUGODNG TGCNKV[. 6JKU KU XGT[ KORQTVCPV, HQT
GZCORNG, KP UVWFKGU GZCOKPKPI VJG URTGCF QH FKUGCUG QT IGPGVKE OKITCVKQP. 1PG OGVJQF QH
GZCOKPKPI DKCU KU VQ RTQFWEG UGOKXCTKCPEG UWTHCEG OCRU. +P QWT UVWF[ )5+7, 5WTHGT 8 CPF
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 268
+FTKUK1541 YGTG WUGF VQ ETGCVG C UWTHCEG OCR HTQO EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UKVG OGCPU CPF VJGKT
EQQTFKPCVGU. 5WTHCEG OCRU RTQXKFG C XKUWCN RKEVWTG QH UGOKXCTKCPEG KP GXGT[ EQORCUU
FKTGEVKQP.
(KIWTG 9-1 UJQYU VJCV VJG FKTGEVKQP QH OCZKOWO URCVKCN EQPVKPWKV[ QT NQYGUV UGOKXCTKCPEG1542
VQ DG CV 80Q (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT CZKU (’CUV) CPF CNQPI VJKU CZKU CNQPG UGOKXCTKCPEG KU DGNQY
0.3. 6JKU KU MPQYP CU VJG RTKPEKRCN CZKU CPF KU WUGF HQT FGVGTOKPKPI VJG CPKUQVTQRKE
UGOKXCTKQITCO OQFGN WUGF HQT MTKIKPI.
(KIWTG 9-1 #PKUQVTQRKE UGOKXCTKCPEG UWTHCEG OCR CPF RTQHKNG QH OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU
801
(PQTVJ QH GCUV)
OGVTGU
+V RTQXGF FKHHKEWNV, FWG VQ VJG UOCNN UCORNG UK\G, VQ RTQFWEG OGCPKPIHWN UGOKXCTKCPEG UWTHCEG
OCRU YKVJ )5+7 CPF +FTKUK −KNKOCPLCTQ1543 CPF (KIWTG 9-1 YCU QPN[ RTQFWEGF D[ 5WTHGT 81544
1541 ’CUVOCP GV CN 1987-2004, )&5 1989-2004, )5+ 2002 1542 0 = NQY CPF 1 = JKIJ 1543 ’CUVOCP GV CN 1987-2004, )&5 1989-2004 1544 )5+ 2002
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 269
CHVGT C NQV QH YQTM1545. 6JKU UWIIGUVU VJCV KP VJKU UVWF[ VJG CPKUQVTQRKE OQFGN UJQWNF DG
EQPUKFGTGF YKVJ UQOG ECWVKQP.
5GOKXCTKQITCOU1546 CTG EQORWVGT OQFGNU YJKEJ RTGFKEV YJCV'U IQKPI QP KP WP-UCORNGF
NQECVKQPU CPF RTQXKFG C RTQDCDKNKV[ QH XCNWGU DGVYGGP VJG UCORNGF NQECVKQPU. 6JG[ FKURNC[ JCNH
VJG CXGTCIG FKHHGTGPEG KP < XCNWGU QH VYQ FCVC RQKPVU (QT RCKTU) CU C HWPEVKQP QH VJG UGRCTCVKQP
FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP VJG RQKPVU. +H VJGTG KU PQ URCVKCN DKCU KP C FCVC UGV CP QOPKFKTGEVKQPCN QT
KUQVTQRKE OQFGN KU FGVGTOKPGF CPF KH VJGTG KU DKCU CP CPKUQVTQRKE OQFGN KU FGVGTOKPGF DCUGF QP
VJG RTKPEKRCN CZKU.
+P QWT UVWF[ VJG UWTHCEG OCR RTQFWEGF D[ 5WTHGT 81547 KPFKECVGU VJG FKTGEVKQP QH NQYGUV
UGOKXCTKCPEG VQ DG CV 80Q (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT EQQTFKPCVG (’CUV) CPF C UGOKXCTKQITCO DCUGF
QP CP CPKUQVTQRKE1548 OQFGN YCU FGVGTOKPGF ((KIWTG 9-2). (QT EQORCTKUQP C UGOKXCTKQITCO
DCUGF QP CP KUQVTQRKE OQFGN ((KIWTG 9-3) YCU CNUQ FGVGTOKPGF.
(KIWTG 9-2 #PKUQVTQRKE OQFGN QH OGCP HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC
/QFGN &KTGEVKQP: 80FGI 6QNGTCPEG: 30FGI0.101822PWI(0)+0.329114’ZR154014
(OGVTGU)
1545 72 URTGCFUJGGV ECNEWNCVKQPU. 1546 QHVGP TGHGTTGF VQ CU VJG XCTKQITCO. 1547 )5+ 2002 1548 OGCPU 'KPFGRGPFGPV QH FKTGEVKQP'.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 270
(KIWTG 9-3 +UQVTQRKE OQFGN QH OGCP HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC
/QFGN &KTGEVKQP: 1OPKFKTGEVKQPCN0.135138PCI(0)+0.155052’ZR82351.5
(OGVTGU)
−TKIKPI PQV QPN[ KPVGTRQNCVGU CETQUU C UVWF[ CTGC DWV JKIJNKIJVU JQOQIGPGQWU CTGCU, CTGCU VJCV
JCXG 'JKIJ' QT 'NQY' < XCNWGU, CPF \QPGU QH TCRKF EJCPIG. 6JG MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJKU UVWF[
YGTG KPVGTRQNCVGF HTQO VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UKVG OGCPU CPF VJGKT EQQTFKPCVGU CPF DQVJ VJG
CPKUQVTQRKE ((KI 9-2) CPF KUQVTQRKE OQFGN ((KI 9-3). 6JG KUQVTQRKE OQFGN YCU GXGPVWCNN[
UGNGEVGF HQT VYQ TGCUQPU, VJG VYQ MTKI OCRU RTQFWEGF (KUQVTQRKE CPF CPKUQVTQRKE) YGTG CNOQUV
KFGPVKECN CPF FWG VQ O[ EQPEGTPU QXGT VJG UWTHCEG OCR IKXGP VJCV )5+7 CPF +FTKUK1549 JCF
FKHHKEWNV[ RTQFWEKPI C OGCPKPIHWN OCR. #NVJQWIJ DQVJ VJG UWTHCEG OCR CPF VJG CPKUQVTQRKE
OQFGN RTQXGF UWRGTHNWQWU KP VJKU UVWF[ VJG[ YGTG TGVCKPGF VQ FGOQPUVTCVG VJG UVCIGU KPXQNXGF.
+PKVKCNN[ KUQVTQRKE MTKIKPI YCU EQPFWEVGF WUKPI )5+7 CPF +FTKUK1550 CPF UWDUGSWGPVN[ D[ 5WTHGT
81551 YJKEJ, D[ FGHCWNV, RTQFWEGF C OCR QP VJG DCUKU QH 20 KPETGOGPVCN ECVGIQTKGU KP MTKIGF
HQTGUV XCNWG HTQO 1.276 VQ 3.342. /CR 9-1 UJQYU VJCV <JQPIFKCP, $CVCPI, CPF GCUVGTP .WJWQ
%QWPV[ KPENWFG CTGCU YKVJ MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWGU QH 2.9+ CPF VJCV /WNK, &CQYW CPF ;CLKCPI
%QWPV[ JCXG MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWGU DGNQY 1.7. 6JG FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP <JQPIFKCP CPF ;CLKCPI
YGTG FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.2.5.
1549 ’CUVOCP GV CN 1987-2004, )&5 1989-2004 1550 ’CUVOCP GV CN 1987-2004, )&5 1989-2004 1551 )5+ 2002
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 271
/CR 9-1 +UQVTQRKE MTKI RNQV QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU FKURNC[GF KP 20 ECVGIQTKGU
/QFGN &KTGEVKQP; 1OPKFKTGEVKQPCN0.135138PCI(0)+0.155052’ZR82351.5
−TKIGF HQTGUV XCNWG TCPIG KP 20 ECVGIQTKGU EQWPV[ DQWPFCTKGU
;CLKCPI
/WNK
$CVCPI
<JQPIFKCP
.WJWQ
−TKIGF HQTGUVXCNWGU UECNKPI
&CQYW
/CP[ QH VJG ECVGIQT[ CTGCU KFGPVKHKGF, JQYGXGT, FKF PQV CRRGCT VQ EQKPEKFG YKVJ CP[
TGEQIPK\CDNG HGCVWTGU (EQWPV[, GVJPKE QT YCVGTUJGF DQWPFCTKGU) CPF UQ VJG KPETGOGPVCN
VJTGUJQNFU DGVYGGP 1.276 CPF 3.342 YGTG CNVGTGF VQ 3 ECVGIQTKGU TCVJGT VJCP 20.
/CR 9-2 KU DCUGF QP 3 KPETGOGPVCN ECVGIQTKGU QH MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWGU (DGNQY 2.11, 2.11-2.4,
2.4+) CPF YCU CFQRVGF DGECWUG KV KFGPVKHKGF CTGCU VJCV CRRGCTGF VQ EQKPEKFG YKVJ DQVJ
UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN CPF DKQ-RJ[UKECN HGCVWTGU. %CVGIQT[ 1 (DGNQY C MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWG QH 2.11)
GXKFGPVN[ EQTTGURQPFU YKVJ 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV CPF ECVGIQT[ 3 (CDQXG
C MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWG QH 2.4) YKVJ −JCODC URGCMGTU KP VJG ;CPIV\G ECVEJOGPV.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 272
/CR 9-2 +UQVTQRKE MTKI RNQV QH 15 HQTGUV XCNWGU (3 ECVGIQTKGU)
/QFGN WUGF0.11720PWI(0)+0.27340’ZR53100T2=0.577 455=0.0157
−TKIGF HQTGUV XCNWG UECNKPI %CVGIQT[ 1: DGNQY 2.11 %CVGIQT[ 2: 2.11-2.4 %CVGIQT[ 3: 2.4 + OQWPVCKPU (5000O+)
OFU UKVGU EQWPV[ DQWPFCTKGU TKXGTU
+P QTFGT VQ EQPHKTO VJGUG HKPFKPIU /&5 RNQVU YGTG ETGCVGF HQT ECVGIQT[ 1 CPF 3 (2NQV 9-1 CPF
9-2).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 273
2NQV 9-1 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWGU DGNQY 2.11 KP ECVGIQT[ 1 CTGCU.
-1.00
-0.38
0.25
0.88
1.50
-4.00 -2.50 -1.00 0.50 2.00
1
2
3 4
56
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1415
−TKI ECVGIQT[ 1 - DGNQY 2.11 (P=27)
&KO1
&KO
2
&KOGPUKQPU 555&U 423.934155&H 11.35315VTGUU 0.02674-5SWCTGF 79.72
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
(QTGUV 1 9KNFNKHG2 %QPUGTXCVKQP 3 $NGUUKPI 4 /GP 5 9QOGP 6 5GNH 7 6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 100’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 120*( 13+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO 15
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPFUWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
2NQV 9-2 %QIPKVKXG OCR QH MTKIGF HQTGUV XCNWGU QH 2.40+ KP ECVGIQT[ 3 CTGCU
-1.50
-0.75
0.00
0.75
1.50
-3.00 -1.75 -0.50 0.75 2.00
12
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
−TKI ECVGIQT[ 3 - 2.4+ (P = 25)
&KO1
&KO
2
&KOGPUKQPU 555&U 793.86142555&H 30.297046
5VTGUU 0.038164 4-5SWCTGF 3.694730
(QTGUV 1 9KNFNKHG2 %QPUGTXCVKQP 3 $NGUUKPI 4 /GP 5 9QOGP 6 5GNH 7 6KDGVCPA$WFFJKUO 8;WNANJC 9
*WPVKPI 100’( 11
(QTGUVA2TQFWEVU 120*( 13+PFAA(QTGUVCVKQP 14
5QEKCNKUO 15
2NGCUG PQVG KP /&5 RNQVU CZGU CTG OGCPKPINGUU CPF QTKGPVCVKQP KU CTDKVCT[
UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN
DKQ-RJ[UKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF
UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 274
+P %CV 1 CTGC (;CLKCPI) 'UGNH' KU KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP CPF
'EQPUGTXCVKQP KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' FQOCKP. 6JKU EQPVTCUVU YKVJ VJG %CV 3
CTGC (;KCPIV\G) YJGTG 'UGNH' KU KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP, 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' KU KP VJG
'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP CPF 'DNGUUKPI' KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF
'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP. #NVJQWIJ VJG RGQRNGU QH %CV 1 KFGPVKH[ YKVJ
EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' CPF 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP VJG RGQRNGU QH %CV 3
CRRGCT VQ TGICTF VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU' FQOCKP CU C DNGUUKPI.
+V CRRGCTU CU KH VJG RGQRNGU YKVJKP VJG CTGCU FGHKPGF D[ MTKIKPI PQV QPN[ JCXG FKHHGTGPV HQTGUV
XCNWGU DWV FKHHGTGPV HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU YJKEJ YG YKNN GZRNQTG HWTVJGT KP URCVKCN CPCN[UKU,
YQODNKPI CPF QXGTNCR CPCN[UKU.
9.2 52#6+#. #0#.;5+5
5RCVKCN CPCN[UKU KU DCUGF QP VJG FKUVCPEGU DGVYGGP VJG 105 HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU ((15Z15)-15/2)
WUGF HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI CV 86 UKVGU CPF YKNN DG WUGF VQ GZCOKPG FKTGEVKQPCN DKCU KP HQTGUV
XCNWGU CPF VJG QTKIKPU CPF URCVKCN VTGPFU QH CP[ URCVKCN RJGPQOGPC (G.I. $GKLKPI, %JGPIFW,
OKITCVKQP RCVVGTP VTGPFU). 6JG TGUWNVU CTG RTQFWEGF GKVJGT HQT HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU QT VJG CXGTCIG
QH CNN VJG RCKTU. 6JKU UJQWNF PQV DG EQPHWUGF YKVJ MTKIKPI QT DCTTKGT CPCN[UKU YJKEJ WUG
EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UKVG/TGURQPFGPV OGCPU QH CNN VJG XCNWGU.
5RCVKCN CPCN[UKU QHHGTU C PWODGT QH CPCN[VKECN VQQNU PQV HQWPF KP VJG QVJGT OGVJQFU WUGF KP VJKU
UVWF[. +V KU CDNG VQ CPCN[\G DGVYGGP FCVC FKUVCPEGU, IGQITCRJKE FKUVCPEGU CPF FKTGEVKQP. +V KU CDNG
VQ RTQXKFG UVCVKUVKECN GXKFGPEG QH URCVKCN RCVVGTPU, URCVKCNN[ UKIPKHKECPV EQGHHKEKGPVU, FKTGEVKQPCN
VTGPFU KP HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF ENKPGU1552 KP HQTGUV XCNWGU.
6JG RWTRQUG QH URCVKCN CPCN[UKU YCU VQ KFGPVKH[ FKTGEVKQPCN VTGPFU CPF ENKPGU KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG
FCVC CPF FKUEWUU CPF CPCN[\G VJG KORNKECVKQPU VJG HKPFKPIU JCXG HQT VJKU UVWF[. 9G JCXG
1552 HTQO VJG )TGGM κλι�νω, VQ NGCP .# ENKPG KU C ITCFWCN EJCPIG KP C EJCTCEVGT QT HGCVWTG CETQUU VJG FKUVTKDWVKQPCN TCPIG QH C URGEKGU QT RQRWNCVKQP, WUWCNN[ EQTTGNCVGF YKVJ CP GPXKTQPOGPVCN QT IGQITCRJKE VTCPUKVKQP JVVR://YYY.CPUYGTU.EQO/VQRKE/ENKPG CEEGUUGF 10VJ 0QX 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 275
CFQRVGF C UWKVG QH URCVKCN CPCN[UKU VGEJPKSWGU CXCKNCDNG KP 2CUUCIG1553 CPF TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT
6 UGEVKQP 6.3.2. 6JG HQWT VQQNU WUGF CNN FGOQPUVTCVG FKHHGTGPV CURGEVU QH URCVKCN CPCN[UKU;
EQTTGNQITCOU FGOQPUVTCVG VJG UVCVKUVKECN UKIPKHKECPEG QH VJG FCVC UGV, DGCTKPI CPCN[UKU RTQXKFGU
VJG FKTGEVKQP QH OCZKOWO EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP FCVC FKUVCPEGU CPF IGQITCRJKE FKUVCPEGU,
YKPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCOU RTQXKFG FKTGEVKQPCN EQTTGNCVKQP HTQO FCVC FKUVCPEG CPF FKTGEVKQP,
DGCTKPI EQTTGNQITCOU RTQXKFG ENKPCN FKTGEVKQP HQT FCVC FKUVCPEGU CPF FKTGEVKQP, CPF CPIWNCT
EQTTGNQITCOU RTQXKFG CPIWNCT EQTTGNCVKQP HQT KPFKXKFWCN XCNWGU.
9.2.1 %QTTGNQITCOU
%QTTGNQITCOU CTG QPG QH VJG OQUV EQOOQP HQTOU QH URCVKCN CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP KP IGQITCRJ[. 6JG
WRRGT HKIWTG KU /QTCP'U + CPF VJG NQYGT HKIWTG )GCT['U E. 6JG TGF NKPG KU VJG OGCP CPF UQNKF TGF
EKTENGU TGRTGUGPV UKIPKHKECPV EQGHHKEKGPVU, CPF QRGP EKTENGU PQPUKIPKHKECPV.
2NQV 9-3 UJQYU VJG URCVKCN EQTTGNQITCOU HQT HQTGUV XCNWGU. +V UJQYU C RCVVGTP V[RKECN QH C
ITCFKGPV1554, YKVJ VJG OCIPKVWFG QH /QTCP'U + FGENKPKPI NKPGCTN[ YKVJ FKUVCPEG. 46 QWV QH 105
HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU WUKPI /QTCP'U + CPF 48 QWV QH 1051555 HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU WUKPI )GCT['U E CTG
UKIPKHKECPV VQ R<0.05.
2NQV 9-3 %QTTGNQITCO CPCN[UKU QH CNN HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU (105 RCKTU)
(OGVTGU) P=86
(OGVTGU) P=86
1553 4QUGPDGTI 1998-2004 1554 5QMCN 1979 1555 6JG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI YCU DCUGF QP FKUVCPEKPI DGVYGGP 105 RCKTU ((15Z15)-15/2).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 276
+V YCU ETWEKCN HQT VJKU UVWF[ VQ WPFGTUVCPF KH VJG IGQURCVKCN FKUVTKDWVKQP QH HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC
CETQUU GCUVGTP −JCO YCU V[RKECN HQT URCVKCNN[ FKUVTKDWVGF FCVC CPF UKIPKHKECPV PQV QPN[ HQT
URCVKCN DWV DCTTKGT CPCN[UKU. 6JKU CPCN[UKU EQPHKTOGF VJCV VJG FCVC UGV WUGF KP VJKU UVWF[ YCU
V[RKECN QH C ITCFKGPV1556 YKVJ UVCVKUVKECNN[ UKIPKHKECPV CXGTCIGU. 1PN[ CDQWV JCNH QH HQTGUV XCNWG
RCKTU YGTG UKIPKHKECPV YJKEJ RTQDCDN[ GZRNCKPU UQOG QH VJG CPQOCNKGU YKVJ TGITGUUKQPCN
CPCN[UKU, YJKEJ YCU PQV GXGPVWCNN[ KPENWFGF KP VJKU UVWF[. +V FQGU UWIIGUV VJCV ECNEWNCVKQPU
DCUGF QP KPUKIPKHKECPV HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU UJQWNF DG VTGCVGF YKVJ UQOG ECWVKQP. 2TQDCDN[ VJG
QPN[ CNVGTPCVKXG VQ GPUWTG JKIJGT PWODGTU QH UKIPKHKECPV HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU YQWNF JCXG DGGP VQ
VCMG OQTG UCORNGU DWV VJKU RTQXGF KORQUUKDNG IKXGP VKOG, TGUQWTEG CPF CEEGUU EQPUVTCKPVU
TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 1.5..
9.2.2 $GCTKPI #PCN[UKU
$GCTKPI CPCN[UKU KU C OGVJQF QH FGVGTOKPKPI VJG FKTGEVKQP QH ITGCVGUV EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP FCVC
FKUVCPEGU CPF IGQITCRJKE FKUVCPEG. 6JG EQTTGNCVKQP KU EQORWVGF HQT C UGTKGU QH UGV CPINGU, KP CP
CPVKENQEMYKUG FKTGEVKQP HTQO 1 FGI (’CUV) VQ 180 FGI (9GUV) WUKPI 36 HKZGF DGCTKPIU. 9JKNG
PQV CU KPHQTOCVKXG CU UQOG QH VJG QVJGT CPKUQVTQR[ OGVJQFU, VJKU OGVJQF ECP DG CRRNKGF YKVJ
UOCNN UCORNG UK\GU.
2NQV 9-4 $GCTKPI CPCN[UKU QH CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU HQT −JCODC URGCMGTU (P=65)
2NQV 9-4 UJQYU VJG TGUWNVU QH VJG DGCTKPI CPCN[UKU HQT HQTGUV XCNWGU HQT −JCODC URGCMGTU. 6JG
FCVC UJQYU VJG FKTGEVKQP QH ITGCVGUV EQTTGNCVKQP (5GG /CR 9-3) VQ DG CV 44 1 (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG
1556 5GG 4QUGPDGTI 2001 HQT OQTG QP VJG UKIPKHKECPEG QH V[RKECN ITCFKGPVU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 277
RQNCT CZKU (’CUV)1557 CPF VJG FKTGEVKQP QH NGCUV EQTTGNCVKQP VQ DG 150 1 (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT CZKU
(’CUV)1558. 6JKU KPFKECVGU VJG FKTGEVKQP QH ITGCVGUV EJCPIG.
6JGTG OC[ DG C PWODGT QH GZRNCPCVKQPU HQT VJKU KPENWFKPI RTQEGUUGU QH CUUKOKNCVKQP,
CEEWNVWTCVKQP QT 'GZVGPUKQP' HTQO VJG 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN (%JGPIFW) YJKEJ KU NQECVGF CV
TQWIJN[ 751 HTQO VJG EGPVTG QH VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC CPF D[ −JCODC IGPGVKE, NKPIWKUVKE QT EWNVWTCN
FKHHWUKQP CPF VTCPUOKUUKQP HTQO 3KPIJCK CPF )CPUW 2TQXKPEG. 6JKU YKNN DG GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP
EJCRVGT 10 UGEVKQP 10.1.2.
2NQV 9-5 UJQYU VJG TGUWNVU QH VJG DGCTKPI CPCN[UKU HQT 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU. 6JG RNQV UJQYU VJG
FKTGEVKQP QH ITGCVGUV EQTTGNCVKQP (5GG /CR 9-3) VQ DG CV 10 1 (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT CZKU (’CUV)1559
CPF VJG FKTGEVKQP QH NGCUV EQTTGNCVKQP VQ DG 170 1 (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT CZKU (’CUV)1560. 6JKU
KPFKECVGU VJG FKTGEVKQP QH ITGCVGUV EJCPIG (5GG /CR 9-3).
2NQV 9-5 $GCTKPI CPCN[UKU QH CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU HQT 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU (P=21).
6JGTG OC[ DG C PWODGT QH GZRNCPCVKQPU HQT VJKU KPENWFKPI RTQEGUUGU QH CUUKOKNCVKQP,
CEEWNVWTCVKQP QT 'GZVGPUKQP' HTQO VJG 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN (%JGPIFW) YJKEJ KU NQECVGF CV
TQWIJN[ 751 HTQO VJG EGPVTG QH VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC CPF D[ 3KCPIKE IGPGVKE, NKPIWKUVKE, QT EWNVWTCN
1557 46 FGITGGU CU CP C\KOWVJ. 1558 300 FGITGGU CU CP C\KOWVJ
1559 80 FGITGGU CU CP C\KOWVJ. 1560 280 FGITGGU CU CP C\KOWVJ.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 278
FKHHWUKQP CPF VTCPUOKUUKQP HTQO *GPCP 2TQXKPEG.. 6JKU YKNN DG GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP EJCRVGT 10
UGEVKQP 10.1.2.
9.2.3 9KPFTQUG %QTTGNQITCOU
9KPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCOU CTG CPQVJGT VGEJPKSWG VJCV ECP DG WUGF VQ UGG KH HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC KU
CPKUQVTQRKE DWV WPNKMG VJG QVJGT OGVJQFU KV CIITGICVGU QDUGTXCVKQPU KPVQ KPFGRGPFGPV FKUVCPEG
CPF FKTGEVKQP ENCUUGU YKVJ GCEJ JCXKPI KVU QYP YGKIJV OCVTKZ.
# YKPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCO EQPUKUV QH OWNVKRNG TKPIU QT CPPWNK YKVJ GCEJ CPPWNWU TGRTGUGPVKPI C
FKUVCPEG KPVGTXCN. 6JG QWVGT TCFKWU QH VJG KVJ CPPWNWU KU FGVGTOKPGF D[
TK = %K2 + &K + ’
CPF VJG KPPGT TCFKWU QH VJG KVJ CPPWNWU KU FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJG RTGXKQWU CPPWNWU. 6JG PWODGT QH
DKPU QT ENCUUGU KP VJG KVJ CPPWNWU KU FGVGTOKPGF D[
PK = #K - 2
CPF VJG YKFVJ QH GCEJ UGIOGPV KP FGITGGU KU 360/P.
+P 2NQV 9-61561 VJG UK\G QH VJG UGEVQT KPFKECVGU UKIPKHKECPEG (1FGP CPF 5QMCN 1986) CPF FCUJGF
UGEVQTU EQPVCKP NGUU VJCP 20 RCKTU QH RQKPVU. .KIJV EQNQWTU KPFKECVG PGICVKXG CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP,
FCTM EQNQWTU RQUKVKXG CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP. (WNN UGEVQTU CTG UKIPKHKECPV (R 0.05) CPF JCNH UGEVQTU CTG
PQV UKIPKHKECPV1562. 6JG UGXGP CPPWNK TGRTGUGPV FKUVCPEG KPVGTXCNU WR VQ 17.6, 70.3, 157.9, 280.6,
438.2, 630.9 CPF 858.5 MO TGURGEVKXGN[. 2NQV 9-6 UJQYU CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC YKVJ VJG
FKTGEVKQP QH ITGCVGUV RQUKVKXG CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP 1563 VQ DG DGVYGGP 901 (θ) -100 1 (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG
RQNCT CZKU (’CUV)1564, CPF VJG FKTGEVKQP QH ITGCVGUV PGICVKXG CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP TWPPKPI TQWIJN[
HTQO YGUV VQ GCUV . 57 QH 105 YKPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCOU CTG UKIPKHKECPV.
1561 YJKEJ KU DCUGF QP %=17500, &=100, ’=0 CPF #=4. 1562 VJGTG CTG PQ JCNH UGEVQTU. 1563 CV VJG 5VJ CPPWNWU.
1564 350 - 10 FGITGGU CU CP C\KOWVJ.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 279
2NQV 9-6 /QTCP'U + YKPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCO HQT CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU (P=86).
0 17.6 70.3 157.9 280.6 438.2 630.9 858.5−KNQOGVTGU
6JGTG OC[ DG C PWODGT QH TGCUQPU HQT VJKU, KPENWFKPI VQRQITCRJ[ YKVJ VJG OCKP TKXGT XCNNG[U
TWPPKPI1565 OQUVN[ CV 345 1 CPF 5000O + TKFIGU UGRCTCVKPI XCNNG[U (5GG /CR 9-2) CPF −JCODC
IGPGVKE, NKPIWKUVKE, QT EWNVWTCN FKHHWUKQP CPF VTCPUOKUUKQP HTQO 3KPIJCK CPF )CPUW 2TQXKPEG.
6JGUG HKPFKPIU YKNN DG GZRNQTGF DGNQY KP EJCRVGT 10 UGEVKQP 10.1.2.
9.2.4 $GCTKPI %QTTGNQITCOU
$GCTKPI EQTTGNQITCOU CTG UKOKNCT VQ PQTOCN EQTTGNQITCOU, GZEGRV VJCV VJG YGKIJVU CTG UECNGF VQ
KPFKECVG FKTGEVKQP CU YGNN CU FKUVCPEG1566.
2NQV 9-7 UJQYU VJG DGCTKPI EQTTGNQITCO HQT CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWGU. 4GF EKTENGU KPFKECVG
UKIPKHKECPV RQUKVKXG XCNWGU QH /QTCP'U +, DNCEM UKIPKHKECPV PGICVKXG CPF ITG[ PQPUKIPKHKECPV
XCNWGU. ’CEJ CTE TGRTGUGPVU C UWEEGUUKXGN[ HCTVJGT FKUVCPEG ENCUU (HTQO 47MO VQ 635MO). 6JG
EJCPIG HTQO RQUKVKXG VQ PGICVKXG CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP QEEWTU (5GG /CR 9-3) OQUV SWKEMN[ DGVYGGP
40 15 (θ)-70 1 (θ) HTQO VJG RQNCT CZKU (’CUV)1567 YJKEJ KU VJG FKTGEVKQP QH C ENKPG KP XCNWG.
2QUKVKXG CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP GZKUVU KP CNN FKTGEVKQPU KP VJG 1UV FKUVCPEG ENCUU CPF PGICVKXG
CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP KP VJG 4VJ, 7VJ CPF 8VJ FKUVCPEG ENCUU.
1565 5QWVJ QH 31.5Q0 DQVJ VJG ;CLKCPI CPF ;KCPIV\G HNQY TQWIJN[ KP C 345Q FKTGEVKQP CNVJQWIJ PQTVJ QH 31.5Q0 VJG[ HNQY TQWIJN[ KP C 315Q FKTGEVKQP. 1566 4QUGPDGTI 2000 1567 DGVYGGP 20 -50 FGITGGU CU CP C\KOWVJ.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 280
2NQV 9-7 # DGCTKPI EQTTGNQITCO HQT CXGTCIG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU (P=86).
47 112 154 196 227 260 305 380 490 635−KNQOGVGTU
6JGTG OC[ DG C PWODGT QH TGCUQPU HQT VJKU, RTQEGUUGU QH CUUKOKNCVKQP, CEEWNVWTCVKQP CPF
'GZVGPUKQP' HTQO VJG 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN (%JGPIFW) YJKEJ KU NQECVGF CV TQWIJN[ 751
HTQO VJG EGPVTG QH VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC CPF D[ IGPGVKE, NKPIWKUVKE QT EWNVWTCN FKHHWUKQP CPF
VTCPUOKUUKQP. 6JGUG HKPFKPIU YKNN DG GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP EJCRVGT 10 UGEVKQP 10.1.2.
9.2.5 #PIWNCT %QTTGNQITCOU
#PIWNCT EQTTGNQITCOU FGVGTOKPG VJG FGITGG QH CPKUQVTQR[ KP C FCVC UGV. 6JKU OGVJQF FQGU PQV
ECNEWNCVG CXGTCIG EQTTGNCVKQP HQT CNN HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU. +V FQGU, JQYGXGT, ECNEWNCVG VJG FKUVCPEG
DGVYGGP KPFKXKFWCN RCKT RQKPVU RTQLGEVGF QPVQ C XGEVQT KP C URGEKHKGF FKTGEVKQP CPF VJG
FKHHGTGPEGU KP VJG XCNWGU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJQUG VYQ RQKPVU1568. #NVJQWIJ VJKU VQQN KU PQV XGT[
WUGHWN HQT TGUGCTEJGTU CFFTGUUKPI HQTGUV XCNWG UGVU KVU XGT[ WUGHWN HQT GZCOKPKPI KPFKXKFWCN
XCNWGU. # EQORNGVG TCPIG QH RCKTKPIU YCU GZCOKPGF DWV HQTGUV-6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO YCU UGNGEVGF
DGECWUG CU C VTCFKVKQPCN XCNWG KV YCU OQTG UVCVKUVKECNN[ UKIPKHKECPV1569 VJCP HQTGUV-[WN-NJC QT
HQTGUV-DNGUUKPI CPF KV YCU KORQTVCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF KH VJGTG YCU CPKUQVTQR[ CPF KH UQ KP YJCV
FKTGEVKQP.
2NQV 9-8 UJQYU VJG CPIWNCT EQTTGNCVKQP1570 QT VJG FKTGEVKQP QH OCZKOWO ENKPG (5GG /CR 9-3) HQT
(QTGUV-6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO CPF QP VJG DCUKU QH RQNCT EQQTFKPCVGU (θ CPF T) 1571 VQ DG CV 18 1 (θ)
1568 5KOQP 1997 1569 R = 0.000 1570 OCZ T = 0.3678 R =0.0000 1571 # YC[ VQ FGUETKDG VJG NQECVKQP QH C RQKPV QP C RNCPG. # RQKPV KU IKXGP EQQTFKPCVGU (T, θ). T KU VJG FKUVCPEG HTQO VJG RQKPV VQ VJG QTKIKP. θ KU VJG CPING OGCUWTGF EQWPVGTENQEMYKUG HTQO VJG RQNCT CZKU VQ VJG UGIOGPV EQPPGEVKPI VJG RQKPV VQ VJG QTKIKP.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 281
FGITGGU PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT CZKU (’CUV)1572. $NWG EKTENGU KPFKECVG RQUKVKXG T CPF RKPM PGICVKXG T.
2NQV 9-8 #PIWNCT EQTTGNCVKQP HQT HQTGUV-6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO (P=86).
T
6JGTG OC[ DG C PWODGT QH TGCUQPU HQT VJKU, DWV VJG HKPFKPIU CTG PQV KPEQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VTCFKVKQPCN
XCNWGU DGKPI RGTEGRVWCNN[ ENQUGT YKVJ FKUVCPEG HTQO %JGPIFW (CV 75 FGITGGU).
9.2.6 %QPENWUKQPU
+V YQWNF CRRGCT QP VJG DCUKU QH VJTGG EQTTGNCVKQP OGCUWTGU1573 CPF QPG UGOKXCTKCPEG
OGCUWTG1574 VJCV OQUV QH VJG FKTGEVKQPCN VTGPFU, DKCUGU CPF ENKPGU CTG DGVYGGP 3501-501 (5GG
/CR 9-3). 6JGTG OC[ DG C PWODGT QH TGCUQPU HQT VJKU: RTQEGUUGU QH CUUKOKNCVKQP, CEEWNVWTCVKQP
CPF 'GZVGPUKQP' HTQO %JGPIFW1575 CNVJQWIJ VJKU KU NQECVGF CV TQWIJN[ 751 HTQO VJG EGPVTG QH VJG
TGUGCTEJ CTGC; IGPGVKE, NKPIWKUVKE, CPF EWNVWTCN FKHHWUKQP CPF VTCPUOKUUKQP YJKEJ KU EQPUKUVGPV
YKVJ −JCODC QTKIKPU KP 3KPIJCK CPF )CPUW; VQRQITCRJKE KPHNWGPEGU YKVJ VJG OCKP TKXGT
XCNNG[U TWPPKPI 009-55’1576 YKVJ 5000O + TKFIGU UGRCTCVKPI XCNNG[U (5GG /CR 9-2).
1572 QT 72 FGITGGU CU CP C\KOWVJ. 1573 DGCTKPI CPCN[UKU HQT −JCODC URGCMGTU, YKPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCOU, DGCTKPI EQTTGNQITCOU. 1574 VJG FKTGEVKQP QH OCZKOWO URCVKCN EQPVKPWKV[ QT NQYGUV UGOKXCTKCPEG XCNWGU 5GG (KI 9-1 1575 6JG 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN. 1576 5QWVJ QH 31.5Q0 DQVJ VJG ;CLKCPI CPF ;KCPIV\G HNQY TQWIJN[ KP C 345Q FKTGEVKQP CNVJQWIJ PQTVJ QH 31.5Q0 VJG[ HNQY TQWIJN[ KP C 315Q FKTGEVKQP.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 282
6JG QPN[ GZEGRVKQP KU VJG DGCTKPI CPCN[UKU HQT 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU YJGTG VJG OCZKOWO
EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP FCVC FKUVCPEG CPF IGQITCRJKE FKUVCPEG KU CV 101 (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT CZKU
(’CUV)1577. 6JGTG OC[ DG C PWODGT QH TGCUQPU HQT VJKU:-. RTQEGUUGU QH CUUKOKNCVKQP, CEEWNVWTCVKQP
CPF 'GZVGPUKQP' HTQO %JGPIFW1578 YJKEJ KU NQECVGF CV TQWIJN[ 751 HTQO VJG EGPVTG QH VJG
TGUGCTEJ CTGC QT IGPGVKE, NKPIWKUVKE, CPF EWNVWTCN FKHHWUKQP CPF VTCPUOKUUKQP YJKEJ KU EQPUKUVGPV
YKVJ 3KCPIKE QTKIKPU KP *GPCP 2TQXKPEG. 6JGUG HKPFKPIU YKNN DG GZRNQTGF HWTVJGT KP EJCRVGT 10
UGEVKQP 10.1.2.
1577 80 FGITGGU CU CP C\KOWVJ. 1578 6JG 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 283
/CR 9-3 UJQYKPI FKTGEVKQPCN VTGPFU CPF ENKPGU HTQO URCVKCN CPCN[UKU
*’0#02418+0%’
80Q (10
Q (ϑϑϑϑ) PQTVJ QH GCUV)46
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Q
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6+$’6 #4
;700#0 2418+0%’
5+%*7#0 2418+0%’
#PIWNCT EQTTGNCVKQP HQT (QTGUV-6$ ((KI 9-8)
9KPFTQUG EQTTGNCVKQP ((KI 9-6)
$GCTKPI EQTTGNCVKQP ((KI 9-7)
$GCTKPI CPCN[UKU HQT −JCODC URGCMGTU ((KI 9-4)
&KTGEVKQP QH %JGPIFW
$GCTKPI CPCN[UKU HQT 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU ((KI 9-5)
&KTGEVKQP QH OCZKOWO URCVKCN EQPVKPWKV[ ((KI 9-1)
#PINGU QH OCZKOWO QT UKIPKHKECPV EQTTGNCVKQP
10
Q (
80
Q(ϑϑϑϑ
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72Q (18
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24161-5+01-6+$’6#0 2127.#6+105
%TG
CVG
F D
[ 0
GG
XKC
2G
TUQ
PC
N %Q
PXG
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O
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 284
9.3 $170 #0#.;5+5
$CTTKGT CPCN[UKU, DCUGF QP VJG OGCP QH 105 HQTGUV XCNWG ((15Z15)-15/2) FKUVCPEGU CV 86 UKVGU
RTQXKFGF FWTKPI EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UWTXG[, YKNN DG WUGF HQT EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI, YQODNKPI,
UWD-DQWPFCT[ KFGPVKHKECVKQP CPF QXGTNCR UVCVKUVKEU. . 6JG UWKVG QH VQQNU YKNN DG WUGF VQ KFGPVKH[
EJCPIGU KP HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC CPF VJGKT EQKPEKFGPEG YKVJ UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN QT DKQRJ[UKECN
RJGPQOGPC.
6JWU HCT YG JCXG KFGPVKHKGF UGXGTCN JQOQIGPQWU CTGCU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU KP ’CUVGTP −JCO CPF
FKTGEVKQPCN VTGPFU KP VJG FCVC UGV. $QWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU YKNN DWKNF QP VJGUG HKPFKPIU D[
FGOCTECVKPI VJG JQOQIGPQWU TGIKQPU (EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI) CPF \QPGU QH TCRKF EJCPIG KP
OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU (YQODNKPI) CPF VJGKT EQKPEKFGPEG (QXGTNCR CPCN[UKU) YKVJ DKQ-RJ[UKECN1579,
GVJPQ-NKPIWKUVKE1580, CPF UQEKQ-RQNKVKECN RJGPQOGPC1581. 6JG UWKVG QH VQQNU CFQRVGF HQT VJKU
CPCN[UKU, CXCKNCDNG KP $QWPFCT[5GGT� , YCU FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 6 UGEVKQP 6.3.3.
9.3.1 5RCVKCNN[ %QPUVTCKPGF %NWUVGTKPI
5RCVKCNN[ EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI KFGPVKHKGU JQOQIGPQWU CTGCU CPF VJGP FGNKPGCVGU ENQUGF CTGCN
DQWPFCTKGU CNQPI VJGKT GFIGU. 6JG ENWUVGTKPI KU URCVKCNN[ EQPUVTCKPGF KP VJCV VYQ NQECVKQPU ECP
DG CUUKIPGF VQ VJG UCOG ENWUVGT QPN[ KH VJG[ CTG CFLCEGPV KP IGQITCRJKE URCEG. $QWPFCT[5GGT
(,CESWG\ CPF /CTWEC 2001) CIINQOGTCVGU ENWUVGTU WPVKN KV TGCEJGU VJG QRVKOWO ENWUVGT PWODGT
KFGPVKHKGF WUKPI C IQQFPGUU-QH-HKV OQFGN.
(KIWTG 9-4 )QQFPGUU-QH-HKV OQFGN WUGF HQT EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI
/GVTKE V[RG:5SWCTGF ’WENKFGCP -%QPPGEVGFPGUU 0.5-M-OGCP TGHKPGOGPV -.KPMCIG ENWUVGTKPI
1579 YCVGTUJGFU CPF HQTGUVU. 1580 NCPIWCIG CPF FKCNGEV. 1581 EQWPVKGU, FKUVCPEG HTQO RTQXKPEKCN ECRKVCNU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 285
1P VJG DCUKU QH C IQQFPGUU-QH-HKV OQFGN ((KIWTG 9-4) 24 ENWUVGTU YGTG UGNGEVGF CU VJG QRVKOWO
PWODGT HQT URCVKCNN[ EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI CPF KFGPVKHKGF YKVJ DNWG DQWPFCTKGU QP /CR 9-4.
+V YQWNF CRRGCT KP /CR 9-4 VJCV 78% QH HQTGUV XCNWG UKVGU (ITGGP FQVU QP /CR) CTG NQECVGF KP
8 ENWUVGTU. /CLQT EJCPIGU (VJKEM TGF NKPGU QP /CR 9-4) KP OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU CRRGCT VQ QEEWT KP
.WJWQ, ;CLKCPI, .KVCPI, $CVCPI CPF &CQEJGPI EQWPVKGU. +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG OGCP XCNWG
ECVGIQTKGU, YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH .WJWQ CPF ;CLKCPI EQWPVKGU, CTG NQYGT KP VJG GCUV VJCP VJG
YGUV. 6JG GCUVGTP CTGC KU OQUVN[ KP VJG ;CLKCPI YCVGT ECVEJOGPV CPF JCU C JKIJGT RTQRQTVKQP QH
3KCPIKE URGCMGTU.
/CR 9-4 %QPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI QH OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU
/GCP HQTGUV
XCNWGU
1-2
2-3
3+
5CORNG 5KVGU
%JCPIG DQWPFCTKGU
%NWUVGT DQWPFCTKGU
%QWPVKGU
.WJWQ
$CVCPI
.KVCPI
;CLKCPI
&CQEJGPI
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 286
#NVJQWIJ EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI FQGU KFGPVKH[ DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF VJG HQTGUV
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GZRNQTGF KP OQTG FGVCKN KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.2.5 CPF EJCRVGT 9 UGEVKQP 9.3.2.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
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GNGOGPVU DGVYGGP &GIG, 5JKSW CPF )CP\K EQWPV[, .KVCPI CPF ;CLKCPI EQWPV[ CPF &CQEJGPI
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%QWPVKGU JCXG C NQY OGCP. 6JGUG HKPFKPIU YGTG UWRRQTVGF D[ MTKIKPI CPF RCTVKCNN[ D[
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 289
;KCPIV\G) VJCP VJG GCUV (PGCT VJG ;CLKCPI) YJKEJ KU UWRRQTVGF D[ EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI CPF
MTKIKPI. $NCPM YCVGTUJGFU JCXG PQ HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ UKVGU.
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DQWPFCT[ GNGOGPVU KP <JQPIFKCP CPF &CQEJGPI EQWPV[ YJKEJ EQKPEKFG YKVJ FKCNGEV
DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP VJG &GSKP CPF <JQPIFKCP FKCNGEVU QH −JCO. #NVJQWIJ VJGTG YCU PQ QVJGT
UWRRQTV HQT VJGUG HKPFKPIU VJGTG YCU RCTVKCN UWRRQTV HTQO MTKIKPI CPF EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI YJKEJ
UJQYGF HQTGUV XCNWG FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP −JCODC CPF 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU. 6JGTG KU GXGT[ TGCUQP
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 292
6JGUG HKPFKPIU CTG UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG /&5 ECVEJOGPV RNQVU (2NQV 8-14 CPF 2NQV 8-13) CPF
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DGGP UWDLGEV VQ OWEJ JGCXKGT FGHQTGUVCVKQP VJCP VJG ;CLKCPI XCNNG[. 6JGTG YCU, JQYGXGT, PQ
UKIPKHKECPV QXGTNCR DGVYGGP HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF OKETQ YCVGTUJGFU FWG VQ KPUWHHKEKGPV FCVC.
(QTGUV XCNWGU CPF FKCNGEVU
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CPF UKIPKHKECPV DQWPFCT[-NKMG UWD-DQWPFCT[ UVCVKUVKEU1587. 6JG DQWPFCT[ GNGOGPVU (KP DNWG)
EQKPEKFG YKVJ DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP −JCODC URGCMGTU CPF 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU.
+V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV EJCPIGU KP HQTGUV XCNWG DGVYGGP VJG −JCODC 6KDGVCPU CPF 3KCPIKE
URGCMGTU CRRGCT VQ EQKPEKFG YKVJ NKPIWKUVKE CPF RQUUKDN[ IGPGVKE DQWPFCTKGU1588. 6JGUG HKPFKPIU
CTG UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG /&5 FKCNGEV RNQVU (2NQV 8-5 CPF 8-6) VJG MTKIKPI ECVGIQTKGU (2NQV 9-1 CPF
9-2) CPF URCVKCN CPCN[UKU (2NQV 9-5 CPF 9-6) CPF CRRGCT VQ UWIIGUV VJG GZKUVGPEG QH URCVKCN
RCTCFKIOU QH HQTGUV XCNWG D[ FKCNGEV.
6JG −JCODC 6KDGVCPU JCXG DGGP ITQWRGF WPFGT HQWT OCKP FKCNGEV ITQWRU:- ’CUVGTP −JCO,
:KCPIEJGPI, &GSKP & <JQPIFKCP. 6JG '’CUVGTP −JCO' NCPIWCIG CTGC EQXGTU1589 238,403.92
MO2 GCUV QH 951 ’ CPF VJGTG KU QPN[:-
• CPGEFQVCN GXKFGPEG VJCV 'GXGT[ XCNNG[ JCU KVU QYP FKCNGEV'
• NGZKECN KPHQTOCVKQP QP 5 FKCNGEVU1590 QH ’CUVGTP −JCO DWV PQ FKCNGEV OCRU1591
1586 1 = −JCO URGCMGTU CPF 2 = 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU. 1587 5GG ,CESWG\ CPF /CTWEC 2001 RCIG 153 1588 .C2QNNC 2003 1589 )+5 ECNEWNCVKQP. 1590 &GIG, )CP\K, $CVCPI, .KVCPI CPF &CTVUGFQ. 1591 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP $KGNOGKGT 11/3/05 YGDNQI
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
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• NGZKECN KPHQTOCVKQP QP &GSKP CPF <JQPIFKCP FKCNGEVU DWV PQ FKCNGEV OCRU1592
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1P VJG DCUKU QH VJG FCVC EQNNGEVGF HQT VJKU UVWF[ VJGTG KU OCZKOWO EQTTGNCVKQP QH HQTGUV XCNWGU
QP VJG DCUKU QH DGCTKPI CPCN[UKU CV 44 FGITGGU (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT CZKU (’CUV). 6JKU CRRGCTU VQ
DG EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VJGKT RQUUKDNG QTKIKPU (5GG /CR 9-3) KP 3KPIJCK CPF )CPUW 2TQXKPEG YJKEJ
KU UKVWCVGF VQ VJG PQTVJ CPF PQTVJGCUV QH VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC,
1592 *QPINCFCTQO 1996 1593 &GPYQQF 1999 RCIGU 290-292 1594 RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP $KGNOGKGT 11/3/05 YGDNQI
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
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#NVJQWIJ FKCNGEV OCRU GZKUV HQT VJG 3KCPIKE URGCMKPI ITQWRU KP ’CUVGTP −JCO1595 NKVVNG IGPGVKE
TGUGCTEJ JCU DGGP EQPFWEVGF COQPI VJG 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO. +V YQWNF CRRGCT
VJCV QP VJG DCUKU QH VJG FCVC EQNNGEVGF HQT VJKU UVWF[ VJGTG KU OCZKOWO EQTTGNCVKQP QH HQTGUV
XCNWGU, DCUGF QP DGCTKPI CPCN[UKU CV 10 FGITGGU (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT CZKU (’CUV). 6JKU CRRGCTU
VQ DG EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VJGKT RQUUKDNG QTKIKPU KP *GPCP 2TQXKPEG (5GG /CR 9-3) YJKEJ KU UKVWCVGF
CV CDQWV 73 1 HTQO VJG EGPVTG QH VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC QT YKVJ RTQEGUUGU QH CUUKOKNCVKQP
CEEWNVWTCVKQP QT GZVGPUKQP HTQO %JGPIFW YJKEJ KU UKVWCVGF CV CDQWV 75 1 HTQO VJG EGPVTG QH VJG
TGUGCTEJ CTGC. 6JKU KU PQV EQPUKUVGPV1596 YKVJ VJG 0-5 CZKU YJKEJ KU UKIPKHKECPV HQT 3KCPIKE
NKPIWKUVKE VQPQIGPGUKU1597. +V YQWNF CRRGCT JQYGXGT VJCV CU VQPQIGPGUKU KU EQPVCEV KPFWEGF CPF
KPETGCUGU KP UVCDKNKV[ PGCT VQPCN NCPIWCIGU1598 KV KU CP KPFGRGPFGPV RJGPQOGPQP HTQO HQTGUV
XCNWGU QT 3KCPI OKITCVKQP RCVVGTPU.
6JGTG KU PQ UKIPKHKECPV QXGTNCR QT CXQKFCPEG DGVYGGP HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF 'NCPIWCIG' (/CR 9-8)
CPF YJKNG KV KU TGEQIPK\GF VJCV NCPIWCIG DQWPFCTKGU QHVGP EQKPEKFG YKVJ IGPGVKE CPF GEQNQIKECN
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CPF VJGTG KU KPCFGSWCVG NKPIWKUVKE FCVC. 8GT[ NKVVNG GVJPQNKPIWKUVKE TGUGCTEJ JCU DGGP EQPFWEVGF
KP VJG TGIKQP CPF OCP[ QH %JKPGUG IGPGVKEKUVU CRRGCT VQ JCXG C RQNKVKECN CIGPFC KP VGTOU QH
"EQPUVTWEVKPI VJG *CP"1600 CPF OKPQTKV[ ITQWRU.
(QTGUV XCNWG CPF HQTGUV EQXGT
+ FQP'V MPQY QH CP[ GXKFGPEG KP VJG NKVGTCVWTG UWIIGUVKPI VJCV HQTGUV EQXGT QT V[RG (URGEKGU) KU
C FGVGTOKPCPV QH HQTGUV XCNWGU CNVJQWIJ VQ OG KV KU UGNH-GXKFGPV. +P VJG EQWTUG QH EQPFWEVKPI
EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI, JQYGXGT, + PQVKEGF VJCV TGURQPFGPVU VJCV NKXGF KP QT PGCT HQTGUV VGPFGF VQ
RNCEG 'UGNH' ENQUG VQ 'HQTGUV' CPF 'DNGUUKPI' CPF VJQUG VJCV FKF PQV NKXG ENQUG NQECVGF VJGO HWTVJGT
CRCTV. 6JKU KU KORQTVCPV DGECWUG KV UWIIGUVU VJCV NQUU QH HQTGUV EQXGT JCU CP KORCEV QP HQTGUV
XCNWGU CPF PQV LWUV DKQFKXGTUKV[.
1595 *CVVCYC[ 2000 CPF )NQDCN /CRRKPI +PVGTPCVKQPCN JVVR://YYY.IOK.QTI/ CEEGUUGF 12VJ (GD 2003 1596 .C2QNNC 1998 1597 6JG FGITGG VQ YJKEJ VQPGU CTG C UVCDNG CPF KORQTVCPV RCTV QH VJG RJQPQNQIKECN U[UVGO (’XCPU 2001). 1598 +P VJKU ECUG 5KEJWCPJWC QT 5KEJWCP /CPFCTKP JVVR://YYY.INQUUKMC.EQO/GP/FKEV/FKCNGEVO.JVO CEEGUUGF 12VJ #WIWUV 2005.
1599 $CTDWLCPK CPF 5QMCN 1990, *CTOQP 1996, 1998 1600 JVVR://EKQ.EGW.JW/EQWTUGU/%+1/OQFWNGU//QFWNG08&KMQGVVGT/&KMQGVVGTAKPFGZ.JVON CEEGUUGF 9VJ #WIWUV 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 295
/CR 9-11 UJQYU C UKIPKHKECPV QXGTNCR DGVYGGP HQTGUV EQXGT ECVGIQTKGU (I)1601 CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU
(J) CPF PQ UKIPKHKECPV UWD-DQWPFCT[ UVCVKUVKEU. 6JGTG CTG DQWPFCT[ GNGOGPVU KP <JQPIFKCP,
>QPI, :KCPIEJGPI, ,KWNQPI, &CTFQ (−CPFKPI), :KPNQPI, 5JKSW CPF )CP\K %QWPV[. #NVJQWIJ
VJKU KU CP KORQTVCPV HKPFKPI KP VGTOU QH WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJG KPHNWGPEG QH HQTGUV EQXGT QP HQTGUV
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>QPI
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2 = 30%+ EQX GT
HQTGUV EQX GT DQWPFCT[ RQKPVU
HQTGUV EQX GT DQWPFCT[ NKPMU
HQTGUV EQX GT DQWPFCT[ VTKCPINGU
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1601 0 = PQ HQTGUV 1 = 10-30% VTGG EQXGT 2 = 30% + VTGG EQXGT. 1602 0 = URCTUG, 188 = OKZGF, 215 = DTQCFNGCH.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 296
UKIPKHKECPV UWD-DQWPFCT[ UVCVKUVKEU. 6JGTG CTG DQWPFCT[ GNGOGPVU KP <JQPIFKCP, :KCPIEJGPI,
,KWNQPI, &CTFQ (−CPFKPI), )CP\K, :KPNQPI, .WJWQ, 5JKSW, ;CLKCPI CPF &CQYW %QWPV[.
#NVJQWIJ VJGTG KU UKIPKHKECPV QXGTNCR DGVYGGP 'HQTGUV EQXGT' (I) CPF 'HQTGUV XCNWGU' (J) (/CR
9-11) VJKU KU PQV TGRGCVGF YKVJ 'HQTGUV V[RG' (I) (/CR 9-12) YJGTG VJGTG KU UQOG GXKFGPEG QH
CXQKFCPEG.
+V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV HQT VJG TGURQPFGPVU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO 'HQTGUV EQXGT' (KVU RTGUGPEG QT CDUGPEG)
KU OQTG UKIPKHKECPV VJCP 'HQTGUV V[RG' (VTGG URGEKGU) DWV PGKVJGT FCVC UGV RTQXKFG VJG DCUKU HQT
URCVKCN RCTCFKIOU.
/CR 9-12 (QTGUV XCNWGU (J) CPF HQTGUV V[RG (I) QXGTNCR
)CP\K
.WJWQ
&CQYW
&CTFQ
,KWNQPI
:KPNQPI
<JQPIFKCP
:KCPIEJGPI
5JKSW
;CLKCPI
QXGTNCR: 1J =.030 CPF 1IJ =.050
CXQKFCPEG: 1I = 0.010
OFU UKVGU
TGUGCTEJ CTGC
EQWPVKGU
HQTGUV EQXGT ECVGIQTKGU
0 = PQ HQTGUV
1 = 10-30% EQXGT
2 = 30%+ EQX GT
HQTGUV EQXGT DQWPFCT[ RQKPVU
HQTGUV EQXGT DQWPFCT[ NKPMU
HQTGUV EQXGT DQWPFCT[ VTKCPINGU
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 297
&KUVCPEG DGVYGGP RTQXKPEKCN ECRKVCNU (2T%) CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU
/CR 9-13 UJQYU C UKIPKHKECPV QXGTNCR DGVYGGP 2T% FKUVCPEGU (I) CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU (J) CPF
UKIPKHKECPV CXQKFCPEG DGVYGGP HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF 2T% FKUVCPEGU. 6JG UWD-DQWPFCT[ UVCVKUVKEU
KPFKECVG UKIPKHKECPV HTCIOGPVCVKQP1603. 6JGTG CTG DQWPFCT[ GNGOGPVU KP <JQPIFKCP, >QPI,
&CQEJGPI, /WNK, &CTFQ (−CPFKPI), ;CLKCPI, .KVCPI, CPF $CVCPI %QWPV[.
/CR 9-13 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN FKUVCPEG (I) CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU (J) QXGTNCR
>QPI
<JQPIFKCP
&CQEJGPI
/WNK
&CTFQ
;CLKCPI
$CVCPI
.KVCPI
OFU UKVGU
TGUGCTEJ CTGC
EQWPVKGU
2% FKUVCPEG DQWPFCT[ RQKPVU
2% FKUVCPEG DQWPFCT[ NKPMU
2% FKUVCPEG DQWPFCT[ VTKCPINGU
&KUVCPEG ECVGIQTKGU KP MO
1XGTNCR:1I=.010
#XQKFCPEG: 1J = .0101JI = .010
6JGUG HKPFKPIU CTG KORQTVCPV KP VGTOU QH WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJG KPHNWGPEG VJCV RTQXKPEKCN ECRKVCNU
JCXG QP HQTGUV XCNWGU CNVJQWIJ PQV WUGHWN KP VGTOU QH KFGPVKH[KPI URCVKCN RCTCFKIOU.
1603 5GG ,CESWG\ CPF /CTWEC 2001 RCIG 153
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 298
6JG UKIPKHKECPV CXQKFCPEG DGVYGGP HQTGUV XCNWGU (J) CPF IGQITCRJKE FKUVCPEG HTQO RTQXKPEKCN
ECRKVCNU (I) UWIIGUVU VJCV KV KU PQV RQUUKDNG VQ RTGFKEV IGQITCRJKE FKUVCPEG HTQO RTQXKPEKCN
ECRKVCN, HTQO HQTGUV XCNWGU.
1P VJG DCUKU QH QXGTNCR CPCN[UKU KV YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV CV VJG OCETQ NGXGN HQTGUV XCNWGU JCXG DGGP
KPHNWGPEGF EWNVWTCNN[1604 CPF DKQRJ[UKECNN[1605 CPF VJGTG KU UQOG GXKFGPEG QH URCVKCN RCTCFKIOU
HQT YCVGTUJGFU CPF FKCNGEVU VJKU YCU NGUU GXKFGPV CV VJG OKETQ-NGXGN, FWG VQ UCORNG UK\G.
+P URKVG QH VJGUG NKOKVCVKQPU VJGTG KU GXGT[ TGCUQP VQ UWIIGUV QP VJG DCUKU QH EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI
VJCV YKVJ OQTG UCORNGU OQTG URCVKCN RCTCFKIOU YQWNF DGEQOG GXKFGPV.
(QT UKOKNCT TGCUQPU KV YCU PQV RQUUKDNG VQ FTCY CP[ EQPENWUKQPU HTQO EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI
=/CR 9-4? DG[QPF PQVKPI VJCV VJG OGCP HQTGUV XCNWG 'RCVVGTP' FQGU OKTTQT VJG MTKI OCR (/CR
9-2).
9.4 %10%.75+105
+P VJG NCUV EJCRVGT YG YGTG CDNG VQ TGEQIPK\G VJG KORQTVCPEG QH WR VQ 20 HQTGUV XCNWGU, VJG
GZKUVGPEG QH HQWT EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU CPF QH WR VQ 12 HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU YJKEJ YG JCXG
GZRNQTGF URCVKCNN[ KP VJKU EJCRVGT WUKPI MTKIKPI, EQTTGNQITCOU, YQODNKPI CPF QXGTNCR UVCVKUVKEU.
9G YGTG CDNG VQ KFGPVKH[ VJTGG JQOQIGPGQWU CTGCU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU VJTQWIJ MTKIKPI YJKEJ
CRRGCT VQ EQKPEKFG YKVJ ;KCPIV\G CPF ;CLKCPI YCVGT ECVEJOGPVU CPF VJG −JCODC CPF 3KCPIKE
URGCMKPI CTGCU. 6JGTG KU GXGT[ TGCUQP VQ UWIIGUV OQTG CTGCU GZKUV DWV VJCV YQWNF TGSWKTG OQTG
UCORNGU.
6JG EQTTGNQITCOU UJQYGF; C RCVVGTP V[RKECN QH C ITCFKGPV, VJCV VJGTG YGTG HKXG OGCUWTGU YJKEJ
UWIIGUV UKIPKHKECPV FKTGEVKQPCN VTGPFU CNQPI C 3501-501 - 1701-2301 CZKU YJKEJ EQKPEKFGU YKVJ
−JCODC OKITCVKQP RCVVGTPU CPF VQRQITCRJ[ CPF QPG OGCUWTG UWIIGUVKPI CP CPIWNCT DKCU QH 801
1604 OCETQ FKCNGEV ECVGIQTKGU CPF RTQZKOKV[ VQ VJG RTQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN. 1605 OCETQ YCVGTUJGF ECVGIQTKGU CPF HQTGUV.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 299
YJKEJ UGGOKPIN[ EQKPEKFGU YKVJ 3KCPI OKITCVKQP RCVVGTPU CPF QT RTQEGUUGU QH CEEWNVWTCVKQP
HTQO %JGPIFW (VJG 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCN)
9QODNKPI RTQXKFGF UQOG GXKFGPEG QH UKIPKHKECPV URCVKCN DQWPFCTKGU QP VJG DCUKU QH EQWPV[,
OKETQ-YCVGTUJGF CPF NCPIWCIG FCVC DWV VJCV OQTG UCORNGU YGTG TGSWKTGF VQ KFGPVKH[ UKIPKHKECPV
DQWPFCTKGU HQT CNN VJTGG HGCVWTGU EQXGTKPI CNN QH ’CUVGTP −JCO.
+V YQWNF CRRGCT QP VJG DCUKU QH UKIPKHKECPV QXGTNCR UVCVKUVKEU VJCV HQTGUV XCNWGU JCXG DGGP
KPHNWGPEGF DKQ-RJ[UKECNN[ (HQTGUV EQXGT, YCVGT ECVEJOGPV) CPF UQEKQ-EWNVWTCNN[ (FKCNGEV CPF
FKUVCPEG HTQO RTQXKPEKCN ECRKVCNU) CPF VJCV FKCNGEVU CPF ECVEJOGPVU TGRTGUGPV URCVKCN HQTGUV
XCNWG RCTCFKIOU.
#NN VJGUG OGCUWTGU EQPUKFGTGF KP EQPEGTV RTQXKFG EQORGNNKPI GXKFGPEG VJCV HKXG QH VJG
RCTCFKIOU KFGPVKHKGF KP EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI JCXG DGGP TGRNKECVGF IGQURCVKCNN[.
6JGUG EQORTKUG VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV, ;KCPIV\G ECVEJOGPV, −JCODC URGCMGTU, 3KCPIKE
URGCMGTU, CPF −JCODC URGCMGTU KP VJG ;CLKCPI ECVEJOGPV.
+P VJG NCUV VYQ EJCRVGTU YG JCXG UQWIJV VQ FGOQPUVTCVG EQIPKVKXGN[ CPF IGQURCVKCNN[ VJG
GZKUVGPEG QH HQTGUV XCNWGU, FQOCKPU CPF RCTCFKIOU COQPI VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO CU C
RQUUKDNG DCUKU HQT NQECN HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR. 6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU JQYGXGT YJGP VT[KPI VQ CRRN[
VJKU OGVJQFQNQI[ CPF VQQNU; WPKXGTUCNN[, ETQUU-EWNVWTCNN[ QT CU C OGCPU QH KPVGITCVKPI HQTGUV
XCNWG. 5GOCPVKECNN[, EQPEGRVWCNN[ CPF KFGQNQIKECNN[ VJG HQTGUV XCNWGU TGEQIPK\GF CPF XCNWGF D[
QPG RGQRNG ITQWR OC[ DG WPFGTXCNWGF CPF PQV TGEQIPK\GF D[ CPQVJGT ITQWR YJQ OC[ PQV JCXG
C F[PCOKE GSWKXCNGPV1606. #FFKVKQPCNN[ KPFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF RU[EJQNQIKGU CTG
OGVCRJ[UKECN CPF RQN[RJCUKE YJKNG YGUVGTP CTG TCVKQPCN CPF OQPQRJCUKE. +P VJG PGZV EJCRVGT
1606 F[PCOKE GSWKXCNGPEG UGGMU VQ TGRTGUGPV CFGSWCVGN[ CPF CEEWTCVGN[ KP C VCTIGV NCPIWCIG ITCOOCT, UV[NG, CPF KFKQO, VJCV YJKEJ VJG YQTFU CPF EQPUVTWEVKQPU KP VJG UQWTEG NCPIWCIG EQPXG[GF VQ VJG QTKIKPCN TGEKRKGPVU (0KFC 1964).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 9 5RCVKCN CPF $QWPFCT[ #PCN[UKU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 300
YG YKNN EQPUKFGT NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU KP C YKFGT EQPVGZV CPF YC[U CPF OGCPU QH DTKFIKPI
DGVYGGP VJGO.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 301
%*#26’4 10 (14’56 8#.7’5 +0 6*’ 9+&’4 %106’:6 +P %JCRVGT HKXG YG EQPENWFGF VJCV OQUV HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU KPENWFKPI PGQ-RQRWNKUV QPGU
QRGTCVG YKVJKP VJG UCOG FKUEWTUKXG VGTTCKP CU 'UEKGPVKHKE' HQTGUVT[ CPF CTG VJGTGHQTG PQV IGTOCPG
VQ VJKU UVWF[. 6JG QPN[ GZEGRVKQP CRRGCTGF VQ DG C RQUV-OQFGTP CRRTQCEJ DCUGF QP
GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU. #NVJQWIJ YG JCXG KFGPVKHKGF KP VJG RTGEGFKPI
EJCRVGTU VJG KORQTVCPEG QH HQTGUV XCNWGU VQ VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO CPF VJG GZKUVGPEG QH
RCTCFKIOU VJG UWEEGUU QH VJG CRRTQCEJ KU RTGFKECVGF QP HQTIKPI ETQUU-EWNVWTCN DTKFIGU DGVYGGP
HQTGUV XCNWG U[UVGOU CPF C EQOOKVOGPV VQ IGPFGT CPF GVJPKEKV[ OCKPUVTGCOKPI VJCV IQGU
DG[QPF TJGVQTKE. 6JTGG TGEGPV GZRGTKGPEGU KNNWUVTCVG VJG PCVWTG QH VJGUG FKHHKEWNVKGU RCTVKEWNCTN[
ENGCTN[.
+P GCTN[ 2005 + CEEQORCPKGF VYQ YGUVGTP GEQPQOKUVU VQ .WIW .CMG, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 6
UGEVKQP 6.5.3 VQ EQPFWEV C HQTGUV XCNWG TCPMKPI GZGTEKUG VQ GPCDNG WU VQ GUVCDNKUJ VJG VQVCN
GEQPQOKE XCNWG QH HQTGUVU HQT NQECN GVJPKE ITQWRU. 6JG NQECN TGURQPFGPVU TCPMGF KPVTKPUKE XCNWG
2PF QWV QH 13 HQTGUV XCNWGU KP C TCPMKPI GZGTEKUG. 6JKU ECWUGF RCTCFKIOKE RTQDNGOU HQT VJG
GEQPQOKUVU YJQ FQ PQV V[RKECNN[ KPENWFG KPVTKPUKE XCNWGU CU C EQORQPGPV QH VJG VQVCN GEQPQOKE
XCNWG (6’8) QH HQTGUVU1607. 6JG[ JCF VQ CFF VJG HQNNQYKPI ECXGCV VQ VJG TGUWNVU:-
"+PVTKPUKE XCNWG JCU DGGP KPENWFGF KP VJG 6’8 HTCOGYQTM.... JQYGXGT D[ FGHKPKVKQP
KV KU OGVJQFQNQIKECNN[ KORQUUKDNG HQT JWOCPU VQ CVVCEJ C XCNWG VQ KV - KV JCU VJWU
DGGP FKUEQPPGEVGF HTQO VJG OCKP XCNWG EQORQUKVKQP CTTCPIGOGPV KP VJG EJCTV,
CNVJQWIJ KV YCU NGHV CU C XCNKF EQORQPGPV KP VJG HQEWU ITQWR"1608
.
6JKU KU KP OCTMGF EQPVTCUV VQ VJG OCLQTKV[ YQTNF CU YG FKUEQXGTGF KP UGEVKQP 8.2.7 YJGTG
KPVTKPUKE XCNWG KU C EGPVTCN VGPGV QH OCP[ TGNKIKQWU DGNKGHU1609 YJGTG "GXGT[VJKPI QP GCTVJ KU
KPJGTGPVN[ XCNWCDNG DGECWUG KV JCU DGGP ETGCVGF D[ C FKXKPG DGKPI"1610. 6JG GEQPQOKUVU FKF PQV
JCXG KP VJGKT UGV QH HQTGUV XCNWGU C F[PCOKE GSWKXCNGPV1611 HQT KPVTKPUKE XCNWG.
1607 JVVR://YYY.HCQ.QTI/FQEWOGPVU/UJQYAEFT.CUR!WTNAHKNG=/&1%4’2/005/#%625’/#%625’04.JVO CEEGUUGF 25VJ 1EV 2005 1608 5VWFNG[ GV CN 2005 RCIG 5 1609 %CNNKEQVV 1986, 1999, +R 1983, 0CGUU 1984, <KOOGTOCP 1988 1610 .CXGTV[ CPF 5VGTNKPI 2004 JVVR://EPZ.TKEG.GFW/EQPVGPV/O12160/NCVGUV/#%CNNKEQVV CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1611 0KFC 1964
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 302
6JG UGEQPF KNNWUVTCVKQP YCU DCUGF QP C EQPHGTGPEG VJCV YCU RTGOKUGF QP GRKUVGOQNQIKECN
DTKFIKPI. #NVJQWIJ CVVGORVU JCXG DGGP OCFG, CU YG FKUEQXGTGF KP EJCRVGT HQWT CPF HKXG, VQ
KPVGITCVG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF DTKFIG VJG FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP YGUVGTP CPF KPFKIGPQWU
MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU HGY CVVGORVU JCXG DGGP OCFG VQ DTKFIG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU
GRKUVGOQNQIKECNN[ QT RU[EJQNQIKECNN[. + YCU UWDUGSWGPVN[ XGT[ RNGCUGF VQ FKUEQXGT C
EQPHGTGPEG KP 2004 VJCV CFFTGUUGF VJKU UWDLGEV1612 GURGEKCNN[ IKXGP VJCV UQOG QH VJG RCRGTU
YGTG UGV KP 59 %JKPC. #NVJQWIJ OQUV QH VJG RCRGTU CFFTGUUGF DTKFIKPI CPF GRKUVGOQNQI[
IKXGP VJCV KV YCU VJG VKVNG QH VJG EQPHGTGPEG + EQWNF PQV HKPF CP[ EQPETGVG GZCORNGU QH
GRKUVGOQNQIKECN DTKFIKPI DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU. + TGCNKUGF GXGPVWCNN[, CHVGT YTKVKPI VQ
VJG QTICPKUGTU, KV YCU QPN[ 'DTKFIKPI' KP VGTOU QH HCOKNKCTKUKPI VJG TGCFGT YKVJ 'CNKGP'
GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF FKF PQV CFFTGUU DTKFIKPI DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU.
6JG VJKTF KNNWUVTCVKQP QEEWTTGF FWTKPI C XKUKV VQ .WIW .CMG KP 2003 YKVJ UGXGTCN %JKPGUG 'UQEKCN'
HQTGUVGTU CPF &(+& JCF CUMGF WU VQ CFFTGUU GVJPKEKV[ CPF IGPFGT OCKPUVTGCOKPI CPF HQTGUVT[
COQPI VJG GVJPKE RQQT. #NVJQWIJ YG KPVGTXKGYGF C JKIJ UCORNG QH RQQT *CP %JKPGUG WPNGUU +
JCF RWUJGF XGT[ JCTF YG YQWNF JCXG QPN[ KPVGTXKGYGF VYQ 2WOK CPF VYQ /QUWQ. #U KV YCU +
JCF VQ CTTCPIG C UGEQPF XKUKV VQ HWNN[ CFFTGUU VJKU UWDLGEV. 6Q OCMG OCVVGTU YQTUG + FKUEQXGTGF
VJCV &(+& FQGU PQV JCXG CP GVJPQFGXGNQROGPV RQNKE[ QT C FGHKPKVKQP QH GVJPKEKV[ QT GVJPKEKV[
OCKPUVTGCOKPI CPF KVU IWKFGNKPGU CTG VGP [GCTU QWV QH FCVG CPF QPN[ CURKTCVKQPCN. 9JGP +
CVVGORVGF VQ RQKPV VJKU QWV KP O[ UWDUGSWGPV TGRQTV KV YCU GFKVGF QWV DGECWUG KV YCU EQPUKFGTGF
VQ DG 'RQNKVKECN'.
6JGUG VJTGG GZCORNGU KNNWUVTCVG VJG FKHHKEWNVKGU CPF FCPIGTU QH CVVGORVKPI VQ KPVGITCVG
MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF VJG NCEM QH DTKFIKPI HTCOGYQTMU HQT HQTGUV RNCPPGTU CVVGORVKPI VQ
WPFGTUVCPF CPF KPVGTRTGV KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV XCNWGU QT VJGKT KORQTVCPEG QP VJG DCUKU QH GVJPKEKV[
QT IGPFGT. 6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[ KORQTVCPV HQT HQTGUVGTU YJQ CTG RCTV QH C PCVKQPCN UQEKGV[ YQTMKPI
YKVJ GVJPKE ITQWRU CPF HQT KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGUVT[ EQPUWNVCPVU YQTMKPI ETQUU-EWNVWTCNN[.
1612 JVVR://YYY.OKNNGPPKWOCUUGUUOGPV.QTI/GP/CDQWV.OGGVKPIU.DTKFIKPI.CURZ CEEGUUGF 10VJ ,WN[ 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 303
+P VJKU EJCRVGT + YQWNF NKMG VQ DTQCFGP QWV VJG FGDCVG HTQO VJG XGT[ URGEKHKE OCVGTKCN VJCV
CFFTGUUGU HQTGUV XCNWGU HQT VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO D[ GZCOKPKPI ETQUU-EWNVWTCN DTKFIGU
DGVYGGP OWNVKRNG HQTGUV XCNWG U[UVGOU. + RNCP VQ DGIKP YKVJ C FKUEWUUKQP QP U[PGTIKUVKE
DTKFIKPI CU C RNCVHQTO HQT GZCOKPKPI KPFKXKFWCN HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF CP[ KORNKECVKQPU HQT
RNCPPKPI CPF RQNKE[ OCMKPI CPF EQPENWFG YKVJ C FKUEWUUKQP CDQWV EQOOKVOGPV VQ GVJPKEKV[
CPF IGPFGT.
10.1 5;0’4)+56+% $4+&)+0) $’69’’0 (14’56 8#.7’ 5;56’/5
+V KU PQV WPEQOOQP KP VJG HQTGUVT[ NKVGTCVWTG, CU YG FKUEQXGTGF KP EJCRVGT HQWT CPF HKXG VQ HKPF
UWIIGUVKQPU HQT VJG KPVGITCVKQP QT KPEQTRQTCVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV U[UVGOU QT +− YKVJ HQTOCN
HQTGUVT[ CNVJQWIJ VJGTG KU PQ DCUKU HQT KPVGITCVKQP CPF VJGTG CTG OCP[ CODKIWKVKGU KFGPVKHKGF
NCVGT KP VJKU EJCRVGT.
10.1.1 6JG &CPIGTU QH +PVGITCVKQP
+P QTFGT VQ UWUVCKP KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU TCVJGT VJCP KPVGITCVKQP YKVJ HQTOCN
MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU VJGTG KU C PGGF PQV QPN[ VQ GNKEKV NQECN MPQYNGFIG DWV VJG GRKUVGOQNQIKGU
CPF RU[EJQNQIKGU VJCV KPHQTO KV.
9G FKUVKPIWKUJGF GCTN[ KP VJKU UVWF[ DGVYGGP VJTGG ECVGIQTKGU QH MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO, 'YGUVGTP',
PQP-YGUVGTP CPF KPFKIGPQWU. 9G EQPENWFGF VJCV YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU JCXG DGGP OCFG
WPKXGTUCN VJTQWIJ YGUVGTP GFWECVKQP CPF JCXG DGEQOG GPVTGPEJGF KP OCP[ YQTNF CPF
KPUVKVWVKQPCN EWNVWTGU CPF VJCV KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CTG EQPHKPGF VQ NQECN CTGCU CPF
CTG DGKPI UWRRTGUUGF, GTQFGF CPF WPFGT XCNWGF. #NVJQWIJ VJG UWRRTGUUKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU
MPQYNGFIG OC[ JCXG C RQNKVKECN QT UQEKCN FKOGPUKQP, OQTG KORQTVCPVN[ OQUV KPUVKVWVKQPCN
RCTCFKIOU GZENWFG VJG GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF RU[EJQNQIKGU VJCV KPHQTO KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG.
9JKNG YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU RTKXKNGIG NGCTPKPI QP 'UEKGPVKUOKE'1613 GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF
OQPQRJCUKE RU[EJQNQIKGU KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CTG KPHQTOGF D[ OGVCRJ[UKECN
GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF RQN[RJCUKE RU[EJQNQIKGU. (QT MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ PQV QPN[ KU
1613 "C UEKGPVKHKE YQTNFXKGY VJCV GPEQORCUUGU PCVWTCN GZRNCPCVKQPU HQT CNN RJGPQOGPC, GUEJGYU UWRGTPCVWTCN, CPF RCTCPQTOCN URGEWNCVKQPU, CPF GODTCEGU GORKTKEKUO CPF TGCUQP CU VJG VYKP RKNNCTU QH C RJKNQUQRJ[ QH NKHG" (5JGTOGT 2002 RCIG 35).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 304
MPQYNGFIG KORQTVCPV DWV VJG GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF RU[EJQNQIKGU VJCV KPHQTO VJGO. +P QTFGT VQ
DWKNF QP U[PGTI[ DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU YKVJQWV GTQFKPI VJGO DTKFIKPI KU TGSWKTGF DCUGF
QP GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN LWUVKEG.
10.1.2 ’RKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF 2U[EJQNQIKECN ,WUVKEG
6QQ QHVGP, VJGTG JCU PQV DGGP "GRKUVGOQNQIKECN LWUVKEG" KP VJCV FKURCTCVG GRKUVGOQNQIKGU JCXG
PQV DGGP GSWCNN[ CFQRVGF QT EQORCTGF GSWKVCDN[. 6QQ QHVGP KPFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQI[ JCU DGGP
KIPQTGF D[ VJG "EQNQPK\KPI RTQRGPUKVKGU" QH CECFGOKE KPUVKVWVKQPU1614 VJCV EQPVKPWG VQ FQOKPCVG
"QVJGT" YC[U QH MPQYKPI1615. 6JG FKEJQVQO[ DGVYGGP VJG VYQ GRKUVGOQNQIKECN VTCFKVKQPU JCU
DGGP FGUETKDGF1616 CU VYQ OWVWCNN[ GZENWUKXG LQWTPG[U KPVQ URCEG; VJG YGUVGTP LQWTPG[ VJCV
UGGMU VQ GZCOKPG VJG RJ[UKECN WPKXGTUG GODQFKGF KP CP QWVYCTF XQ[CIG VQ VJG UVCTU, CPF VJG
CDQTKIKPCN LQWTPG[ VJCV GZCOKPGU VJG OGVCRJ[UKECN WPKXGTUG VQ VJG KPPGT URKTKVWCN YQTNF. 6JGTG
KU C VGPFGPE[ DCUGF QP YGUVGTP GRKUVGOQNQI[ VQ XCNKFCVG MPQYNGFIG HTQO VJG KFGQNQIKECN
RTGOKUG VJCV VJG OGVCRJ[UKECN CPF UEKGPVKHKE QWIJV VQ DG UGRCTCVG CPF FKUVKPEV KP VJG SWGUV HQT
MPQYNGFIG. (TQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG VJKU 'FGIGPGTCVG' CRRTQCEJ, RTGFKECVGF
QP YGUVGTP QDLGEVKXKV[, CECFGOKE RTQVQEQNU CPF CTVKHKEKCN JKGTCTEJKECN DQWPFCTKGU JCXG C
TGUVTKEVGF RNCEG KP KPFKIGPQWU OGVJQFQNQI[1617. #U C MPQYNGFIG ICVJGTKPI OGVJQF, KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNG ECPPQV WPFGTUVCPF JQY KV ECP NGCF VQ CWVJGPVKE MPQYNGFIG ICVJGTKPI, VTWVJ HKPFKPI QT
OGGV JWOCP QT GEQNQIKECN PGGFU KP NKIJV QH VJG CRRCTGPV GPXKTQPOGPV FGUVTWEVKQP CPF RGTUQPCN
CNKGPCVKQP1618 CRRCTGPV KP VJG YGUVGTP YQTNF.
+P EQORCTKUQP, KPFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QT "VTCFKVKQPCN +PFKCP UEKGPEG" QHHGTU C UQNWVKQP VQ
VJG KFGQNQIKECN FQOKPCVKQP QH C OQPQ-EWNVWTCN CRRTQCEJ VQ TGUGCTEJ UVTCVGIKGU CPF UEJQNCTN[
GZEJCPIG1619. 6JG[ FQ PQV HTCIOGPV CURGEVU QH NKHG, TCVJGT CTG DCUGF WRQP C RCTCFKIO
"EQPITWGPV YKVJ JQNKUO CPF VJG DGPGHKEKCN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH VQVCN JWOCP MPQYNGFIG"1620.
+PFKIGPQWU EQUOQNQI[ KU OCPKHGUVGF KP VJG RJ[UKECN YQTNF VJTQWIJ VJG URKTKVWCN EQORQPGPVU QH
KPFKIGPQWU NKHG CPF KPFKIGPQWU EQOOWPKVKGU JCXG FGXGNQRGF CPF GXQNXGF CTQWPF VJG EQPEGRV
1614 5KPENCKT 2003 RCIG 120 1615 .G )TCPIG 2001 RCIG 139 1616 ’TOKPG 1995 1617 5KPENCKT 2003 1618 %QNQTCFQ 1988 1619 %QNQTCFQ 1988 1620 ’TOKPG 1995 RCIG 103, 9KNUQP 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 305
VJCV EGPVTCN VQ NKHG KU VJG URKTKVWCN CPF OGVCRJ[UKECN LQWTPG[. +PFGGF, VJGUG CURGEVU QH NKHG
GZRGTKGPEG GZRNQTGF VJTQWIJ EGTGOQP[, XKUKQP SWGUVU, CPF FTGCOU EQORTKUG KPFKIGPQWU
GRKUVGOQNQI[. 6JG KPFKIGPQWU RCTCFKIO GSWCVGU GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ MPQYNGFIG, CPF VJG RCVJ VQ
MPQYNGFIG QH VJG RJ[UKECN YQTNF NKGU KP VJG KPPGT CPF KPYCTF LQWTPG[. +P KPFKIGPQWU
GRKUVGOQNQI[, VJG ITGCVGUV O[UVGTKGU NKG YKVJKP VJG UGNH CV VJG URKTKVWCN NGXGN CPF CTG CEEGUUGF
VJTQWIJ EGTGOQP[1621. #NVJQWIJ YGUVGTP FGXGNQROGPV, OQFGTPK\CVKQP CPF HQTOCN GFWECVKQP
OC[ JCXG FKUTWRVGF C JCTOQPKQWU HNQY QH VTCFKVKQPCN MPQYNGFIG HTQO QPG IGPGTCVKQP VQ VJG
PGZV, VJG OGCPU VQ CEEGUU VJCV MPQYNGFIG CTG UVKNN GZVCPV1622. %WTTGPV IGPGTCVKQPU QH KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNG JCXG UGGOKPIN[ DGGP 'QTFCKPGF' VQ HWTVJGT VJG KPYCTF GZRNQTCVKQPU KP VJG UGCTEJ HQT
MPQYNGFIG CPF RQYGT1623.
+PFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ FTCYU QP DQFKGU QH +− CPF XCNWGU, YJKEJ JCXG GXQNXGF
HQT VJQWUCPFU QH [GCTU KP PCVKXG EWNVWTGU. 5WEJ GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CTG DGKPI U[UVGOCVKECNN[
KORNGOGPVGF CPF FGXGNQRGF KPVQ PGY JQNKUVKE CRRTQCEJGU1624 TGUWNVKPI KP C TGXKUKQP QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCN GRKUVGOQNQIKGU KP UQOG UEJQQNU1625, EQNNGIGU1626 CPF WPKXGTUKVKGU1627 KP VJG ’CUV
CPF VJG 9GUV. +V JCU DGGP CTIWGF1628 VJCV VJG JQNKUVKE CRRTQCEJ VQ NGCTPKPI CPF GFWECVKQP
KORNKEKV KP KPFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQI[ YKNN CNNC[ VJG JCTO QH VJG "FQIOC QH HTCIOGPVCVKQP" VJCV
EWTTGPVN[ RGTOGCVGU YGUVGTP GFWECVKQP.
6JG CFQRVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQIKGU HQT HQTGUVT[ RTQITCOOGU RTGUGPV C PWODGT QH
EJCNNGPIGU, GURGEKCNN[ KH KPKVKCVKXGU CTG DCUGF QP 'KPVGITCVKPI' VJG FKURCTCVG EQPVGZVU KP YJKEJ VJG
TGURGEVKXG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CTG GODGFFGF. +PVGITCVKPI GRKUVGOQNQIKGU ECP DG GZVTGOGN[
FKHHKEWNV, CPF KU JCORGTGF D[ FKHHGTKPI OGVJQFQNQIKGU, XQECDWNCTKGU, YC[U QH CUUKIPKPI OGTKV,
1621 ’TOKPG 1995, 5KPENCKT 2003 1622 5VKNN KP GZKUVGPEG; PQV GZVKPEV QT FGUVTQ[GF QT NQUV JVVR://YQTFPGV.RTKPEGVQP.GFW/RGTN/YGDYP!U=GZVCPV CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WN[ 2005. 1623 ’TOKPG 1995 1624 2GCV 1995, 5W\WMK CPF −PWFUQP, 1992 1625 $CP 0CTCK 5EJQQN, 0QPI $WC .CORW 2TQXKPEG, 6JCKNCPF (.WECTGNNK 2001). 1626 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9GUVGTP 5[FPG[ (HQTOCNN[ *CYMGUDWT[ #ITKEWNVWTCN %QNNGIG CPF *CYMGUDWT[ %QNNGIG QH #FXCPEGF ’FWECVKQP). JVVR://YYY.OGMQPIKPHQ.QTI/OTEAGP/FQENKD.PUH/0/199&’229’72((8(747256#0(000#&042/$(+.’/(7..6’:6.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1627 5QWVJ $CPM 7PKXGTUKV[, .QPFQP, 7− JVVR://YYY.DCVJ.CE.WM/ETGG/UVGTNKPI.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005. 1628 ’TOKPG 1995
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 306
CPF GXGP YQTNFXKGYU. +PFGGF EWTTGPVN[, VJGTG KU PQ EQPEGRVWCN HTCOGYQTM HQT ETQUU-EWNVWTCN
GRKUVGOQNQIKECN KPVGITCVKQP1629.
6JGTG CTG CNUQ FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP YGUVGTP CPF KPFKIGPQWU RU[EJQNQIKGU1630. +P 9GUVGTP
EWNVWTGU, EJKNFTGP CTG V[RKECNN[ VCWIJV VQ KIPQTG VJGKT FTGCO UVCVGU CPF VQ HQEWU QP CFCRVCVKQPCN
KPVGTCEVKQPU YKVJ VJG GZVGTPCN YQTNF KP VJG YCMKPI UVCVG. /QTGQXGT, TKVWCN RTCEVKEGU FGUKIPGF VQ
GXQMG CNVGTPCVKXG RJCUGU QH EQPUEKQWUPGUU CTG IGPGTCNN[ FKUEQWTCIGF QT PGICVKXGN[ UCPEVKQPGF.
$GECWUG YGUVGTP CYCTGPGUU KU RTKOCTKN[ EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VTCEMKPI GZVGTPCN GXGPVU YJKNG KP VJG
YCMKPI UVCVG KV KU MPQYP CU 'OQPQRJCUKE' EQORCTGF VQ KPFKIGPQWU RU[EJQNQIKGU YJKEJ CTG
FGUETKDGF CU 'RQN[RJCUKE'. 2QN[RJCUKE OGCPU VJCV VJG[ HQEWU QP OWNVKRNG UVCVGU QH EQPUEKQWUPGUU
UWEJ CU FTGCOU, VTCPEG, XKUKQPU, [QIKE, UJCOCPKE, RU[EJQCEVKXG1631, GPVJGQIGPKE1632, PQP-GIQKE,
EQPVGORNCVKXG CPF OGFKVCVKXG UVCVGU.
+V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG RTKOG OQXGTU1633 QH VJG GPNKIJVGPOGPV1634 , FKUEWUUGF KP EJCRVGT 3
UGEVKQP 3.1 PQV QPN[ GUVCDNKUJGF YJCV EQPUVKVWVGF MPQYNGFIG GRKUVGOQNQIKECNN[ DWV
RU[EJQNQIKECNN[ CU YGNN. #NVJQWIJ VJG[ GUVCDNKUJGF 'OQPQRJCUKE' RGTEGRVKQP CU VJG QPN[ XCNKF
OQFG QH MPQYKPI HQT 'UEKGPEG', VJG[ CFQRVGF CP CNVGTPCVKXG 'RTKXCVK\GF' OQFG QH EQPUEKQWUPGUU.
6JKU YCU CEJKGXGF YKVJ VJG CUUKUVCPEG QH RU[EJQCEVKXG1635 QT GPVJGQIGPKE1636 FTWIU, HQT VJGKT
QYP 'GPNKIJVGPOGPV', VQ CFXCPEG VJGKT QYP EQUOKE EQPUEKQWUPGUU CPF RGTUQPCN GZRGTKGPEG QH
TGCNKV[ (IPQUKU)1637. +P EQPVTCUV VQ OQPQRJCUKE EQPUEKQWUPGUU QT RTKXCVK\GF OQFGU QH RGTEGRVKQP,
RQN[RJCUKE EWNVWTGU1638 TGEQIPK\G VJCV VJGUG QVJGT UVCVGU QH EQPUEKQWUPGUU QHHGT XCNKF, XCNWCDNG
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’PVJGQIGP CEEGUUGF 14VJ #WIWUV 2005. 1633 +UCCE 0GYVQP, 4QDGTV (NWFF, (TCPEKU $CEQP, ’NKCU #UJOQNG, 4QDGTV $Q[NG, %JTKUVQRJGT 9TGP, ,QJP .QEMG CPF ,QJP &GG. 1634 9JQ YGTG 4QUKETWEKCP, CPF/QT 33 FGITGG (TGGOCUQPU, CPF/QT )TCPF /CUVGTU QH VJG 2TKGWTG FG 5KQP, CPF/QT OGODGTU QH VJG 4Q[CN 5QEKGV[, CPF/QT JQOQUGZWCN. 1635 %CTOKEJCGN 2000 C + D
1636 HTQO VJG )TGGM ενθεος (GPVJGQU) CPF γενεσθαι (IGPGUVJCK) 'VQ ECWUG VQ DG KP IQF'. 1637 4QDGTVU CPF *TWD[ 1997 1638 .CWIJNKP 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 307
CPF EQORNGOGPVCT[ OQFGU QH MPQYKPI CPF V[RGU QH MPQYNGFIG VJCV CTG PQV CFGSWCVGN[
CFFTGUUGF KP QWT WUWCN YCMKPI UVCVG CNQPG1639. 2GTEGRVWCN FKXGTUKV[ CNNQYU JWOCP DGKPIU VQ
CEEGUU MPQYNGFIG VJTQWIJ C XCTKGV[ QH RGTEGRVWCN RTQEGUUGU, TCVJGT VJCP OGTGN[ VJTQWIJ
GXGT[FC[ YCMKPI TGCNKV[. /CP[ QH VJGUG RGTEGRVWCN RTQEGUUGU CTG VTCPUTCVKQPCN CNVGTGF UVCVGU QH
EQPUEKQWUPGUU DWV CTG PQV EQPUKFGTGF XCNKF RTQEGUUGU HQT CEEGUUKPI MPQYNGFIG D[ GORKTKECN
UEKGPEG1640. #RRTQZKOCVGN[ 90 RGTEGPV QH EWNVWTGU1641 JCXG KPUVKVWVKQPCNK\GF HQTOU QH CNVGTGF
UVCVGU QH EQPUEKQWUPGUU, OGCPKPI VJCV UWEJ V[RGU QH EQPUEKQWUPGUU CTG VQ DG HQWPF KP OQUV
JWOCP UQEKGVKGU CPF CTG EQPUKFGTGF 'PQTOCN.' %WTTGPVN[, CNVJQWIJ PGY RGTEGRVWCN VTCLGEVQTKGU,
UWEJ CU VTCPURGTUQPCN RU[EJQNQI[1642 CTG ICKPKPI EWTTGPE[ KP VJG 9GUV, RQN[RJCUKE
EQPUEKQWUPGUU KU DGKPI FGXCNWGF KP OCP[ UQEKGVKGU CU KV KU UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ DGKPI TGRNCEGF D[
OQPQRJCUKE EQPUEKQWUPGUU. 0QV QPN[ CTG YG CTG NQUKPI (1) DKQFKXGTUKV[ KP GPXKTQPOGPVU (2)
EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[ KP UQEKGVKGU (3) GRKUVGOQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[ KP YC[U QH MPQYKPI, YG CNUQ CTG
NQUKPI (4) RGTEGRVWCN FKXGTUKV[ KP JWOCP EQIPKVKXG RTQEGUUGU. #NN HQWT NQUUGU QH FKXGTUKV[
(DKQFKXGTUKV[, EWNVWTCN, GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF EQIPKVKXG) CTG KPVGTTGNCVGF.
%WNVWTGU VJCV XCNWG RGTEGRVWCN FKXGTUKV[ CTG OQTG CFCRVCDNG VJCP EWNVWTGU VJCV FQ PQV.
2GTEGRVWCNN[ FKXGTUG EWNVWTGU CTG DGVVGT CDNG VQ WPFGTUVCPF YJQNG U[UVGOU1643 VJCP CTG EWNVWTGU
VJCV TGN[ QPN[ QP VJG 'UEKGPVKHKE' OGVJQF, YJKEJ FKUUGEVU U[UVGOU. 6JG[ CNUQ CTG DGVVGT UVGYCTFU
QH VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPVU, DGECWUG VJG[ ITCUR VJG XCNWG QH VJG YJQNG QH DKQFKXGTUKV[ VJTQWIJ
VTCPUTCVKQPCN CU YGNN CU UEKGPVKHKE RTQEGUUGU. 7PFGTUVCPFKPI VJTQWIJ RGTEGRVWCN FKXGTUKV[ NGCFU
VQ C JKIJGT FGITGG QH CFCRVCDKNKV[ CPF 'GXQNWVKQPCT[' EQORGVGPEG.
6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU VJCV 'FGXGNQROGPV' YKNN EQPVKPWG VQ FGUVTQ[ RGTEGRVWCN FKXGTUKV[ DGECWUG KV
GZRQTVU OQPQRJCUKE EQIPKVKXG RTQEGUUGU QT KP VJG ECUG QH %JKPC VJG "UKPIWNCTN[ TCVKQPCN,
UEKGPVKHKE, CPF WPSWGUVKQPCDN[ UWRGTKQT EQIPKVKXG U[UVGO"1644 QH /CTZ CPF .GPKP. &GUVTQ[KPI
RGTEGRVWCN FKXGTUKV[, KP VWTP, NGCFU VQ VJG FGUVTWEVKQP QH EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[ CPF DKQEQORNGZKV[.
1639 9CNUJ CPF 8CWIJCP 1993 1640 YJKEJ KU DCUGF RTKOCTKN[ WRQP SWCPVKHKECVKQP, TGFWEVKQPKUO, CPF VJG GZRGTKOGPVCN OGVJQF. 1641 $QWTIWKIPQP 1973 1642 6TCPURGTUQPCN RU[EJQNQI[ (62) KU VJG HKGNF YJKEJ HQEWUGU QP GZRGTKGPEGU, UVCVGU QH EQPUEKQWUPGUU, CPF YC[U QH DGKPI KP YJKEJ VJG UGPUG QH KFGPVKV[ GZVGPFU DG[QPF VJG KPFKXKFWCN QT RGTUQPCN VQ KPENWFG YKFGT CURGEVU QH JWOCPMKPF, PCVWTG, QT EQUOQU (9CNUJ CPF 8CWIJCP, 1993). 1643 DGECWUG VJG[ WUG C XCTKGV[ QH RGTEGRVWCN RTQEGUUGU VQ WPFGTUVCPF U[UVGOU. 1644 *QYCTF 1994 JVVR://YYY.ELE-QPNKPG.EC/XKGYCTVKENG.RJR!KF=231&NC[QWV=JVON CEEGUUGF 14VJ #WI 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 308
(QTGUVT[ CPF FGXGNQROGPV QTICPK\CVKQPU PGGF VQ NKUVGP VQ VJQUG YJQ WUG VTCPUTCVKQPCN
RGTEGRVWCN RTQEGUUGU CPF CNUQ PGGF VQ HKPF C YC[ VQ KPENWFG CPF XCNKFCVG RGTEGRVWCN FKXGTUKV[ KP
VJGKT VJGQTGVKECN CPF CRRNKGF HTCOGYQTMU.
#NVJQWIJ VJG EQPHGTGPEG1645 QP 'DTKFIKPI GRKUVGOQNQIKGU'1646, TGHGTTGF VQ CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH
VJKU EJCRVGT, HCKNGF VQ KFGPVKH[ CP[ EQPETGVG GZCORNGU QH 'DTKFIKPI' DGVYGGP GRKUVGOQNQIKECN
VTCLGEVQTKGU CVVGORVU CTG DGKPI OCFG VQ DTKFIG VJG GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN FKXKFG.
+P *CYCKK, "KPFKIGPQWU JGWTKUVKE CEVKQP TGUGCTEJ" JCU DGGP CFQRVGF. 6JKU CRRTQCEJ EQPUVKVWVGU
C HWUKQP QH GZKUVKPI OGVJQFQNQIKGU DNGPFGF YKVJ HGCVWTGU KFGPVKHKGF CU FKUVKPEVN[ KPFKIGPQWU1647.
+P ’EWCFQT, VJGTG KU TGEQIPKVKQP1648 VJCV GRKUVGOQNQIKECN DTKFIKPI EQWNF DG WUGF VQ CFFTGUU QPG
QH VJG MG[ EJCNNGPIGU QH TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV. +PFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CNNQY HQT VJG
OGGVKPI VJG PGGFU QH KPFKXKFWCNU YJKNG CV VJG UCOG VKOG UWUVCKPKPI RWDNKE IQQFU HQT VJG
EQOOWPKV[. 6JG DGPGHKVU QH WVKNK\KPI VJKU U[PGTI[ DGVYGGP VTCFKVKQPCN MPQYNGFIG CPF C
MPQYNGFIG ICR KP YGUVGTP MPQYNGFIG EQWNF TGUWNV KP DGVVGT GEQU[UVGO OCPCIGOGPV.
+P 0GY <GCNCPF1649 VJG EQORCTKUQP QH EQPHNKEVKPI CPF EQPXGTIKPI /CQTK KPFKIGPQWU CPF
UEKGPVKHKE EQPUGTXCVQT[ XCNWGU, CTG C ETKVKECN CURGEV QH VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH C U[PGTIKUVKE RTQEGUU.
%QORCTKUQP, CNNQYU VJG UGCTEJ HQT U[PGTI[ VJTQWIJ VJG TGCNKIPOGPV QH VJG CHHKPKVKGU CPF
FKHHGTGPEGU CPF FKUVKPEVKQPU DGVYGGP /CQTK KPFKIGPQWU CPF UEKGPVKHKE GRKUVGOQNQI[. 6JG HQECN
RQKPV QH EQORCTKUQP KU VJG EQPXGTIGPEG QH XCNWGU, YJGTG C UJCTGF URCEG QT GPXKTQPOGPVCN
PGZWU QH /CQTK KPFKIGPQWU CPF UEKGPVKHKE EQPUGTXCVQT[ XCNWGU GZKUVU. +V KU UGGOKPIN[ YKVJKP VJKU
EQPXGTIGPEG QH UKOKNCTKVKGU CPF UJCTGF FKUEQWTUG1650 VJCV VJG U[PGTIKUVKE RQVGPVKCN QH /CQTK
KPFKIGPQWU CPF UEKGPVKHKE EQPUGTXCVQT[ XCNWGU ECP DG HQWPF.
#VVGORVU CTG CNUQ DGKPI OCFG VQ DTKFIG CNVGTPCVKXG RU[EJQNQIKGU. 4GUGCTEJGTU KP 0GY <GCNCPF
CTG CVVGORVKPI VQ KFGPVKH[ RU[EJQNQIKGU VQ OGGV VJG PGGFU QH /CQTK RGQRNG, KP C YC[ VJCV
1645 KP 2004 1646 JVVR://YYY.OKNNGPPKWOCUUGUUOGPV.QTI/GP/#DQWV./GGVKPIU.$TKFIKPI.2TQEGGFKPIU.CURZ CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1647 −CJCMCNCW 2004 RCIG 19 1648 $GEMGT CPF )JKOKTG 2003 1649 5KOQP 2002 1650 KP VJKU ECUG RQUV-OCVGTKCNKUV ITGGP WPFGTUVCPFKPIU QH VJG JWOCPMKPF-GPXKTQPOGPV TGNCVKQPUJKR (&QDUQP 1990,1999, &QDUQP GV CN. 1995, /GTEJCPV 1989,1996, 0QTVJ 1995, 2GRRGT 1993, 1996, 9QTUVGT 1993).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 309
OCKPVCKPU C WPKSWG EWNVWTCN JGTKVCIG, CPF OCMGU HQT C DGVVGT EQNNGEVKXG /CQTK HWVWTG. 6JG[ JCXG
DGGP YQTMKPI YKVJ C PWODGT QH KPFKIGPQWU RU[EJQNQIKUVU ECRCDNG QH FGXGNQRKPI TQDWUV
"VKMCPIC"1651 DCUGF RU[EJQNQIKECN HTCOGYQTMU. #NVJQWIJ C UNQY RTQEGUU, VJGTG KU C UOCNN [GV
CEVKXG ITQWR QH RGQRNG YJQ CTG EQPVTKDWVKPI VJTQWIJ RTCEVKEG, VGCEJKPI, TGUGCTEJ, QT
KPXQNXGOGPV KP RTQHGUUKQPCN QTICPKUCVKQPU1652. 1VJGT TGUGCTEJGTU CPF ETQUU-EWNVWTCN
RU[EJQNQIKUVU1653 CTG CVVGORVKPI VQ FGXGNQR; OWNVKRNG RU[EJQNQIKGU KPVQ C "WPKHKGF UEKGPEG"
VJCV "VTCPUEGPFU KPFKIGPQWU RU[EJQNQI["1654 , "RU[EJQNQIKECN WPKXGTUCNU" 1655, CPF VJG "RU[EJKE
WPKV[ QH OCPMKPF"1656.
*CXKPI GUVCDNKUJGF VJG KORQTVCPEG QH U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI DGVYGGP OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU KP VJG PGZV UGEVKQP YG YKNN EQPUKFGT DTKFIKPI DGVYGGP KPFKXKFWCN HQTGUV XCNWGU.
10.2 (14’56 8#.7’5
+P EQOOQP YKVJ KPFKIGPQWU GVJPKE RGQRNGU VJTQWIJQWV VJG YQTNF QP VJG DCUKU QH VJQUG
KPVGTXKGYGF1657 VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO TGEQIPK\G C UGV QH HQTGUV XCNWGU YJKEJ CTG YKFGN[
CEMPQYNGFIGF VJTQWIJQWV VJG TGIKQP. #FFKVKQPCNN[ GCEJ GVJPKE ITQWR KP VJG TGIKQP CRRGCTU VQ
JCXG KVU QYP "GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG"1658. 6JGUG XCNWGU CTG PQV QPN[ KORQTVCPV COQPI
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU DWV KP VJG 'YGUVGTP' YQTNF YJGTG UGGOKPIN[ "C HWPFCOGPVCN UJKHV KP HQTGUV
XCNWGU JCU VCMGP RNCEG KP TGEGPV FGECFGU"1659.
+P URKVG QH VJG HWPFCOGPVCN UJKHV KP HQTGUV XCNWGU VJGTG CTG QPN[ C HGY GZCORNGU, TGHGTTGF KP
EJCRVGT 5 UGEVKQP 5.9.2, YJGTG VJG[ JCXG DGGP KPENWFGF KP HQTGUV RNCPPKPI. 6JG[ CTG UVKNN VJG
GZEGRVKQP TCVJGT VJCP VJG TWNG, CPF JCXG OCFG NKVVNG QT PQ KORTGUUKQP KP %JKPC, FWG VQ VJG
KPJGTGPV KFGQNQIKECN EQPVTCFKEVKQPU QH VTCFKVKQPCN XCNWGU, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.4.
1651 EWUVQOCT[ RTCEVKEGU. 1652 0KMQTC GV CN 2004 RCIG 3 1653 −KO CPF $GTT[ 1993 1654 #\WOC 2000 RCIG 9 1655 %KIFGP −CIKVEKDCU 2000 RCIG 6, &CXKFUQP 2002 RCIG 104 1656 &CUGP $GTT[ CPF 5CTVQTKWU 1988 RCIG 306 1657 #TQWPF .WIW .CMG (5VWFNG[ GV CN 2005). 1658 /CEFQPCNF 2003, 2TCUCF CPF ’NOGU 2005 RCIG 887 1659 $GPIUVQP CPF :W 1995 RCIG 1
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 310
6JG KPENWUKQP QH HQTGUV XCNWGU KP RNCPPKPI JCU DGGP NCTIGN[ RTGFKECVGF QP KPVGITCVKQP YKVJ
HQTOCN HQTGUVT[ U[UVGOU CPF EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ UGOCPVKE, RCTCFKIOKE, GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF
RU[EJQNQIKECN CODKIWKV[. (GY CVVGORVU JCXG DGGP OCFG VQ HKPF F[PCOKE GSWKXCNGPVU1660 HQT
KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV XCNWGU QT VQ DTKFIG DGVYGGP OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CU FGUETKDGF CDQXG.
+P VJKU UGEVKQP YG YKNN CFFTGUU HQTGUV XCNWGU KPFKXKFWCNN[ QP VJG DCUKU QH VJG FQOCKPU KFGPVKHKGF
KP VJG EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI CPF CVVGORV VQ CFFTGUU CP[ UGOCPVKE1661 CPF RCTCFKOKE CODKIWKV[,
RTQXKFG C UWOOCT[ QH NQECN HKPFKPIU CPF C DTQCFGT FKUEWUUKQP QH VJGKT CRRNKECVKQP ETQUU
EWNVWTCNN[ CPF KP HQTGUV RNCPPKPI, RQNKE[ CPF TGUGCTEJ
10.2.1 *WOCP &KOGPUKQP : 2U[EJQEWNVWTCN &QOCKP
.GCTPKPI XCNWG
.GCTPKPI XCNWGU KPENWFG CNN VJG OQFGU QH MPQYKPI VJCV RGQRNG WUG VQ NGCTP CDQWV CPF HTQO VJG
HQTGUV QP VJG DCUKU QH EQIPKVKQP, GRKUVGOQNQI[ CPF RGTEGRVKQP.
6JG EQPHWUKQP YKVJ VJKU XCNWG KU RCTCFKIOKE DGECWUG YGUVGTP YC[U QH MPQYKPI CTG TCVKQPCN CPF
OQPQRJCUKE EQORCTGF VQ KPFKIGPQWU YJGTG VJG[ CTG OGVCRJ[UKECN CPF RQN[RJCUKE. #U C TGUWNV
OQUV YGUVGTPGTU HCKN VQ CRRTGEKCVG OQUV QH VJG YC[U KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU NGCTP CDQWV QT NGCTP
HTQO VJG HQTGUV.
.GCTPKPI XCNWGU CTG GXKFGPV COQPI VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO KP VTGG UVQTKGU, VJG URGEKCNK\GF
MPQYNGFIG QH RTKGUVU CPF UJCOCP, CPF VJG GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG CPF CV .WIW .CMG (5GG
UGEVKQP 6.5.3) YJGTG VJG[ TGRTGUGPVGF 8% QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG. .GCTPKPI JQYGXGT KP
EQOOQP YKVJ OWEJ QH VJG OCLQTKV[ YQTNF KU IWKFGF D[ KPFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQIKGU1662 CPF
RU[EJQNQIKGU YJKEJ CTG KORQTVCPV PQV QPN[ VQ PWTVWTG VJG KPVGTTGNCVKQPUJKR QH PCVWTG CPF EWNVWTG
DWV VQ GPJCPEG DKQFKXGTUKV[.
1660 0KFC 1964 1661 1H QT TGNCVKPI VQ OGCPKPI, GURGEKCNN[ OGCPKPI KP NCPIWCIG 1662 6JG UVWF[ QH VJGQTKGU QH MPQYNGFIG QT YC[U QH MPQYKPI, RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP VJG EQPVGZV QH VJG NKOKVU QT XCNKFKV[ QH VJG XCTKQWU YC[U QH MPQYKPI JVVR://YYY.RDU.QTI/HCKVJCPFTGCUQP/IGPINQUU/GRKUV-DQF[.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 311
+PFKIGPQWU GRKUVGOQNQI[, QT 'YC[U QH MPQYKPI', KU KPHQTOGF D[ VJG DGNKGH KP VJG
KPVGTEQPPGEVGFPGUU QH CNN CURGEVU QH PCVWTG1663. −PQYNGFIG KU VJGTGHQTG "VJG GZRTGUUKQP QH VJG
XKDTCPV TGNCVKQPUJKRU DGVYGGP VJG RGQRNG, VJGKT GEQU[UVGOU, CPF VJG QVJGT NKXKPI DGKPIU CPF
URKTKVU VJCV UJCTG VJGKT NCPFU"1664. +V KU RCTV QH C JQNKUVKE CPF URKTKVWCN RTQEGUU YJKEJ "ICVJGTU
KPHQTOCVKQP HTQO VJG OGPVCN, RJ[UKECN, URKTKVWCN, UQEKCN, EWNVWTCN, CPF JKUVQTKECN TGCNOU"1665. +VU
TGUGCTEJ VQQNU1666 OC[ KPENWFG HGGNKPIU, JKUVQT[, RTC[GT TGNCVKQPU, URKTKV JGNRGTU1667 CPF
FTGCOU1668 CU YGNN CU CEVKXKVKGU YJKEJ OC[ OKTTQT YGUVGTP OGVJQFU QH MPQYNGFIG ICVJGTKPI
CPF NGCTPKPI1669. .GCTPKPI XCNWGU CTG DGIKPPKPI VQ DG KPENWFGF KP HQTGUV RNCPPKPI1670 CPF
TGUGCTEJ1671 DWV IKXGP VJG FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP YGUVGTP CPF KPFKIGPQWU 'OQFGU QH NGCTPKPI' CPF
'OQFGU QH RGTEGRVKQP' KV PGGFU VQ HQEWU QP "DTKFIKPI VJG GRKUVGOQNQIKGU" 1672 CPF
RU[EJQNQIKGU1673 VJCV KPHQTO HQTGUVT[-TGNCVGF MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU 1674.
%QPUGTXCVKQP XCNWGU CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[
%QPUGTXCVKQP CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[ XCNWGU, YJKEJ YG TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 3 UGEVKQP 3.3 CPF 4
UGEVKQP 4.5.2, CFFTGUU VJG UVGYCTFUJKR CPF GPJCPEGOGPV QH RNCPV CPF CPKOCN EQOOWPKVKGU.
5QOG EQPHWUKQP GZKUVU QXGT VJGUG XCNWGU DGECWUG VJTGG V[RGU QH EQPUGTXCVKQP CTG TGEQIPK\GF D[
VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO, 'PCVWTCN' (QT DKQRJ[UKECN) YKVJQWV JWOCP CIGPE[, 'GPFQIGPQWU
CPVJTQRQIGPKE' YKVJ NQECN JWOCP CIGPE[, CPF 'GZQIGPQWU CPVJTQRQIGPKE' D[ VJG UVCVG QT 0)1U.
1663 $CUVKGP 2004, %CLGVG 2000, %CTFKPCN CPF *KNFGDTCPFV 2000, %QNQTCFQ 1989, ’TOKPG 1995; 1664 $CVVKUVG CPF *GPFGTUQP 2000, RCIG 42 1665 %QNQTCFQ 1989 RCIG 52 1666 4CXGP 5KPENCKT 2003 1667 6JG URKTKV JGNRGTU, HQT UQOG RGQRNG, CTG C EQPFWKV QH KPHQTOCVKQP CPF MPQYKPI CPF FTGCOU CTG C XGT[ KORQTVCPV OGCPU QH CESWKTKPI KPHQTOCVKQP, KPENWFKPI MPQYNGFIG QH RNCPVU, UQPIU CPF GXGPVU QH VJG HWVWTG (’TOKPG 1995 #PMGTDGTI CPF 9GNFQP 2005). 1668 0COMJCK 0QTDW WPFCVGF, 9C[OCP 1967 1669 ’TOKPG 1995 1670 $TQYP CPF 4GGF 2000 1671 )WTWPI 1994, .CKTF 2004 1672 /’# 2004 1673 9GUVGTP "OQPQRJCUKE" CPF KPFKIGPQWU "RQN[RJCUKE" (&CXKU 1999, 0KMQTC GV CN 2004, .WORMKP 2001 RCIG 37). 1674 $QWTIWKIPQP 1973 .WORMKP 2001 RCIG 37
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 312
+V KU PQV WPWUWCN VQ HKPF1675 VJCV CPVJTQRQIGPKE CPF DKQRJ[UKECN RTQEGUUGU CTG GSWCNN[ KORQTVCPV
FTKXGTU KP DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP.
4GURQPFGPVU HTQO ’CUVGTP −JCO TGEQIPK\G VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP XCNWG QH HQTGUVU YJKEJ VJG[
NQECVG KP VJG 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU', 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN' CPF 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN'
FQOCKPU CPF GZRTGUUGF KP VJG HQTGUV XCNWG UWTXG[ KP VGTOU QH 'GEQU[UVGO UWRRQTV' CPF
'GEQNQIKECN KORQTVCPEG FQ PQV, JQYGXGT TGCFKN[ TGEQIPK\G VJG TQNG QH UQEKGV[ QT VJCV QH VJG
%JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV KP HQTGUV EQPUGTXCVKQP. (QT VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO KP EQOOQP YKVJ
OCP[ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CP GVJKECN CVVKVWFG VQ PCVWTG, GURGEKCNN[ VJG PQP-JWOCP YQTNF, KU
CPEKGPV VGTTCKP, CPF ECP DG EQPVTCUVGF YKVJ VJG .QEMGCP CPF/QT CPVJTQRQOQTRJK\GF XKGYU QH
OCKPUVTGCO YGUVGTP CPF 'INQDCN' UQEKGVKGU1676.
+PFKIGPQWU EWNVWTCN RTCEVKEGU FGHKPG RQNKVKEU CPF GVJKEU CU GZKUVKPI KP VJG TGCNO QH GEQU[UVGOU,
CPF YQWNF CTIWG VJCV KV OCMGU PQ UGPUG VQ NKOKV RQNKVKEU CPF GVJKEU QPN[ VQ JWOCP DGKPIU.
+PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU TGEQIPK\G VJG EQPPGEVGFPGUU CPF VJG OGCPKPIHWNPGUU QH VJG PQP-JWOCP
YQTNF, CNVJQWIJ VJKU FQGU PQV OGCP VJCV CPKOCNU QT RNCPVU UJQWNF PQV DG VCMGP QT WUGF HQT HQQF
QT ENQVJKPI. 6JG[ WPFGTUVCPF VJCV VJG VCMKPI QH NKHG TGRTGUGPVU NQUU QH NKHG VQ C HGNNQY DGKPI VJCV
GZKUV QP KVU QYP VGTOU, CPF JCU KPVTKPUKE XCNWG "DGECWUG KV JCU DGGP ETGCVGF D[ C FKXKPG
DGKPI"1677. 1HVGP VJG VCMKPI QH NKHG JCU VQ DG PGIQVKCVGF DGVYGGP JWOCP UQEKGV[ CPF VJG NCTIGT
UQEKGV[ QH DGKPIU, CPF VJG QHHKEGU1678 QH CP KPVGTOGFKCT[1679 CTG QHVGP WUGF VQ GPUWTG DCNCPEG
CPF TGEKRTQEKV[1680.
&GXGNQROGPV CIGPEKGU CTG DGIKPPKPI VQ TGXKGY VJG TQNG QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG KP VJG
FGXGNQROGPV RTQEGUU CV VJG RQNKE[ NGXGN. 6KVKNQNC1681 JCU FGOQPUVTCVGF VJG EQUV-GHHGEVKXGPGUU QH
CFFKPI KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG EQORQPGPVU KPVQ FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU. .CNQPFG JCU EQORNGVGF
1675 2GTGKTC, 2. CPF 2KTGU FC (QPUGEC /, 2003. 0CVWTG XU. PWTVWTG: VJG OCMKPI QH VJG OQPVCFQ GEQU[UVGO. %QPUGTXCVKQP ’EQNQI[ 7(3): 7. =QPNKPG? 74.: JVVR://YYY.EQPUGEQN.QTI/XQN7/KUU3/CTV7/ CEEGUUGF 1UV &GEGODGT 2005 1676 (QT OQTG QP CNVGTPCVKXG "GVJKEU" UGG 2CVGTUQP 1999, 2KGTQVVK CPF 9KNFECV 1999, )QNNKEJGT 1999, /E.CWIJNKP 1985, %CNNKEQVV 1982, +R 2Q −GWPI 1983. 1677 .CXGTV[ CPF 5VGTNKPI 2004 JVVR://EPZ.TKEG.GFW/EQPVGPV/O12160/NCVGUV/#%CNNKEQVV CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WN[ 2005 1678 RGTOKUUKQP UGGMKPI, TKVWCNU, RTQRKVKCVKQP. 1679 G.I. UJCOCP. 1680 %CUVTQ 1991, &QXG 1993D, 4GKEJGN 1992 1681 6KVQNC 990
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 313
VYQ TGRQTVU1682 QP VJKU VQRKE HQT VJG %CPCFKCP +PVGTPCVKQPCN &GXGNQROGPV #IGPE[. 6JG 9QTNF
$CPM JGNF C UGOKPCT QP VJG TQNG QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG HQT CITKEWNVWTCN FGXGNQROGPV1683.
6YQ KPHNWGPVKCN RQNKE[ FQEWOGPVU JCXG TGEGPVN[ DGGP RTGRCTGF D[ VJG 7.5. 0CVKQPCN 4GUGCTEJ
%QWPEKN, QPG HQEWUGF QP VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH DKQFKXGTUKV[1684, VJG QVJGT QP UWUVCKPCDKNKV[
KUUWGU1685 KP CITKEWNVWTG CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV. #NVJQWIJ VJKU OKIJV UQWPF
RTQOKUKPI VJG TGCNKV[ KU VJG FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP FQOKPCPV FKUEQWTUGU QH DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF
KPFKIGPQWU DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP KU ITGCV CPF RGTJCRU ITQYKPI. $KQFKXGTUKV[ FKUEQWTUG KU
PQV EQPITWGPV YKVJ NQECN EQUOQNQIKGU TGNCVGF VQ NQECN RTCEVKEGU QH DKQFKXGTUKV[ WUG. 6JG
EQPEGRV QH DKQFKXGTUKV[, CU GODQFKGF KP VJG %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[, KU UVTQPIN[
GZRGTV DCUGF. 6JG HQEWU KU V[RKECNN[ QP IGPGU, PWODGTU QH URGEKGU, QT GEQU[UVGO V[RGU, CPF KV
HCKNU VQ RTQVGEV EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[ CPF VTCFKVKQPCN MPQYNGFIG QT TGEQIPK\G VJG PGGF VQ RTGUGTXG
DKQFKXGTUKV[ KP CTGCU YJGTG RGQRNG NKXG CPF TGN[ QP NQECN DKQFKXGTUKV[1686.
5WEJ 9GUVGTP UEKGPVKHKE CRRTQCEJGU CTG WUWCNN[ PQV RCTV QH VJG OKPFUGV QH NQECN RGQRNGU YJQ
NKXG KP CTGCU QH TKEJ CPF VJTGCVGPGF DKQFKXGTUKV[. 6Q TGKVGTCVG HTQO EJCRVGT 4 UGEVKQP 4.5 VJG[
QHVGP JCXG VJGKT QYP EQUOQNQIKGU, KP YJKEJ, HQT KPUVCPEG, URGEKGU QEEWR[ URGEKCN RNCEGU, DWV
PQV CU URGEKGU VJCV UJQWNF DG 'EQPUGTXGF ' HQT VJG TGCUQPU IKXGP YKVJKP VJG EQPVGZV QH VJG
%QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[.
6JG NCEM QH EQPITWGPE[ DGVYGGP YGUVGTP DKQFKXGTUKV[ FKUEQWTUG CPF KPFKIGPQWU RTCEVKEG
UGGOKPIN[ ECWUGU VJG HQNNQYKPI VGPUKQPU:
• VJG UCOG URGEKGU CTG PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ TGICTFGF CU YQTVJ RTGUGTXKPI
• VJG WPKXGTUCNKUVKE VGPFGPEKGU QH 9GUVGTP UEKGPEG RTQJKDKV C RQUKVKXG CEMPQYNGFIOGPV QH
NQECN FKXGTUKV[
• FKHHGTGPV PQVKQPU QH QYPGTUJKR CPF EQPVTQN CTG WUGF
• VJG UECNG QH NGICN UQNWVKQPU EQPUKFGTGF D[ VJG %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[1687,
KU CV QFFU YKVJ VJG UECNG QH NQECN 'NGICN' RTCEVKEGU
1682 .CNQPFG 1991C, 1991D 1683 9CTTGP 1991 1684 0CVKQPCN 4GUGCTEJ %QWPEKN 1992 1685 0CVKQPCN 4GUGCTEJ %QWPEKN 1991 1686 )TWDD GV CN 1995 1687 K.G. VJG PCVKQPCN UECNG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 314
• �VJGTG KU C FCPIGT QH UVKIOCVK\KPI NQECN RGQRNGU HQT WPUWUVCKPCDNG WUG QH DKQFKXGTUKV[
1RRQTVWPKVKGU VQ NGUUGP VJGUG VGPUKQPU CTG HQWPF KP, FKCNQIWG, �DWKNFKPI QP UKOKNCTKVKGU DGVYGGP
9GUVGTP CPF NQECN EQUOQNQIKGU, �UJCTKPI QH DGPGHKVU CPF EQUVU, �EQOOQP DWV FKHHGTGPVKCVGF
TGURQPUKDKNKVKGU1688. 9C[U OWUV DG HQWPF KP VJG URCEGU QH GPEQWPVGT CPF FGDCVG HQT CECFGOKEU,
UEKGPVKUVU, 0)1U CPF KPVGNNGEVWCNU VQ TGHNGEV UGTKQWUN[ QP, CPF UWRRQTV, VJG CNVGTPCVKXG
HTCOGYQTMU VJCV, YKVJ C ITGCVGT QT NGUUGT FGITGG QH GZRNKEKVPGUU CPF UQRJKUVKECVKQP, VJCV
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU JCXG ETCHVGF. 6JG YQTNF OWUV DG TGFGHKPGF CPF TGEQPUVTWEVGF HTQO VJG
RGTURGEVKXG QH VJG OWNVKRNG EWNVWTCN CPF GEQNQIKECN RTCEVKEGU VJCV EQPVKPWG VQ GZKUV COQPI OCP[
EQOOWPKVKGU. #NVJQWIJ VJKU JCU C RQNKVKECN FKOGPUKQP, KV GPVCKNU UGTKQWU GRKUVGOQNQIKECN,
EWNVWTCN, CPF GEQNQIKECN EQPUKFGTCVKQPU1689./QTG TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF EQORCTKPI VJG FGITGG QH
EQPUGTXCVKQP EQPUEKQWUPGUU, CPF GVJKECN CVVKVWFGU, DGVYGGP UCETGF UKVGU CPF PQP-UCETGF UKVGU
CPF VJG TGNGXCPEG QH VJG HQWT KPFKIGPQWU GPXKTQPOGPVCN RCTCFKIOU UWIIGUVGF D[ 7OGPU1690.
5RKTKVWCN CPF UCETGF XCNWGU
5CETGF XCNWGU CFFTGUU HQTGUVU VJCV JCXG DGGP: FGFKECVGF VQ QT UGV CRCTV HQT VJG YQTUJKR QH C FGKV[;
CTG KPJCDKVGF D[ C PWOKPC; CTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ C UCETGF RGTUQP, TKVG QT EWUVQO; CTG CUUQEKCVGF
YKVJ UCETGF DWKNFKPIU QT ETGCVGF D[ C FKXKPG DGKPI.
#NVJQWIJ VJGTG KU PQ UGOCPVKE FKHHKEWNV[ YKVJ UCETGF XCNWGU VJGTG KU C RCTCFKIOKE QPG HQT
HQTGUVT[. 6JCPMU VQ ,QJP .QEMG PCVWTG JCU DGGP FGUQWNGF CPF OQUV HQTOCN HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU
NCEM C URKTKVWCN FKOGPUKQP. 6JG 7− (QTGUVT[ %QOOKUUKQP'U OQUV TGEGPV VGEJPKECN RCRGT1691 QP
HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQPU, CVVKVWFGU CPF RTGHGTGPEGU HCKNGF VQ CFFTGUU URKTKVWCN XCNWGU CV CNN.
5RKTKVWCN CPF UCETGF HQTGUV XCNWGU CTG PQV QPN[ KORQTVCPV HQT VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO DWV
QVJGT 6KDGVCPU CU YGNN. 4GHGTGPEG JCU CNTGCF[ DGGP OCFG KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.3.4 CPF 7.5.5 VQ
VQ HQTGUVU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ [WN-NJC VGTTKVQT[ CPF KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.3.4 VQ PGTK OQWPVCKPU DWV
1688 ;QWPI 2WIYCUJ/+55 2002 1689 ’UEQDCT 1998 1690 # IKXKPI GPXKTQPOGPV, C TGEKRTQECVKPI GPXKTQPOGPV, C FKURQUCDNG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF C RTQJKDKVKPI GPXKTQPOGPV UWIIGUVGF D[ 7OCPU (1992). 1691 .GG 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 315
CPQVJGT ECVGIQT[ QH UCETGF HQTGUV KU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ "JKFFGP XCNNG[U"1692 QT $G[WNU1693. $G[WNU
CTG IGPGTCNN[ TGOQVG OQWPVCKP XCNNG[U YJGTG RGQRNG YQWNF HKPF CPF UGGM TGHWIG. )WTW
4KPRQEJG1694 KU DGNKGXGF, KP VJG GKIJVJ EGPVWT[ #& VQ JCXG GORQYGTGF 108 QH VJGUG JCXGPU,
RNCEGU YJGTG VJGTG YCU RGCEG CPF RTQURGTKV[, CPF URKTKVWCN RTQITGUU YCU HCEKNKVCVGF. 6JGUG
CTGCU CTG DGKPI ITCFWCNN[ KFGPVKHKGF D[ 6GTVQPU1695 YJQ 'FKUEQXGTGF' VGTOC
1696 YJKEJ FGUETKDG
CEEGUU. 6JKU RTCEVKEG KU PQY RCTV QH C TGUWTIGPV 0[KPIOC VTCFKVKQP, TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 7
UGEVKQP 7.4.4 QH 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO1697 KP YJKEJ VJG TQNG QH VGTOC1698 KP TGXKXKH[KPI1699
VJG UCETGF NCPFUECRG KU HWPFCOGPVCN VQ VJG TG-HQTOCVKQP QH 6KDGVCP KFGPVKV[1700. 6[RKECNN[
DG[WNU CTG KUQNCVGF, RGCEGHWN, VTCPSWKN XCNNG[U CDWPFCPV YKVJ PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU CPF OC[ JCXG
RTQXKFGF VJG KPURKTCVKQP HQT '5JCPITK-NC' KP ".QUV *QTK\QP"1701. �
6JG OQUV YGNN MPQYP DG[WNU CTG CV −CKNCU, 6UCTK, CPF .CREJK KP 6KDGV #4, &GOC\QPI KP
1692 5JGTRC 2003 RCIG 101
1693 )=-9v;k
UDCU [WN KU 6KDGVCP HQT JKFFGP RNCEG.����
1694 *G UGGOKPIN[ GUVCDNKUJGF $WFFJKUO KP VJG *KOCNC[C CPF 6KDGV D[ 'OGTIKPI' KV YKVJ RTG-$WFFJKUV DGNKGHU.
6JG 6KDGVCP PCOG QH )WTW 4KPRQEJG KU 2CFOC ,WPIPG .+1-'v$,{k
CPF VJG 5CPUMTKV PCOG KU 2CFOCUCODJCXC
Tü©xÉqpÉuÉ YJKEJ OGCU '*G YJQ YCU DQTPG QWV QH VJG .QVWU' CPF TGHGTU VQ JKU CRRCTGPV OKTCEWNQWU DKTVJ HTQO C
NQVWU DNQUUQO.
1695 #){:-%},k
IVGT UVQP KU 6KDGVCP HQT VTCUWTG-UGGMGTU.
1696 #){:-1k
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1697 5JGTRC 2003 RCIG 101, )GTOCPQ 1998
1698 ,{-9m#k
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1699 VQ IKXG PGY GPGTI[ CPF UVTGPIVJ VQ CP GXGPV QT CEVKXKV[ JVVR://YYY.HTGGUGCTEJ.EQ.WM/FKEVKQPCT[/TGXKXKH[KPI CEEGUUGF QP 18VJ 5GRV 2005. 1700 0QV QPN[ KU VJG WPKSWGN[ 6KDGVCP RCUV CICKP [KGNFKPI KVU IKHVU, DWV VJG NCPF KVUGNH KU [KGNFKPI EQPETGVG HTWKVU KPVGTVYKPGF YKVJ VJCV RCUV. +P OCP[ YC[U VJG TGDWKNFKPI QH UCETGF UKVGU, CNQPI YKVJ VJG QVJGT TCOKHKECVKQPU QH VGT, KU C FKTGEV TGURQPUG VQ VJG NQUU QH FKOGPUKQPCNKV[ KP 6KDGV: FWTKPI VJG %WNVWTCN 4GXQNWVKQP, QT OQTG CEEWTCVGN[ VJG EWNVWTCN FGXCUVCVKQP, GXGT[VJKPI KP 6KDGV YCU HNCVVGPGF QWV EWNVWTCNN[, LWUV CU RJ[UKECNN[ VJG VJQWUCPFU QH UVWRCU CPF OQPCUVGTKGU YGTG TGFWEGF VQ TWDDNG NKVVGTKPI VJG NCPFUECRG. 6JG 6GT OQXGOGPV GZVGPFU VJG TQQVU QH VJG RTGUGPV PQV QPN[ KP VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ IGQITCRJKE NCPFUECRG DWV CNUQ KP VJG NCPFUECRG QH 6KDGV'U TGOGODGTGF RCUV. +P VJKU YC[, KV KU QH WPKSWG XCNWG KP KODWKPI VJG RTGUGPV YKVJ ITGCVGT XCNWG CPF TGUQPCPEG HQT C XGT[ WPUGVVNGF IGPGTCVKQP QH 6KDGVCPU ()GTOCPQ 1998). 1701 *KNVQP 1933
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 316
5KMMKO1702, VJG 5JGTRC1703 −JWODW1704, &QNRQ1705 CPF −JGPDCNWPI1706 KP 0GRCN1707 CPF
2GOCMQ KP 9GUVGTP −JCO1708. #U UCETGF UKVGU DG[WNU RQUUGUU PCVWTCN CPF EWNVWTCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU
VJCV YKNN EQPVKPWG VQ HCXQWT DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP, YJKEJ TGUQPCVGU YKVJ HKPFKPIU HTQO QVJGT
UCETGF UKVGU KP VJG TGIKQP. 4GUGCTEJGTU1709 JCXG JKIJNKIJVGF VJG KORQTVCPEG QH UCETGF UKVGU CU
PCVWTCN EQPUGTXCVKQP CTGCU CPF FKUEQXGTGF HQT GZCORNG, KP .KLKCPI %QWPV[, VJCV QP VJG DCUKU QH
C DKQFKXGTUKV[ KPFGZ1710, VJGTG KU ITGCVGT URGEKGU TKEJPGUU CPF TGNCVKXG CDWPFCPEG KP UCETGF
HQTGUV1711, EQORCTGF VQ EQPVTQN RNQVU1712. 6JG[ UVTGUU VJG KORQTVCPEG QH UCETGF UKVGU CU IGPG
RQQNU, VQ RTQVGEV YKNFNKHG CPF VQ RTGXGPV VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV HTQO HWTVJGT FGITCFCVKQP CPF
PQVG VJCV CNVJQWIJ VJG %JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV JCU GUVCDNKUJGF PKPG QH ;WPPCP'U PCVWTG TGUGTXGU
QP VJG DCUKU QH UCETGF OQWPVCKPU, VJGTG CTG UVKNN OCP[ UCETGF UKVGU VJCV CTG KIPQTGF D[ QWVUKFGTU.
4GNCVKQPUJKR VQ UCETGF NCPFUECRG XCTKGU VJTQWIJQWV VJG YQTNF, CNVJQWIJ OQUV TGURQPFGPVU KP
’CUVGTP −JCO URQMG QH 'DNGUUKPI' KP QVJGT TGIKQPU QH VJG YQTNF VJGTG CNUQ GZKUVU C TGNCVKQPUJKR
VJCV EQODKPGU HGCTHWN TGURGEV CPF CYG CV VJG DGCWV[ CPF O[UVKECN UQWTEG QH NKHG JGNF YKVJKP
HQTGUVU. $WFFJC UCV CNQPG KP VJG FGRVJU QH VJG HQTGUV, NQUV KP OGFKVCVKQP, CPF KV YCU KP VJG OKFUV
QH C DGCWVKHWN HQTGUV VJCV JG YCU UJQYP VJG 'HQWT ITGCV VTWVJU'1713. +P )JCPC, DGNKGHU CDQWV HQTGUVU
KPENWFG VJG DGNKGH VJCV VJG[ CTG VJG JQOG QH FYCTHU, CPF VJG FQOCKP QH VJG O[VJKECN
5CUCDQPUCO, C NGIGPFCT[ HKIWTG TGURQPUKDNG HQT CNN VJG YQGU QH OCPMKPF CPF VQ YJKEJ OKUJCRU
1702 JVVR://YYY.[WMUQO-VQWTU.EQO/DWFFJKUOAVQWT.JVON CEEGUUGF 30VJ #WIWUV 2005
1703 <:-.k
UJCT RC KU 6KDGVCP HQT GCUVGTPGTU K.G.HTQO VJG ’CUVGTP −JCO CTGC.�
1704 JVVR://YYY.KCPJKNNU.PGV/RJQTVUGEQOOWPKV[RTQLGEV/UJGTRCU.JVO CEEGUUGF 9VJ #WI 2005 1705 JVVR://YYY.KEKOQF.QTI/HQEWU/DKQFKXGTUKV[/YJAUKVG.JVO CEEGUUGF 29VJ /CTEJ 2004
1706 1",-.-;v$k
OMJCP RC NWPI KU 6KDGVCP HQT −JGPDCNWPI (&KGODGTIGT 1993, 5COWGN 1993).�
1707 6JG CWVJQT XKUKVGF VJKU 'JKFFGP XCNNG[' CU UQQP CU KV QRGPGF VQ YGUVGTPGTU KP 1990. 1708 JVVR://YYY.VKDGVVQWT.EQO.EP/GPV/RKE/OCRU/17A2995.LRI CEEGUUGF 2PF #WI 2005 1709 .WQ 2GPI GV CN 2003 1710 $KQNQIKUVU JCXG FGXGNQRGF OCP[ OCVJGOCVKECN KPFKEGU VQ SWCPVKVCVKXGN[ OGCUWTG DKQFKXGTUKV[. 6JGUG KPFKEGU FGRGPF QP VJG CPCN[UKU QH URGEKGU TKEJPGUU CPF TGNCVKXG CDWPFCPEG. 1PG QH VJG OQTG EQOOQPN[ WUGF KPFKEGU KU VJG
5JCPPQP-9KGPGT KPFGZ (/CIWTTCP 1988) *' = -5RK NQIG RK YJGTG *' = VJG 5JCPPQP-9KGPGT DKQFKXGTUKV[ KPFGZ, RK = RTQRQTVKQP QH VJG KVJ URGEKGU, NQIG = VJG PCVWTCN NQI QH RK CPF 5 = VJG PWODGT QH URGEKGU KP VJG EQOOWPKV[. 6Q ECNEWNCVG *, FGVGTOKPG VJG RTQRQTVKQP QH GCEJ URGEKGU KP VJG EQOOWPKV[ (RK) CPF VJG NQIG QH GCEJ RK. 6JGP, OWNVKRN[ GCEJ RK VKOGU NQIG RK CPF UWO VJG TGUWNVU HQT CNN URGEKGU (U). 6JG OKPKOWO XCNWG HQT * YQWNF DG 0 HQT C EQOOWPKV[ YKVJ QPN[ QPG URGEKGU CPF YQWNF KPETGCUG CU URGEKGU TKEJPGUU KPETGCUGU CPF TGNCVKXG CDWPFCPEG DGEQOGU OQTG GXGP. 1711 * = 1.87 1712 * = 1.79 1713 2QTVGQWU 1928
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 317
CPF GXGT[VJKPI GXKN CTG CVVTKDWVCDNG1714. 6JG &CK RGQRNG KP UQWVJGTP ;WPPCP DGNKGXG VJCV VJG
HQTGUV KU VJG ETCFNG QH JWOCP NKHG, CPF VJCV HQTGUVU CTG CV QPG YKVJ VJG UWRGTPCVWTCN TGCNO. 6JG[
DGNKGXG VJCV VJG KPVGTTGNCVKQPUJKR QH JWOCP DGKPIU YKVJ VJGKT RJ[UKECN GPXKTQPOGPV EQPUKUVU QH
HKXG OCLQT GNGOGPVU: HQTGUV, YCVGT, NCPF, HQQF CPF JWOCPKV[1715. #NVJQWIJ UCETGF HQTGUVU QEEWT
VJTQWIJQWV VJG YQTNF, VJG[ UJCTG OCP[ UKOKNCT HGCVWTGU, YJKEJ CTG UWOOCTK\GF KP VJG
FGUETKRVKQPU1716 QH VJG HQWT JWPFTGF "JQN[ JKNNU"1717 QT "FTCIQP JKNNU"1718 KP ;WPPCP 2TQXKPEG CU
"... C MKPF QH PCVWTCN EQPUGTXCVKQP CTGC... C HQTGUVGF JKNN YJGTG VJG IQFU TGUKFG. #NN VJG RNCPVU
CPF CPKOCNU VJCV KPJCDKV VJG JQN[ JKNNU CTG GKVJGT EQORCPKQPU QH VJG IQFU QT UCETGF NKXKPI VJKPIU
KP VJG IQFU' ICTFGPU. +P CFFKVKQP.... VJG URKTKVU QH ITGCV CPF TGXGTGF EJKGHVCKPU IQ VQ VJG *QN[
*KNNU VQ NKXG HQNNQYKPI VJGKT FGRCTVWTG HTQO VJG YQTNF QH VJG NKXKPI"1719.
5CETGF HQTGUVU CTG URGEKHKE HQTGUV CTGCU KODWGF YKVJ RQYGTU DG[QPF VJQUG QH JWOCPU; VJG[ CTG
JQOG VQ URKTKVU VJCV ECP VCMG QT IKXG NKHG; VJG[ QTKIKPCVG HTQO C TCPIG QH TQQVU, CPF KPENWFG: UKVGU
NKPMGF VQ URGEKHKE GXGPVU; UKVGU UWTTQWPFKPI VGORNGU; DWTKCN ITQWPFU QT EGOGVGTKGU JQWUKPI VJG
URKTKVU QH CPEGUVQTU; VJG JQOGU QH RTQVGEVKXG URKTKVU; VJG JQOGU QH FGKVKGU HTQO YJKEJ RTKGUVU
FGTKXG VJGKT JGCNKPI RQYGTU; JQOGU VQ C RQYGTHWN CPKOCN QT RNCPV URGEKGU; HQTGUV CTGCU VJCV
UWTTQWPF PCVWTCN UCETGF HGCVWTGU UWEJ CU TKXGTU, TQEMU, ECXGU CPF 'DQVVQONGUU' YCVGT JQNGU; CPF
UKVGU QH KPKVKCVKQP QT TKVWCN1720.
#EEGUU VQ OQUV UCETGF HQTGUVU KU TGUVTKEVGF D[ VCDQQU, EQFGU CPF EWUVQO VQ RCTVKEWNCT CEVKXKVKGU
CPF OGODGTU QH C EQOOWPKV[. )CVJGTKPI, JWPVKPI, YQQF EJQRRKPI CPF EWNVKXCVKQP CTG UVTKEVN[
RTQJKDKVGF KP VJG JQN[ JKNNU QH %JKPC. 6JG &CK RGQRNG DGNKGXG VJCV VJGUG CEVKXKVKGU YQWNF OCMG
VJG IQFU CPIT[ CPF DTKPI OKUHQTVWPG CPF FKUCUVGT WRQP VJG EQOOWPKV[. # &CK VGZV YCTPU: '6JG
VTGGU QP VJG 0QPI OQWPVCKPU1721 ECPPQV DG EWV. +P VJGUG HQTGUVU [QW ECPPQV EWV FQYP VTGGU CPF
1714 #DDKY 1990 1715 2GK 5JGPILK 1999, .WQ 2GPI GV CN 2003 1716 2GK 5JGPILK 1999, .CKTF 1999-2005 JVVR://YYY.CITQHQTGUVT[.PGV/QXGTUVQT[/QXGTUVQT[93.JVON CEEGUUGF 20VJ ,WN[ 2005 1717 2GK 5JGPILK 1999 RCIG 381 1718 2QUG[ 1999 RCIG 8 1719 2GK 5JGPILK 1999 RCIG 381 1720 $JCTWEJC 1999, (CNEQPGT 1999, 2TCOQF 2CTCLWNK 1999, 2GK 1999, 8CTVCM CPF )CFIKN 1981,.<QWPFLKJGMRQP CPF &QUUQW-)NGJQWGPQW 1999 1721 UCETGF OQWPVCKPU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 318
EQPUVTWEV JQWUGU. ;QW ECPPQV DWKNF JQWUGU QP VJG 0QPI OQWPVCKPU QT [QW YKNN CPVCIQPK\G VJG
URKTKVU, VJG IQFU QT $WFFJC"1722. +P /CJCTCUJVTC, +PFKC, TGIWNCVKQPU CPF TGNKIKQWU EWUVQOU CTG
UGV FQYP D[ RTKGUVU1723 YKVJ MPQYNGFIG QH VJG HQTGUV FGKVKGU, VJGKT VKGU VQ VJG UWTTQWPFKPI
NCPFUECRG, CPF VJGKT KPHNWGPEG QP VJG FCKN[ NKXGU QH VJG EQOOWPKV[. #PEKGPV HQNMNQTG CPF UVQTKGU
CTG VQNF YJKEJ KPENWFG HCKTN[ URGEKHKE FGVCKN QP VJG UWRGTPCVWTCN RGPCNVKGU VJCV YKNN TGUWNV UJQWNF
VJG ITQXGU DG FGUGETCVGF, HQT GZCORNG D[ HGNNKPI VTGGU. *QYGXGT, EQPVTQN QXGT GZVTCEVKXG
CEVKXKVKGU KP UCETGF HQTGUVU XCTKGU D[ XKNNCIG, CPF KP OCP[ RNCEGU C EQORNGVG DCP KU PQV KP RNCEG,
CPF NKOKVGF EQNNGEVKQP QH HCNNGP YQQF, HTWKV HTQO VJG HQTGUV HNQQT, OGFKEKPCN RNCPV EQNNGEVKQP,
JQPG[ EQNNGEVKQP, VCRRKPI QH VJG ,CIIGT[ RCNO1724 VQ OCMG CP CNEQJQNKE DGXGTCIG, CPF QVJGT
CEVKXKVKGU CTG RGTOKVVGF, KH UVTKEVN[ EQPVTQNNGF1725.
5CETGF HQTGUVU JCXG UWTXKXGF HQT OCP[ JWPFTGFU QH [GCTU CPF VQFC[ CEV CU TGUGTXQKTU QH OWEJ
NQECN DKQFKXGTUKV[. +P /CJCTCUJVTC1726 UVCVG VJG 40 EQPVKIWQWU UCETGF HQTGUVU CEEQWPV, CU C
YJQNG, HQT OQUV QH VJG RNCPV URGEKGU RTGUGPV KP VJG TGIKQP. 6JG HQTGUV UVTWEVWTG KU CNUQ WPKSWG,
TGRTGUGPVKPI VJG NGCUV FKUVWTDGF KUNCPFU QH QNF ITQYVJ. %JKPC'U 'JQN[ JKNNU' CNUQ OCMG C
UKIPKHKECPV EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP QP C PWODGT QH NGXGNU: VJG[ EQPVTKDWVG VQ
VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH VJTGCVGPGF HQTGUV GEQU[UVGOU; VJG[ RTQVGEV C NCTIG PWODGT QH GPFGOKE QT
TGNKE RNCPV URGEKGU; CPF VJG NCTIG PWODGT QH JQN[ JKNNU FKUVTKDWVGF VJTQWIJQWV VJG TGIKQP HQTO
'ITGGP KUNCPFU' QT 'UVGRRKPI UVQPGU' DGVYGGP NCTIGT PCVWTG TGUGTXGU1727.
#U C TGUWNV QH VJG JKIJ EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[ XCNWGU JGNF KP UCETGF HQTGUVU, KPETGCUKPI
CVVGPVKQP KU DGKPI RCKF VQ VJGKT RQVGPVKCN CU C VQQN CPF OQFGN HQT DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP.
6JGTG CTG C PWODGT QH TGCUQPU HQT VJKU. 5CETGF HQTGUVU JCXG UGTXGF CU KORQTVCPV TGUGTXQKTU QH
DKQFKXGTUKV[, RTGUGTXKPI WPKSWG URGEKGU QH RNCPVU, KPUGEVU, CPF CPKOCNU. 5CETGF CPF VCDQQ
CUUQEKCVKQPU CVVCEJGF VQ RCTVKEWNCT URGEKGU QH VTGGU, HQTGUVU, OQWPVCKPU, TKXGTU, ECXGU, NCMGU, CPF
VGORNG UKVGU UJQWNF VJGTGHQTG EQPVKPWG VQ RNC[ CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH RCTVKEWNCT
1722 2GK 5JGPILK 1999 RCIG 381
1723 MPQYP CU mÉÑeÉËU RWLCTK QT pÉaÉiÉ DJCICVU.
1724 %CT[QVC WTGPU KP .CVKP, 董棕 FQPI3 \QPI1 KP %JKPGUG (3TF VQPG CPF 1UV VQPG) CPF qÉËU OCTK KP *KPFK
JVVR://YYY.HNQTKFCVC.EQO/TGH/%/ECT[AWTG.EHO CEEGUUGF 10VJ ,WN[ 005. 1725 $JCTWEJC 1999 1726 +P +PFKC. 1727 2GK 5JGPILK 1999
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 319
GEQU[UVGOU D[ NQECN RGQRNG YJKEJ OKIJV RTQXKFG CP CNVGTPCVKXG CPF KPPQXCVKXG CRRTQCEJ VQ
GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUGTXCVKQP VJCV KU PQV RTGFKECVGF QP CNKGP YGUVGTP NGICN LWTKURTWFGPEG1728.
2CTVKEWNCT RNCPV URGEKGU CTG QHVGP WUGF D[ VTCFKVKQPCN JGCNGTU CPF RTKGUVU YJQ JCXG C UVTQPI
KPVGTGUV KP VJG RTGUGTXCVKQP QH UWEJ UKVGU CPF GEQU[UVGOU. +P UQOG TGIKQPU QH VJG YQTNF, DGNKGHU
VJCV URKTKVU KPJCDKV TGNKEV CTGCU JCXG UGTXGF VQ SWKEMN[ TGIGPGTCVG CDCPFQPGF UYKFFGP RNQVU KPVQ
OCVWTG HQTGUV. +P QVJGT CTGCU, UCETGF RNCEGU RNC[ C OCLQT RCTV KP UCHGIWCTFKPI ETKVKECN UKVGU KP VJG
J[FTQNQIKECN E[ENG QH YCVGTUJGF CTGCU. (WTVJGTOQTG, KP C PWODGT QH KPUVCPEGU UCETGF UKVGU JCXG
CNUQ DGGP KPUVTWOGPVCN KP RTGUGTXKPI VJG GEQNQIKECN KPVGITKV[ QH GPVKTG NCPFUECRGU. (QT VJGUG
TGCUQPU, UCETGF UKVGU ECP JGNR KP CUUGUUKPI VJG RQVGPVKCN PCVWTCN XGIGVCVKQP QH FGITCFGF
GEQU[UVGOU QT GEQU[UVGOU OQFKHKGF D[ JWOCPU1729.
5CETGF HQTGUVU JCXG UWTXKXGF KP OCP[ TGIKQPU FGURKVG VTGOGPFQWU GEQPQOKE RTGUUWTG QP HQTGUV
TGUQWTEGU. +P UQOG RCTVU QH +PFKC, HQT GZCORNG, UCETGF HQTGUVU JCXG TGVCKPGF JKIJ NGXGNU QH
DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF TGOCKP NCTIGN[ KPVCEV, YJKNG IQXGTPOGPV-EQPVTQNNGF HQTGUV TGUGTXGU CTG QHVGP KP
RQQT EQPFKVKQP. .QECN NGXGN EQPVTQN JCU DGGP XKVCN VQ VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH VJGUG CTGCU, DWV GEQPQOKE
RTGUUWTGU CTG OQWPVKPI, CPF EJCPIKPI NCPF-WUG RCVVGTPU JCXG EQPVTKDWVGF VQ C UGTKQWU FGRNGVKQP
QH TGUQWTEGU CPF C RJGPQOGPCN TKUG KP VJG RTKEG QH NCPF. 6JKU KP VWTP JCU RTQXKFGF CP KTTGUKUVKDNG
KPEGPVKXG HQT UQOG NQECN RGQRNG VQ UGNN VJG HQTGUVU, KTTGURGEVKXG QH VJG UGPVKOGPV VJCV CV QPG VKOG
YCU UWHHKEKGPV VQ RTGUGTXG VJGO1730.
’XGP KP ECUGU YJGTG NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU CTG FGVGTOKPGF VQ TGVCKP UCETGF HQTGUVU, VJG[ CTG QHVGP
CU XWNPGTCDNG VQ QWVUKFG RQNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE HQTEGU CU QVJGT HQTGUV CTGCU. +P ’CUV −CNKOCPVCP,
HQT GZCORNG, QKN RCNO RNCPVCVKQP CPF NQIIKPI QRGTCVKQPU CTG ENGCTKPI CPEGUVTCN (CFCV) HQTGUV.
6JG CFCV EQXGTU HQWT V[RGU QH HQTGUV: RGTGPPKCN VTGG ICTFGPU1731, HTWKV VTGG ICTFGPU1732, UYCOR[
CTGCU1733, CPF TCVVCP ICTFGPU1734. 6JG EQORCPKGU RTQOKUG KP TGVWTP VQ GPEQWTCIG 'EQOOWPKV[
RCTVKEKRCVKQP', 'VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV', CPF 'KPEQOG IGPGTCVKPI
1728 5EJCCH 1999 1729 70’5%1 1996 JVVR://YYY.CITQHQTGUVT[.PGV/QXGTUVQT[/QXGTUVQT[93.JVON CEEGUUGF 5VJ #WI 2005 1730 $JCTWEJC 1999, 2TCOQF 2CTCLWNK 1999 1731 UKRWPI DGPIMWV 1732 UKRWPI DWC 1733 UKRWPI RC[Q 1734 UKRWPI WYG
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 320
UEJGOGU', YJKEJ CTG EQPUKFGTGF 'GORV[ CPF RQKPVNGUU' QHHGTU HQT C RTKEGNGUU CPEGUVTCN HQTGUV VJCV
ECPPQV DG GSWCVGF YKVJ OQPGVCT[ CPF OCVGTKCN EQPFKVKQPU1735.
6JGTG CTG, JQYGXGT, ENGCTN[ FCPIGTU QH CVVGORVKPI VQ CFQRV UCETGF HQTGUVU CU C OQFGN HQT
EQPUGTXCVKQP QT HQT VJGKT KPEQTRQTCVKQP KPVQ 'OQFGTP' EQPUGTXCVKQP OGVJQFU, DWV GSWCNN[ QH
CUUWOKPI VJCV VJGTG KU PQ RQUUKDKNKV[ QH DWKNFKPI DTKFIGU DGVYGGP CNN VJG FKURCTCVG VTCLGEVQTKGU
QH EQPUGTXCVKQP. #NVJQWIJ UCETGF HQTGUVU WPFQWDVGFN[ EQPVTKDWVG VQ VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH
DKQFKXGTUKV[, UQOG SWGUVKQP 1736 YJGVJGT VJG EQORNGZ JKUVQT[ CPF VTCFKVKQPU VJCV JCXG ETGCVGF
CPF OCKPVCKP VJGUG CTGCU ECP DG QRGTCVKQPCNK\GF CU C VQQN QT OQFGN HQT HWTVJGT EQPUGTXCVKQP
GHHQTVU. %QPUGTXCVKQP KU QHVGP C UKFG-GHHGEV QH EWUVQOU VJCV CUUQEKCVG QT FGFKECVG HQTGUV
TGUQWTEGU VQ VJG FGKVKGU. +P VJG 9GUVGTP )JCVU QH +PFKC, TCVJGT VJCP OCPCIKPI TGUQWTEGU HQT
HWVWTG WUG, EQOOWPKVKGU CTG KPUVGCF CVVGORVKPI VQ DGPGHKV HTQO VJG RTQVGEVKQP CPF IQQF-YKNN
CHHQTFGF D[ VJG FGKV[ KP TGVWTP HQT PQV FKUVWTDKPI VJG UCPEVKV[ QH VJG UCETGF HQTGUV1737. 6JKU
YQWNF DG C FKHHKEWNV F[PCOKE VQ TGRTQFWEG KP C EQPUGTXCVKQP RTQITCOOG. +P 5QWVJGTP )JCPC,
(CNEQPGT1738 CTIWGU VJCV UCETGF HQTGUVU GZKUV CU RCTV QH C U[UVGO UQ EQORNGZ CPF XCTKCDNG VJCV C
OWEJ ENGCTGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG URKTKVWCN, O[UVKECN CPF RQNKVKECN HWPEVKQPU CPF DGNKGHU QH
UCETGF HQTGUVU KU PGGFGF DGHQTG VJG[ ECP DG KPEQTRQTCVGF KPVQ EQPUGTXCVKQP RTQITCOOGU. +P
5QWVJ +PFKC, UCETGF HQTGUVU CTG RQRWNCVGF D[ FGCF URKTKVU RTGXGPVGF HTQO VTCPUHQTOKPI CPF
JGPEG TGOCKPKPI IJQUVU HQTGXGT. 6JGKT NKHG HQTEG GPIGPFGTU VTGGU VQ ITQY YKNF, CPF IKXGU TKUG VQ
JKIJN[ HGTVKNG DWV GZVTGOGN[ FCPIGTQWU UCETGF HQTGUVU, YJKEJ CTG HTKIJVGPKPI CPF JKIJN[
CODKXCNGPV1739. 4KXCN YCTPU CICKPUV GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUVU' XKGYU QH UCETGF HQTGUVU CPF VTGGU CU
UCPEVWCTKGU QH DKQFKXGTUKV[, JQOG VQ DGPKIP CPF RTQVGEVKPI FGKVKGU. 6JG UWIIGUVKQP VJCV VJG
DGNKGH U[UVGOU VJCV JCXG RTQVGEVGF VJGUG HQTGUVU UJQWNF DG RTQOQVGF VQ GPEQWTCIG VJG
EQPUGTXCVKQP QH NCTIGT HQTGUV CTGCU KIPQTGU VJG HCEV VJCV, YJKNG DQVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUVU CPF NQECN
RGQRNGU XKGY VTGGU CU XKVCN CPF JQNFKPI TGIGPGTCVKXG RQYGT, VTGGU KP VTCFKVKQPCN +PFKC CTG PQV
DGPKIP RTQVGEVQTU, VJG[ CTG HTKIJVHWN CPF VJG RQYGT QH VJGKT NKHG HQTEG KU GZVTGOGN[ FCPIGTQWU.
1735 ’PTKU CPF 5CTOKCJ 1999 1736 .CKTF 1997-2005 JVVR://YYY.CITQHQTGUVT[.PGV/QXGTUVQT[/QXGTUVQT[93.JVON CEEGUUGF 20VJ ,WN[ 2005 1737 $JCTWEJC 1999 1738 (CNEQPGT 1999 1739 4KXCN 1999
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 321
9JKNG KORQTVCPV TGUGTXQKTU QH DKQFKXGTUKV[, .CKTF1740 VJKPMU KV KU WPNKMGN[ VJCV YKVJ VJG
GZEGRVKQP QH C HGY CTGCU, VJG EWNVWTCN DGNKGHU CPF OCPCIGOGPV U[UVGOU VJCV JCXG NGF VQ VJG
EQPUGTXCVKQP QH UCETGF HQTGUVU EQWNF GCUKN[ DG KPEQTRQTCVGF KPVQ VJG YGUVGTP EQPUGTXCVKQP.
+TTGURGEVKXG QH VJG WUG QT PQP WUG QH UCETGF ITQXGU VQ RTQOQVG EQPUGTXCVKQP, KV KU UGGOKPIN[
OQTG KORQTVCPV, TCVJGT VJCP CVVGORVKPI VQ KPEQTRQTCVG UCETGF ITQXGU KPVQ YGUVGTP EQPUGTXCVKQP
RCTCFKIOU, VQ DTKFIG QT HKPF U[PGTI[ COQPI OWNVKRNG RCTCFKIOU QH EQPUGTXCVKQP. 4GHGTGPEG
JCU DGGP OCFG KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.2.7 CPF GCTNKGT KP VJKU EJCRVGT KP UGEVKQP 10.1.1 CPF 10.1.2
VQ GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN DTKFIKPI DWV URKTKVWCN DTKFIKPI KU CU KORQTVCPV HQT
EQPUGTXCVKQP.
+P OWEJ QH VJG 'YGUV' OCP[ 'RGQRNG QH HCKVJ' JCXG NKVVNG UGPUG QH JQY FKXKPKV[ RGTOGCVGU VJG
ETGCVGF QTFGT. 6JGTG KU CNOQUV PQ UGPUG QH C UCETGF FKOGPUKQP VQ ETGCVKQP KP OQUV EJWTEJGU QT
VGORNGU. 9JCVGXGT CYCTGPGUU QT TGEQIPKVKQP QH )QF KP ETGCVKQP WUWCNN[ EQOGU HTQO
GZRGTKGPEGU KP PCVWTG. #U C TGUWNV TQOCPVKEU1741, %JTKUVKCP O[UVKEU1742 QT PCVWTG O[UVKEU1743
JCXG DGGP VJG 'RTQRJGVU QH GEQNQI[' TCVJGT VJCP VJG ENGTI[. +PUVGCF KPUVKVWVKQPCN TGNKIKQP JCU
CNNQYGF C UGEWNCT UEKGPVKUO VQ KPHNWGPEG KVU FQEVTKPGU CPF UMGY KVU VGCEJKPIU UWEJ VJCV C
.QEMGCP UGRCTCVKQP GPVGTGF KPVQ KVU CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV )QF CPF ETGCVKQP, JGCXGP CPF GCTVJ, CPF
GURGEKCNN[ JWOCPU CPF VJG DKQNQIKECN U[UVGOU QH VJG RNCPGV. 6JG EQPUGSWGPEG KU VJCV OQUV
RGQRNG PGXGT OCMG VJG UKORNG EQPPGEVKQPU DGVYGGP )QF CU %TGCVQT CPF VJG OCP[ FKHHGTGPV
HQTOU QH NKHG KP PCVWTG. 6JG EQPUGSWGPEGU CTG VJCV C URKTKVWCNN[ CVTQRJKGF JWOCP UQEKGV[ JCU
CNNQYGF PCVWTG VQ DG EQOOQFKHKGF KPVQ TGUQWTEGU HQT GZRNQKVCVKQP. 6JGTGHQTG C EWNVWTG, WPKSWG
KP JWOCP JKUVQT[, JCU CTKUGP YJKEJ EQPUKFGTU VTGGU, CPKOCNU CPF VJG GCTVJ KVUGNH CU UGRCTCVG
HTQO )QF CPF VJGTGHQTG C EQOOQFKV[, FKXQTEGF HTQO FKXKPKV[, YJKEJ ECP DG WUGF YKVJQWV
TGICTF HQT EQPUGSWGPEGU. #PF VJG YC[ RGQRNG UGG PCVWTG KPHNWGPEGU CNN QH VJGKT QVJGT CVVKVWFGU,
GZVGPFKPI GXGP VQ QVJGT RGQRNG1744. /CP[ RGQRNG QH HCKVJ CNUQ UVTWIING YKVJ VJG CPKOKUO
1740 .CKTF 1997-2005 JVVR://YYY.CITQHQTGUVT[.PGV/QXGTUVQT[/QXGTUVQT[93.JVON CEEGUUGF 20VJ ,WN[ 2005 1741 UWEJ CU )QGVJG, 6JQTGCW, ’OGTUQP, 9QTFUYQTVJ, %QNGTKFIG CPF $NCMG (5GG %QQRGT 1990D). 1742 UWEJ CU 5V #WIWUVKPG, (TCPEKU QH #UUKUK QT /GKUVGT ’EMJCTV (5GG )CVGU 2004). 1743 UWEJ CU ,COGU, 7PFGTJKNN, /GTEGT, <CGJPGT, QT *CRRQNF (5GG −KPI 1995). 1744 −TWGIGT WPFCVGF
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 322
CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ UCETGF HQTGUV DGECWUG VJG[, NKMG OCP[ YGUVGTPGTU, JCXG FKXKFGF VJG WPKXGTUG
KPVQ VYQ UGRCTCVG YQTNFU1745 CPF JCXG GZENWFGF UWRGTPCVWTCN HQTEGU KP VJG OCVGTKCN WPKXGTUG1746.
5QOG CVVGORVU CTG DGKPI OCFG VQ KPENWFG UCETGF XCNWGU KP HQTGUVT[ RNCPPKPI1747 CPF VJG 75
HQTGUV UGTXKEG, HQT GZCORNG, JCXG FGXGNQRGF C UCETGF UKVG RQNKE[ KP 5QWVJ &GMQVC WUKPI VJG
.CMQVC FGHKPKVKQP QH UCETGF1748. 9C[U OWUV DG UQWIJV VQ DTKFIG QT HKPF U[PGTI[ COQPI
GEQ-URKTKVWCN RCTCFKIOU QP C ECUG D[ ECUG DCUKU. #NVJQWIJ UQOG CVVGORVU1749 CTG DGKPI OCFG
OQUV CTG RTGFKECVGF QP KPVGITCVKQP QT KPEQTRQTCVKQP DWV HCKN VQ RTQXKFG C EQPEGRVWCN HTCOGYQTM.
)KXGP VJG FCPIGTU QH KPVGITCVKQP TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 2.2, 3.3.5, 4.5.4, 5.9 CPF 5.9.2 KV YQWNF
CRRGCT VQ DG OQTG CRRQUKVG VQ CFQRV U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI DGVYGGP URKTKVWCN RCTCFKIOU.
+PVTKPUKE XCNWGU
+P OWEJ QH VJG OCLQTKV[ YQTNF KPVTKPUKE XCNWG KU C EGPVTCN VGPGV QH OCP[ TGNKIKQWU DGNKGHU YJGTG
GXGT[VJKPI QP GCTVJ (KPENWFKPI HQTGUVU) KU KPJGTGPVN[ XCNWCDNG DGECWUG KV JCU DGGP ETGCVGF D[ C
FKXKPG DGKPI. 6JKU EQPVTCUVU YKVJ OQUV FKEVKQPCT[ FGHKPKVKQPU YJGTG KV KU FGHKPGF CU "1H QT
TGNCVKPI VQ VJG GUUGPVKCN PCVWTG QH C VJKPI"1750 CPF YKVJ VJCV QH UQOG GEQPQOKUVU YJQ FQP'V
DGNKGXG VJG[ GZKUV.
6JG HQTOGT XKGY YCU RTGXCNGPV KP YGUVGTP RJKNQUQRJ[ RTKQT VQ VJG ’PNKIJVGPOGPV, YJGP
KPVTKPUKE XCNWG YCU, EQPUKFGTGF FKHHGTGPV HTQO CPF UWRGTKQT VQ GZEJCPIG XCNWG. 5KOKNCT XKGYU
GZKUVGF KP %JKPC WUWCNN[ DCUGF QP %QPHWEKCPKUO, &CQKUO, $WFFJKUO QT CPKOKUO/UJCOCPKUO.
$GECWUG KPVTKPUKE XCNWG KP ’WTQRG CPF %JKPC YCU C OGVCRJ[UKECN EQPEGRV KV ECOG WPFGT
KPETGCUKPI EJCNNGPIG FWTKPI VJG ’PNKIJVGPOGPV, D[ ,QJP .QEMG CPF GXGPVWCNN[ OCTIKPCNK\GF KP
1745 C VTCPUEGPFGPV YQTNF DG[QPF QWTU CPF CP GORKTKECN YQTNF QH QWT UGPUGU. 1746 *KGDGTV 1982D 1747 $TQYP CPF 4GGF 2000 1748 JVVR://YYY.HU.HGF.WU/T2/DNCEMJKNNU/PGYU/XPT/TGNGCUGU/VTKDCNAUCETGFUKVGUACFXKUQT[AYGDA021905.RFH CEEGUUGF 14VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 1749 JVVR://YYY.HCQ.QTI/FQEWOGPVU/UJQYAEFT.CUR!WTNAHKNG=/FQETGR/Z0963’/Z0963G08.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ #WI 2005 JVVR://YYY.EKF.JCTXCTF.GFW/EKFDKQVGEJ/EQOOGPVU/EQOOGPVU35.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ #WI 2005 JVVR://YYY.EDKM.QTI/EDKM-GP/EDKM/CDQWVAWU/TAUVTCVGI[.JVO CEEGUUGF 5VJ #WI 2005 $GEMGT CPF )JKOKTG 2003, 4QVJ 2004 1750 JVVR://YYY.CPUYGTU.EQO/VQRKE/KPVTKPUKE CEEGUUGF 10VJ 0QXGODGT 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 323
VJG YGUVGTP YQTNF D[ OQTG 'UEKGPVKUOKE' GZRNCPCVKQPU QH GZEJCPIG XCNWG DCUGF QP
OCZKOK\CVKQP QH GZRGEVGF WVKNKV[ CU YGNN CU NCDQWT VJGQTKGU QH XCNWG KPVTQFWEGF D[ VJG RQNKVKECN
GEQPQOKUVU QH VJG 18VJ EGPVWT[ CPF GNCDQTCVGF WRQP D[ /CTZ KP %CRKVCN1751
. $GECWUG QH VJG
GEQPQOKE FQOKPCPEG QH VJG YGUVGTP YQTNF, OQFGTP EQPEGRVU QH XCNWG KP CEEQWPVKPI CPF
GEQPQOKEU JCXG DGGP DCUGF IGPGTCNN[ QP VJG VJKPMKPI QH YGUVGTP GEQPQOKUVU.
6JKU GEQPQOKE FQOKPCPEG JCU QDUEWTGF VJG VJKPMKPI QH #UKCP CWVJQTU, UWEJ CU 2W 5QPINKPI1752,
YJQ JCXG FGCNV YKVJ EQPEGRVU QH KPVTKPUKE XCNWG. 2W EQNNGEVGF QXGT 500 HQNM UVQTKGU CV VJG
DGIKPPKPI QH VJG 3KPI F[PCUV[1753 CPF QPG UVQT[, 'VJG RWTG XQKF UVQPG' KNNWUVTCVGU UQOG EQPEGRVU
QH XCNWG YJKEJ GZKUVGF KP %JKPGUG VJKPMKPI KP VJG 17VJ EGPVWT[. +P VJG UVQT[ VJGTG KU CP GORJCUKU
QP GZEJCPIG XCNWG, JQYGXGT, VJG CNNGIQTKECN PCVWTG QH VJG UVQT[ UWIIGUVU VJCV GZEJCPIG XCNWGU
CTG JKIJN[ RTQDNGOCVKE CPF VJCV KPVTKPUKE CPF URKTKVWCN XCNWGU QWIJV VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF KP CFFKVKQP
VQ GZEJCPIG XCNWGU1754. #U C TGUWNV QH GPNKIJVGPOGPV VJKPMKPI OCP[ GEQPQOKUVU VQFC[ CPF
UQOG GVJKEKUVU DGNKGXG VJCV KPVTKPUKE XCNWG FQGU PQV GZKUV, CTIWKPI VJCV CNN XCNWGU CTG
JWOCP-ECPVGTGF, VJCV C XCNWG ECPPQV GZKUV YKVJQWV CP GXCNWCVQT1755.
+PVTKPUKE XCNWG KU TGEQIPK\GF D[ VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO CV .WIW .CMG (5GG UGEVKQP 6.5.3)
YJGTG KV KU TCPMGF UGEQPF QWV QH VJKTVGGP XCNWGU. 6JGKT XKGYU TGUQPCVG YKVJ OWEJ QH VJG
OCLQTKV[ YQTNF YJGTG KPVTKPUKE XCNWGU CTG DCUGF QP OGVCRJ[UKECN EQPEGRVU QH IQQFPGUU, DGCWV[,
VTWVJ CPF JCRRKPGUU CPF CTG VJQWIJV VQ DG KOOWVCDNG CPF FGTKXGF HTQO URKTKVWCN XCNWGU1756.
+TTGURGEVKXG QH VJG XKGYU QH GEQPQOKUVU KPVTKPUKE XCNWGU CTG DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ TGEQIPK\GF KP
HQTGUV RNCPPKPI HQT GZCORNG KP VJG 2CEKHKE 0QTVJ 9GUV (QTGUV RNCP1757 YJKEJ KU UWDUVCPVKCNN[
DWKNV QP RQRWNCT CUUGTVKQPU QH VJG KPVTKPUKE XCNWGU QH HQTGUVU CPF YKNFNKHG CPF UQOG 6’8
HTCOGYQTMU KPENWFG KPVTKPUKE XCNWG CU C PQP-WUG XCNWG1758.
1751 ,CT[ CPF ,CT[ 1991 1752 1648-1714 1753 1644-1911 1754 $CMGT CPF *C[GU 1997 1755 JVVR://EPZ.TKEG.GFW/EQPVGPV/O12160/NCVGUV/ CEEGUUGF 5VJ #WI 2005 1756 (TCPMGPC 1973 1757 4KDG CPF /CVVGUQP 2002 1758 JVVR://YYY.FGJ.IQX.CW/REGRF/GEQPQOKEU/GUVKOCVKPI/GUVKO2.JVON CEEGUUGF 26VJ 1EV 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 324
(WVWTG XCNWGU
(WVWTG XCNWGU CFFTGUU KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN CEEGUU VQ HQTGUV CPF HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU KP RGTRGVWKV[ QP CP
GSWKVCDNG DCUKU.
6JKU XCNWG RTGUGPVU OQTG QH C RQNKVKECN EJCNNGPIG VJCP C UGOCPVKE QPG CPF EQPEGRVWCNN[ KV YCU
PQV GCUKN[ CTVKEWNCVGF D[ VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO.
(WVWTG XCNWGU (QT KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN CEEGUU) YGTG TGEQIPK\GF D[ TGURQPFGPVU KP VJG 7− CPF CV
.WIW .CMG (5GG UGEVKQP 6.5.3) YJGTG VJG[ TCPMGF 7VJ QWV QH VJKTVGGP XCNWGU.
6JG[ UJQWNF DG EQPUKFGTGF CU C HWPFCOGPVCN KUUWG HQT KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CPF UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV
OCPCIGOGPV DGECWUG:-
� EQPVKPWKPI CFGSWCE[ QH HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU KU KP VJG DGUV KPVGTGUVU QH RGQRNG YJQ FGRGPF QP VJQUG
TGUQWTEGU
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FGUEGPFCPVU, VGPF VQ VCMG DGVVGT ECTG QH VJQUG HQTGUVU CPF
� RGQRNG YJQ HGGN VJG[ CTG TGEGKXKPI C HCKT UJCTG QH VJG DGPGHKVU HTQO HQTGUVU CTG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ
JCXG C RQUKVKXG GHHGEV QP VJQUG HQTGUVU1759.
;QWPI1760 KFGPVKHKGU VJG URCP QH C JWOCP IGPGTCVKQP CU GXGT[ 30 [GCTU CPF CV CP[ QPG RQKPV KP
VKOG VJGTG CTG CV NGCUV VJTGG IGPGTCVKQPU RTGUGPV KP C JWOCP RQRWNCVKQP: C TGVKTKPI IGPGTCVKQP,
CP GOGTIKPI IGPGTCVKQP CPF C 'RTGUGPV' IGPGTCVKQP QH RGQRNG YJQ OC[ DG KP C RQUKVKQP VQ IWKFG
TGUQWTEG WUG KP UWUVCKPCDNG QT PQP-UWUVCKPCDNG FKTGEVKQPU. 0QV QPN[ KU KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN CEEGUU
KORQTVCPV DWV UQ KU KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN GSWKV[1761. 9JKNUV VJGTG ECP DG C TCPIG QH KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU
QH KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN GSWKV[, VJG XKGY RWV HQTYCTF D[ $TWPFVNCPF 1762 GZRTGUUGU VJG TGNGXCPEG QH
VJKU EQPEGRV VQ UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF VJG NQPI-VGTO OCPCIGOGPV QH HQTGUVU.
1759 %+(14 1999 1760 ;QWPI 1993 1761 4#% 1992 1762 $TWPFVNCPF 1987 RCIG 8-9
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
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OGGVU VJG PGGFU QH VJG RTGUGPV YKVJQWV EQORTQOKUKPI VJG CDKNKV[ QH HWVWTG
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+V KU CNUQ KORQTVCPV VQ TGOGODGT HWVWTG XCNWG QT KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN GSWKV[ KU C OQTCN XCNWG. 9KVJ
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VJG CXCKNCDKNKV[ QH TGUQWTEGU, RTGUGTXKPI DGCWVKHWN, URKTKVWCNN[ UKIPKHKECPV RNCEGU, CPF VJG
GEQPQOKE UKVWCVKQP. 7PFGTN[KPI CNN QH VJGUG GPF-UVCVGU KU C EQPEGTP CPF UGPUG QH TGURQPUKDKNKV[
VQYCTF HWVWTG IGPGTCVKQPU. +FGCNN[, VJGTGHQTG, HQTGUV XCNWGU PGGF VQ DG KPXGUVKICVGF CV OWNVKRNG
NGXGNU QH CDUVTCEVKQP, CPF WNVKOCVGN[ VJG NKPMU DGVYGGP HWPFCOGPVCN XCNWGU CPF XKGYU VQYCTF
HQTGUV NCPF-OCPCIGOGPV UJQWNF DG ENCTKHKGF1763.6JGTG CTG CNUQ UKNXKEWNVWTCN CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[
EQPUKFGTCVKQPU QH KPVGTIGPGTCVKQP GSWKV[. +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ OCKPVCKP VJG HQTGUV EQXGT KP QTFGT VQ
OGGV VJG PGGFU QH RTGUGPV CPF HWVWTG IGPGTCVKQPU, CPF RCTVKEWNCT GORJCUKU UJQWNF DG IKXGP VQ
OCKPVCKPKPI XKCDNG RQRWNCVKQPU QH VTGG URGEKGU CPF HQTGUV EQXGT V[RGU CV TKUM, VJGTGD[ GPUWTKPI
VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH HQTGUV-CUUQEKCVGF CPF FG-RGPFGPV YKNFNKHG. %QPUKFGTCDNG MPQYNGFIG JCU
CNTGCF[ DGGP IGPGTCVGF CDQWV VJG KFGPVKV[ QH URGEKGU CPF HQTGUV V[RGU CV TKUM CPF CDQWV VJG
KORCEVU QH XCTKQWU HQTGUVT[ RTCEVKEGU QP VJGUG URGEKGU CPF HQTGUV V[RGU. *QYGXGT, VJGTG TGOCKPU
C OCLQT EJCNNGPIG VQ FGXGNQR CPF KORNGOGPV JCTXGUVKPI CPF UKNXKEWNVWTCN RTCEVKEGU VJCV RTQVGEV
VJGUG XWNPGTCDNG URGEKGU (G.I., NQPI NKXGF, UJCFG VQNGTCPV) CPF HQTGUV V[RGU (G.I.,
NCVG-UWEEGUUKQPCN CPF QNF ITQYVJ) KP QTFGT VQ OCKPVCKP VJG PCVWTCN FKXGTUKV[ QH PCVKXG HQTGUV
EQXGT V[RGU. (WTVJGT TGUGCTEJ CPF FGXGNQROGPV UWRRQTV KU PGGFGF VQ RTQXKFG RQNKE[-TGNGXCPV
KPHQTOCVKQP QP HQTGUV UVTWEVWTG, EQORQUKVKQP, CPF GEQNQIKECN RTQEGUUGU CU CHHGEVGF D[ FKHHGTGPV
OCPCIGOGPV RTCEVKEGU VQ GPUWTG VJG NQPI-VGTO (KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN) RQVGPVKCN QH HQTGUVU VQ
RTQXKFG VJG FKXGTUG CTTC[ QH IQQFU CPF UGTXKEGU TGSWKTGF D[ UQEKGV[1764.
%WNVWTCN, JKUVQTKE, CGUVJGVKE CPF VJGTCRGWVKE XCNWGU
%WNVWTCN XCNWGU CFFTGUU HQTGUV-TGNCVGF: EWUVQOU, TKVWCNU, UQPIU, CTV, RQGVT[, VGTTKVQTKCN EWNVU,
NCPFUECRG O[VJQNQIKGU CPF GOQVKQPCN DQPFU; U[ODQNU VJCV EQPPGEV RGQRNG YKVJ VJGKT EWNVWTCN
JGTKVCIG, VJGKT CPEGUVTCN RCUV, CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG ENCKOU; CPF KOCIGU NKPMKPI JGCXGP CPF GCTVJ,
1763 6KPFCNN WPFCVGF 1764 $WEM GV CN 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 326
CU RTQVGEVQT CPF RTQXKFGT, QH JWOCP HGEWPFKV[, QH RQNKVKECN WPKV[, EQOOWPKV[ KFGPVKV[ CPF
TGUKUVCPEG.
6JKU EQPVTCUVU YKVJ VJG ENCUUKECN FGHKPKVKQP QH EWNVWTG QTKIKPCVKPI KP %JKPGUG %QPHWEKCPKUO
YJKEJ TGHGTU VQ NKVGTCT[ VTCPUHQTOCVKQP EQPPQVCVKPI C JKIJGT HQTO QH EKXKNK\CVKQP. +P VJG RCUV
VJKU FKUVKPIWKUJGF VJG EWNVWTG QH VJG *CP OCLQTKV[ HTQO VJQUG QP VJG RGTKRJGTKGU YJQ
JKUVQTKECNN[ FKF PQV RQUUGUU C YTKVKPI U[UVGO
+P VJG EQPVGZV QH EWNVWTG VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO OGPVKQPGF VTGG UVQTKGU, URKTKVWCN XCNWGU, UCETGF
HQTGUV CPF OQWPVCKPU, VGTTKVQTKCN EWNVU CPF URGEKCN NQECNGU YJGTG VJG[ YQWNF RC[ VJGKT TGURGEVU
VQ $WFFJC CPF NQECN FKXKPKVKGU. 6JGTG KU GXKFGPEG VJCV CNN HQWT XCNWGU FQ GZKUV KP VJG TGIKQP CPF
VJCV EWNVWTCN XCNWGU TGRTGUGPV 5 % QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG, JKUVQTKE XCNWGU 5% QH VQVCN
GEQPQOKE XCNWG, CGUVJGVKE XCNWGU 10% QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG, CPF VJGTCRGWVKE XCNWGU 9% QH
VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG.
%JKPC KU GZRGTKGPEKPI C 'EWNVWTCN TGXKXCN' YJKEJ KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ RTQPQWPEGF COQPI VJG OKPQTKV[
PCVKQPCNKVKGU. +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG RQUV-/CQ EWNVWTCN RQNKE[ JCU ETGCVGF C FWCNKUO DGVYGGP
C NQECNK\GF CEVKXKV[, QP VJG QPG JCPF, CPF UVCVG URQPUQTUJKR CPF GPEQWTCIGOGPV QH UGNGEVGF
CEVKXKVKGU QP VJG QVJGT. 6JWU GXGP KP VJG HQTO QH TGKHKGF VTCFKVKQP, EWNVWTCN TGXKXCN KU XGT[ TGCN,
CPF QHVGP TKVWCNU ECP DG CRRTQRTKCVGF D[ NQECN ITQWRU KP CUUGTVKPI VJGKT CWVQPQO[ YKVJKP NCTIGT,
OQTG FQOKPCPV U[UVGOU.
9G EQOOGPVGF QP VJKU RJGPQOGPQP KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.4.4 CPF 7.5.5 COQPI VJG 6KDGVCPU
DWV KV KU CNUQ VCMKPI RNCEG CU C OGCPU QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP. 5QOG GZCORNGU QH
TGEQPUVKVWVGF TKVWCN KPENWFG %JKRMQ CEVKXKUVU KP +PFKC, OQPMU KP 6JCKNCPF CPF VJG /KCQ RGQRNG
QH %JKPC. 6JG /KCQ1765 TKVWCN QH "ECNNKPI VJG FTCIQPU"1766, YJKEJ OCKPVCKPU KVU TQNG CU C
NQECNK\GF RGTHQTOCPEG YKVJKP C DTQCFGT HTCOGYQTM QH RQYGT. "%CNNKPI VJG FTCIQPU"1767 KU C VTGG
RNCPVKPI TKVWCN HQWPF KP 3KCPFQPIPCP 2TGHGEVWTG1768, KP YJKEJ FTCIQPU CTG ECNNGF QP VQ RTQVGEV
1765 JVVR://YYY.VTCXGNEJKPCIWKFG.EQO/KPVTQ/PCVKQPCNKV[/OKCQ/ CEEGUUGF 5VJ #WI 2005
1766 1CMGU 1993 RCIG 60, 5EJGKP 1989 RCIG 202
1767 召龙 \JCQ4 NQPI2 KU %JKPGUG HQT FTCIQP ECNNKPI (\JCQ KU 4VJ VQPG CPF NQPI KU 2PF VQPG). 1768 5QWVJGCUV )WK\JQW 2TQXKPEG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 327
VJG PGY VTGGU CPF JGPEG VJG XKNNCIG. 9JCV YCU RTGXKQWUN[ C 'HGWFCN UWRGTUVKVKQP' HKPFU
TGUQPCPEG YKVJ UVCVG-URQPUQTGF TGHQTGUVCVKQP ECORCKIPU, OGGVKPI VJG WVKNKVCTKCP OCVGTKCNKUVKE
IQCNU QH VJG UVCVG CPF VJG VCNKUOCPKE IQCNU QH VJG RGQRNG. 9JKNG FTCIQP ECNNKPI KU QUVGPUKDN[
HQEWUGF QP VJG FTCIQPU, KP OCP[ YC[U VJG VTGGU CTG VJG OQTG KORQTVCPV HQEWU. .WODGT JCU DGGP
CP KORQTVCPV KPFWUVT[ KP 3KCPFQPIPCP DWV KP TGEGPV [GCTU FGHQTGUVCVKQP JCU DGEQOG C OCVVGT QH
EQPEGTP HQT VJG /KCQ PCVKQPCNKV[. #NVJQWIJ VJG VTGG RNCPVKPI RCTV QH VJG 'FTCIQP ECNNKPI'
EGTGOQP[ JCU OWEJ KP EQOOQP YKVJ IQXGTPOGPV-URQPUQTGF RTQITCOOGU KV GPEQWTCIGU
EQPUGTXCVKQP EQPUEKQWUPGUU DGECWUG PQ QPG YQWNF FCVG EWV FQYP VTGGU OCFG UCETGF VJTQWIJ
VJG TKVWCN1769.
#NN QXGT VJG YQTNF HQTGUVU CTG RTK\GF HQT VJGKT EWNVWTCN XCNWG DGECWUG QH VJG EWUVQOU CPF
HQNMNQTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJGO. 5QOG CTG VJG UKVGU QH JKUVQTKE XCNWG UWEJ CU VJG $NCEM (QTGUV,
5JGTYQQF (QTGUV, 0GY (QTGUV, QT VJG #OC\QP YJKEJ JCXG C TKEJ JGTKVCIG HQT KPFKIGPQWU CPF
NQECN RGQRNGU CPF PCVKQPCN UQEKGVKGU1770. (QTGUVU CTG CP KPVGITCN RCTV QH VJG URKTKVWCN JGTKVCIG QH
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU. 6JG KPFKIGPQWU RGTURGEVKXG UGGU GXGT[ NKXKPI CPF PQP-NKXKPI VJKPI KP VJG
YQTNF CU DGKPI KPVGTTGNCVGF CPF KPVGTFGRGPFGPV. (QTGUVU CPF VJG CPKOCNU VJCV NKXG YKVJKP VJGO
CTG CP KPVGITCN RCTV QH VJG WPKXGTUG CPF TGNCVGF VQ URKTKVWCN DGNKGHU CPF XCNWGU.
# DTQCFGT CRRTQCEJ VQ PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV KU PQY FGXGNQRKPI1771, DCUGF QP VJG
TGEQIPKVKQP VJCV GEQU[UVGOU KPENWFG JWOCP DGKPIU CU YGNN CU PQP-JWOCP RNCPVU CPF CPKOCNU.
4GUQWTEG OCPCIGTU CTG TGCNK\KPI VJCV VJG[ OWUV EQPUKFGT CNN QH VJG OCP[ YC[U KP YJKEJ RGQRNG
CTG KPXQNXGF KP GEQU[UVGOU, PQV LWUV EQOOGTEKCNN[, RJ[UKECNN[ CPF DKQNQIKECNN[, DWV CNUQ
EWNVWTCNN[, U[ODQNKECNN[, O[VJKECNN[, RU[EJQNQIKECNN[, CPF GOQVKQPCNN[. 6JG U[ODQNKE CPF
GOQVKQPCN EQPPGEVKQPU DGVYGGP RGQRNG CPF VJG NCPF CTG CU TGCN CPF CU KORQTVCPV CU VJG
GEQNQIKECN TGNCVKQPUJKRU DGVYGGP URGEKGU QH RNCPVU CPF CPKOCNU. 6JGTGHQTG, YG PGGF VQ NQQM HQT
YC[U VQ DTKFIG QWT UEKGPVKHKE WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG YQTNF YKVJ VJG KPFKIGPQWU YC[U QH
GZRGTKGPEKPI PCVWTG. $WV VJG GFWECVKQPCN RTQEGUU HQT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG RTQHGUUKQPCNU XKTVWCNN[
1769 5EJGKP 1989 1770 (TC\GT 1993 9KNMU 1972 1771 %CNCOG-)TKCWNG 1969, 1970, %JQWKP 2002, −QRRGNN 1990, .QPFQP 1998, 0QTVQP CPF *CPPQP 1997, 1999, 5EJTQGFGT 1996 C + D, 2001, 2002, 9KNNKCOU CPF 5VGYCTV 1998
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 328
KIPQTGU1772 VJG KPVWKVKXG, U[ODQNKE CURGEVU QH JWOCP GZRGTKGPEG, HQEWUKPI CNOQUV GZENWUKXGN[
QP C TCVKQPCN, CPCN[VKECN CRRTQCEJ. 6JG O[VJKECN FKOGPUKQP, TGRTGUGPVGF KP VJG HQTO QH CTV,
OWUKE, CPF UVQT[-VGNNKPI, JCXG DGGP KORQTVCPV RCTVU QH GFWECVKQP KP XKTVWCNN[ CNN JWOCP EWNVWTGU
RTKQT VQ QWT QYP, DWV VJG[ JCXG DGGP CNOQUV EQORNGVGN[ GNKOKPCVGF HTQO VJG GFWECVKQP QH VJG
RGQRNG YJQ CTG PQY TGURQPUKDNG HQT FGEKFKPI JQY PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPVU YKNN DG OCPCIGF. 6JG
CRRTQCEJ UWIIGUVGF JGTG HTQO VJG TCVKQPCN VQ VJG O[VJKE KU PQV YKVJQWV FCPIGT. 6JG XCNWG QH
U[ODQNKUO1773 KU QPN[ VTWN[ TGCNK\GF YJGP QPG GZRGTKGPEGU VJG GOQVKQP DGJKPF VJG U[ODQNKE
KOCIG. 5[ODQNKE UVQTKGU CPF KOCIGU, UWEJ CU VJG 'UCETGF VTGG'1774 ECP JGNR VQ RTQXKFG URKTKVWCN
CPF GOQVKQPCN KPURKTCVKQP, DWV VJG[ OC[ NGCF VQYCTF HCPCVKEKUO, PCKXG TQOCPVKEKUO, CPF C
VJQWIJVNGUU FKUTGICTF HQT QDLGEVKXG HCEVU. 6JGTGHQTG, C DCNCPEG OWUV DG CEVKXGN[ UQWIJV CPF
OCKPVCKPGF DGVYGGP VJG TCVKQPCN, CPCN[VKECN UMKNNU QH VJG UEKGPVKUV CPF VJG U[ODQNKE, GOQVKQPCN
UGPUKVKXKV[ QH VJG RQGV QT CTVKUV. 9JKNG KV YQWNF DG C OKUVCMG VQ TGRNCEG UEKGPVKHKE GFWECVKQP YKVJ
C RWTGN[ GOQVKQPCN CPF GZRGTKGPVKCN CRRTQCEJ YG UJQWNF UGGM YC[U QH KPENWFKPI DQVJ
O[VJQNQIKECN CPF UEKGPVKHKE YC[U QH MPQYKPI KP C DCNCPEGF GFWECVKQPCN RTQITCO HQT HWVWTG
TGUQWTEG OCPCIGTU.
9KNFGTPGUU XCNWGU
9KNFGTPGUU XCNWGU CFFTGUU NCTIG TGOQVG PCVWTCN CTGCU YJGTG VJG KORTKPV QH OCP'U YQTM KU
UWDUVCPVKCNN[ WPPQVKEGCDNG; VJGTG CTG QWVUVCPFKPI QRRQTVWPKVKGU HQT UQNKVWFG QT C RTKOKVKXG CPF
WPEQPHKPGF V[RG QH TGETGCVKQP; CPF OC[ EQPVCKP GEQNQIKECN, IGQNQIKECN, QT QVJGT HGCVWTGU QH
UEKGPVKHKE, GFWECVKQPCN, UEGPKE, QT JKUVQTKE KPVGTGUV.
#NVJQWIJ 'YKNFGTPGUU' CU CP GPVKV[ KU FKHHKEWNV VQ FGHKPG DGECWUG QH VJG EQORNGZ PCVWTG QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UQEKCN GNGOGPVU KPXQNXGF YG PQVGF KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.2.6 OQUV YGUVGTP
1772 4GEGPVN[, JQYGXGT, VJGTG JCXG DGGP RTQRQUCNU VQ KPENWFG VJG CTVU CPF JWOCPKVKGU CU RCTV QH VJG GFWECVKQP QH
PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG RTQHGUUKQPCNU (%TQYHQQV 1990). 1773 ,WPI 1964 1774 %CNFGEQVV 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 329
EQPEGRVU QH 'YKNFGTPGUU'1775, GURGEKCNN[ VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU FGHKPKVKQP1776 OGCP XGT[ NKVVNG VQ VJG
RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO.
+P VGTOU QH VJKU UVWF[ KV KU IGTOCPG DGECWUG C PWODGT QH KPVGTPCVKQPCN RNC[GTU, MPQYP HQT VJGKT
"DKQEGPVTKE KORGTKCNKUO"1777, CTG VT[KPI VQ UCXG VJG DKQFKXGTUKV[ QH ’CUVGTP −JCO CPF VJG OQFGN
VJG[ OQUV QHVGP WUG JCU DGGP GZRQTVGF YQTNFYKFG1778. (QT VJG DKQEGPVTKE 'CPVK-JWOCPKUV
DKQNQIKUV'1779 VJG EQPEGRV QH JWOCPU CU RCTV QH PCVWTG, YJKEJ JCU TGOCKPGF CP KPVGITCN
EQORQPGPV QH KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTG, KU XKGYGF CU C VJTGCV VQ VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, CPF VJG[ CTG WUWCNN[
CXGTUG VQ DWKNFKPI QP EWUVQOCT[ RTCEVKEGU QH PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP. 6JG[ CTG CNUQ QRRQUGF VQ
NQECN EQPVTQN, UGGMKPI KPUVGCF 'UEKGPVKHKE NCPF OCPCIGOGPV'. 6JKU KU GZCEGTDCVGF D[ VJG %JKPGUG
IQXGTPOGPV YJQ JCXG CFQRVGF C UKOKNCT HQTO QH 'GEQNQIKECN EQNQPKCNKUO' KP OCP[ PCVWTG
TGUGTXGU.
6JGKT DGNKGH KP C VQVCN DCP QP JWOCP KPVGTXGPVKQP KU OKUIWKFGF DGECWUG UVWFKGU UJQY VJCV VJG
JKIJGUV NGXGNU QH DKQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[ CTG HQWPF KP CTGCU YKVJ UQOG KPVGTXGPVKQP1780. 9C[U OWUV
DG HQWPF QH RTQVGEVKPI VJG DKQFKXGTUKV[ QH ’CUVGTP −JCO KP YC[U VJCV OWVWCNN[ UCVKUHKGU VJG
CIGPFC QH ’0)1U CPF VJG %JKPGUG UVCVG, YJKNG TGURGEVKPI CPF RTQVGEVKPI VJG KPVGTGUVU QH
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU. %WNVWTGU CTG PQV UVCVKE, CPF YGUVGTP, %JKPGUG CPF KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTGU CTG
WPFGTIQKPI TCRKF EJCPIG CPF KV KU PQV UWTRTKUKPI VJCV C FKXGTIGPEG QH XKGYU QP OGCUWTGU HQT
NCPF RTQVGEVKQP GZKUVU YKVJKP CNN VJTGG EWNVWTGU.
1775 #NVJQWIJ KP VJG 7−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−KVQUUC 2000 1778 %QNEJGUVGT 2001 1779 )WJC 1997 1780 )WJC 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 330
9GUVGTP EWNVWTG KU CP COCNICO QH EWNVWTGU, NCTIGN[, DWV PQV GZENWUKXGN[ ’WTQRGCP, VJCV JCU CPF
KU WPFGTIQKPI TCRKF EJCPIG. 6JKU CEEGNGTCVGF EJCPIG KU VJG RTQFWEV QH VJG KPFWUVTKCN CPF
VGEJPQNQIKECN TGXQNWVKQP. 7PNKMG OQUV QH VJG EWNVWTGU VJCV KV JCU CDUQTDGF CPF VJCV JCF GXQNXGF
QXGT OKNNGPPKC QH TGNCVKXG UVCDKNKV[, 9GUVGTP EWNVWTG KU PQY C EWNVWTG KP VTCPUKVKQP, HWGNNGF D[ VJG
TCRKF KPETGCUG KP JWOCP RQRWNCVKQP FGPUKV[ CPF GZRNQKVCVKQP QH NCTIGN[ PQP-TGPGYCDNG
TGUQWTEGU VJCV CTG HCT TGOQXGF HTQO VJGKT EQPUWOGTU. +V KU C EWNVWTG YKVJ NKVVNG NKMGNKJQQF HQT
CFQRVKQP QH VKOGN[ UGNH-KORQUGF EQPUVTCKPVU QP KVU OCPPGT QH TGUQWTEG GZRNQKVCVKQP VJCV EQWNF
NGCF VQ RQRWNCVKQP CPF EWNVWTCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[.
9KNFGTPGUU, CU C EQPEGRV, KU CNUQ WPFGTIQKPI EJCPIG KP 9GUVGTP UQEKGV[. +P VJG HQWT FGECFGU
UKPEG VJG RCUUCIG QH VJG 9KNFGTPGUU #EV1781 KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU, VJGTG JCU DGGP C TCRKF ITQYVJ
KP YKNFGTPGUU XKUKVQTU KP CTGCU FGUKIPCVGF CU YKNFGTPGUU. 6JG YKNFGTPGUU GZRGTKGPEG, CU FGHKPGF
D[ VJG 9KNFGTPGUU #EV, UJQWNF RTQXKFG QRRQTVWPKVKGU HQT UQNKVWFG. 0QY, JQYGXGT, VJG
GZRGTKGPEG OWUV DG UJCTGF YKVJ CP KPETGCUKPI PWODGT QH WUGTU KP OQUV FGUKIPCVGF YKNFGTPGUU
CTGCU. # EQPUGSWGPEG KU VJCV VJG YKNFGTPGUU EJCTCEVGT QH VJGUG CTGCU KU DGKPI NQUV, DWV KV KU VJG
EQPEGRV VJCV KU DGKPI GTQFGF, YJGTGCU VJG NCPF TGOCKPU NCTIGN[ WPCNVGTGF. 6JG YKNFGTPGUU
EQPEGRV JCU EJCPIGF FWTKPI VJG JKUVQT[ QH 9GUVGTP EKXKNK\CVKQP CPF KV YQWNF DG PCKXG VQ CUUWOG
VJCV HWTVJGT GXQNWVKQP QH VJG EQPEGRV YKNN PQV QEEWT. *QYGXGT, VJG EQPEGRV TGOCKPU C 9GUVGTP
QPG CPF VJG EJCPIG VJCV KV KU WPFGTIQKPI KU FTKXGP D[ RTGUUWTGU KPETGCUKPI JWOCP RQRWNCVKQP
CPF WTDCPK\CVKQP.
&GUKIPCVKQP QH 'YKNFGTPGUU CTGCU' KP VJG JQOGNCPFU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU D[ IQXGTPOGPVU QT
’0)1U KU CP GVJPQEGPVTKE CEV VJCV TGHNGEVU KIPQTCPEG QH, CPF KPUGPUKVKXKV[ VQ, VJG EWNVWTGU,
KPVGTGUVU, CPF EQPEGTPU QH NQECN RGQRNGU. #NVJQWIJ YKNFGTPGUU FGUKIPCVKQP OC[ RTQVGEV VJG HKUJ,
YKNFNKHG, CPF QVJGT TGUQWTEGU VJCV CTG GUUGPVKCN VQ VJG UWDUKUVGPEG GEQPQO[, VJKU DGPGHKV VQ
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU KU WUWCNN[ KPEKFGPVCN VQ VJG RTKOCT[ KPVGPV QH VJG FGUKIPCVKQP CPF TGHNGEVU C
9GUVGTP EWNVWTCN DKCU. 5KOKNCT TGUWNVU ECP DG CEJKGXGF, YKVJQWV KPXQMKPI QT TGHNGEVKPI EWNVWTCN
FQOKPCPEG, VJTQWIJ KPVGTEWNVWTCN PGIQVKCVKQP NGCFKPI VQ NCPF WUG ENCUUKHKECVKQPU FGUKIPGF VQ
OCKPVCKP VJG RTQFWEVKXKV[ QH VJG NCPF CPF YCVGTU HQT UWUVCKPGF JCTXGUV QH TGUQWTEGU D[
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU, YJKNG QHHGTKPI QRRQTVWPKVKGU HQT XKUKVQTU VQ GZRGTKGPEG VJG RTKUVKPG PCVWTG
VJCV WUWCNN[ EJCTCEVGTK\GU UWEJ GPXKTQPOGPVU.
1781 KP 1964 (75) 1964).
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 331
+V KU GPEQWTCIKPI VQ PQVG UWEJ C VTGPF KP %CPCFC1782 YJGTG UGXGTCN PGY RCTMU CPF QVJGT
RTQVGEVGF CTGCU KP VJG #TEVKE CTG VJG RTQFWEV QH LQKPV PGIQVKCVKQPU CPF GHHQTVU QH ETQUU-EWNVWTCN
ITQWRU. 8KUKVQTU HTQO VJG UQWVJ UJQWNF DG HWNN[ CYCTG YJGP XKUKVKPI VJG #TEVKE VJCV VJG[ CTG
WUWCNN[ IWGUVU KP VJG JQOGNCPFU QH EWNVWTGU QVJGT VJCP VJGKT QYP. )CKPKPI WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH
VJGUG EWNVWTGU QHHGTU VJG RQVGPVKCN VQ GPJCPEG TGYCTFU HTQO VJGKT XKUKV. %QPXGTUGN[, OQUV
9GUVGTPGTU, UKPEG VJG HKTUV CTEVKE GZRNQTGTU CPF YJCNGTU, JCXG GPVGTGF VJG #TEVKE CUUWOKPI QT
ENCKOKPI RQUUGUUKQP QH VJG NCPF CPF TGUQWTEGU HQT VJGOUGNXGU QT VJGKT QYP EQWPVTKGU, YKVJQWV
EQPUKFGTCVKQP HQT VJG GPFGOKE EWNVWTGU CPF RGQRNGU QH VJG #TEVKE. 6JG TGEGPV VTGPF D[ CTEVKE
EQWPVTKGU VQ TGEQIPK\G ENCKOU QH CTEVKE RGQRNGU VQ NCPFU CPF TGUQWTEGU KU CP GPEQWTCIKPI UKIP
VJCV VJG JKUVQTKECN RGTEGRVKQP JGNF D[ 9GUVGTPGTU QH VJG #TEVKE CPF KVU RGQRNGU KU DGKPI TGXKUGF.
+V KU QPN[ VJTQWIJ OWVWCN WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPF TGURGEV DGVYGGP EWNVWTGU VJCV VJGTG ECP DG C
OCTTKCIG QH KPVGTGUVU VQ CUUWTG VJG NQPI-VGTO RTQVGEVKQP QH PCVWTCN CTGCU. 9JGP YG HCKN VQ
WPFGTUVCPF RGQRNG HTQO FKXGTUG EWNVWTGU CPF VQ TGURGEV VJGKT FKHHGTGPEGU KV KPGXKVCDN[ NGCFU VQ
KPETGCUKPI RQNCTK\CVKQP CPF CNKGPCVKQP YJGP EQPVCEV DGVYGGP EWNVWTGU QEEWTU. 9KVPGUU VJG
QRRQUKVKQP, TGHGTTGF VQ GCTNKGT KP EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.2.1, QXGT VJG JCTXGUV QH OCTKPG OCOOCNU
D[ CTEVKE RGQRNGU, CPF VJG UWDUGSWGPV DQ[EQVV QH UGCN UMKPU KP 9GUVGTP OCTMGVU1783.
6JG HWVWTG QHHGTU RTQOKUG HQT VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH PCVWTG KP KPFKIGPQWU JQOGNCPFU, DWV KV ECP DG
CEEQORNKUJGF YKVJ CUUWTCPEG QH NCUVKPI DGPGHKVU VQ CNN RGQRNGU QPN[ VJTQWIJ KPETGCUGF OWVWCN
WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPF EQOOWPKECVKQP. 9GUVGTPGTU OWUV NGCTP VQ HKPF 'YKNFGTPGUU ITCVKHKECVKQP'
YJGP XKUKVKPI JQOGNCPFU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG YKVJQWV VJGKT URGEKHKE FGUKIPCVKQP CU
YKNFGTPGUU.
2QNKEKGU OWUV DG FGUKIPGF VQ UWRRQTV RTQVGEVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU JQOGNCPFU CPF VJG
UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF RTQFWEVKXKV[ QH VJG DKQNQIKECN U[UVGOU VJG[ GPEQORCUUGU. $WV VJGKT
RTQVGEVKQP UJQWNF DG PGIQVKCVGF YKVJKP VJG VGTOU CPF EQPFKVKQPU QH VJG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG
TCVJGT VJCP D[ KORQUKPI EWNVWTCN EQPEGRVU VJCV CTG CNKGP VQ VJGKT EWNVWTGU.
1782 −NGKP 1994 1783 .KW :KCQICP 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 332
2NCEG CVVCEJOGPV XCNWGU QT UGPUG QH RNCEG
5RGEKHKE SWCNKVKGU QH NCPFUECRG KPHWUG C UKVG YKVJ C UGPUG QH RNCEG HQT RGQRNG, YJKEJ CTG
RTGFKECVGF QP VJG TGNCVKQPU, RGTEGRVKQPU, CVVKVWFGU, XCNWGU, CPF YQTNF XKGY VJCV CHHGEVKXGN[ DQPF
RGQRNG CPF RNCEG. #PCN[UKU UWIIGUVU VJCV HQWT OCLQT EQORQPGPVU EQPVTKDWVG VQ C UGPUG QH RNCEG.
6JGUG GOQVKQPCN CPF URKTKVWCN DQPFU VQ VJG NCPF CTG VQRQP[OKE1784, FKUEWTUKXG, GZRGTKGPVKCN CPF
PWOKPQWU CPF VJGKT NQUU ECP TGUWNV KP JWOKNKCVKQP, FKUVTGUU, CNKGPCVKQP CPF TQQVNGUUPGUU1785.
#NVJQWIJ VJGTG FQ PQV CRRGCT VQ DG UGOCPVKECNN[ FKHHKEWNVKGU YKVJ UGPUG QH RNCEG VJGTG CTG
RCTCFKIOKE FKHHKEWNVKGU. #U RCTV QH OQFGTPKV['U UGNH-EQPUEKQWU GXCNWCVKQP QH RTQITGUU 'NQECN
RNCEG' CRRGCTU VQ JCXG DGEQOG VJG XGT[ GUUGPEG QH YJCV OQFGTPKUO KU PQV, UGRCTCVG, DQWPFGF
CPF KUQNCVGF. 9JCV KU GURGEKCNN[ UKIPKHKECPV KU VJG FGITGG VQ YJKEJ VJGUG CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV
RNCEG CPF KUQNCVKQP JCXG DGGP TGRTQFWEGF KP %JKPC'U CRRTQCEJ VQ GVJPKE ITQWRU. ’VJPKE ITQWRU
CTG UVWFKGF CU 'NKXKPI HQUUKNU' CPF CU GZCORNGU QH RTKOKVKXKUO CV VJG RGTKRJGTKGU QH OQFGTP *CP
UQEKGV[1786.
/CP[ QH VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO JCXG C UVTQPI UGPUG QH RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV VJCV KU OQTG
GXKFGPV COQPI VJG QNF VJCP VJG [QWPI. '2NCEG' KU IGPGTCNN[ NQECVGF KP VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN'
FQOCKP, CPF VJGTG KU GXKFGPEG VJCV UQOG NQECN RGQRNG CTG GPJCPEKPI VJGKT EWNVWTCN KFGPVKV[ CPF
RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV, KP VJG HCEG QH FQOKPCVKQP D[ VJG *CP %JKPGUG
6JG TGEGPV NKVGTCVWTG QP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RU[EJQNQI[ TGEQIPK\GU RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV CPF "GEQNQIKGU
QH VJG JGCTV"1787 KP VJG HQNNQYKPI EQPVGZVU:-
• 9JGTG PCVKQPCN QT ITQWR KFGPVKV[ KU DQWPF VQ VJG GPXKTQPOGPV, GKVJGT URGEKHKE HQTGUVU QT
NCPFUECRGU QT KFGCNK\GF QT KOCIKPGF1788 QPGU. 5QOG GZCORNGU KPENWFG 5NQXGPKC1789,
(KPNCPF1790 CPF UQOG YKNFGTPGUU ITQWRU1791.
1784 TGNCVGF VQ PCOKPI RNCEGU 1785 JVVR://YYY.GUNCTR.WKWE.GFW/NC/.#437-(95/TGRQTVU/[CTFU/OCKP.JVON CEEGUUGF 11VJ 0QXGODGT 2005. 1786 *CTTGNN 1993 1787 #PFGTUQP 1996, 5EJTQGFGT 1996C RCIGU 13-27 1788 )WRVC CPF (GTIWUQP 1997 1789 −WECP 1997 1790 /1##( 2001 1791 /CP\Q 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 333
• #U RCTV QH C RQUV-OQFGTP VWTP VQ 'QVJGT' HQTGUV XCNWGU VJCV TGEQIPK\GU CVVCEJOGPV VQ
URGEKCN RNCEGU1792 QT UGPUG QH RNCEG1793 CPF OC[ DG NKPMGF VQ NQECN YKUFQO1794.
• 9JGTG RGQRNGU, VJGKT EWNVWTGU QT GPXKTQPOGPVU CTG VJTGCVGPGF QT VJGKT KFGPVKV[
FGVGTTKVQTKCNK\GF. 5QOG GZCORNGU KPENWFG VJG RGQRNGU QH 0QTVJ 5WVJGTNCPF1795, +UNG QH
*CTTKU1796 )GPPCTIGPVW 0CVKQPCN 2CTM1797, 6KDGV1798, +PFKC1799, CPF UQOG TGHWIGGU1800.
• +P TGURQPUG VQ TGUGCTEJ KP EQPUGTXCVKQP RU[EJQNQI[1801 CFFTGUUKPI RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV,
UCETGF URCEG1802 CPF PGY OCPCIGOGPV RJKNQUQRJKGU VJCV TGEQPPGEV UQEKGV[ YKVJ
PCVWTG1803.
+P VGTOU QH VJKU UVWF[, YG CTG GURGEKCNN[ KPVGTGUVGF KP RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV YJGTG PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU
CTG VJTGCVGPGF QT GZRTQRTKCVGF CPF KVU KORQTVCPEG KP TGNCVKQP VQ UCETGF URCEG.
6JG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG KPVGTXGPVKQPU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP, VQ UC[
PQVJKPI QH NCPF QEEWRCVKQP, CHHGEV PQV QPN[ NQECN CVVKVWFGU DWV CNUQ NGXGNU QH RNCEG KFGPVKV[ CPF
RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV. 6JKU KU ECWUGF DGECWUG QH UVTQPI "VGTTKVQTKCN" KORNKECVKQPU YJGP
KPVGTXGPVKQPU CTG KORQUGF D[ "QWVUKFGTU" CPF C RGTEGKXGF NCEM QH NQECN "EQPVTQN" CPF
"FKUEQPVKPWKV["1804. .QECN RGQRNG TGURQPF KP C PWODGT QH FKHHGTGPV YC[U, UQOG YKNN OCPKHGUV
PGICVKXG CVVKVWFGU CPF QRRQUKVKQP VQYCTFU VJG CWVJQTKVKGU, GURGEKCNN[ KH VJGTG KU C RGTEGKXGF
RQNKVKECN VJTGCV VQ NQECN KFGPVKV[, YJKEJ OC[ NGCF VQ XKQNGPEG QT VJG DTGCM FQYP QH UQEKGV[1805.
1VJGTU, JQYGXGT, CTG CDNG VQ TGCEV, CU C EQRKPI UVTCVGI[, D[ KPETGCUKPI VJGKT NGXGN QH
KFGPVKHKECVKQP YKVJ VJGKT QYP ITQWR CPF D[ KPETGCUKPI ITQWR EQJGUKQP CPF RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV1806.
1792 5EJTQGFGT 1996C CPF D, 2002 1793 ,QTIGPUGP GV CN 2001 1794 (GNF CPF $CUUQ 1996 1795 /CEMGP\KG 2002 1796 /CEMGP\KG 1998 1797 KP +VCN[ ($QPCKWVQ GV CN 2002). 1798 $WHHGVTKNNG CPF &KGODGTIGT 2002, ’RUVGKP CPF 9GPDKP 1998, *WDGT 1999C, −CTOC[ 1994 1799 4QWVNGFIG 1993 1800 /CNMMK 1997 1801 $QVV, %CPVTKNN CPF /[GTU 2003 1802 /C\WOFCT CPF /C\WOFCT 1993 1803 &TKXGT GV CN 1996 1804 $QPCKWVQ GV CN 2002 RCIG 639, (TKGF 2000 RCIG 195 1805 %CODQPK 1991, 6WTPDWNN 1972 1806 $TGYGT CPF $TQYP 1998
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 334
+V KU KORQTVCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJG FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP RNCEG CPF NQECVKQP. &GURKVG VJGKT OQDKNKV[,
OKITCVQT[ RGQRNGU QHVGP JCXG C UVTQPI UGPUG QH RNCEG. # 6KDGVCP PQOCF QT 4QOCPK ECOR KU C
RNCEG, YJKEJ KU TG-GUVCDNKUJGF KP OCP[ UGRCTCVG NQECVKQPU1807. 6JG RNCEGOGPV QH 6KDGVCP
VGPVU1808 KP C [WN1809 QT 4QOCPK ECTCXCPU1810 KP CP CVEJKP VCP
1811 ECP ETGCVG C UGPUG QH EQPUVCPV
RNCEG-QTKGPVCVKQP CV OWNVKRNG NQECVKQPU. +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV 'RNCEG-DQPFKPI'1812 GOGTIGU
RTKOCTKN[ HTQO CP KPVGTCEVKQP QH EWNVWTCN CPF PCVWTCN UGVVKPI CPF OC[ HWPEVKQP 'VTCPURCVKCNN['1813
YKVJ NQ[CNV[ VQ V[RGU QH RNCEG QT 'RNCEG EQPITWKV['1814. 6JKU OC[ RTQXG KORQTVCPV VQ RNCPPGTU CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN OCPCIGTU, DGECWUG KV TCKUGU VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH EQPUEKQWUN[ DWKNFKPI WRQP CPF
UVTGPIVJGPKPI C EQOOWPKV['U UGPUG QH RNCEG KFGPVKV[, GXGP KP VJG HCEG QH OQDKNKV[1815.
#NVJQWIJ RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV CPF 'GEQNQIKGU QH VJG JGCTV' FQ PQV CRRGCT VQ DG TGEQIPK\GF KP
HQTGUVT[ RQNKE[ KP %JKPC VJG[ CTG DGIKPPKPI VQ ICKP EWTTGPE[ KP QEEKFGPVCN PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG
OCPCIGOGPV CPF RQNKE[1816. +V YQWNF CRRGCT1817 VJCV UEKGPVKHKE CPF URKTKVWCN EQPEGRVU EQWNF
KPVGTUGEV KP GORKTKECN TGUGCTEJ QP RNCEG-DCUGF OGCPKPIU LWUVKH[KPI VJGKT WUG KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN
RQNKEKGU. 4GUGCTEJGTU1818 UVWF[KPI RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV CPF C) UCETGF URCEG, D) NGKUWTG, E) EQIPKVKQP
CPF OCPCIGOGPV, F) URKTKV CPF G) URGEKCN RNCEGU FGVGTOKPGF VJCV GOQVKQPCN EQPPGEVGFPGUU VQ
RNCEG KU HQTIGF VJTQWIJ VJG ETGCVKQP QH UCETGF UGVVKPIU, CPF RTQXKFGF KPUKIJV KPVQ PGY
OCPCIGOGPV RJKNQUQRJKGU VJCV TGEQIPK\G URKTKVWCN XCNWGU. 6JG[ CUUGTV VJCV VJGUG FKOGPUKQPU QH
VJG RGTUQP JCXG DGEQOG UQ KORQTVCPV VJCV VJG[ ECP PQ NQPIGT DG QXGTNQQMGF; KPFGGF, VJG
1807 .CPIGT 1953 1808 /CPFGTUEJGKF 2000 1809 7UWCNN[ 3 QT 4 VGPVU CTG ITQWRGF VQIGVJGT KP C [WN. /GODGTU QH C [WN CTG GZVGPFGF HCOKNKGU, HTKGPFU, QT VJG TGOPCPVU QH DTKICFGU HTQO VJG GTC QH EQNNGEVKXK\CVKQP. 6JG VGPVU CTG NQECVGF 500-1000 O CRCTV. 6JKU CNNQYU EQOOWPKECVKQP DGVYGGP VJG JQWUGJQNFU D[ UJQWVKPI CPF RGTOKVU GPQWIJ URCEG HQT CPKOCNU VQ URGPF VJG PKIJV PGCT GCEJ VGPV. "/QUV GPECOROGPVU JCXG VJTGG QT HQWT VGPVU DWV C ECOR OC[ JCXG HTQO QPG VQ HKHVGGP. 2CUVWTCIG RTQJKDKVU NCTIGT PWODGTU HQT CP[ RGTKQF QH VKOG, CNVJQWIJ JWPFTGFU YKNN DG RKVEJGF KP C XCNNG[ CV VJG UJQTV HGUVKXCN UGCUQPU" (&WPECP 1964 RCIG 217).
1810 uÉSÉåï XCTFQ KU 4QOCPK (5CPUMTKV) HQT YCIQP QT ECTCXCP JVVR://UEC.NKD.NKX.CE.WM/EQNNGEVKQPU/I[RU[/YCIQPU.JVO
CEEGUUGF 15VJ #WIWUV 2005.
1811 AÎicÉlÉ iÉlÉ CVEJKP VCP KU 4QOCPK (5CPUMTKV) HQT ECORKPI RNCEG JVVR://NCTR.EQO/LCJCXTC/NCPIWCIG.JVON
CEEGUUGF 16VJ #WIWUV 2005. 1812 2TQUJCPUM[ 1978 2TQUJCPUM[ GV CN 1983 1813 (GNFOCP 1990 1814 *WNN 1992 1815 0QTVQP CPF *CPPQP 1999
1816 0QTVQP CPF *CPPQP 1997, 5EJTQGFGT 1996D, 9KNNKCOU CPF 5VGYCTV 1998 1817 $QVV, %CPVTKNN CPF /[GTU 2003 1818 &TKXGT GV CN.1996, /C\WOFCT CPF /C\WOFCT 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 335
EQPXGTIGPEG QH FKUEKRNKPGU KP VJG UVWF[ QH RNCEG V[RKECNN[ TGEQIPK\GU VJG UQEKGVCN PGGF VQ
TGEQPPGEV YKVJ PCVWTG
6JGTG KU TGEQIPKVKQP VJCV VJG KPENWUKQP QH RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV KP HQTGUVT[ QT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG
RQNKEKGU TGRTGUGPVU CP CDQWV-HCEG CPF KV YKNN VCMG VKOG KP QTFGT VQ GFWECVG CPF VQ TG-YQTM NCYU
CPF KPUVKVWVKQPU CPF DWKNF NQECN TGURQPUKDKNKV[. 6JKU, JQYGXGT CRRGCTU VQ DG VJG QPN[ TQWVG
VQYCTF C FGOQETCVKECNN[ UWRRQTVCDNG CRRTQCEJ1819 VQ UWUVCKPCDNG WUG QH TGUQWTEGU VJCV KU
RTGFKECVGF QP VJG PGGFU QH RGQRNG YJQ NKXG OQUV KPVKOCVGN[ YKVJ RNCEG CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU.
4GETGCVKQP
4GETGCVKQPCN XCNWGU CFFTGUU RNGCUWTG, NGKUWTG QT EWNVWTCN CEVKXKVKGU VJCV QEEWT KP, QT PGCT, QT
DGECWUG QH HQTGUVU. 6[RKECNN[, VJG[ KPENWFG YKNFNKHG XKGYKPI, JWPVKPI, CPINKPI, ECORKPI, HQTGUV
VTCXGN CPF GZRGTKGPEG, CFXGPVWTG TGETGCVKQP CPF EWNVWTCN CEVKXKVKGU CPF HGUVKXCNU.
#NVJQWIJ VJGTG YGTG PQ UGOCPVKE FKHHKEWNVKGU YKVJ VJG YQTF TGETGCVKQP VJGTG YGTG UQOG
RCTCFKIOKE QPGU KP VJCV TGETGCVKQP CU WUGF KP VJG 9GUV, HQT KVU QYP UCMG, JCU NKVVNG RNCEG COQPI
VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO. 6JGTG KU TGEQIPKVKQP JQYGXGT VJCV VJGTG CTG TGETGCVKQPCN GNGOGPVU KP
NKXGNKJQQF, EWNVWTCN CPF TGNKIKQWU CEVKXKVKGU.
4GETGCVKQP KU TGEQIPK\GF CV .WIW .CMG (5GG UGEVKQP 6.5.3) YJGTG KV TGRTGUGPVGF 3.5 % QH VQVCN
GEQPQOKE XCNWG CPF TCPMGF 7VJ QWV QH 13 HQTGUV XCNWGU HQT /QUWQ YQOGP YJQ OGPVKQPGF C
TGNKIKQ-EWNVWTCN HGUVKXCN YJGP VJG[ FCPEGF KP VJG HQTGUV.
%JKPC JCU CODKVKQWU RNCPU HQT HQTGUV RCTMU CPF VQWTKUO CPF C OCLQT "5JCPIK-NC GEQNQIKECN
VQWTKUV \QPG" KP ’CUVGTP −JCO. 6JGUG RNCPU RTGUGPV OCLQT EJCNNGPIGU, YJKEJ YGTG FKUEWUUGF KP
EJCRVGT 7 UGEVKQP 7.6.1, CPF GXGT[ GHHQTV OWUV DG OCFG VQ OGGV VJG EJCNNGPIGU. %WNVWTCNN[ CPF
GEQPQOKECNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG TGETGCVKQPCN CPF VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV OWUV HKV VJG NQECN UQEKGV[ CPF
OCMG EWNVWTCN UGPUG. 6JG GVJPKE RGQRNG VJGOUGNXGU OWUV QYP VJG RTQEGUU QH NQECN TGETGCVKQPCN
1819 0QTVQP CPF *CPPQP 1999
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 336
CPF VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV, CPF VJG UVCVG, KP VWTP, OC[ DGPGHKV HTQO EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[ KP DQVJ C
UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN CPF CP GEQPQOKE UGPUG1820.
10.2.2 *WOCP &KOGPUKQP : 5QEKQ-GEQPQOKE &QOCKP
%QOOGTEKCN XCNWGU
%QOOGTEKCN HQTGUV XCNWGU TGHGTU VQ OCLQT HQTGUV RTQFWEVU VJCV CTG DQWIJV QT UQNF CPF CTG QHVGP
VJG QPN[ XCNWGU EQPUKFGTGF D[ GEQPQOKUVU.
6JGTG KU UQOG EQPHWUKQP KP VJG NKVGTCVWTG YJGTG GEQPQOKE XCNWGU CTG GSWCVGF YKVJ EQOOGTEKCN
XCNWGU. ’EQPQOKE XCNWG ECP TGHGT VQ HQTGUV RTQFWEVU VJCV CTG ICVJGTGF HTQO VJG HQTGUV DWV FQ PQV
GPVGT VJG OCTMGV GEQPQO[ CPF CTG PQV DQWIJV QT UQNF.
+PVGTGUVKPIN[ COQPI VJQUG UWTXG[GF CV .WIW .CMG EQOOGTEKCN XCNWG1821 QPN[ TGRTGUGPVGF 6%
QH '6QVCN ’EQPQOKE 8CNWG'1822 CPF VJGUG HKPFKPIU TGUQPCVG YKVJ C UVWF[ KP #NCUMC1823 YJGTG
EQOOGTEKCN XCNWG CNUQ TCPMGF 8VJ QWV QH 13 HQTGUV XCNWGU.
(QTGUVT[ KPXGUVOGPV CPF %QUV-$GPGHKV CPCN[UKU JCU VTCFKVKQPCNN[ DGGP DCUGF QP C XGT[ NKOKVGF
XKGY QH VJG EQOOGTEKCN XCNWG QH HQTGUVU. 7PVKN TGEGPVN[, HQTGUVU YGTG UGGP CU QPN[ JCXKPI
GEQPQOKE KORQTVCPEG KP UQ HCT CU VJG[ EQWNF UWRRQTV EQOOGTEKCN VKODGT QT YQQF GZVTCEVKQP.
%CNEWNCVKQPU QH VJG EQPVTKDWVKQP QH HQTGUV IQQFU CPF UGTXKEGU VQ JQWUGJQNF-NGXGN RTQFWEVKQP,
RTQLGEV RTQHKVCDKNKV[, UGEVQTCN QWVRWV QT PCVKQPCN GEQPQOKE KPFKECVQTU YGTG DCUGF RTKOCTKN[ QP
VJKU. 2GTJCRU WPUWTRTKUKPIN[, GEQPQOKE RQNKE[ KPUVTWOGPVU CPF CPCN[UKU QH HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV
QRVKQPU UJQYGF C ENGCT VGPFGPE[ VQ HCXQWT EQOOGTEKCN GZVTCEVKQP, ENGCTCPEG HQT CITKEWNVWTG QT
OQFKHKECVKQP HQT QVJGT UGGOKPIN[ RTQHKVCDNG 'FGXGNQROGPV' QRVKQPU. 6JGTG UGGOGF VQ DG HGY
GEQPQOKE DGPGHKVU VQ DG ICKPGF HTQO HQTGUV EQPUGTXCVKQP QT UWUVCKPCDNG OCPCIGOGPV, CPF HGY
GEQPQOKE EQUVU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ HQTGUV FGITCFCVKQP CPF NQUU. ;GV HQTGUVU V[RKECNN[ [KGNF
GEQPQOKE DGPGHKVU HCT KP GZEGUU QH EQOOGTEKCN VKODGT CPF YQQF RTQFWEVU: VJG[ CNUQ RTQXKFG
1820 5YCKP 1989 1821 1HVGP VJG QPN[ XCNWG TGEQIPK\GF D[ GEQPQOKUVU. 1822 6JG UWO QH WUG CPF PQP-WUG XCNWGU YKVJ FWG EQPUKFGTCVKQP QH CP[ VTCFG-QHHU QT OWVWCNN[ GZENWUKXG WUGU QT HWPEVKQPU QH VJG TGUQWTEG/JCDKVCV KP SWGUVKQP. 5QWTEG: )NQDCN $KQFKXGTUKV[ #UUGUUOGPV )$#. JVVR://GWTQRC.GW.KPV/EQOO/TGUGCTEJ/DKQUQEKGV[/NKDTCT[/INQUUCT[NKUVAGP.EHO!+PKV=6 CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WN 205 1823 $TQYP CPF 4GGF 2000
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 337
UWDUKUVGPEG IQQFU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN UGTXKEGU, YJKEJ QHVGP [KGNF HCT JKIJGT GEQPQOKE XCNWGU.
6TCFKVKQPCNN[, GEQPQOKUVU JCXG HQWPF VJGUG PQP-OCTMGV DGPGHKVU XGT[ JCTF VQ XCNWG QT VQ
GZRTGUU KP OQPGVCT[ VGTOU. #U C TGUWNV, VJG[ JCXG VGPFGF VQ DG QOKVVGF HTQO FGEKUKQP-OCMKPI.
*QYGXGT, CU GEQPQOKE XCNWCVKQP VGEJPKSWGU JCXG CFXCPEGF CPF CU JWOCP PGGFU CPF FGOCPFU
HTQO HQTGUVU JCXG EJCPIGF, UQ VJGTG JCU DGGP CP KPETGCUKPI TGEQIPKVKQP QH VJG KORQTVCPEG QH
UWEJ XCNWGU, VQ EQOOGTEKCN RTQHKVU CPF VTCFG, VQ PCVKQPCN-NGXGN GEQPQOKE YGNHCTG, CPF VQ
JQWUGJQNF RTQFWEVKQP CPF EQPUWORVKQP. #V VJG UCOG VKOG KV JCU DGEQOG ENGCT VJCV VJGTG KU C
PGGF VQ DG CDNG VQ GZRTGUU VJGUG YKFGT HQTGUV XCNWGU KP SWCPVKVCVKXG GEQPQOKE VGTOU KH VJG HWNN
TCPIG QH UQEKCN, GEQPQOKE CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTCFG-QHHU KORNKGF D[ CNVGTPCVKXG HQTGUV NCPF WUG
CPF OCPCIGOGPV QRVKQPU CTG VQ DG CEEWTCVGN[ EQORCTGF. 5NQYN[, VJKU FGHKPKVKQP QH HQTGUV
GEQPQOKE XCNWG JCU EJCPIGF.
6JG EQPEGRV QH VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG (6’8) YCU KPVTQFWEGF C FGECFG QT UQ CIQ1824, CPF JCU
PQY DGEQOG QPG QH VJG OQUV YKFGN[ WUGF HTCOGYQTMU HQT KFGPVKH[KPI CPF ECVGIQTK\KPI HQTGUV
DGPGHKVU. +PUVGCF QH HQEWUKPI QPN[ QP FKTGEV EQOOGTEKCN XCNWGU, VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG CNUQ
GPEQORCUUGU VJG UWDUKUVGPEG CPF PQP-OCTMGV XCNWGU, GEQNQIKECN HWPEVKQPU CPF PQP-WUG
DGPGHKVU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ HQTGUVU. .QQMKPI CV VJG VQVCN GEQPQOKE XCNWG QH C HQTGUV GUUGPVKCNN[
KPXQNXGU EQPUKFGTKPI KVU HWNN TCPIG QH EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU CU CP KPVGITCVGF U[UVGO, KVU TGUQWTEG UVQEMU
QT CUUGVU, HNQYU QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN UGTXKEGU, CPF VJG CVVTKDWVGU QH VJG GEQU[UVGO CU C YJQNG.
+P URKVG QH VJKU CRRTQCEJ OCP[ 6’8 HTCOGYQTMU GZENWFG KPVTKPUKE XCNWG CPF VJG HGY
GZEGRVKQPU1825 KPENWFG KV CU C PQP WUG XCNWG.
+P URKVG QH VJG EQPUKFGTCDNG OQXGU HQTYCTF VJCV JCXG DGGP OCFG KP XCNWKPI HQTGUV DGPGHKVU,
VJGTG JCU DGGP NKVVNG RTQITGUU KP CRRN[KPI VJG TGUWNVU QH VJGUG XCNWCVKQP UVWFKGU VQ RQNKE[,
RNCPPKPI CPF OCPCIGOGPV. +P HCT VQQ OCP[ ECUGU, HQTGUV XCNWCVKQP TGOCKPU C RWTGN[ CECFGOKE
GZGTEKUG. ;GV, JQYGXGT JKIJ VJG XCNWG QH HQTGUV GPXKTQPOGPVCN DGPGHKVU KU FGOQPUVTCVGF VQ DG KP
VJGQT[, VJKU JCU NKVVNG OGCPKPI WPNGUU KV CEVWCNN[ VTCPUNCVGU KPVQ TGCN TGVWTPU, TGYCTFU CPF RTQHKVU
HQT VJG ITQWRU YJQ CTG TGURQPUKDNG HQT UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV. # XGT[ XCNKF ETKVKSWG QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCN XCNWCVKQP, CU KV JCU DGGP RTCEVKUGF VQ FCVG, KU VJCV KV JCU UKORN[ FQPG VQQ NKVVNG,
1824 2GCTEG 1990 1825 JVVR://YYY.FGJ.IQX.CW/REGRF/GEQPQOKEU/GUVKOCVKPI/GUVKO2.JVON CEEGUUGF 18VJ 1EVQDGT 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 338
CPF OC[ UQQP DG VQQ NCVG, VQ JCNV VJG FGUVTWEVKQP CPF FGITCFCVKQP QH HQTGUV GEQU[UVGOU. +V KU
ENGCT VJCV QXGTEQOKPI KPHQTOCVKQP ICRU CDQWV VJG XCNWG QH HQTGUV GEQU[UVGOU KU QPN[ C HKTUV UVGR
KP C OWEJ NQPIGT RTQEGUU. $GECWUG, UQ HCT, GEQPQOKUVU JCXG NCTIGN[ HCKNGF VQ TKUG VQ VJKU NCTIGT
EJCNNGPIG, VJGTG KU C TKUM VJCV CNN QH VJG XCNKCPV GHHQTVU VQ SWCPVKH[ HQTGUV XCNWGU YKNN RTQXG VQ DG
HWVKNG. (QTGUV XCNWCVKQP, KP VJG HWVWTG, YKNN PGGF VQ FTCUVKECNN[ EJCPIG KVU UEQRG CPF CURKTCVKQPU,
KV JCU VQ DGEQOG C FKUEKRNKPG VJCV OQXGU DG[QPF OGTGN[ CKOKPI VQ UVKOWNCVG CECFGOKE FGDCVG
CPF RTQXKFG JGTQKE CTIWOGPVU HQT VJG KORQTVCPEG QH HCUV-FKUCRRGCTKPI HQTGUV GEQU[UVGOU.
7NVKOCVGN[, WPNGUU VJG TGUWNVU QH XCNWCVKQP CTG IGCTGF VQYCTFU EJCPIKPI VJG GEQPQOKE
VTCFG-QHHU VJCV CTG KPXQNXGF KP UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV KP VJG TGCN YQTNF CPF ECRVWTKPI
HQTGUV DGPGHKVU CU TGCN XCNWGU HQT VJG RGQRNG YJQ KPHNWGPEG HQTGUV UVCVWU, VJGTG KU C TGCN FCPIGT
VJCV, CU YG UVTWIING VQ XCNWG HQTGUVU OQTG CEEWTCVGN[ CPF OQTG EQORTGJGPUKXGN[, VJG UWDLGEV QH
VJKU XCNWCVKQP, CPF VJG UQWTEG QH OWEJ QH VJG YQTNF'U GEQPQOKE NKHG, YKNN FKUCRRGCT
CNVQIGVJGT1826.
+PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP
+PFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[ XCNWGU CFFTGUU VJG ITQYKPI QH EQOOGTEKCN VTGG URGEKGU RTKOCTKN[ VQ UWRRN[
KPFWUVT[. 6JGTG OC[ CNUQ DG UQEKCN, GEQNQIKECN QT GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUKFGTCVKQPU DWV VJGUG VGPF
VQ DG UGEQPFCT[.
6JGTG CTG PQ UGOCPVKE FKHHKEWNVKGU QXGT KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[ DWV VJGTG ECP RCTCFKIOKE FKHHKEWNVKGU
QXGT VJG KPVGTRTGVCVKQP QH UGEQPFCT[ EQPUKFGTCVKQPU.
#OQPI VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO, 'KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[' KU NQECVGF KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE'
FQOCKP CPF KFGPVKHKGF ENQUGN[ YKVJ 'UQEKCNKUO'. +V KU PQV ENQUG VQ 'EQPUGTXCVKQP' QT VQ 'DNGUUKPI',
'[WN-NJC' QT '6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO'.
)NQDCNN[ CCRRTQZKOCVGN[ 4.5 OKNNKQP JGEVCTGU QH PGY KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[ RNCPVCVKQPU CTG DGKPI
GUVCDNKUJGF GCEJ [GCT CPF %JKPC KU C MG[ RNC[GT1827 KP VGTOU QH VTQRKECN, UWDVTQRKECN CPF
1826 ’OGTVQP 2003 1827 1VJGT RNC[GTU CTG $TC\KN, +PFQPGUKC, 5QWVJ #HTKEC, 6JCKNCPF, 8KGVPCO, /CNC[UKC, 8GPG\WGNC, 5YC\KNCPF, %JKNG, 2QTVWICN, 5RCKP, #TIGPVKPC, 7TWIWC[, CPF #WUVTCNKC.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 339
VGORGTCVG RNCPVCVKQPU. +V RNCPU VQ RNCPV 13.33 OKNNKQP JGEVCTGU QH RNCPVCVKQPU DGVYGGP 2001 CPF
2015 YJKEJ KP EQOOQP YKVJ OCP[ QVJGT 'HCUV YQQF' QT 'HCUV HKDGT' RTQITCOU KU JGCXKN[
UWDUKFK\GF1828.
6JG OCLQTKV[ QH UWEJ RNCPVCVKQPU INQDCNN[ CTG GXKFGPVN[ EQPVTQXGTUKCN UQEKCNN[, GEQPQOKECNN[,
GEQNQIKECNN[ CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[. 4GEGPVN[ C PGY TGRQTV1829 QP "HCUV-YQQF" CVVGORVU VQ UQTV
QWV HCEV HTQO HKEVKQP. +V EJCNNGPIGU VJG ENCKO VJCV HCUV YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU, D[ RTQXKFKPI VKODGT
CPF RWNRYQQF, VCMG RTGUUWTG QHH PCVWTCN HQTGUVU. (WTVJGTOQTG, VJG UVWF[ TGXGCNU VJCV VJG
GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH HCUV YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU VQ UWRRN[ VJG YQTNF'U KPETGCUKPI FGOCPF HQT RCRGT CPF
RWNRYQQF RTQFWEVU KU QHVGP UWRRQTVGF D[ UKIPKHKECPV KPEGPVKXGU CPF UWDUKFKGU, YJKEJ ETGCVG
GEQPQOKE FKUVQTVKQPU, UWEJ CU OCMKPI RNCPVCVKQPU XKCDNG KP UKVWCVKQPU YJGTG QVJGT NCPF WUG
OKIJV OCMG DGVVGT GEQPQOKE CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN UGPUG. *QYGXGT, KV CNUQ UJQYU VJCV, GXGP
VJQWIJ KP UQOG EQWPVTKGU HCUV YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU CTG DGKPI GUVCDNKUJGF CV VJG GZRGPUG QH PCVWTCN
HQTGUVU, VJG[ FQ PQV CNYC[U FGUVTQ[ PCVKXG HQTGUVU CPF ECP EQPVTKDWVG VQ DKQFKXGTUKV[
EQPUGTXCVKQP, GURGEKCNN[ YJGP VJG[ CTG GUVCDNKUJGF QP CNTGCF[ FGITCFGF NCPF.
# UQEKCN CWFKV QH HCUV YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU UWIIGUVU VJG[ QHVGP DTKPI HCT HGYGT DGPGHKVU KP VGTOU QH
GORNQ[OGPV QT UQEKCN DGPGHKV VJCP KU IGPGTCNN[ ENCKOGF D[ EQORCPKGU YKVJKP VJG KPFWUVT[. +P
OCP[ RCTVU QH VJG 'OCLQTKV[ YQTNF', RNCPVCVKQPU JCXG CEVWCNN[ URCTMGF QHH UGTKQWU EQPHNKEVU YKVJ
NQECN RGQRNG, GURGEKCNN[ YJGTG VJG[ JCXG FGRTKXGF RGQRNG QH VJG NCPF, UWEJ CU ITC\KPI NCPF
TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 1.5 CPF 7.6.3 QP YJKEJ VJGKT NKXGNKJQQFU YGTG DCUGF1830. 2CTV QH VJG
TCVKQPCNG HQT RTQOQVKPI KPFWUVTKCN VKODGT RTQFWEVKQP KU VJCV VJG UGEVQT EQPVTKDWVGU VQ RQXGTV[
CNNGXKCVKQP1831, DWV VJKU TCVKQPCNG PGGFU VQ DG EJCNNGPIGF. # 1991 1ZHCO TGRQTV EQPENWFGF VJCV
QRGPKPI WR #HTKEC'U HQTGUVU VQ GZRNQKVCVKQP YQWNF "ECWUG CP KPETGCUG KP RQXGTV[ TCVJGT VJCP KVU
TGUQNWVKQP", YJKNUV C 1990 TGRQTV HQT VJG ’WTQRGCP %QOOWPKV[ UVCVGF VJCV "HQTGUVT[
FGXGNQROGPV CPF FGHQTGUVCVKQP IGPGTCNN[ IQ JCPF KP JCPF YKVJ VJG TGFKUVTKDWVKQP QH YGCNVJ
HTQO VJG RQQTGUV � VQ C PCVKQPCN GNKVG CPF HQTGKIP EQORCPKGU CPF YKFGP VJG ICR DGVYGGP VJG
1828 #(2# 2004 1829 %QUUCNVGT CPF 2[G-5OKVJ 2003 RCIG 1 1830 %QUUCNVGT CPF 2[G-5OKVJ 2003 1831 (QTGUV /QPKVQT 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 340
TKEJ CPF VJG RQQT KP VTQRKECN EQWPVTKGU"1832. +P (GDTWCT[ 2000, C YQTMUJQR QTICPKUGF D[ VJG
&GRCTVOGPV HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN &GXGNQROGPV (&(+&) HQWPF VJCV KPFWUVTKCN VKODGT RTQFWEVKQP KP
%COGTQQP VGPFGF VQ DGPGHKV C UOCNN OKPQTKV[ QH QHVGP-HQTGKIP KPXGUVQTU, CPF KVU EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ
RQXGTV[ CNNGXKCVKQP YCU OKPKOCN1833. 6JG YQTMUJQR OCFG C UGTKGU QH TGEQOOGPFCVKQPU YJKEJ
YQWNF PGGF VQ DG KORNGOGPVGF DGHQTG NQECN FGXGNQROGPV EQWNF DG GSWKVCDN[ CEJKGXGF
KPENWFKPI: ITGCVGT VTCPURCTGPE[ KP VJG WUG QH VJG KPEQOG IGPGTCVGF D[ HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU; GSWKV[
KP VJG TGFKUVTKDWVKQP QH KPEQOG; KPUVKVWVKQPCN FGEGPVTCNKUCVKQP; CPF ETGCVKPI HCXQWTCDNG
EQPFKVKQPU HQT NQECN RGQRNG VQ JGNR CNNGXKCVG RQXGTV[ VJGOUGNXGU. 6KODGT KU C XCNWCDNG
EQOOQFKV[, HGVEJKPI JKIJ RTKEGU QP KPVGTPCVKQPCN OCTMGVU. +P 2004, VJG ’7-25 ITQWR QH
EQWPVTKGU KORQTVGF HTQO QWVUKFG VJG ’7 63.2 OKNNKQP O 3 QH RTKOCT[ YQQF RTQFWEVU (KPENWFKPI
NQIU, UCYP NWODGT, XGPGGT CPF RN[YQQF) YKVJ C VQVCN XCNWG QH 9 DKNNKQP GWTQU. 1H VJGUG, 4.67
OKNNKQP O 3 (7%) YKVJ C XCNWG QH 1.97 DKNNKQP GWTQU (22%) EQORTKUGF VTQRKECN URGEKGU. 1H
VTQRKECN URGEKGU KORQTVGF KP 2004, 2.74 OKNNKQP O 3 (59%) YKVJ C XCNWG QH 1.1 DKNNKQP GWTQ
(56%) FGTKXGF HTQO 51834 %GPVTCN #HTKECP EQWPVTKGU1835. ;GV VJG RTQFWEKPI EQWPVTKGU UVTWIING
VQ RTQXKFG GXGP DCUKE UGTXKEGU VQ VJG OCLQTKV[ QH VJGKT RQRWNCVKQPU. #NVJQWIJ URGEKHKE UQEKCN
FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU OC[ DG QWVNKPGF KP VJG NQIIKPI CITGGOGPV DGVYGGP VJG IQXGTPOGPV CPF
EQORCPKGU, VJGUG RTQLGEVU CTG UQOGVKOGU WPFGTVCMGP KP NKGW QH VCZ RC[OGPVU QT WPFGT EQPVTCEV
VQ VJG IQXGTPOGPV CPF VJWU CTG WPFGTVCMGP CV VJG IQXGTPOGPV'U, PQV VJG EQORCP['U, GZRGPUG.
.QIIKPI EQORCPKGU JCXG PQV CNYC[U OGV VJGKT HQTOCN QT KPHQTOCN CITGGOGPVU YKVJ TGICTF VQ
UQEKCN RTQXKUKQP1836. +P UQOG KPUVCPEGU, VCZGU JCXG DGGP RCKF D[ EQORCPKGU HQT NQECN
KPHTCUVTWEVWTG FGXGNQROGPVU YJKEJ JCXG PQV OCVGTKCNKUGF QT YJKEJ CTG UQ RQQTN[ GSWKRRGF QT
UVCHHGF VJCV VJG[ CTG WPCDNG VQ RTQXKFG DCUKE UGTXKEGU1837. .QECN EQOOWPKVKGU VJGOUGNXGU UGG
LWUV C VKP[ HTCEVKQP, KH CP[, QH VJG OQPG[ IGPGTCVGF D[ VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN VTCFG KP VKODGT. 5QOG
GORNQ[OGPV QRRQTVWPKVKGU CTKUG DWV PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ HQT RGQRNG NKXKPI NQECNN[ CPF GORNQ[OGPV
KU QHVGP UJQTV-VGTO CPF TGOWPGTCVKQP KU IGPGTCNN[ NQY. (CEKNKVKGU HQT VJG YQTMHQTEG CTG QHVGP
RTQXKFGF DWV VJG SWCNKV[ QH RTQXKUKQP ECP DG XGT[ RQQT CPF QVJGT RGQRNG JCXG XCT[KPI TKIJVU QH
CEEGUU VQ VJGUG HCEKNKVKGU. 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF, VJG CTTKXCN QH NCTIG-UECNG HQTGUVT[ QRGTCVKQPU
1832 %KVGF KP 9KVVG 1992 RCIGU 59 CPF 62 1833 *CMK\WOYCOK CPF /KNQN GFU. 2000 1834 %COGTQQP, )CDQP, +XQT[ %QCUV, %QPIQ-$TC\\CXKNNG CPF )JCPC. 1835 1NKXGT GV CN WPFCVGF 1836 $TQYP CPF ’MQMQ 2001 1837 $TQYP CPF ’MQMQ 2001
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 341
FKUTWRVU VJG GZKUVKPI NQECN NKXGNKJQQF DCUG CPF CEEGUU VQ HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU. 06(2U DGEQOG
UECTEG, TGUWNVKPI KP C FKTGEV NQUU QH KPEQOG HQT OCP[ NQECN RGQRNGU; YQOGP CPF VJG GNFGTN[ CTG
RCTVKEWNCTN[ DCFN[ CHHGEVGF, CU VJG[ CTG QHVGP VJG QPGU VQ EQNNGEV CPF VTCFG KP 06(2U, RTQXKFKPI
XCNWCDNG HQQF CPF ECUJ HQT HCOKNKGU. 6JG EJCPIKPI TQNGU CPF TGNCVKQPUJKRU YJKEJ FGXGNQR
YKVJKP CPF DGVYGGP EQOOWPKVKGU IGPGTCVGU EQPHNKEV CPF QHVGP TGUWNVU KP VJG OCTIKPCNKUCVKQP QH
EGTVCKP EQOOWPKVKGU, CPF EQOOWPKV[ OGODGTU, UWEJ CU YQOGP CPF VJG GNFGTN[. 5QOG QH VJG
OQUV XCNWCDNG VTGGU KP VGTOU QH VKODGT JCXG DGGP JKIJN[ XCNWGF NQECNN[ HQT VJGKT OCP[ WUGU. 6JG
QXGT-GZRNQKVCVKQP QH VJGUG URGEKGU ECP UGTKQWUN[ FKUTWRV NQECN NKXGNKJQQFU CPF NGCF VQ C PGV NQUU
QH ECUJ KPEQOG HQT OCP[1838.
’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUVU JCXG UQOGVKOGU GZCIIGTCVGF VJG OCNKIP KORCEV QH HCUV-YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU,
DWV VJGTG KU PQ FQWDV VJCV HCUV-YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU JCXG ECWUGF GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UQEKCN
RTQDNGOU KP UQOG UKVWCVKQPU. 5WRRQTVGTU QH VJG KPFWUVT[ QHVGP WPFGTGUVKOCVG VJG FCOCIG FQPG
D[ HCUV-YQQF HQTGUVT[, DWV VJKU KU PQV VQ UC[ VJCV HCUV-YQQF HQTGUVT[ JCU PQ DGPGHKVU. 6JG VTWVJ KU
VJCV KP UQOG UKVWCVKQPU HCUV-YQQF HQTGUVT[ KU WPFGUKTCDNG KP QVJGT UKVWCVKQPU KV ECP [KGNF DGPGHKVU
PQV LWUV HQT VJG GEQPQO[, DWV CNUQ HQT VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU1839. 9JGP
GEQPQOKE CUUGUUOGPVU CTG OCFG QH HWVWTG RTQLGEVU, ITGCVGT GORJCUKU UJQWNF DG IKXGP VQ VJG
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UQEKCN EQUVU QH HCUV-YQQF HQTGUVT[. +H VJKU YGTG VQ JCRRGP, VJGP VJG OQUV
FCOCIKPI UEJGOGU YQWNF PGXGT IGV QHH VJG FTCYKPI DQCTF1840.
6JGTG CTG ECUGU YJGTG HCUV-YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU JCXG TGRNCEGF JCDKVCVU TKEJ KP DKQFKXGTUKV[,
CNVJQWIJ VJG ENCKO OCFG D[ UQOG GPXKTQPOGPVCN ITQWRU VJCV RNCPVCVKQP EQORCPKGU FGNKDGTCVGN[
VCTIGV PCVWTCN HQTGUVU KU GZCIIGTCVGF. $KQFKXGTUKV[ KU WPFGT VJTGCV HTQO C YJQNG TCPIG QH
CEVKXKVKGU, CPF VJGTG UJQWNF DG C RTQJKDKVKQP CICKPUV VJG EQPXGTUKQP QH URGEKGU-TKEJ HQTGUVU KPVQ
CP[ HQTO QH OQPQEWNVWTG, KPENWFKPI HCUV-YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU. +P EGTVCKP UKVWCVKQPU, RNCPVCVKQPU
OC[ JGNR VQ GPTKEJ DKQFKXGTUKV[. 6JKU OC[ DG VJG ECUG YJGP VJG[ CTG GUVCDNKUJGF QP FGTGNKEV QT
CDCPFQPGF CITKEWNVWTCN NCPF. /CP[ HQTGUVGTU ENCKO VJCV KPFWUVTKCN RNCPVCVKQPU VCMG RTGUUWTG QHH
PCVWTCN HQTGUVU CPF YQTT[KPIN[, VJG 9QTNF $CPM EQPVKPWGU VQ CFJGTG VQ VJG HNCYGF
1838 $TQYP CPF ’MQMQ 2001 1839 %QUUCNVGT CPF 2[G-5OKVJ 2003 1840 %QUUCNVGT CPF 2[G-5OKVJ 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 342
CUUWORVKQP1841 VJCV KPFWUVTKCN RNCPVCVKQPU "CUUKUV KP TGFTGUUKPI DKQFKXGTUKV[ NQUUGU KP PCVWTCN
HQTGUVU". 6JGUG ENCKOU KU JKIJN[ VGPFGPVKQWU1842, YKVJ VJG RQUUKDNG GZEGRVKQP QH 0GY
<GCNCPF1843 CPF 5TK .CPMC, VJGTG KU NKVVNG GXKFGPEG VQ UWIIGUV VJCV HCUV-YQQF RNCPVCVKQPU JCXG
VCMGP RTGUUWTG QHH PCVWTCN HQTGUVU GNUGYJGTG1844.
+V KU DGEQOKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ ENGCT VJCV HCUV-YQQF HQTGUVT[ KU UGV VQ DGEQOG QPG QH VJG OQUV
UKIPKHKECPV HQTOU, KH PQV VJG OQUV UKIPKHKECPV HQTO, QH KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[ FGXGNQROGPV QXGT VJG
EQOKPI FGECFGU, GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG VTQRKEU CPF UWDVTQRKEU. (CUV-YQQF HQTGUVT[ KU PGKVJGT
KPJGTGPVN[ IQQF PQT KPJGTGPVN[ DCF. +V KU C PGWVTCN VGEJPQNQI[ YJKEJ, YJGP RQQTN[ RNCPPGF CPF
GZGEWVGF, ECP ECWUG ITCXG RTQDNGOU; CPF YJKEJ, YJGP YGNN RNCPPGF CPF GZGEWVGF, ECP FGNKXGT
PQV LWUV NCTIG SWCPVKVKGU QH YQQF, DWV C TCPIG QH GPXKTQPOGPV CPF UQEKCN DGPGHKVU1845.
5QEKCNKUO
5QEKCNKUV XCNWGU RTKOCTKN[ CFFTGUU GEQPQOKE U[UVGOU DCUGF QP EQQRGTCVKQP TCVJGT VJCP
EQORGVKVKQP CPF WVKNK\G EGPVTCNK\GF RNCPPKPI CPF FKUVTKDWVKQP.
6JG RGQRNGU QH −JCO IGPGTCNN[ NQECVG 'UQEKCNKUO' KP VJG 'UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE' FQOCKP CPF KV KU SWKVG
FKUVCPV HTQO VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN', 'GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU', CPF 'DKQ-RJ[UKECN'
FQOCKP. &WG VQ KVU FKUVCPEG HTQO VJG 'RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN' FQOCKP KV NCEMU C OQTCN DCUKU HQT
EQPUGTXCVKQP QT C RNCVHQTO HQT CFXQECE[.
+P HCEV, XGT[ HGY VTCLGEVQTKGU QH UQEKCNKUO QHHGT CP[ OQTCN DCUKU HQT EQPUGTXCVKQP, YKVJ VJG
RQUUKDNG GZEGRVKQP QH ' &JCOOKE UQEKCNKUO', TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.2 CPF 7.7, YJKEJ OQTCNN[
FTCYU QP TGNKIKQP, QT GEQUQEKCNKUO1846. ’EQUQEKCNKUVU DGNKGXG VJCV FGOQETCVKE UQEKCNKUO KU C
PGEGUUCT[ EQPFKVKQP HQT GEQNQIKECN RTQVGEVKQP, VJQWIJ PQV C UWHHKEKGPV QPG. 6JG[ RQKPV VQ VJG
GEQNQIKECN UWEEGUUGU QH FGOQETCVKE UQEKCNKUV IQXGTPOGPVU QH 0QTVJGTP ’WTQRG, YJGTG YQTMGTU'
RCTVKGU CPF WPKQPU YGTG RQYGTHWN GPQWIJ VQ GUVCDNKUJ RQNKEKGU QRRQUGF D[ EQTRQTCVKQPU.
1841 +7%0 CPF 99( 2000 RCIG 10 1842 JCXKPI QT OCTMGF D[ C UVTQPI VGPFGPE[ GURGEKCNN[ C EQPVTQXGTUKCN QPG JVVR://YYY.YQTFTGHGTGPEG.EQO/FGHKPKVKQP/VGPFGPVKQWU CEEGUUGF 10VJ #WI 2005. 1843 0<(+% 1999 1844 %QUUCNVGT CPF 2[G-5OKVJ 2003 1845 %QUUCNVGT CPF 2[G-5OKVJ 2003 1846 ’EMGTUNG[ 1992
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 343
’EQUQEKCNKUVU EQPVTCUV VJGUG UQEKCNKUV UWEEGUUGU VQ VJG FKUCUVGTU QH %QOOWPKUO, YJKEJ
EQORNGVGN[ HQTDCF QRRQUKVKQP VQ VJG DWTGCWETCVU' KPFWUVTKCN RNCPU, CPF VQ VJG OCTIKPCN
UWEEGUUGU QH FGOQETCVKE ECRKVCNKUO, YJKEJ CNNQYGF FGOQETCVKE QRRQUKVKQP VQ VJG KPFWUVTKCN
U[UVGO, DWV NKOKVGF VJG RGTOKUUKDNG KPVGTHGTGPEG YKVJ VJG RTGTQICVKXGU QH ECRKVCN. *QYGXGT,
GEQUQEKCNKUO JCU UGNH-EQPUEKQWUN[ FGENKPGF VQ UVGR CETQUU VJG CPVJTQRQEGPVTKE FKXKFG CPF
GODTCEG CP GEQEGPVTKE RGTURGEVKXG. +PUVGCF, OQUV GEQUQEKCNKUVU JCXG TGLGEVGF VJG PGGF HQT C
"PGY GEQNQIKECN RCTCFKIO"1847 CPF JCXG CTIWGF VJCV UQEKCNKUV VJQWIJV RTQXKFGU C UWHHKEKGPV
TGRQUKVQT[ QH XCNWGU HQT GEQNQIKECN CPF UQEKCN TGEQPUVTWEVKQP.
*WPVKPI HQT HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG
*WPVKPI XCNWGU CTG RTGFKECVGF RTKOCTKN[ QP TGETGCVKQP CEVKXKVKGU QT NKXGNKJQQF UVTCVGIKGU CPF
KPENWFG UWEJ EQPEGRVU CU VJG HCKT EJCUG, GEQ-URKTKVWCN TGEKRTQECVKQP CPF DNGUUKPI.
6JGTG CTG HGY UGOCPVKE FKHHGTGPEGU DWV C PWODGT QH RCTCFKIOKE QPGU. (QT KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG
JWPVKPI KU RCTV QH C NKXGNKJQQF UVTCVGI[ CPF JCU DQVJ EWNVWTCN CPF TGNKIKQWU GNGOGPVU. (QT
YGUVGTPGTU JWPVKPI KU WUWCNN[ C TGETGCVKQPCN CPF EWNVWTCN CEVKXKV[ CPF OC[ JCXG URKTKVWCN
GNGOGPVU. (QT VJG DKQEGPVTKE GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV CNN JWPVKPI, YJCV GXGT KVU QDLGEVKXG, KU KOCIKPGF
CU C DCTDCTKE RTCEVKEG
5QOG JQPGUV TGURQPFGPVU KP ’CUVGTP −JCO KP EQOOQP YKVJ OQUV "RTG-OQFGTP"1848 RGQRNGU
CRRGCT VQ CEVKXGN[ GZRNQKV VJG PCVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPV, KP URKVG QH VJGKT DGNKGHU, CPF VJKU CRRGCTU VQ
KPENWFG JWPVKPI1849. 6JG[ CTG PQV QPN[ EQPUEKQWU QH VJG EQPUVCPV UETWVKP[ QH VGTTKVQTKCN FKXKPKVKGU
([WN-NJC) YJGP VJG[ IQ JWPVKPI1850, DWV GPICIG KP HQNM-TGNKIKQWU TKVWCNU CPF RNCEG FGOCPFU QP
VJGKT IQFU HQT RTQVGEVKQP, CPF UWEEGUU KP JWPVKPI.
6JG $WFFJKUV ETGGF, FGXGNQRGF KP C ITCKP-JCTXGUVKPI, HTWKV-ICVJGTKPI EWNVWTG D[ VJQUG YJQ
YQTG EQVVQP, JCU NKVVNG RNCEG HQT VJG MKNNKPI QH CPKOCNU HQT ENQVJKPI QT HQQF. 6KDGVCPU JQYGXGT
PGGFU OGCV, [CM JCKT CPF UJGGRUMKPU VQ UWTXKXG. 6JG NKVGTCVWTG KU WPENGCT KH VJKU ECNEWNCVGF
1847 %CVVQP CPF &WPNCR 1980 RCIG 15 1848 )KDUQP 1997 1849 *WDGT 1991 1850 0QOCFU IQ JWPVKPI OQTG HTGSWGPVN[ VJCP QVJGT 6KDGVCPU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 344
VCMKPI QH NKHG TGRTGUGPVU C EQPVTCFKEVKQP CPF CP[ "HNQY QH RU[EJKE RCTVKEKRCVKQP" CU C TGUWNV QH
IWKNV GNWFGU FGHKPKVKQP1851. #NVJQWIJ $WFFJKUV RTGUETKRVKQPU QHHGT QPN[ NKOKVGF RTQVGEVKQP HQT
YKNFNKHG, VJG[ FQ TGUWNV KP 'UCHG JCXGPU' YJGTG YKNFNKHG KU RTQVGEVGF CPF VJKU RTQVGEVKQP OC[ DG
HCT OQTG GHHGEVKXG VJCP PCVKQPCN QT KPVGTPCVKQPCN NCY. 9KVJKP DQVJ 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO CPF
CPKOKUO/UJCOCPKUO1852 VJGTG CTG UCETGF NCPFUECRGU CPF CPKOCNU FGFKECVGF VQ NQECN $WFFJKUV
QT VGTTKVQTKCN FKXKPKVKGU VJCV GPUWTG RTQVGEVKQP1853 . +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV YKVJKP VJG HKZGF
DQWPFCTKGU QH VJG IQF'U FQOCKP OQUV 6KDGVCPU TGURGEV VJG RTQJKDKVKQPU, DWV QWVUKFG VJG[ JWPV
CPF EWNVKXCVG. (QT VJG DKQEGPVTKE GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV, JQYGXGT, CNN JWPVKPI KU KOCIKPGF CU C
DCTDCTKE RTCEVKEG CPF VJG[ GUUGPVKCNK\G CNN YJQ JWPV CU DGKPI VJG UCOG CPF TGEQPUVTWEV C
QPG-YQTNF EWNVWTG QH MKNNKPI YJKEJ GTCUGU CP[ FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP UWDUKUVGPEG, TGNKIKQP,
EQOOGTEG CPF URQTV1854. 6JG %JKPGUG IQXGTPOGPV CTG RNCPPKPI VQ KPVTQFWEG EQPVTQNNGF
JWPVKPI1855 KP RCTVU QH VJG ’CUVGTP −JCO TGIKQP, OQUVN[ HQT HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG CPF QPG CKO QH
VJKU UVWF[ KU VQ CUEGTVCKP VJG RQVGPVKCN KORCEV QH JWPVKPI KP VGTOU QH NQECN RGTEGRVKQP. +V YQWNF
CRRGCT VJCV VJGTG OKIJV DG UQOG EQPFKVKQPU WPFGT YJKEJ VJG NQECN RGQRNG OKIJV CNNQY JWPVKPI,
RTQXKFKPI VJG IQXGTPOGPV FKUEWUU KP FGVCKN CURGEVU UWEJ CU URGEKGU, NQECVKQPU, VKOGU CPF
GEQ-URKTKVWCN RTQRKVKCVKQP1856.
10.2.3 0CVWTCN &KOGPUKQP : ’PXKTQPOGPVCN CPF 5WDUKUVGPEG &QOCKP
.KHG UWRRQTV
.KHG UWRRQTV TGHGTU VQ VJG TQNG QH VJG HQTGUV KP VGTOU QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF J[FTQNQIKECN
RTQVGEVKQP.
+V YCU KPKVKCNN[ CUUWOGF VJCV VJG TQNG QH HQTGUVU KP NKHG UWRRQTV YCU KPFGRGPFGPV QH JWOCP
CIGPE[ DWV KV DGECOG ENGCT VJCV HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH VJQUG UWTXG[GF VJG[ UGG GXGT[ NKXKPI
CPF PQP-NKXKPI VJKPI KP VJG YQTNF CU DGKPI KPVGTTGNCVGF CPF KPVGTFGRGPFGPV CPF VJG[ V[RKECNN[
1851 %TQQM CPF 1UOCUVQP 1994, ’MXCNN 1968 RCIG 82 1852 #EEQTFKPI VQ $NQPFGCW (RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 2003 YGDNQI) VJG VGTO UJCOCP KU PQV HKVVKPI KP VJG 6KDGVCP EQPVGZV, GXGP CNVJQWIJ OCP[ CPVJTQRQNQIKUVU GORNQ[ KV. 1853 $NGKUEJ CPF 9QPI 1990, *WDGT 1991, −CTOC 2001 1854 −KVQUUC 2000
1855 2UGWFQKU PC[CWT KU .CVKP HQT DNWG UJGGR CPF #,8-0k
IPC DC KU 6KDGVCP CPF %GTXWU CNDKTQUVTKU KU .CVKP HQT
YJKVG NKRRGF FGGT CPF < Ÿ-+1:k
UJC =YC-\WT? FCOCT KU 6KDGVCP..
1856 (QT RGTUQPCN MCTOC CPF VQ CRRGCUG NQECN FKXKPKVKGU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 345
GODGF PCVWTG KP UQEKGV[. 6JKU XKGY KU KP UVCTM EQPVTCUV VQ VJG .QEMGCP XKGY QH PCVWTG HQWPF KP
VJG YGUVGTP YQTNF.
+PETGCUKPI PWODGTU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG, KP EQOOQP YKVJ TGURQPFGPVU HTQO ’CUVGTP −JCO,
CRRGCT VQ TGEQIPK\G UQOG UQTV QH NKPM1857 DGVYGGP FGHQTGUVCVKQP, GTQUKQP CPF ENKOCVG EJCPIG
DWV GZRGTV QRKPKQP1858, UGGOKPIN[ DCUGF QP "FGIGPGTCVG UEKGPEG"1859 JCU FKUOKUUGF NKPMU YKVJ
FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF HNQQFKPI CU "HQNMNQTG"1860. 9JKNG VJG CWVJQT TGEQIPK\GU VJCV OCP[ HCEVQTU1861
ECWUG HNQQFKPI QP VJG DCUKU QH KPFKIGPQWU EQUOQNQI[, GRKUVGOQNQI[ CPF RU[EJQNQI[ VJGTG KU C
UVTQPIN[ JGNF DGNKGH VJCV FGHQTGUVCVKQP JCU PQV QPN[ TGUWNVGF KP HNQQFKPI, DWV KORKPIGF QP
DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF NQECN YGNN-DGKPI1862. 9G JCXG TGHGTTGF VQ %JKRMQ KP EJCRVGTU 1, 3, 5 CPF 7 DWV
HQT VJGO VJG 1970 HNQQF KP VJG #NCMCPCPFC XCNNG[1863 , VJG OQUV FGXCUVCVKPI KP NKXKPI OGOQT[,
OCTMGF C RGTEGRVWCN VWTPKPI-RQKPV YJGP "HQNM UGPUG YCU VJG QPN[ DQF[ VJCV UWTXG[GF VJG ITKO
UEGPG CPF FTGY EQPENWUKQPU. 6JG ECWUCN TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP KPETGCUKPI GTQUKXKV[ CPF HNQQFU
QP VJG QPG JCPF CPF OCUU UECNG HGNNKPI QH VTGGU QP VJG QVJGT, YCU TGEQIPK\GF"1864. #U + YTKVG VJKU
PGYU JCU LWUV EQOG KP XKC 4551865 QH 1200 VQWTKUVU VTCRRGF D[ HNQQFU CPF OWF UNKFGU KP VJG
*CKNWQIQW )NCEKGT 2CTM KP ’CUVGTP −JCO ECWUGF D[ VQTTGPVKCN TCKP "EQORQWPFGF D[
FGHQTGUVCVKQP"1866. #NVJQWIJ VJG %JKPGUG JCXG DGGP CYCTG QH NKPMU DGVYGGP FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF
HNQQFU UKPEG VJG GCTN[ 1980U KV VQQM VJG HNQQFU QH 1998 VQ ECWUG C OCLQT TGURQPUG, YJKEJ
TGUWNVGF KP C NQIIKPI DCP CPF C DKNNKQP RQWPF TGHQTGUVCVKQP RTQITCOOG. #EEQTFKPI VQ <JWCPI
)WQVCK1867 QH VJG 5VCVG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGEVKQP #IGPE[ HQT GXGT[ 70,000 JGEVCTGU QH HQTGUV
EWV FQYP, UVQTCIG HQT C OKNNKQP EWDKE OGVTGU QH YCVGT KU NQUV. %QPEGTPU JCXG CNUQ DGGP
1857 JVVR://YYY.WOKEJ.GFW/‘IU265/UQEKGV[/FGHQTGUVCVKQP.JVO CEEGUUGF 12VJ CWIWUV 2005 JVVR://YYY.INQDCNKUUWGU.QTI/’PX+UUWGU/)NQDCN9CTOKPI/(QTGUVU.CUR CEEGUUGF 12VJ CWIWUV 2005
1858 %JQOKV\ CPF −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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 346
GZRTGUUGF KP VJG NKVGTCVWTG1868 CPF KP EJCRVGT 8 UGEVKQP 8.1.6 CPF 8.1.7 CDQWV FGHQTGUVCVKQP KP
VJG TGIKQP CPF KVU KORCEV QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG CPF VJG 'UQWVJGTP LGV UVTGCOU', CNVJQWIJ VJGUG YGTG
PQV TGHGTTGF VQ D[ CP[ QH VJG TGURQPFGPVU KP CP[ UWTXG[.
(QTGUV RTQFWEVU
(QTGUV RTQFWEVU CFFTGUU CNN VJG IQQFU CPF UGTXKEGU RTQXKFGF D[ VJG HQTGUV QVJGT VJCP VJQUG OCFG
CXCKNCDNG HQT NCTIG-UECNG EQOOGTEKCN GZRNQKVCVKQP.
6JG QPN[ EQPHWUKQP YKVJ VJKU XCNWG KU ECWUGF DGECWUG UQOG HQTGUV RTQFWEVU (NKMG HKTGYQQF,
OWUJTQQOU CPF OGFKEKPCN RNCPVU) CTG ICVJGTGF HQT VJG UWDUKUVGPEG CPF OCTMGV GEQPQO[.
'(QTGUV RTQFWEVU' RNC[ CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP VJG NKXGNKJQQF UVTCVGIKGU QH VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP
−JCO CU YGNN CU VJG EQOOQPGTU1869 QH VJG 0GY (QTGUV. 6JGKT KORQTVCPEG YCU GURGEKCNN[
TGEQIPK\GF KP &GPIMQ CPF $GPIFC YJGTG VJG[ TCPMGF JKIJGT VJCP CP[ QVJGT XCNWG CPF CV .WIW
.CMG (5GG UGEVKQP 6.5.3) YJGTG VJG[ TCPMGF 3TF QWV QH 13 XCNWGU.
(QTGUV RTQFWEVU CTG ETWEKCN KP VJG UWDUKUVGPEG GEQPQOKGU QH OCP[ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU. 6JGKT
XCNWG JCU WPVKN XGT[ TGEGPVN[1870 DGGP GKVJGT KIPQTGF D[ GEQPQOKUVU CPF FGXGNQRGTU QT KPENWFGF
WPFGT VJG CGIKU QH "EWNVWTCNN[ RGTEGKXGF RQXGTV[", CPF VJGTGHQTG C RTGVGZV HQT GEQPQOKE
FGXGNQROGPV1871. 6JKU KU KP URKVG QH VJG HCEV VJCV 80 RGTEGPV QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP QH VJG 'OCLQTKV[
YQTNF' FGRGPF QP HQTGUV RTQFWEVU HQT VJGKT RTKOCT[ JGCNVJ CPF PWVTKVKQPCN PGGFU. 5GXGTCN OKNNKQP
VTKDCN RGQRNG CNN QXGT VJG YQTNF FGRGPF QP VJGUG RTQFWEVU HQT OGGVKPI VJGKT UWDUKUVGPEG
EQPUWORVKQP CPF KPEQOG PGGFU CPF KP OCP[ EQWPVTKGU 'OKPQT HQTGUV RTQFWEVU' CTG C OCLQT
GZRQTV.
1868 4GKVGT 1981 1869 CDQWV 450 HCOKNKGU JVVR://YYY.PCVKQPCNRCTMU.IQX.WM/KPFGZ/PHAEQTG/PHANKXKPI.JVO CEEGUUGF 1UV 0QXGODGT 2005. 1870 ’OGTVQP 1997 1871 5JKXC 1989 RCIG 10
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 347
1PG QH VJG HWPFCOGPVCN TQNGU QH HQTGUV RQNKE[, KP TGNCVKQP VQ EQOOGTEKCN CPF UWDUKUVGPEG
HQTGUVT[, JCU DGGP, CPF OWUV DG, VQ CFLWFKECVG DGVYGGP VJGO KP RCTVKEWNCT EKTEWOUVCPEGU1872.
%QPHNKEVU KP VJKU CTGPC, CPF VJGKT TGUQNWVKQP, CTG UVTQPIN[ KPFKECVKXG QH VJG YC[U KP YJKEJ
RCTVKEWNCT EQWPVTKGU TGICTF VJGKT TWTCN RQRWNCEG CPF VJG GORJCUKU VJG[ RNCEG WRQP VTGG EQXGT.
#TIWOGPVU CU VQ YJGVJGT C HKPKVG HQTGUV TGUQWTEG UJQWNF DG WUGF OCKPN[ HQT VJG DGPGHKV QH TWTCN
RGQRNG NKXKPI PGCTD[, QT OCKPN[ HQT EQOOGTEKCN RWTRQUGU, QH EQWTUG QPN[ CTKUG YJGP HQTGUV
EQXGT JCU DGEQOG VQQ NQY VQ UCVKUH[ DQVJ GPFU.
’XGP KP +PFQPGUKC, HQT GZCORNG, YJGTG HQTGUV EQXGT KU UVKNN OCP[ VKOGU VJCV QH OQUV QVJGT
EQWPVTKGU, CPF YJGTG KV KU UVKNN RQUUKDNG VQ CNNQECVG NCPF HQT RGTOCPGPV RTQFWEVKQP HQTGUVT[, VJG
IQXGTPOGPV KU UVKNN DGKPI CFXKUGF VQ CXQKF PGY NCTIG-UECNG HQTGUV KPFWUVTKGU1873. 1PEG NQECN
CTGCU QH HQTGUV FQ DGIKP VQ DG KP UJQTV UWRRN[, VJG RTKQTKV[, HTQO DQVJ VJG OQTCN CPF VJG RTCEVKECN
RQKPV QH XKGY, OWUV DG VQ UCVKUH[ UWDUKUVGPEG DKQOCUU PGGFU. /QTCNN[, DGECWUG TWTCN RGQRNG'U
UWDUKUVGPEG PGGFU CTG KP IGPGTCN C ITGCV FGCN OQTG OQFGUV VJCP VJQUG QH VQYP FYGNNGTU CPF
RTCEVKECNN[ DGECWUG VJQUG UVTWIINKPI VQ NKXG YKNN, KH PGGF DG, IQ VQ CP[ NGPIVJU VQ FQ UQ. 6JG RQQT
CTG UVWEM YJGTG VJG[ CTG KP OQUV ECUGU, YJKNG KPFWUVTKGU QP VJG QVJGT JCPF CTG EQPUVCPVN[
UWDUVKVWVKPI QPG TGUQWTEG HQT CPQVJGT, QPG CTGC HQT CPQVJGT. +P +PFKC, JQYGXGT, KPFWUVT[ JCU
DGGP JGNRGF OQUV CPF VJG UWDUKUVGPEG WUGT NGCUV. 6JG EQUVN[ VCUM QH TGHQTGUVKPI FGITCFGF NCPF,
YJKEJ QWIJV VQ JCXG DGGP VJCV QH VJG KPFWUVTKCN UGEVQT, YCU FGCNV VQ XKNNCIGTU YKVJ KOOGFKCVG
DKQOCUU PGGFU, YJKNG KPFWUVT[ YCU PQV QPN[ IKXGP CEEGUU VQ UVCPFKPI RTQFWEVKXG HQTGUV, DWV KP
OCP[ ECUGU IKXGP GPQTOQWU UWDUKFKGU CU YGNN1874. #P CTIWOGPV CFFWEGF CV VKOGU HQT TGUVTKEVKPI
UWDUKUVGPEG WUG QH HQTGUVU UWIIGUVU VJCV KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG WUG HQTGUVU 'DCFN[' CPF OWUV DG
TGUVTCKPGF UQ VJCV KV ECP DG RTQVGEVGF. '$CFN[' KU QH EQWTUG C XCNWG-NCFGP VGTO CPF VJGTG KU RNGPV[
QH GXKFGPEG VJCV UWDUKUVGPEG CPF EQOOGTEKCN WUG OC[ DG IQQF QT DCF FGRGPFGPV WRQP EQPVGZV.
1HVGP, VJG EJCTIG VJCV VJG HQTGUV KU DGKPI WUGF DCFN[ EQOGU HTQO VJQUG YJQUG FGUKTG HQT
EQOOGTEKCN WUG KU HTWUVTCVGF D[ UWDUKUVGPEG RTCEVKEGU YJKEJ EQORGVG YKVJ KV.
# LWUV HQTGUV RQNKE[ OWUV HCEG WR VQ TWTCN PGGFU, CPF VJG UJQTV VKOG JQTK\QPU QH VJG RQQT TCVJGT
VJCP EQPEGTPKPI KVUGNH VQQ PCTTQYN[ QPN[ YKVJ EQOOGTEKCN RTQFWEVKQP. +PUVGCF, QPN[ VQQ QHVGP
YG UGG C OQXG CYC[ HTQO C "PCVWTG VJCV JCU VTCFKVKQPCNN[ EQOG VQ UWRRQTV JQWUGJQNF CPF
1872 5JGRJGTF 1986 1873 ’XCPU 1986 RCIG 23-25
1874 −WNMCTPK 1983 RCIG 98, 5JKXC CPF $CPF[QRCFJ[C[ 1986 RCIG 84
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 348
EQOOWPKV[ PGGFU", CPF VQYCTFU "C PCVWTG VJCV KU IGCTGF VQ OGGV WTDCP CPF KPFWUVTKCN PGGFU, C
PCVWTG VJCV KU GUUGPVKCNN[ ECUJ-IGPGTCVKPI"1875. 9JGP VJG HQTGUV ECP PQ NQPIGT UCVKUH[ CNN ENCKOU
WRQP KV, CNN YQWNF-DG WUGTU JCXG VQ RNCPV C RTQRQTVKQP QH VJG VTGGU VJG[ PGGF, QT IQ GNUGYJGTG.
5ECPV[ VTGG-EQXGT QWIJV VQ DTKPI KP VJG IQXGTPOGPVCN DQF[ EJCTIGF YKVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN
EQPEGTPU, CPF KP OCP[ ECUGU EQOOGTEKCN CEVKXKVKGU UJQWNF DG OWEJ EWTVCKNGF QT UJQWNF EGCUG.
8GT[ QHVGP, VJQWIJ, RQNKVKECN RTGUUWTGU YKNN RTQFWEG C LWFIGOGPV YJKEJ ITCPVU EQOOGTEG
EQPVKPWGF WUG CPF CVVGORVU (PGEGUUCTKN[ WPUWEEGUUHWNN[) VQ DCP UWDUKUVGPEG WUGTU.
6JG OQTG EQWTCIGQWU RCVJ, JQYGXGT, KU VQ GODCTM WRQP VTGG-RNCPVKPI RTQITCOOGU YKVJ VJG
VYQ ECVGIQTKGU QH ITQYGTU YJQ JCXG EQPUKUVGPVN[ RTQXGF OQUV UWEEGUUHWN, PCOGN[ KPFKXKFWCN
HCTOGTU CPF EQOOGTEKCN EQPEGTPU. 0GKVJGT UVCVG RNCPVCVKQPU PQT EQOOWPKV[ YQQFNQVU CTG CU
GHHKEKGPV KP VJKU TGURGEV1876. %QOOGTEKCN EQPEGTPU ECP CHHQTF VQ YCKV HQT VTGGU VQ ITQY. +V KU
XKNNCIGTU YJQ OC[ PGGF KPEGPVKXGU UWEJ CU ECUJ, HQQF-HQT-YQTM, QT UVTQPIGT NCPF-TKIJVU VQ
QHHUGV VJG JCPFKECRU QH HKPKVG CXCKNCDKNKV[ QH HCOKN[ NCDQWT, VJG UNQY ITQYVJ QH VTGGU CPF VJG
URCEG VJG[ VCMG WR QP UOCNN CITKEWNVWTCN RNQVU. +P CNN VJGUG UKVWCVKQPU, KH UWDUKUVGPEG PGGFU ECP
DG VCMGP CU UGTKQWUN[ CU EQOOGTEKCN CEVKXKVKGU D[ VJQUG YJQ HQTOWNCVG CPF KORNGOGPV HQTGUV
RQNKE[, OCP[ GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU DGEQOG OQTG VTCEVCDNG.
+P VJG NCUV VJTGG UGEVKQPU, YG JCXG CFFTGUUGF HQTGUV XCNWGU KP C ETQUU-EWNVWTCN EQPVGZV CPF
KFGPVKHKGF RCTCFKIOKE, UGOCPVKE, GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN FKHHKEWNVKGU VJCV ECP
UGGOKPIN[ DG QXGTEQOG YKVJ U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI. 6JGUG FKHHKEWNVKGU CRRGCT VQ DG GZCEGTDCVGF
NQECNN[ CPF INQDCNN[ D[ C NCEM QH EQOOKVOGPV VQ QT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH IGPFGT CPF GVJPKEKV[
OCKPUVTGCOKPI KP HQTGUV RNCPPKPI YJKEJ YKNN DG FKUEWUUGF KP VJG PGZV UGEVKQPU.
1875 #ICTYCN 1984 RCIG 10-11 1876 ,QUJK 1983 RCIG 39
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 349
10.2.4 (QTGUV 8CNWGU D[ ’VJPQ-NKPIWKUVKE )TQWR
+V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV IGPGVKE RCVVGTPU UJCTG UQOG UKOKNCTKVKGU YKVJ EWNVWTG CPF NKPIWKUVKEU
DGECWUG VJG OGEJCPKUOU HQT VTCPUOKUUKQP CTG, KP RCTV, UKOKNCT1877. +V KU PQV WPEQOOQP HQT UJCTR
IGPGVKE EJCPIG VQ EQKPEKFG YKVJ NKPIWKUVKE DQWPFCTKGU. 5JCTR DQWPFCTKGU ECP DG FWG VQ OCVKPI
DCTTKGTU, VQRQITCRJ[, EWNVWTCN CPF RCUV OKITCVKQP KPENWFKPI KPVTWUKQP CPF CDWVOGPV1878
6JG −JCODC 6KDGVCPU UGGOKPIN[ QTKIKPCVG HTQO 2 IGPG RQQNU1879, C %GPVTCN #UKCP RQQN
EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ ;#2+1880 EJTQOQUQOGU CPF CP ’CUV #UKCP RQQN EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ VJG
/122%1881 JCRNQV[RGU1882. +V KU DGNKGXGF VJCV VJG HQTGDGCTU QH VJG 6KDGVCPU HTQO ’CUV #UKC
OKITCVGF PQTVJ, KP RTGJKUVQTKE VKOGU (5GG /CR 10-1), VQ VJG ;GNNQY 4KXGT CPF RCUUGF CDQWV 124
MO1883 VQ VJG GCUV QH VJG TGUGCTEJ CTGC. .CVGT $CTKE1884 RGQRNGU CPF 6KDGVCPU, YKVJ VJG ;#2+
EJTQOQUQOGU, OQXGF UQWVJ VQ VJG *KOCNC[C CPF 0QTVJ ;WPPCP1885 RCUUKPI VJTQWIJ EGPVTCN
−JCO CPF ENQUG VQ VJG ;CPIV\G 4KXGT1886.
6JGTG KU UQOG GXKFGPEG1887 VJCV VJG 3KCPI RGQRNG DGNQPI VQ VJG UCOG DNQQFNKPG CU VJG CPEKGPV
:KC1888 %JKPGUG, HTQO *GPCP 2TQXKPEG1889, CPF VJCV VJGKT OQNGEWNCT UGSWGPEGU1890 CTG
IGQITCRJKECNN[ FKUEQTFCPV YKVJ VJG 6KDGVCPU1891.
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夏 ZKC 21UV -16VJ EGPVWT[ $% JVVR://YYY.OPUW.GFW/GOWUGWO/RTGJKUVQT[/EJKPC/KOCIGU/ZKCOCR.IKH CEEGUUGF 12VJ #WIWUV 2005. 1889 JVVR://YYY-EJCQU.WOF.GFW/JKUVQT[/CPEKGPV1.JVON CEEGUUGF 28VJ ,WN[ 2005 1890 $CKNG[ GV CN 2004 1891 5GG (KIWTG 8-1 HQT C IGPGVKE RTQHKNG QH VJG −JCODC 6KDGVCPU CPF VJG *GPCP *CP.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 350
/CR 10-1 QH OKITCVKQP TQWVGU QH 5KPQ-6KDGVCP RQRWNCVKQPU ($KPI 5W GV CN 2000)
6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU, JQYGXGT QH CUUWOKPI VJCV VJGTG KU CNYC[U C EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP IGPGVKE CPF
NKPIWKUVKE CHHKNKCVKQP. +V OQUVN[ QEEWTU CHVGT NCTIG-UECNG FGOKE FKHHWUKQPU1892 HQNNQYGF D[
TGNCVKXG UGFGPVKUO. 6JKU CRRGCTU VQ DG VJG ECUG YKVJ 6KDGVCP CPF VJG QVJGT 5KPQ-6KDGVCP CPF
#NVCKE RTQVQ-NCPIWCIGU, YJGTG VJGTG KU C UKIPKHKECPV EQTTGNCVKQP1893 DGVYGGP NKPIWKUVKEU,
IGPGVKEU1894, CPF IGQITCRJKECN FKUVCPEG1895.
#NVJQWIJ VJG KORQTVCPEG QH GVJPKEKV[ JCU DGGP KFGPVKHKGF KP VJKU UVWF[ KP UGEVKQP 8.2.5 CPF
9.3.3 , VJG RGTEGRVWCN FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP GVJPKE ITQWRU, KP UGEVKQP 8.2.4 CPF 8.2.5 CPF VJGKT
TGURGEVKXG 'GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG' KP UGEVKQP 8.2.7 KVU GTQUKQP KU QPG QH VJG NGCUV FKUEWUUGF
EQPUGSWGPEGU QH OQFGTPK\CVKQP CPF INQDCNK\CVKQP1896. 6JGTG UJQWNF DG EQPEGTP DGECWUG KV KU
1892 #P CTEJCGQNQIKECN VGTO VJCV TGHGTU VQ RQRWNCVKQP FKHHWUKQP KPVQ CPF CETQUU CP CTGC RTGXKQWUN[ WPKPJCDKVGF D[ VJCV ITQWR, RQUUKDN[ FKURNCEKPI, TGRNCEKPI, QT KPVGTOKZKPI YKVJ C RTG-GZKUVKPI RQRWNCVKQP (G.I. CU JCU DGGP UWIIGUVGF HQT VJG URTGCF QH CITKEWNVWTG CETQUU 0GQNKVJKE ’WTQRG, CPF YJCV QEEWTTGF YKVJ VJG ’WTQRGCP EQNQPK\CVKQP QH VJG #OGTKECU). JVVR://GP.YKMKRGFKC.QTI/YKMK/&GOKEAFKHHWUKQP CEEGUUGF 1UV ,WN[ 2005.
1893 0GVVNG CPF *CTTKUU 2003 1894 T2 = 0.36 FH =135 R<0.001 1895 T2 = 0.30 FH =135 R<0.001 1896 5JKXC 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 351
NKPMGF VQ UQEKCN EQJGUKQP CPF XCNWG U[UVGOU VJCV HCEKNKVCVG GHHGEVKXG OCPCIGOGPV QH PCVWTCN
TGUQWTEGU. /QTGQXGT, VJGTG KU C UVTQPI EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP GVJPKE FKXGTUKV[ CPF VJG
EQPUGTXCVKQP QH DKQFKXGTUKV[. #NVJQWIJ VJG 701897, VJG 9QTNF $CPM CPF #&$1898 DGICP VQ
EQPUKFGT GVJPKEKV[ KUUWGU CPF EWNVWTCN RTQVGEVKQP KP VJG 1980U FGXGNQROGPV CIGPEKGU JCXG QPN[
OQWVJGF TJGVQTKECN UWRRQTV DWV JCXG EQPVKPWGF VQ RTKXKNGIG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH DKQNQIKECN
TGUQWTEGU QXGT VJG RTGUGTXCVKQP QH GVJPKE EWNVWTGU1899. #U QH 2003, QPN[ 8 OWNVKNCVGTCN/ DKNCVGTCN
CIGPEKGU QWV QH 27 JCF C RQNKE[ QP KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG QT GVJPKE OKPQTKVKGU, 10 JCF QRGTCVKQPCN
IWKFCPEG CPF QPN[ 3 JCF HQTOCN CEEQWPVCDKNKV[ OGEJCPKUOU1900. #NVJQWIJ &(+&1901 KU
KPXQNXGF KP RTQLGEVU VJCV KPENWFG GVJPKE ITQWRU, CPF GPEQWTCIGU 'GVJPKEKV[ OCKPUVTGCOKPI' KP
UQOG QH KVU RTQLGEVU KV YCU WPCDNG VQ RTQXKFG OG1902 YKVJ C FGHKPKVKQP QH 'GVJPKEKV[', QT
'OCKPUVTGCOKPI' CPF KVU IWKFGNKPGU1903 CTG QDXKQWUN[ QWV QH FCVG, "QWV QH UVGR YKVJ KPVGTPCVKQPCN
RQNKEKGU"1904 CPF "QPN[ CURKTCVKQPCN"1905.
/CP[ IQXGTPOGPVU CPF FGXGNQROGPV CIGPEKGU, TGOCKP WPEQOHQTVCDNG YKVJ GVJPKE FKXGTUKV[
DGECWUG KV C EQPVGUVGF FQOCKP VJCV EJCNNGPIGU VJG JQOQIGPKUCVKQP QH 'PCVKQPCN EWNVWTG' CPF
GEQPQOKEU. 6JKU JCU RTGUGPVGF FKNGOOCU HQT FGXGNQROGPV CIGPEKGU. #UKCP &GXGNQROGPV $CPM
(#&$), HQT GZCORNG KPUKUVGF KVU RTQITCOOGU KP 8KGV 0CCO UJQWNF VCTIGV GVJPKE ITQWRU QP VJG
DCUKU QH XGTPCEWNCT KFGPVKHKECVKQP DWV KP %JKPC VJG[ CEEGRVGF QHHKEKCN KFGPVKHKECVKQP CNVJQWIJ
VJKU CRRGCTU VQ DG CV QFFU YKVJ VJGKT RQNKE[ QH RTGXGPVKPI CUUKOKNCVKQP CPF RTQVGEVKPI
EWNVWTGU1906
5KPEG 1996 VJG 9QTNF $CPM JCU CVVGORVGF VQ KPENWFG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG KP KVU RQXGTV[
TGFWEVKQP UVTCVGI[1907 WPFGT VJG TWDTKE QH "GVJPQFGXGNQROGPV"1908. %TKVKEU CTIWG VJCV VJKU
CRRTQCEJ ECWUGU FKXKUKQPU KP PCVKQPCN CPF NQECN KPFKIGPQWU OQXGOGPVU KV HCKNU VQ CFFTGUU VJG
1897 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU (70). 1898 #UKCP &GXGNQROGPV $CPM (#&$). 1899 $NGPEJ 2001 1900 )TKHHKVJU 2003 1901 &GRCTVOGPV HQT KPVGTPCVKQPCN FGXGNQROGPV (&(+&). 1902 #PQP RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQPO 21/7/04 1903 1XGTUGCFU &GXGNQROGPV #FOKPKUVTCVKQP (1&#) 1995C 1904 )TKHHKVJU 2003 RCIG 99 1905 )TKHHKVJU RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP 23/7/04 1906 #&$ 2003 1907 2CTVTKFIG GV CN 1996 1908 )TKHHKVJU 2003 RCIG 41
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 352
WPFGTN[KPI UVTWEVWTCN ECWUGU QH KPFKIGPQWU RQXGTV[ CPF UQ HCT JCU PQV DGGP XGT[ GHHGEVKXG KP
CFFTGUUKPI VJG RQNKE[ CPF RTCEVKECN RTQDNGOU VJCV WPFGTOKPG KPFKIGPQWU NCPF CPF TGUQWTEG
UGEWTKV[1909. +P URKVG QH VJGUG HCKNKPIU CPF NCTIGN[ DGECWUG QH RTGUUWTG HTQO KPFKIGPQWU ITQWRU
DGUV RTCEVKEGU CTG DGIKPPKPI VQ GOGTIG. &GXGNQROGPV UVCPFCTFU QP KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CTG
GXQNXKPI KP C PWODGT QH URGEKHKE FGXGNQROGPV UGEVQTU1910. 6JG 9QTNF %QOOKUUKQP QP &COU
(9%&)1911 JCU FGXGNQRGF RTQITGUUKXG DGUV RTCEVKEG IWKFGNKPGU HQT KPHTCUVTWEVWTG RTQLGEVU
YJKEJ KPEQTRQTCVG C TKIJVU CPF TKUMU CRRTQCEJ VJCV JCU DGGP YKFGN[ RTCKUGF D[ KPFKIGPQWU
RGQRNGU CU YGNN CU GPXKTQPOGPVCN, JWOCP TKIJVU CPF FGXGNQROGPV 0)1U. #NVJQWIJ VJG 9QTNF
$CPM JCU OQWVJGF VJG TJGVQTKE QH GVJPQFGXGNQROGPV, KV CRRGCTU VQ JCXG HCKNGF VQ CFQRV VJG
RTCZKU. $GUV RTCEVKEGU KP GVJPQFGXGNQROGPV CTG RTGOKUGF QP TCEKCN & MPQYNGFIG GSWKV[, GVJPKE
KPENWUKQP, U[PGTI[ DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF VJG FGEQPUVTWEVKQP QH QWVOQFGF XKGYU QH
GVJPKE OQWPVCKP RGQRNGU QPN[ CU VJG RTQDNGO.
%QPEGRVWCNN[ GVJPQFGXGNQROGPV TGHGTU VQ VJG RCTVKEKRCVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU ITQWRU KP VJG
HQTOCVKQP CPF KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU KP CEEQTFCPEG YKVJ VJGKT QYP PGGFU
CPF CURKTCVKQPU. 5WEJ RTQLGEVU CTG FGUKIPGF D[ TCVJGT VJCP HQT VJG RGQRNG EQPEGTPGF, YJKEJ
KORNKGU VJG TGXCNWCVKQP QH VJGKT QYP EWNVWTG CU VJG DCUKU WRQP YJKEJ HWVWTG FGXGNQROGPV KU VQ
DG EQPUVTWEVGF. ’VJPQFGXGNQROGPV KU VJWU QRRQUGF VQ GVJPQEKFCN FGXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU
KORQUGF WRQP NQECN EQOOWPKVKGU D[ FQOKPCPV PCVKQPCN GNKVGU1912.
6JG CWVJQT UWIIGUVGF1913 KP C &(+& HWPFGF RTQLGEV KP ;WPPCP VJCV YJGTG GVJPKE VTCFKVKQPU GZKUV
TCVJGT VJCP KPVTQFWEKPI CNKGP RCTCFKIOU QH 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV, EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF
LWTKURTWFGPEG GVJPKEKV[ UVTCVGI[ UJQWNF DG RTGFKECVGF QP
• +PFKIGPQWU GVJPKE MPQYNGFIG CPF EWUVQOCT[ TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV
• 5JCOCPKE TQNGU KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN GFWECVKQP CPF OGFKCVKQP
• 6JG TGEQPHKIWTCVKQP QH PCVWTG TGUGTXGU CPF EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVU DCUGF QP KPFKIGPQWU GVJPKE
ECVGIQTKGU QH UCETGF CPF PQP-UCETGF, 'DWHHGT' CPF 'GZRGTKOGPVCN'.
1909 #UUKGU GV CN 2001, /CECU 2001 1910 *CNKHCZ +PKVKCVKXG 2002, 9GPDCP-5OKVJ 2001 1911 9%& 2000 1912 5G[OQWT-5OKVJ 1986 1913 5VWFNG[ 2004I
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 353
• ’VJPKE OGEJCPKUOU HQT OCKPVCKPKPI TGNCVKQPCN VQRQEQUOKE JCTOQP[ (TCVJGT VJCP CNKGP TWNGU
DCUGF QP LWTKURTWFGPEG)
• 6JG EWNVWTCN UVTGPIVJGPKPI QH GVJPKE URGEKCNKUVU YJGTG VJG[ CTG DGEQOKPI GZVKPEV
• %QOOWPKV[ 2NCPVCVKQPU DCUGF QP DGUV GVJPQHQTGUVT[ RTCEVKEG YJGTG NCPF KU CXCKNCDNG
• &KUEWUUKQP YKVJ GVJPKE ITQWRU YJCV OGFKCVKQP KU TGSWKTGF HQT C URGEKHKE KPVGTXGPVKQP VQ VCMG
RNCEG, GURGEKCNN[ KH KV XKQNCVGU UCETGF URCEG/NCPFUECRG1914
• /GVJQFU QH CEEQWPVKPI VJCV CFFTGUU HQTGUV-TGNCVGF XCNWGU D[ GVJPKE ITQWR
• 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV VTCKPKPI GODGFFGF YKVJKP GZKUVKPI VTCFKVKQPU CPF NQECN
KPUVKVWVKQPU TCVJGT VJCP CNKGP 'UEKGPVKHKE' OCPCIGOGPV OQFGNU. 6JKU YKNN DG EJGCRGT
CPF VJGTG KU NGUU FCPIGT QH CNKGPCVKQP RGQRNG HTQO JKUVQTKE VTCFKVKQPU CPF
NKHGUV[NG1915.
*CXKPI TGEQIPK\GF KP VJKU UGEVKQP VJG KORQTVCPEG QH HQTGUV XCNWGU VQ GVJPKE RGQRNG YG ECPPQV
HCKN VQ TGEQIPK\G VJG KORQTVCPEG QH IGPFGTGF MPQYNGFIG CPF NKPGCIG YJKEJ KU GURGEKCNN[
KORQTVCPV KP OCVTKNKPGCN UQEKGVKGU UWEJ CU VJQUG UVWFKGF.
10.2.5 (QTGUV 8CNWGU D[ )GPFGT
#NVJQWIJ VJGTG KU NKVVNG GXKFGPEG QP VJG DCUKU QH /&5 QH OCLQT FKHHGTGPEG KP JQY OGP CPF
YQOGP CTG RGTEGKXGF, QT FKHHGTGPEGU KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN UGPUKVKX[ QT QH IGPFGT UVGTGQV[RKPI VJGTG
CTG GXKFGPVN[ IGPFGT FKHHGTGPEGU QP VJG DCUKU QH EQPVKPIGPV TCPMKPI QH HQTGUV XCNWGU1916 CPF KP
VGTOU QH HQTGUV TGNCVKQPU, RTQFWEVKXG CPF TGRTQFWEVKXG TQNGU1917, CEEGUU CPF EQPVTQN QXGT
TGUQWTEGU, MPQYNGFIG DCUGU1918 CPF FGEKUKQP-OCMKPI1919.
+P OCVTKNKPGCN UQEKGVKGU YQOGP JCXG CP GURGEKCNN[ GHHGEVKXG, FKTGEV RQYGT KP OCKPVCKPKPI VJG
NKPGCIG CPF VJGTGHQTG QYPKPI EJKNFTGP. 6JG[ WUWCNN[ JCXG TKIJVU QXGT CPEGUVTCN RTQRGTV[ CPF
EQPVTQN CPF MPQYNGFIG QH TKVWCNKUVKE CEVKXKV[, YJKEJ OC[ KPENWFG DGKPI VJG URKTKVWCN JGCFU QH
VJG EQOOWPKV[. 6JGTG CTG PQ MPQYP GZCORNGU QH VJG NCVVGT MPQYP VQ VJG CWVJQT COQPI VJG
1914 6JKU YCU PGEGUUCT[ HQT VTGG HGNNKPI (NCTIG EGFCT VTGGU), VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH UOQMGNGUU UVQXGU CPF EJGEM-FCOU KP 09 0GRCN (5VWFNG[ 1992). 1915 0QTDGTI-*QFIG 1992 1916 5VWFNG[ GV CN 2005 1917 JVVR://YYY.KWEP.QTI/EQPITGUU/YQOGP/(QTGUVT[.RFH. CEEGUUGF 18VJ #WIWUV 2005 1918 JVVR://YYY.HCQ.QTI/)GPFGT/GP/HQTG-G.JVO CEEGUUGF 18VJ #WIWUV 2005 1919 JVVR://YYY.KWEP.QTI/EQPITGUU/YQOGP/(QTGUVT[.RFH. CEEGUUGF 18VJ #WIWUV 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 354
OCVTKNKPGCN RGQRNGU QH VJG VJG TGIKQP (PCOGN[ VJG /QUWQ, 3KCPI1920, <JQPIFKCP 6KDGVCPU1921,
UQOG 2WOK1922 CPF JKUVQTKECNN[ VJG 0CZK1923) CNVJQWIJ VJG[ GZKUV HWTVJGT CHKGNF1924.
$[ EQORCTKUQP OQUV RCVTKNKPGCN UQEKGVKGU (OQUV *CP %JKPGUG CPF OQUV 6KDGVCP), YQOGP'U
OCLQT TGURQPUKDKNKV[ KP TGRTQFWEVKQP CPF/QT KPEQOG- GCTPKPI FQGU PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ NGCF VQ UQEKCN
GORQYGTOGPV QT IGPFGT GSWCNKV[ YKVJKP VJG JQWUGJQNF. *QYGXGT, VJG RTGUGPEG QH TKIJVU VQ
HQTGUV CPF YQOGP'U TKIJVU VQ CEEGUU HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU ECP OKVKICVG, VQ UQOG GZVGPV, VJKU
KPGSWCNKV[ KP IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU. +P UQOG HQTGUV-DCUGF RCVTKNKPGCN EQOOWPKVKGU1925, KP +PFKC,
DGECWUG QH VJGKT KPXQNXGOGPV KP ICVJGTKPI HTQO HQTGUVU CPF VJGKT OCTIKPCN FGRGPFGPEG QP
CITKEWNVWTCN RTQFWEG, YQOGP CTG GEQPQOKECNN[ OQTG KPFGRGPFGPV CPF JCXG C JKIJGT UVCVWU VJCP
KP VJG TGUV QH +PFKC. +P C OQTG OCNG-FQOKPCVGF *CP/0CZK XKNNCIG1926 YQOGP JCXG PQ TKIJV VQ
HQTGUVU, NCPF QT VTGGU, CNN QH YJKEJ CTG KPJGTKVGF HTQO HCVJGT VQ UQP, CPF HQTGUV FKUVTKDWVKQP KU
ECTTKGF QWV QP VJG DCUKU QH VJG OCNG JGCF QH JQWUGJQNF. # YQOCP, CHVGT OCTTKCIG, CESWKTGU
CEEGUU VQ JGT JWUDCPF'U HQTGUV. (WTVJGTOQTG, YQOGP CTG PQV CNNQYGF VQ ENKOD VTGGU QT VQ EWV
VTWPMU GXGP KH VJGUG CTG PGGFGF HQT JQWUG EQPUVTWEVKQP. 5RKTKVU TGUKFG KP VTGGU CPF C
OGPUVTWCVKPI YQOCP OKIJV RQNNWVG VJG VTGG CPF VJWU DTKPI FQYP VJG YTCVJ QH VJG HQTGUV URKTKV.
/CNG FQOKPCVKQP KP VJG *CP RQNKVKECN U[UVGO KPVTQFWEGF C PGY RGTEGRVKQP VJCV KV KU OGP YJQ
EQPVTQN DQVJ UQEKCN MPQYNGFIG CPF HCOKN[ TGUQWTEGU. *QYGXGT, KP VTCFKVKQPCN /QUWQ UQEKGV[,
6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO YCU VJG UKPING OQUV RQYGTHWN EJCNNGPIGT VQ VJG /QUWQ OCVTKNKPGCN KFGQNQI[
CPF IGPFGT EQPUVTWEVU. 9JKNG VJG *CP %JKPGUG DWTGCWETCE[ VTKGF VQ 'EKXKNK\G' VJG /QUWQ NCTIGN[
VJTQWIJ CFOKPKUVTCVKXG OGCUWTGU CPF YKVJQWV OWEJ UWEEGUU UQ HCT, 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO VQQM C
OWEJ OQTG UWDVNG CRRTQCEJ CPF VTCPUHQTOGF VJG /QUWQ EQPEGRVKQP CDQWV OCNGPGUU CPF
HGOCNGPGUU1927.
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−JCUK KP +PFKC (0QPIDTK 2000C) CPF VJG $QDQNK\CP QH VJG 4WPIWU KP 5CDCJ, /CNC[UKC (2QTQFQPI 2000). 1925 $QUW /WNNKEM 2000, 5KPIJ 1999 1926 ’P\QPI XKNNCIG KU C OKZGF 0CZK CPF *CP XKNNCIG, CPF KU 8 MOU HTQO VJG VQYP QH .KLKCPI. 1927 5JKJ, 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 355
.KMGYKUG KP 0GRCN, YKVJ VJG CFXGPV QH OQFGTPKV[ CPF *KPFW KPHNWGPEG VJG PWODGT QH YQOGP
UJCOCPU RQUUGUUKPI VTCFKVKQPCN MPQYNGFIG COQPI VJG 6COCPIU1928 JCU DGGP UJCTRN[ TGFWEGF
QXGT VJG RCUV HGY FGECFGU. 6JGTG YGTG VJTGG OCLQT TGCUQPU HQT VJG FGETGCUG: YQOGP YJQ
RQUUGUUGF UWEJ MPQYNGFIG YGTG VTGCVGF CU RQVGPVKCNN[ GPICIGF KP YKVEJETCHV; YQOGP'U FKIPKV[
YCU TGFWEGF YKVJKP VJG HCOKN[; CPF VJG DWTFGP QH JQWUGJQNF FWVKGU YCU KPETGCUGF. +P UQOG
ECUGU, VJG HCOKN[ YQWNF TGUVTCKP VJG YQOCP HTQO YQTMKPI CU C UJCOCP, FWG VQ HGCT QH UQEKCN
QUVTCEKUO1929.
$GHQTG VJG CFXGPV QH UVCVG RTGUUWTG QP OCVTKNKPGCN UQEKGVKGU, IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU YGTG TGNCVKXGN[
GSWCN. $CUGF QP YQOGP'U TQNG KP RTQFWEVKQP, VJGKT URGEKCN MPQYNGFIG QH HQTGUVU, CPF VJGKT RNCEG
KP VJG EWNVWTCN CPF TGNKIKQWU NKHG QH OCVTKNKPGCN EQOOWPKVKGU, YQOGP GPLQ[GF EQPUKFGTCDNG
URCEG YKVJKP VJG JQWUGJQNF CPF VJG EQOOWPKV[ VQ OCMG FGEKUKQPU CDQWV TGUQWTEG WUG.
7PHQTVWPCVGN[, OCKPVCKPKPI VJKU RQUKVKQP QH RQYGT JCU DGGP FKHHKEWNV, RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP VJG HCEG QH
RTGUUWTGU HTQO VJG UVCVG KP HCXQWT QH EGPVTCNK\KPI ITGCVGT RCVTKCTEJ[.
5VCVG-URQPUQTGF EQNQPK\CVKQP D[ VJG FQOKPCPV TGNKIKQ-EWNVWTCN TGIKOGU NKMG *KPFWKUO,
6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO CPF %QPHWEKCPKUO CTG PQVGF CU JCXKPI JCF C FGUVTWEVKXG GHHGEV QP
KPFKIGPQWU IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU. 6JG[ FKUQTFGTGF VJG RQUKVKQP QH YQOGP CU VJCV QH UWDQTFKPCVG VQ
OGP CPF TGKPHQTEGF VJGKT GZENWUKQP HTQO RQNKVKECN CPF URKTKVWCN NKHG CPF EQOOWPKV[ FGEKUKQP-
OCMKPI.
#OQPI VJG 0CZK, HQT GZCORNG, VJG OCVTKNKPGCN U[UVGO YCU CDQNKUJGF CPF TGRNCEGF D[ RCVTKNKPGCN
KPJGTKVCPEG; OCTTKCIG HQT NQXG YCU FKUEQWTCIGF CPF TGRNCEGF D[ CTTCPIGF OCTTKCIG; CPF VJG
%QPHWEKCP XCNWGU QH C YQOCP DGKPI UWDQTFKPCVG VQ JGT HCVJGT, JWUDCPF CPF UQP YGTG RTQOQVGF.
#U C TGUWNV, COQPI VJG 0CZK RCVTKCTEJ[ UWTRCUUGF OCVTKCTEJ[ CPF VJG EQPUEKQWU/ WPEQPUEKQWU
HQTOU QH UJW, C RTGFQOKPCPVN[ HGOKPKPG PCVWTG IQFFGUU YKVJ UQOG OCUEWNKPG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU
DGICP VQ DG TGRNCEGF D[ VJCV QH C OCUEWNKPG GNGOGPVCN EJCTCEVGT1930. 6JG GHHGEV QH VJGUG
1928 K-+1#k
TVC FOCI (6COCPI) OGCPU 'JQTUG UQNFKGT' KP 6KDGVCP, YJKEJ UWIIGUV VJCV VJGKT CPEGUVQTU ECOG HTQO
6KDGV CPF VTCFGF YKVJ VJG NQECN EQOOWPKV[ (0GYCTU) CPF NCVGT UGVVNGF CPF KPVGTOCTTKGF COQPI VJGO. 6JG 6COCPIU CTG HQNNQYGTU QH 6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO OKZGF YKVJ GNGOGPVU QH VJG RTG-$WFFJKUV $ÑP CPF CPKOKUO JVVR://GP.YKMKRGFKC.QTI/YKMK/6COCPI CEEGUUGF 18VJ #WIWUV 2005. 1929 5WDDC 2000 1930 :K ;WJWC 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 356
OGCUWTGU YCU VQ FGP[ YQOGP QRRQTVWPKVKGU VQ RCTVKEKRCVG CU HWNN OGODGTU QH VJG EQOOWPKV[.
0QV UWTRTKUKPIN[, VJGTG KU CP GNGOGPV QH NQECN OCNG UWRRQTV KP VJKU EQNQPK\CVKQP, HQT VJG OGP
UGGOGF VQ JCXG CESWKTGF RQYGT CPF TGRTGUGPVCVKQP KP VJG FQOKPCPV UQEKGV['U KOCIG QH
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG. 9QOGP'U CTIWOGPV VJCV VJGKT VTCFKVKQPCN TQNGU KPENWFGF HWNN RCTVKEKRCVKQP QH
YQOGP KP OCP[ CURGEVU QH URKTKVWCN CPF RQNKVKECN FGEKUKQP- OCMKPI JCU DGGP KIPQTGF PQV QPN[
D[ VJG CNKGP CWVJQTKVKGU, DWV D[ VJGKT HCVJGTU, JWUDCPFU CPF DTQVJGTU CU YGNN.
(QT VJG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU QH VJG TGIKQP, VJG OCLQT CIGPE[ QH EJCPIG KP VJGKT EWNVWTCN U[UVGO
CPF IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU YCU TGNKIKQWU QT UGEWNCT GFWECVKQP. 6JGUG OGCUWTGU YGTG FGUKIPGF VQ FGP[
YQOGP VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ RCTVKEKRCVG CU HWNN OGODGTU QH VJG EQOOWPKV[. 6JG GHHGEV QH UWEJ
OQFGTP UEJQQNKPI YCU VQ UKNGPEG CPF UWRRTGUU VJG VTCFKVKQPCNN[ CEMPQYNGFIGF YQOGP
FGEKUKQP-OCMGTU, VJG KPFKIGPQWU YC[U QH MPQYKPI, VJGKT NCPIWCIG CPF TKVWCNU HQT MPQYKPI. +P
VJG PCOG QH YGUVGTP/OQFGTP MPQYNGFIG, FGXGNQROGPV CPF C 'EKXKNK\GF EWNVWTG,' OCNG RQYGT
GOGTIGF CPF C JKGTCTEJ[ QH IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU.
(WTVJGT, D[ EGPVTCNK\KPI HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV, UVCVGU YGCMGPGF CP KORQTVCPV UQWTEG QH YQOGP'U
RQYGT KP OCVTKNKPGCN UQEKGVKGU. 9JGP HQTGUVU YGTG WPFGT NQECN EQPVTQN, RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP
OCVTKNKPGCN UQEKGVKGU, YQOGP RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP HQTGUV-DCUGF RTQFWEVKQP, CPF QHVGP
GPLQ[GF JKIJ UVCVWU DCUGF QP VJGKT MPQYNGFIG QH HQTGUV HNQTC CPF HCWPC, CPF VJGKT TQNG KP
TGNKIKQWU TKVWCNU YKVJ UVTQPI VKGU VQ VJG HQTGUV. 9JKNG YQOGP EGTVCKPN[ EQPVKPWGF VQ WUG HQTGUVU
CHVGT EGPVTCNK\CVKQP, VJG[ QHVGP JCF VQ FQ UQ ENCPFGUVKPGN[ CPF KP UJQTV XKUKVU. +P CFFKVKQP, OCP[
HQTGUVU YGTG EJCPIGF KPVQ OQPQETQRU VJCV RTQXKFGF HGY QH VJG TGUQWTEGU VJCV YQOGP
EQPVTQNNGF JKUVQTKECNN[. 9KVJ NKOKVGF CEEGUU VQ C OWEJ-CNVGTGF HQTGUV, YQOGP'U CDKNKV[ VQ HGPF
QHH HQTEGU QH RCVTKCTEJ[ YCU OWEJ TGFWEGF.
0QV YKVJUVCPFKPI VJG CDQXG, DGECWUG QH IGPFGT OCKPUVTGCOKPI CPF IGPFGT UGPUKVK\KPI GHHQTVU,
UQOG EJCPIGU JCXG QEEWTTGF KP VTCFKVKQPCN KPUVKVWVKQPU KP 5QWVJ CPF 5QWVJ ’CUV #UKC. # OQTG
UKIPKHKECPV EJCPIG, JQYGXGT, KU PQVGF KP 5QWVJ #OGTKECP EQWPVTKGU, YKVJ VJG TGEGPV CFQRVKQP
QH RQNKE[ OGCUWTGU QH VJG FWCN-JGCFGF JQWUGJQNFU YJKEJ UVTGPIVJGPGF YQOGP'U RQUKVKQP
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 357
YKVJKP VJG HCOKN[, VJCV CUUGVU CESWKTGF FWTKPI OCTTKCIG YKNN CEVWCNN[ DG LQKPVN[ QYPGF CPF
OCPCIGF D[ VJG YQOCP CPF OCP QH VJG JQWUGJQNF1931.
2NCPPGTU CPF RQNKE[ OCMGTU UJQWNF OCMG OQTG GHHQTV VQ TGEQIPK\G VJG KORQTVCPEG QH IGPFGT KP
HQTGUVT[ RTQITCOOGU. )GPFGT-TGURQPUKXG RQNKEKGU CPF RTQITCOOGU CTG VJQUG VJCV UGGM
UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUVT[ RTCEVKEGU, YJKNG GZRNKEKVN[ VCMKPI KPVQ CEEQWPV VJG QRKPKQPU, PGGFU, CPF
KPVGTGUVU QH DQVJ OGP CPF YQOGP.
+PEQTRQTCVKPI IGPFGT KUUWGU KPVQ UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV JGNRU VQ:
• ’PJCPEG VJG GHHGEVKXGPGUU QH UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV RQNKEKGU CPF RTQLGEVU
CPF FTKXG VJG GSWKVCDNG FKUVTKDWVKQP QH DGPGHKVU.
• +PETGCUG HQQF UGEWTKV[, GORNQ[OGPV QRRQTVWPKVKGU, JQWUGJQNF KPEQOG CPF JGCNVJ QH
HCOKNKGU.
• 6Q KORTQXG JQWUGJQNF HQQF UGEWTKV[ D[ TGEQIPK\KPI VJG KORQTVCPEG QH EQNNGEVGF YKNF
RTQFWEVU KP UWDUKUVGPEG UVTCVGIKGU.
• #XQKF RQVGPVKCN EQPHNKEVU COQPI EQORGVKPI WUGU QH HQTGUVU CPF VJGKT D[-RTQFWEVU CPF VQ
GPUWTG VJCV YQOGP'U CPF OGP'U VTCFKVKQPCN CPF KPFKIGPQWU TKIJVU VQ HQTGUV WUG CTG PQV
FKOKPKUJGF YKVJ VJG KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH PGY RTQLGEVU CPF RQNKEKGU.
• 2TQOQVG GSWCN CEEGUU QH YQOGP VQ NCPF QYPGTUJKR CPF VQ QVJGT TGUQWTEGU PGEGUUCT[ HQT
GHHGEVKXG UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE RCTVKEKRCVKQP (G.I. NCPF, ECRKVCN, VGEJPKECN CUUKUVCPEG,
VGEJPQNQI[, VQQNU, GSWKROGPV, OCTMGVU CPF VKOG).
• 6TCKP DQVJ YQOGP CPF OGP KP OGVJQFU VQ KPETGCUG VJGKT RTQFWEVKXKV[ VJTQWIJ PGY
HQTGUVT[ VGEJPQNQIKGU, KPENWFKPI PWTUGT[ VGEJPKSWGU, UKVG UGNGEVKQP, UGNGEVKQP QH URGEKGU,
NCPF RTGRCTCVKQP, RNCPVKPI, YGGFKPI, CPF OCKPVGPCPEG.
• 6TCKP HGOCNG HQTGUVT[ GZVGPUKQP CIGPVU CPF KPETGCUG VJGKT CYCTGPGUU VQ VJG RTGXCKNKPI
RCVVGTPU QH YQOGP KP VJG WUG QH HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU, KPENWFKPI VJGKT RCTVKEWNCT PGGFU CPF
EQPUVTCKPVU.
• ’PJCPEG CYCTGPGUU KP OGP CPF YQOGP VQ VJG XCNWG QH HQTGUVU CPF UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUVT[
OCPCIGOGPV.
1931 )QXKPF −GNMCT CPF 2JWPVUJQM 6UJGTKPI 2002
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 358
• ’PUWTG UWRRQTV HQT YQOGP'U ETCHV CPF JQOG-DCUGF HQTGUVT[ KPFWUVTKGU, VJTQWIJ ETGFKV
WVKNK\CVKQP, DWUKPGUU OCPCIGOGPV, CPF OCTMGVKPI.
• ’PJCPEG YQOGP'U RCTVKEKRCVKQP CPF EQQRGTCVKQP KP EQOOWPKV[ ITQWRU QT HQTGUV
TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV EQOOKVVGGU ETGCVGF HQT RTQLGEV OCPCIGOGPV1932.
)GPFGTGF MPQYNGFIG KU PQV QPN[ KORQTVCPV HQT HQTGUVT[ DWV DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP INQDCNN[.
+P VJG 0QTVJYGUV #OC\QP, IGPFGT-DCUGF MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU ()$−5) GPVKVNG OGP CPF YQOGP
VQ FKUVKPEV MPQYNGFIG NGICEKGU YJKEJ CNNQV C URGEKHKE GKFQU1933 CPF GVJQU VQ GCEJ RGTUQP
CEEQTFKPI VQ IGPFGT. 6JG )$−5 CTG PCOGF URGEKHKECNN[ CU 'YQOGP'U MPQYNGFIG' CPF 'OGP'U
MPQYNGFIG' CPF VJG[ GPEQORCUU IGPFGT-URGEKHKE URCVKQ-VGORQTCN TGHGTGPVU1934 CPF UWRGTXKUQT[
HWPEVKQPU HQT VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH RCTVKEWNCT DKQFKXGTUKV[ FQOCKPU CPF EWNVWTCN F[PCOKEU.
#OQPI VJG ;WMWPC CPF 6CPKOWMC +PFKCPU, VJG )$−5 CNNQY YQOGP CPF OGP CP GHHGEVKXG
OCPCIGOGPV QH VJG TCKPHQTGUV CPF UQEKGV[ CPF VJGKT MPQYNGFIG DCUGU CTG GPEQFGF KP C
EQUOQNQIKECN VTCPU-GZRNCPCVQT[ U[UVGO VJCV GORQYGTU GCEJ IGPFGT CU CP CEVKXG CPF EQPUEKQWU
CIGPV KP DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP. )$−5 CTG MPQYNGFIG NGICEKGU VJCV OCPCIG VJG UJQTV, OKF
CPF NQPI VGTO GZKUVGPEG QH UQEKGV[ CPF PCVWTG YKVJKP VJG EQPVGZV QH GCTVJ, NKHG CPF VJG WPKXGTUG
KP C EQUOQNQIKECN HTCOGYQTM YJGTG FKXGTUG DGNKGH U[UVGOU EQTTGNCVG UEKGPVKHKE, TCVKQPCN
GOQVKQPCN, CTVKUVKE, CGUVJGVKE, GVJKECN CPF URKTKVWCN RTKPEKRNGU1935 VQ FTKXG VJG TGURGEV HQT NKHG CPF
EQOOWPCN UQNKFCTKV[. 6JG ;WMWPC CPF 6CPKOWMC EQNNGEVKXG OGOQT[ KU ENQUGN[ TGNCVGF VQ C
EQPEGRV QH NQPI-VGTO IGPFGTGF JKUVQTKECN CIGPE[1936 KP YJKEJ ITQWR KFGPVKV[ KU UCKF VQ TGUWNV
HTQO VJG EQORNGOGPVCT[ TGETGCVKQP QH OGP'U CPF YQOGP'U MPQYNGFIG DCUGU. 6JG YQOGP'U
ECRCEKV[ VQ FQOGUVKECVG RNCPVU KP EJCITC UYKFFGP RNQVU CPF KP VJG OCNQEC JQWUG ICTFGPU; VJGKT
CDKNKV[ VQ VGPF JQOGU; VJGKT ECRCEKV[ VQ TGRTQFWEG JWOCP NKHG YKVJKP VJGKT DQFKGU, CPF VJGKT
CDKNKV[ VQ EQPPGEV CNN NKHG-HQTOU KPVQ VJG NKHG-U[UVGOU QH VJG UQKN CPF UWDUQKN, CTG UCKF VQ DG
CEJKGXGF VJTQWIJ C URGEKCNK\GF HGOCNG MPQYNGFIG ECNNGF VJG '6JQWIJV QH (QQF'. 6JG OGP'U
ECRCEKV[ VQ HQTCIG KP VJG TCKPHQTGUV CPF OCPCIG VJG PQP-FQOGUVKECVGF TGUQWTEGU WUGF VQ JWPV,
ICVJGT CPF HKUJ; VJGKT VTCKPKPI VQ JQNF CWVJQTKV[ KP RCVTKNKPGCN CPF RCVTKNQECN EJKGHN[ RQUKVKQPU;
1932 YYY.KWEP.QTI/EQPITGUU/YQOGP/(QTGUVT[.RFH CEEGUUGF 18VJ #WIWUV 2005 1933 6JG FKUVKPEVKXG GZRTGUUKQP QH VJG EQIPKVKXG QT KPVGNNGEVWCN EJCTCEVGT QH C EWNVWTG QT C UQEKCN ITQWR JVVR://YYY.VJGHTGGFKEVKQPCT[.EQO/GKFQU CEEGUUGF 15VJ 5GRV 2005. 1934 *WIJ-,QPGU 1979, 4GKEJGN 1999
1935 #VTCP 1990, .GXK-5VTCWUU 1962, 4GKEJGN-&QNOCVQHH 1996 1936 *WIJ-,QPGU 1979, 5VTCVJGTP 1995
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 359
VJGKT FKURQUKVKQP HQT UJCOCPKE CEVKXKVKGU, CPF VJGKT CDKNKV[ VQ OCPCIG CNVGTGF UVCVGU QH
EQPUEKQWUPGUU, CTG CEJKGXGF VJTQWIJ C URGEKCNK\GF OCNG MPQYNGFIG ECNNGF '6TCXGNKPI KP
6JQWIJV'.
+P URKVG QH CNN VJG GXKFGPEG, GVJPQDQVCPKECN TGUGCTEJ JCU QHVGP KPVTQFWEGF C FQWDNG DKCU: QP VJG
QPG JCPF, KV JCU TGNKGF QP C NKOKVGF UCORNG QH RTGFQOKPCPVN[ OCNG KPHQTOCPVU CPF, QP VJG QVJGT;
KV JCU UVTWEVWTCNN[ PGINGEVGF 'YQOGP'U MPQYNGFIG'. +V KU PQV UWTRTKUKPI, VJGP, VJCV VJKU DKCU KU
DGKPI NCTIGN[ TGRTQFWEGF D[ VJQUG EQPEGTPGF YKVJ DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP.
6JG %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[ OCMGU RTQXKUKQP HQT VJG "HCKT CPF GSWKVCDNG UJCTKPI QH
VJG DGPGHKVU"1937 HTQO VJG WUG QH DKQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[. 6JKU ECPPQV DG CFFTGUUGF CV CNN YKVJQWV
EQPUKFGTKPI VJG KORQTVCPEG QH YQOGP, IGPFGTGF MPQYNGFIG CPF IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU KP
DKQFKXGTUKV[ OCPCIGOGPV CV NQECN NGXGN, CPF VJG RTGUGPEG QH IGPFGT KPGSWCNKVKGU, IGPFGT
UVGTGQV[RGU1938 CPF IGPFGT DKCU1939 KP NQECN, TGIKQPCN, PCVKQPCN, CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN U[UVGOU VJCV
FGXGNQR PQTOU CPF TGIWNCVKQPU CTQWPF DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP. 6JGTG KU PGCTN[ C VQVCN HCKNWTG
VQ CEMPQYNGFIG VJG KORQTVCPEG QH YQOGP QT IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU KP VJG NKVGTCVWTG CPF KP RQNKE[
FQEWOGPVU FGCNKPI YKVJ DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP. +V KU VJGTGHQTG XGT[ NKMGN[ VJCV, CV NQECN CPF
PCVKQPCN NGXGNU YJGTG VJGUG VJKPIU OCVVGT OQUV, YQOGP'U EQPVTKDWVKQPU CPF VJGKT YGNHCTG, PGGFU
CPF TKIJVU YKNN CNUQ DG QXGTNQQMGF.
/CP[ QH VJG INQDCN VTGPFU VJTGCVGPKPI DKQFKXGTUKV[ CNUQ VJTGCVGP IGPFGT GSWCNKV[. )GPFGT
GSWCNKV[ CFXQECVGU JCXG CTIWGF VJCV VJG FQOKPCPV FGXGNQROGPV OQFGN OWUV DG EJCPIGF UQ KV
DQVJ RTGUGTXGU VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF CEJKGXGU IGPFGT GSWCNKV[. 6JG[ RQKPV QWV VJCV VJG EWTTGPV
GEQPQOKE U[UVGO HCKNU VQ XCNWG DQVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF YQOGP'U WPRCKF NCDQWT.
6JKU TGNCVKQPUJKR YCU HWTVJGT CEMPQYNGFIGF KP VJG 2NCVHQTO HQT #EVKQP1940: "IQXGTPOGPVU JCXG
GZRTGUUGF VJGKT EQOOKVOGPV VQ ETGCVKPI C PGY FGXGNQROGPV RCTCFKIO VJCV KPVGITCVGU
GPXKTQPOGPVCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ YKVJ IGPFGT GSWCNKV[ CPF LWUVKEG YKVJKP CPF DGVYGGP
IGPGTCVKQPU"1941.
1937 )TWDD GV CN 1993 RCIG 76, −GCVKPI 1993 RCIG 26
1938 $TCII 1996, JVVR://YYY.YTO.QTI.W[/DWNNGVKP/49/+PFKC.JVON CEEGUUGF 10VJ #WIWUV 2005 1939 *QYCTF 2001 1940 JVVR://YYY.WP.QTI/YQOGPYCVEJ/FCY/DGKLKPI/RNCVHQTO/KPFGZ.JVON CEEGUUGF 18VJ #WIWUV 2005 1941 JVVR://YYY.WP.QTI/YQOGPYCVEJ/FCY/DGKLKPI/RNCVHQTO/GPXKTQP.JVO RCTC 249 CEEGUUGF 17VJ #WIWUV 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 10 (QTGUV 8CNWGU KP VJG 9KFGT %QPVGZV
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 360
9G DGICP VJKU EJCRVGT D[ KNNWUVTCVKPI UQOG QH VJG FKHHKEWNVKGU QH CFQRVKPI C HQTGUV XCNWGU
CRRTQCEJ VQ HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR OQTG DTQCFN[ CPF ETQUU-EWNVWTCNN[ CPF JKIJNKIJVGF VJG
KORQTVCPEG QH U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI. #HVGT EQPUKFGTKPI GCEJ HQTGUV XCNWG NQECNN[, TGIKQPCNN[ CPF
ETQUU-EWNVWTCNN[, CPF D[ GVJPKEKV[ CPF IGPFGT YG TGCEJGF C PWODGT QH EQPENWUKQPU. (KTUVN[ HQT
ETQUU-EWNVWTCN HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR VQ DG DKQ-EWNVWTCNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG KV JCU VQ DG HQTIGF QP VJG DCUKU
QH U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI DGVYGGP OWNVKRNG HQTGUV XCNWG U[UVGOU. 5GEQPFN[ DTKFIKPI OWUV DG
DCUGF QP EQIPKVKXG, GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN GSWKV[ CPF LWUVKEG. 6JKTFN[ DTKFIKPI
OWUV DG EQPFWEVGF QP C XCNWG D[ XCNWG DCUKU RTGFKECVGF QP F[PCOKE GSWKXCNGPEG. (QWTVJN[ C
HQTGUV XCNWGU CRRTQCEJ OWUV TGEQIPK\G VJG NQECN KORQTVCPEG QH HQTGUV XCNWGU D[ GVJPKEKV[,
IGPFGT CPF NKPGCIG. 6JKU NGCFU WU VQ VJG HKPCN EQPENWUKQPU QH VJKU UVWF[ YJKEJ CTG EQPUKFGTGF KP
VJG PGZV EJCRVGT.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 361
%*#26’4 11 %10%.75+105
6JG RWTRQUG QH VJKU EJCRVGT KU VQ HKTUVN[ FTCY EQPENWUKQPU CDQWV HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF VJGKT
GNKEKVCVKQP KP VJG URGEKHKE ECUG QH VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO CPF VJG KFGPVKHKECVKQP CPF WUG QH
HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU. 5GEQPFN[ KP OQTG IGPGTCN VGTOU VJG EJCRVGT YKNN TGHNGEV WRQP VJG
EQPVTKDWVKQP QH VJG UVWF[ VQ VJG DTQCF VJGQTK\CVKQP QH MPQYNGFIG CPF FKUEQWTUG, VQ VJG FGDCVGU
UWTTQWPFKPI KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF KVU EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR
CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGUVT[ RQNKE[.
11.1 (14’56 8#.7’5 +0 ’#56’40 −*#/
6JG RTKOCT[ CKO QH VJKU UVWF[ KU VQ GZRNQTG VJG KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF
TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR YKVJ C XKGY VQ HKPFKPI UWKVCDNG GPFQIGPQWU RCTCFKIOU VJCV YKNN CNNQY VJG
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO VQ RGTRGVWCVG, RTQVGEV, WVKNK\G CPF EQPUGTXG VJGKT HQTGUV
CPF VTGGU QP C UWUVCKPCDNG DCUKU YKVJQWV EQORTQOKUKPI VJGKT UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN U[UVGOU,
EQUOQXKUKQP QT YGNN-DGKPI. +P RWTUWCPEG QH VJG CKO QH VJG UVWF[, + UWOOCTK\G VJG HKPFKPIU QH
VJKU TGUGCTEJ KP VJKU UGEVKQP.
$CUGF QP CP QRGP-GPFGF UWTXG[ CPF WVKNKUKPI VGZV CPCN[UKU CPF TCPMKPI VQ FGOQPUVTCVG VJG
KORQTVCPEG QH VTGGU CPF HQTGUVU KV YCU GXKFGPV VJCV:
• 6JG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO TGEQIPK\G WR VQ 20 HQTGUV XCNWGU.
$CUGF QP EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI YJKEJ WVKNKUGU RU[EJQOGVTKE UECNKPI QH OWNVKRNG HQTGUV XCNWG RCKTU
KP 4KGOCPP URCEG KP QTFGT VQ FGOQPUVTCVG OGPVCN OQFGNU QH HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP KV YCU GXKFGPV
VJCV:
• (QTGUV XCNWGU CTG RGTEGRVWCNN[ LWZVCRQUGF KP HQWT EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU (UQEKQ-GEQPQOKE,
RU[EJQ-EWNVWTCN, DKQ-RJ[UKECN, GPXKTQPOGPVCN-UWDUKUVGPEG UGTXKEGU) CPF CNQPI VYQ
FKOGPUKQPU (JWOCP CPF PCVWTCN).
• 6JGTG CTG WR VQ 12 'HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU', QT 12 'EQPUVGNNCVKQPU QH EQPEGRVU,
XCNWGU, FQOCKPU, DGNKGHU, RGTEGRVKQPU, OGVJQFQNQIKECN CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV
VTGGU CPF HQTGUVU CPF HQTGUVT[ UVGYCTFUJKR RTCEVKEGU UJCTGF ' KP ’CUVGTP −JCO.
• 6JGTG CTG GVJPQ-NKPIWKUVKE FKHHGTGPEGU KP HQTGUV XCNWGU DWV VJGTG KU NKVVNG RGTEGRVWCN
FKHHGTGPEG DCUGF QP IGPFGT QT GPXKTQPOGPVCN UGPUKVKXKV[. 6JGTG CTG JQYGXGT, IGPFGT
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 362
FKHHGTGPEGU DCUGF QP HQTGUV XCNWG TCPMKPI CPF NKVGTCVWTG GXKFGPEG HQT FKHHGTGPEGU KP
HQTGUV TGNCVKQPU DCUGF QP NKPGCIG1942 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 10.2.3. $CUGF QP YQOGP'U
TQNG KP RTQFWEVKQP, VJGKT URGEKCN MPQYNGFIG QH HQTGUVU, CPF VJGKT RNCEG KP VJG EWNVWTCN CPF
TGNKIKQWU NKHG QH OCVTKNKPGCN EQOOWPKVKGU, YQOGP GPLQ[GF EQPUKFGTCDNG URCEG YKVJKP
VJG JQWUGJQNF CPF VJG EQOOWPKV[ VQ OCMG FGEKUKQPU CDQWV TGUQWTEG WUG. 7PHQTVWPCVGN[,
OCKPVCKPKPI VJKU RQUKVKQP QH RQYGT JCU DGGP FKHHKEWNV HQT VJG 0CZK, /QUWQ, 3KCPI, UQOG
2WOK CPF VJG 6KDGVCPU KP <JQPIFKCP, RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP VJG HCEG QH RTGUUWTGU HTQO VJG UVCVG
KP HCXQWT QH EGPVTCNK\KPI ITGCVGT RCVTKCTEJ[1943.
• 6JGTG CTG RGTEGRVWCN FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP CIG ITQWRU YKVJ [QWPI RGQRNG CRRGCTKPI VQ
DG CNKGPCVGF HTQO RNCEG CPF EWNVWTG. #NVJQWIJ [QWPI RGQRNG JCXG HQTGUV XCNWGU VJG[
QRGTCVG HTQO C FKHHGTGPV HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIO VJCP QNF RGQRNG. +V YCU PQV RQUUKDNG VQ
FGVGTOKPG KH VJG 'CIGPEKGU QH CNKGPCVKQP' YGTG GFWECVKQPCN, RQNKVKECN QT EWNVWTCN.
• 6JGTG CTG OCTMGF RGTEGRVWCN FKHHGTGPEGU KP HQTGUV XCNWGU DGVYGGP UQOG CTGCU,
UWIIGUVKPI EQPVTCUVKPI RGTEGRVKQPU QH NQECN EWNVWTG, GPXKTQPOGPV, GZVGTPCN
KPVGTXGPVKQPU CPF RQUUKDN[ HQTGUV TGNCVKQPU.
• +V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG −JCODC URGCMGTU QH VJG ;CLKCPI XCNNG[ JCXG OQTG KP EQOOQP,
KP VGTOU QH HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU, YKVJ VJGKT 3KCPIKE URGCMKPI PGKIJDQWT, VJCP VJG
−JCODC URGCMGTU KP VJG ;CPIV\G XCNNG[.
$CUGF QP C IGQURCVKCN VGEJPKSWG MPQYP CU MTKIKPI YJKEJ KPVGTRQNCVGU HQTGUV XCNWGU CETQUU
WPUCORNGF CTGCU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO HTQO 86 UCORNG UKVGU KV YCU GXKFGPV VJCV:
• 6JGTG CTG 5 IGQURCVKCN RCTCFKIOU YJKEJ EQTTGURQPF YKVJ YCVGT ECVEJOGPVU, FKCNGEV
ITQWRU CPF C EQODKPCVKQP QH VJG VYQ.
• #NN 12 RCTCFKIOU KFGPVKHKGF KP EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI GZKUV IGQURCVKCNN[ DWV FWG VQ VJG
UOCNN FCVC UGV KV YCU FKHHKEWNV VQ OCR VJGKT GZVGPVU.
1942 # ITQWR YJQUG OGODGTU CTG FGUEGPFGF VJTQWIJ OCNGU HTQO C EQOOQP OCNG CPEGUVQT (RCVTKNKPGCIG) QT VJTQWIJ HGOCNGU HTQO C EQOOQP HGOCNG CPEGUVQT (OCVTKNKPGCIG) JVVR://YYY.EQWPVT[-FCVC.EQO/HTF/EU/\CKTG/\TAINQU.JVON CEEGUUGF 7VJ 5GRV 2005. 1943 −GNMCT GV CN 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 363
1P VJG DCUKU QH URCVKCN CPCN[UKU CPF C UWKVG QH VQQNU EQORTKUKPI EQTTGNQITCOU, DGCTKPI CPCN[UKU,
YKPFTQUG EQTTGNQITCOU, DGCTKPI EQTTGNQITCOU CPF CPIWNCT EQTTGNQITCOU YJKEJ FGOQPUVTCVG
URCVKCN VTGPFU, ENKPGU, CPF QTKIKPU KV YCU GXKFGPV VJCV:
• 6JG HQTGUV XCNWG FCVC UGV KU V[RKECN QH C ITCFKGPV, OGCP HQTGUV XCNWGU1944 CTG UVCVKUVKECNN[
UKIPKHKECPV, DWV QPN[ JCNH QH VJG HQTGUV XCNWG EQTTGNQITCOU CTG UKIPKHKECPV.
• 6JGTG CTG HQWT OGCUWTGU YJKEJ UWIIGUV UKIPKHKECPV FKTGEVKQPCN VTGPFU QT ENKPGU QH HQTGUV
XCNWG FCVC CNQPI C 0/0’ VQ 5/59 CZKU, YJKEJ UGGOKPIN[ EQKPEKFGU YKVJ VJG OKITCVKQP
RCVVGTPU QH VJG −JCODC RGQRNG CPF VQRQITCRJKE KPHNWGPEGU
• 6JGTG KU QPG OGCUWTG UWIIGUVKPI C VTGPF CNQPI CP CZKU VJCV KU 101 (θ) PQTVJ QH VJG RQNCT
CZKU (’CUV)1945 YJKEJ KU EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ 3KCPI OKITCVKQP RCVVGTPU CPF CEEWNVWTCVKQP
HTQO %JGPIFW (VJG ECRKVCN QH 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEG).
1P VJG DCUKU QH DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU CPF C UWKVG QH VQQNU EQORTKUKPI EQPUVTCKPGF ENWUVGTKPI,
YQODNKPI, CPF QXGTNCR CPCN[UKU YJKEJ FGOQPUVTCVG \QPGU QH EJCPIG, FCVC DQWPFCTKGU, CPF VJG
EQKPEKFGPEG QH HQTGUV XCNWGU YKVJ QVJGT RJGPQOGPC KV YCU GXKFGPV VJCV:
• (QTGUV XCNWGU JCXG DGGP KPHNWGPEGF EWNVWTCNN[ (FKCNGEV CPF FKUVCPEG HTQO RTQXKPEKCN
ECRKVCNU) CPF DKQRJ[UKECNN[ (HQTGUV EQXGT CPF YCVGTUJGFU).
• 6JGTG KU C UVTQPI EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF GVJPQNKPIWKUVKEU YJKEJ
RQVGPVKCNN[ RTQXKFGU HQTGUV RNCPPGTU YKVJ C OGCPU QH KFGPVKH[KPI ITQWRU QH RGQRNG, KH
VJG[ CTG FKUETGVG, YJQ OC[ UJCTG EQOOQP HQTGUV XCNWGU.
6JGUG HKPFKPIU CTG UKIPKHKECPV DGECWUG QH VJGKT EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ QWT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH KPFKIGPQWU
MPQYNGFIG CPF TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR.
(QT VJG HQTOGT VJG[ RTQXKFG GXKFGPEG: QH C EQTG UGV QH HQTGUV XCNWGU; VJCV EQPUVGNNCVKQPU QH HQTGUV
XCNWGU CTG RGTEGRVWCNN[ LWZVCRQUGF D[ EQIPKVKXG FQOCKP CPF FKOGPUKQP; QH WPKSWG HQTGUV XCNWG
RCTCFKIOU D[ CIG, IGPFGT, GVJPKEKV[, CPF NQECVKQP; QH FKTGEVKQPCN CPF ENKPCN VTGPFU KP HQTGUV
XCNWGU; VJCV HQTGUV XCNWGU ECP DG KPHNWGPEGF EWNVWTCNN[ CPF DKQRJ[UKECNN[.
1944 1P VJG DCUKU QH /QTCP'U + QT )GCT['U E CPF 10 NCI FKUVCPEGU DGVYGGP 0-634 MO 1945 QT CP C\KOWVJ QH 80 FGITGGU
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 364
(QT VJG NCVVGT VJG[ RTQXKFG: GXKFGPEG QH NQECN EQPUGTXCVKQP GVJKEU; NQECN RCTCFKIOU QH GZRNKEKV
PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP; GXKFGPEG QH UQEKCN HGPEKPI; NQECN GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF RU[EJQNQIKGU QH
PCVWTG; NQECN 'EQTG' CTGCU QH PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF EWUVQO VGORNCVGU CNNQYKPI NQECN HQTGUV
FGRCTVOGPVU VQ RNCP UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUVT[ KPKVKCVKXGU RTGFKECVGF QP NQECN XCNWGU
11.2 (14’56 8#.7’ ’.+%+6#6+10
1PG QDLGEV QH VJKU UVWF[ YCU VQ KFGPVKH[ VQQNU CPF OGVJQFQNQIKGU HQT VJG GNKEKVCVKQP CPF CPCN[UKU
QH HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF RCTCFKIOU CPF VJKU UGEVKQP YKNN FTCY EQPENWUKQPU CDQWV VJG KORQTVCPEG QH
VJG CRRTQCEJGU CFQRVGF.
11.2.1 ’NKEKVCVKQP
6JG GNKEKVCVKQP QH HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF VJGKT TCPMKPI CPF EQIPKVKXG CPF URCVKCN OCRRKPI ECP DG
EQPFWEVGF KP CP[ NQECN EQPVGZV CPF RQVGPVKCNN[ DG WUGF CU VJG DCUKU HQT HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR,
DKQFKXGTUKV[ OCPCIGOGPV, PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP, HQTGUVT[ GZVGPUKQP QT KORCEV CUUGUUOGPV
CPCN[UKU. 6JGTG CTG FCPIGTU JQYGXGT, YJGP CVVGORVU CTG OCFG VQ OCTT[ NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU YKVJ
VJG OCPCIGOGPV QDLGEVKXGU QH VJG UVCVG QT HQTGUV FGRCTVOGPVU.
(QT KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG VQ DG UWUVCKPGF VJG UVCVG OWUV: CEEGRV NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU; OCMG PQ
CVVGORV VQ KPVGITCVG VJGO CPF OWUV KPENWFG C F[PCOKE GSWKXCNGPV HQT GCEJ CPF GXGT[ HQTGUV
XCNWG QH KVU KPFKIGPQWU ENKGPVU. +P QTFGT VQ GPUWTG VJGTG CTG F[PCOKE GSWKXCNGPVU HQT GCEJ HQTGUV
XCNWG VJG UVCVG QT HQTGUV FGRCTVOGPV OWUV OCMG RTQXKUKQP KP KVU GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNKE[ HQT
RQUV-OQFGTP QT "RQUV PQTOCN UEKGPEG"1946 CRRTQCEJGU.
11.2.2 6JG +ORQTVCPEG QH VJG 4GUGCTEJ
6JKU TGUGCTEJ RTGUGPVU WPKSWG EJCNNGPIGU DGECWUG KV YCU VJG HKTUV UVWF[ QH HQTGUV XCNWGU COQPI
VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO CPF VJG HKTUV CP[YJGTG VQ WUG EQIPKVKXG, URCVKCN, CPF DQWPFCT[
CPCN[UKU HQT HQTGUV XCNWGU.
1946 JVVR://YYY.LXFU.PN/RPU/RPU.JVO CEEGUUGF 15VJ 1EVQDGT 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 365
1P VJG DCUKU QH VJG 'UEKGPVKHKE CRRTQCEJ' CFQRVGF, JQRGHWNN[, HQT VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO VJG
TGUGCTEJ YKNN TGUWNV KP VJG 'GNGXCVKQP' QH VJGKT MPQYNGFIG, EQIPKVKXG HTCOGYQTMU CPF
GRKUVGOQNQIKGU VQ C NGXGN QH CEEGRVCPEG CPF MPQYNGFIG GSWKV[ YKVJ EQORGVKPI MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU.
6JG TGUGCTEJ RTQXKFGU CP KORQTVCPV EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ QWT DTQCFGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH:
VJGQTK\CVKQPU CDQWV MPQYNGFIG; VQVCNK\KPI FKUEQWTUGU QH FGXGNQROGPVKUO CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO; CPF FGDCVGU UWTTQWPFKPI KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF KVU EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ
UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGUVT[ RQNKE[.
+V RTQXKFGU C OGVJQFQNQI[ VJCV ECP DG TGRNKECVGF CPF WUGF D[ RNCPPGTU CPF HQTGUVGTU YJQ YCPV
VQ FGXGNQR HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR OQFGNU QT VGORNCVGU RTGFKECVGF QP NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU CP[YJGTG
KP VJG YQTNF.
11.3 #&126+10 1( (14’56 8#.7’ 2#4#&+)/5 (14 (14’56
56’9#4&5*+2
11.3.1 #FQRVKQP +PVGTPCVKQPCNN[
+V YQWNF CRRGCT VJCV VJG EQIPKVKXG CPF URCVKCN HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU KFGPVKHKGF KP VJKU UVWF[
EQWNF DG CFQRVGF CU VJG DCUKU HQT NQECN HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR OQFGNU. $QVJ HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU
EQWRNGF YKVJ U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI EQWNF GPCDNG PCVKQPCN QT KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGUVGTU CPF RNCPPGTU
VQ ETGCVG OQFGNU QH HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR RTGFKECVGF QP NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF KPUVKVWVKQPCN XCNWGU.
6JKU YQWNF GSWCNN[ CRRN[ VQ HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR, DKQFKXGTUKV[ GPJCPEGOGPV, PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP
CPF FGOCTECVKQP, QT HQTGUVT[ GZVGPUKQP. #U YG JCXG FKUEQXGTGF KP UGEVKQPU 3.3.5, 6.2 CPF 10.1.2
UQOG UVGRU JCXG DGGP OCFG YKVJ VJG CFQRVKQP QH HQTGUV XCNWGU, CFCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV CPF
U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI KP HQTGUVT[ CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG RNCPPKPI. 6JGTG KU GXKFGPEG1947 VJCV NQECN
GZRTGUUKQPU QH KPVTKPUKE, NGCTPKPI, UCETGF, EWNVWTCN, EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV XCNWG
JCXG DGGP KPENWFGF KP HQTGUV RNCPPKPI KP VJG 75#, #WUVTCNKC CPF %CPCFC, VJCV CFCRVKXG
OCPCIGOGPV JCU DGGP CFQRVGF KP VJG 75#1948, CPF CVVGORVU CTG DGKPI OCFG CV U[PGTIKUVKE
1947 4KDG CPF /CVVGUQP 2002, $TQYP CPF 4GGF 2000, %TQYHQQV 1990, 0QTVQP CPF *CPPQP 1999 1948 5VCPMG[ GV CN 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 366
DTKFIKPI KP *CYCKK1949, ’EWCFQT1950 CPF 0GY <GCNCPF1951. #V VJKU VKOG JQYGXGT KV KU UVKNN VQQ
GCTN[ VQ FTCY EQPENWUKQPU CDQWV VJG EQPUGSWGPEGU QH VJGKT CFQRVKQP.
6JG FKHHKEWNVKGU CTKUG KH VJGTG KU PQV VJG RQNKVKECN YKNN VQ DWKNF QP NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU, VJGTG CTG
KFGQNQIKECN EQPUVTCKPVU, QT VJG KPUVKVWVKQPCN RCTCFKIOU QH HQTGUVT[ CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG
FGRCTVOGPVU FQ PQV KPENWFG C F[PCOKE GSWKXCNGPV HQT NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU. 6JKU WPHQTVWPCVGN[
CRRGCTU VQ DG VJG ECUG KP %JKPC CPF VJG EQPUGSWGPEGU QH VJKU CTG FKUEWUUGF KP VJG PGZV UGEVKQP.
11.3.2 #FQRVKQP KP %JKPC CPF −JCO
9JCVGXGT VJG RQVGPVKCN QH VJG HKPFKPIU VJGTG CTG FCPIGTU VJCV VJKU UVWF[ YKNN JCXG XGT[ NKVVNG
UKIPKHKECPEG HQT HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR KP %JKPC QT ’CUVGTP −JCO WPNGUU VJGTG KU C RCTCFKIO UJKHV
KP VJG 5VCVG %QWPEKN CPF HQTGUVT[ RNCPPKPI CPF KORNGOGPVCVKQP KU FGXQNXGF VQ NQECN NGXGNU.
7PVKN XGT[ TGEGPVN[ %JKPC'U HQTGUVT[ FGRCTVOGPV CV PCVKQPCN CPF NQECN NGXGN JCU KIPQTGF NQECN
HQTGUV XCNWGU GURGEKCNN[ COQPI OKPQTKV[ PCVKQPCNKVKGU FWG VQ VJG KPJGTGPV KFGQNQIKECN
EQPVTCFKEVKQPU QH VTCFKVKQPCN XCNWGU CPF 'UQEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI'1952. 6JG ECFTGU V[RKECNN[ KIPQTG
NKPIWKUVKE GEQNQIKGU CPF NQECN GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG CPF KPUKUV VJCV CNN KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU
TGSWKTG HQTOCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN GFWECVKQP. %JKPC EQPVKPWGU VQ RTGFKECVG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV QP
C VQR-FQYP UEKGPVKHKE CRRTQCEJ CPF VJG PGY HQTGUV RQNKEKGU RTQXKFG GPXKTQPOGPVCN UWRRQTV CV
VJG GZRGPUG QH VJG NQECN RGQRNG.
5QEKCNKUO CU YG FKUEQXGTGF KP UGEVKQP 8.2.4 CPF 10.2 JCU PGXGT FKTGEVN[ EQPEGTPGF KVUGNH YKVJ
GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU, ECPPQV RTGVGPF VQ JCXG VJG CPUYGT VQ VJG GCTVJ'U GEQNQIKECN RTQDNGOU CPF
ECP GSWCNN[ DG WUGF VQ GZRNQKV PCVWTG CU EQPUGTXG KV. 0GKVJGT FQGU KV RTQXKFG CP CFGSWCVG
RNCVHQTO VQ DTKFIG DGVYGGP VJG HQTGUV XCNWGU QH VJG UVCVG CPF NQECN RGQRNG. 9G CTG UVKNN YCKVKPI
HQT VJG 'FCYP QH RQUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT['1953, TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 5.8 KP %JKPC, YJKEJ KU OQUVN[
NKOKVGF VQ EWNVWTG CPF RQNKVKEU1954.
1949 −CJCMCNCW 2004 1950 $GEMGT CPF )JKOKTG 2003 1951 5KOQP 2002 1952 *QYCTF 1994 1953 6TQWXCNKU 2000 1954 JVVR://YYY.CCUKCPUV.QTI/CDUVU/1998CDUV/EJKPC/E19.JVO CEEGUUGF 20VJ 0QX 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 367
9KVJKP VJG NCUV VGP [GCTU VJG KORQTVCPEG QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF GVJPQ-DQVCP[ JCU DGGP
TGEQIPK\GF DWV VJG TGUGCTEJ HKPFKPIU JCXG PQV DGGP VTCPUHGTTGF VQ VJG HQTGUVT[ QT PCVWTG
EQPUGTXCVKQP FGRCTVOGPVU HQT RQNKE[ QT RNCPPKPI RWTRQUGU. 6JGTG CTG UGOKPCN UKIPU QH
IQXGTPOGPV UWRRQTV HQT KPFKIGPQWU EWNVWTGU KP %JKPC GXGP VJQWIJ VJG KPVGTGUV KU OQUVN[ HQT
VQWTKUO1955. 6JGTG KU UQOG TGEQIPKVKQP KP %JKPC VJCV COQPI VJG OCP[ VJKPIU YG ECP NGCTP HTQO
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU KU C U[UVGOKE XKGY QH VJG YQTNF QH YJKEJ YG CTG RCTV. (GY *CP %JKPGUG VQ
FCVG JCXG UWIIGUVGF VJG DGUV OGVJQFU VQ OQXG CYC[ HTQO GZRGTV-DCUGF HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV VQ
RCTVKEKRCVQT[ UVGYCTFUJKR DCUGF QP NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU QT JQY DGUV VQ EQPUGTXG HQTGUVU,
YCVGTUJGFU CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[ VJTQWIJ VJG GPNKIJVGPGF UGNH-KPVGTGUV QH IQXGTPOGPV CPF NQECN
RGQRNGU. /QUV RCTVKEKRCVQT[ UVGYCTFUJKR CRRTQCEJGU KP %JKPC VQ FCVG JCXG DGGP HWPFGF D[
DK-NCVGTCN CKF QT 0)1U CPF CP KPETGCUKPI PWODGT QH ECFTGU JCXG DGGP VTCKPGF. 6JG FKHHKEWNV[
JCU DGGP VJCV CU UQQP CU VJG HQTGKIP HWPFKPI EGCUGU VJG HQTGUV FGRCTVOGPV TGVWTPU VQ C UEKGPVKHKE
HQTGUVT[ CRRTQCEJ. 6JGTG KU GXKFGPEG JQYGXGT KP VJG NQYGT GEJGNQPU QH IQXGTPOGPV CPF KP
%JKPGUG 0)1U QH C RCTCFKIO UJKHV CPF KV KU JQRGF VJCV GXGPVWCNN[ VJKPIU YKNN TGCEJ C ETKVKECN
OCUU VJCV CFFTGUUGU VJG XCNWGU QH VJG NQECN RGQRNG CU YGNN CU VJG FKEVCVGU QH VJG UVCVG. 6JKU
UKVWCVKQP KU PQV WPKSWG VQ %JKPC DWV KV KU CP CTGC VJCV TGSWKTGU WTIGPV KPXGUVKICVKQP, CFXQECE[
CPF CEVKQP HQT VJKU UVWF[ VQ JCXG CP[ UKIPKHKECPEG.
6JWU HCT, KP VJKU EJCRVGT, + JCXG NCTIGN[ HQEWUUGF QP −JCO DWV KP VJG HQNNQYKPI UGEVKQPU, + RNCP
VQ TGHNGEV WRQP VJG DTQCFGT EQPVTKDWVKQP QH VJG UVWF[ VQ MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF FKUEQWTUGU,
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR, CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGUVT[ RQNKE[.
11.4 −019.’&)’ 5;56’/5 #0& &+5%1745’5
11.4.1 9GUVGTP −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU
+ DGICP VJKU UVWF[ D[ GZRNQTKPI VJG KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPV CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCN VTCLGEVQTKGU CPF VJG XCNWGU CPF EWUVQOCT[ HQTGUV RTCEVKEGU QH KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU
CPF EQPENWFKPI VJCV VJG[ YGTG RTGFKECVGF QP EQPVTCUVKPI XKUKQPU QH TGUQWTEG EQPUGTXCVKQP1956.
1955 :W GV CN 2004 1956 $CPWTK CPF /CTINKP 1993
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 368
9KVJ XGT[ HGY GZEGRVKQPU OCKPUVTGCO VTCLGEVQTKGU QH FGXGNQROGPV CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CTG
HCVCNN[ HNCYGF, KP VGTOU QH VJGKT QYP QDLGEVKXGU CPF GKVJGT FQ PQV EQPUVKVWVG RCTCFKIOU1957 QT
EQPVKPWG VQ DG UCVWTCVGF YKVJ VJG EWNVWTCNN[ EQPUVTWEVGF O[VJU QH GVJPQEGPVTKE YGUVGTP
JGIGOQP[1958.
(QTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU KPENWFKPI PGQ-RQRWNKUV QPGU HCKN VQ TGUQPCVG YKVJ KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU DGECWUG VJG[ QRGTCVG YKVJKP VJG UCOG FKUEWTUKXG VGTTCKP CU 'UEKGPVKHKE' HQTGUVT[
FKUEWUUGF KP UGEVKQP 5.2. 6JG QPN[ GZEGRVKQP CRRGCTU VQ C RQUV-OQFGTP CRRTQCEJ DCUGF QP
GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU.
11.4.2 %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU
*KUVQTKECNN[ %JKPC JCU C XGT[ RQQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN TGEQTF CNVJQWIJ RCTCFQZKECNN[ VJGTG JCU DGGP
INQDCN KPVGTGUV KP &CQKUO CPF HGPIUJWK CU GZGORNCTU QH UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV,
TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQPU 7.2.1 CPF 7.2.2. 6JGTG KU, JQYGXGT, PQ GXKFGPEG QH GZRNKEKV PCVWTG
EQPUGTXCVKQP, KP GKVJGT, YJKEJ KU CRRCTGPV QPN[ KP UQOG UCETGF NCPFUECRG RCTCFKIOU QH UQOG
*CP CPF 6KDGVCP RGQRNGU CU EQPHKTOGF D[ VJG HKPFKPIU KP EJCRVGTU 9 CPF 10.
6JGTG CTG GSWCN FCPIGTU QH FTCYKPI EQPENWUKQPU CDQWV PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP KP %JKPC HTQO CTV
CPF NKVGTCVWTG. #NVJQWIJ VJGTG KU CP GZVGPUKXG NKVGTCVWTG UWRRQTVKPI PCVWTG1959, PCVWTCN
RJKNQUQRJ[ JCU PQV RTGXGPVGF FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF FGUVTWEVKQP. 5KOKNCTN[, YJKNG QHHKEKCN 6KDGVCP
FKUEQWTUGU QH RGCEG, JCTOQP[ CPF 'ITGGP GVJKEU' CTG PQV CNN VJG[ CRRGCT1960 UQOG XGTPCEWNCT
FKUEQWTUGU FQ UWRRQTV PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP.
6JG OGTKVU QH %JKPGUG CPF 6KDGVCP YQTNFXKGYU CPF RCTCFKIOU, CU GZRNQTGF KP VJKU UVWF[, PGGF
VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF QP C ECUG-D[-ECUG DCUKU, QP VJG TQCF VQ DKQ-EWNVWTCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[
1957 %JCODGTU 1993 1958 /KNNGT 2001 1959 −KPUNG[ 1995 1960 *WDGT 1995
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 369
#NVJQWIJ %JKPC TGEQIPK\GU VJG KORQTVCPEG QH OWNVKEWNVWTCNKUO1961 CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG,
KP NQECN FGXGNQROGPV KV KPUKUVU QP UWDLGEVKPI KVU KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG VQ C UQEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI1962
ECORCKIP. +V KU QPVQNQIKECNN[ DNKPF VQ VJG KPFKIGPQWU TGCNKVKGU, TGHGTTGF VQ KP VJKU UVWF[, QH
CPVJTQRQIGPKE NCPFUECRGU, NKPIWKUVKE GEQNQIKGU, CPF NQECN GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG.
11.5 +0&+)’0175 −019.’&)’ #0& 0#674#. 4’5174%’5
11.5.1 +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG FKUEQWTUG
+P URKVG QH VJG VJTGCVU RQUGF VQ KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF VJG FCPIGTU QH TQOCPVKEKUO VJGTG CTG
CURGEVU, EQPHKTOGF D[ VJKU UVWF[, VJCV CTG WPKSWG CPF IGTOCPG VQ DKQ-EWNVWTCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[.
#NVJQWIJ +− KU DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ EQ-QRVGF KPVQ OCKPUVTGCO FGXGNQROGPV TJGVQTKE CVVGORVU CTG
QHVGP OCFG GKVJGT VQ KPVGITCVG QT KPEQTRQTCVG1963 KV KPVQ 'UWRGTKQT' HQTOCN U[UVGOU QH MPQYNGFIG
QT VQ KPUKUV QP C FKEJQVQO[1964 DGVYGGP YGUVGTP CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG. 6JGTG KU JQYGXGT,
PQ DCUKU HQT KPVGITCVKQP CPF U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI1965 DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU KU GXKFGPVN[
OQTG UWUVCKPCDNG HQT MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO UWUVCKPCDKNKV[.
11.5.2 +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR
9G TGEQIPK\GF KP UGEVKQP 4.5.2 VJG XCNWG QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG HQT PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF
TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR CPF VJG FCPIGTU QH QXGT-TQOCPVKEK\KPI KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU' YKUFQO CPF
KPVTKPUKE JCTOQP[ DWV GSWCNN[ QH WPFGTGUVKOCVKPI VJGKT EQTG XCNWGU CPF NQECN MPQYNGFIG CPF
VJGKT XKVCN TQNG KP VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP QH DKQFKXGTUKV[1966.
+V KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ EQPUKFGT GCEJ KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG ITQWR QP C ECUG-D[-ECUG DCUKU, TGEQIPK\KPI
UQOG RCTCFKIOU QH EQPUGTXCVKQP; UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN GPJCPEGOGPV CPF UQOG QH
GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGUVTWEVKQP.
1961 $WNCI 1999 1962 *QYCTF 1994 1963 .CYTGPEG 2000 1964 #ITCYCN 1995D 1965 JVVR://KWHTQ-CTEJKXG.DQMW.CE.CV/KWHTQ/VCUMHQTEG/JRVHVHM.JVO CEEGUUGF 28VJ 0QX 2005 1966 2QUG[ CPF &WVHKGNF 1997
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 370
11.5.3 +ORNKECVKQPU HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[
9G TGEQIPK\GF VJCV VJG HQTGUV XCNWGU CRRTQCEJ KU DGKPI CFQRVGF INQDCNN[ CU C OGCPU QH
RTGFKECVKPI UVGYCTFUJKR QP KPFKIGPQWU CPF NQECN MPQYNGFIG DWV PQ WPKXGTUCN V[RQNQI[ QH HQTGUV
XCNWGU QT FGHKPKVKQPU GZKUVU. (QT C ETQUU-EWNVWTCN HQTGUV CRRTQCEJ VQ YQTM VJGTG CTG C PWODGT QH
EQPENWUKQPU YG ECP FTCY HTQO VJKU UVWF[ HQT KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGUVT[:
• HQTGUV XCNWCVKQP OWUV DG IGCTGF VQYCTFU EJCPIKPI VJG GEQPQOKE VTCFG-QHHU VJCV CTG
KPXQNXGF KP UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV KP VJG TGCN YQTNF CPF ECRVWTKPI HQTGUV
DGPGHKVU CU TGCN XCNWGU HQT NQECN RGQRNG1967.
• YJKNG KPUVKVWVKQPU CPF XGUVGF KPVGTGUVU EQPVKPWG VQ KIPQTG 'HQNM UGPUG' KP VGTOU QH VJG TQNG
QH HQTGUVU KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP1968, VJG[ YKNN PQV QPN[ CNKGPCVG VJGOUGNXGU HTQO
VJGKT KPFKIGPQWU ENKGPVU DWV CNUQ GZCEGTDCVG PCVWTCN FKUCUVGTU.
• KPFKIGPQWU OQFGU QH MPQYKPI CDQWV CPF HTQO HQTGUVU UJQWNF PQV DG KIPQTGF,
FKEJQVQOK\GF1969 QT KPVGITCVGF KPVQ YGUVGTP GRKUVGOQNQIKGU DWV DG EQPUKFGTGF GSWKVCDN[
DCUGF QP U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI.
• HQT PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP VQ UWEEGGF KV PGGFU VQ DG TGFGHKPGF CPF TGEQPUVTWEVGF HTQO VJG
RGTURGEVKXG QH VJG OWNVKRNG EWNVWTCN CPF GEQNQIKECN RTCEVKEGU VJCV EQPVKPWG VQ GZKUV
COQPI OCP[ EQOOWPKVKGU1970.
• PQV YKVJUVCPFKPI VJG EQORNGZKVKGU KPXQNXGF TCVJGT VJCP VT[KPI VQ 'CFQRV', 'KPEQTRQTCVG' QT
'OQFGN'1971 UCETGF HQTGUV CU C VGORNCVG HQT EQPUGTXCVKQP VJGTG KU C PGGF VQ DTKFIG QT HKPF
U[PGTI[ DGVYGGP GNGOGPVU QH OWNVKRNG UCETGF RCTCFKIOU QH EQPUGTXCVKQP.
• HKGNF OGVJQFU, UWEJ CU HQTGUV XCNWG TCPMKPI1972, GZKUV YJKEJ RTQXKFG HQTGUVGTU, KH PQV
GEQPQOKUVU, YKVJ C OGCPU QH SWCPVKH[KPI KPVTKPUKE XCNWG, CV NGCUV HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG
QH VJG NQECN RGQRNG.
• GORJCUKU UJQWNF DG IKXGP VQ OCKPVCKPKPI XKCDNG RQRWNCVKQPU QH VTGG URGEKGU CPF HQTGUV
EQXGT V[RGU CV TKUM, VJGTGD[ GPUWTKPI VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH HQTGUV-CUUQEKCVGF CPF FGRGPFGPV
YKNFNKHG CPF RGQRNG KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCNN[ CPF GSWKVCDN[1973.
1967 ’OGTVQP 2003 1968 2GCTEG 1999 1969 #ITCYCN 1995D 1970 )TWDD GV CN 1995 1971 .CKTF 1997-2005 1972 JVVR://YYY.HCQ.QTI/FQEWOGPVU/UJQYAEFT.CUR!WTNAHKNG=/&1%4’2/003/:6694’/:6694’06.JVO CEEGUUGF 28VJ 0QX 2005 1973 $WEM GV CN 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 371
• KH UWDUKUVGPEG PGGFU CTG VCMGP CU UGTKQWUN[ CU EQOOGTEKCN CEVKXKVKGU D[ VJQUG YJQ
HQTOWNCVG CPF KORNGOGPV HQTGUV RQNKE[, OCP[ GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU YKNN DGEQOG
OQTG VTCEVCDNG1974.
• VJG U[ODQNKE CPF GOQVKQPCN EQPPGEVKQPU DGVYGGP RGQRNG CPF VJG NCPF CTG CU TGCN CPF CU
KORQTVCPV CU VJG GEQNQIKECN TGNCVKQPUJKRU DGVYGGP URGEKGU QH RNCPVU CPF CPKOCNU.
6JGTGHQTG, YG PGGF VQ NQQM HQT YC[U VQ DTKFIG QWT UEKGPVKHKE WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG YQTNF
YKVJ VJG KPFKIGPQWU YC[U QH GZRGTKGPEKPI PCVWTG1975.
• YGUVGTPGTU OWUV NGCTP VQ HKPF 'YKNFGTPGUU ITCVKHKECVKQP' YJGP XKUKVKPI JQOGNCPFU QH
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG YKVJQWV VJGKT URGEKHKE FGUKIPCVKQP CU YKNFGTPGUU1976.
• C FGOQETCVKECNN[ UWRRQTVCDNG CRRTQCEJ VQ UWUVCKPCDNG WUG QH TGUQWTEGU OWUV DG
RTGFKECVGF QP VJG PGGFU QH RGQRNG YJQ NKXG OQUV KPVKOCVGN[ YKVJ RNCEG CPF PCVWTCN
TGUQWTEGU1977.
• YJGP KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVT[ KU YGNN RNCPPGF CPF GZGEWVGF, KV ECP FGNKXGT PQV LWUV NCTIG
SWCPVKVKGU QH YQQF, DWV C TCPIG QH GPXKTQPOGPV CPF UQEKCN DGPGHKVU1978.
• XGT[ HGY VTCLGEVQTKGU QH UQEKCNKUO QHHGT CP[ OQTCN DCUKU HQT EQPUGTXCVKQP, YKVJ VJG
RQUUKDNG GZEGRVKQP QH ' &JCOOKE UQEKCNKUO', TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQPU 7.2 CPF 7.7, YJKEJ
OQTCNN[ FTCYU QP TGNKIKQP, QT GEQUQEKCNKUO1979 YJKEJ TGLGEVU VJG PGGF HQT C "PGY
GEQNQIKECN RCTCFKIO"1980.
• UWDUKUVGPEG QT EQPVTQNNGF JWPVKPI HQT HQTGKIP GZEJCPIG UJQWNF DG RTQRGTN[ RNCPPGF
QWVUKFG VJG HKZGF DQWPFCTKGU QH VJG IQF'U FQOCKP CPF PGIQVKCVGF DGVYGGP JWOCP
UQEKGV[ CPF VJG NCTIGT UQEKGV[ QH DGKPIU, CPF VJG QHHKEGU1981 QH CP KPVGTOGFKCT[1982 WUGF
VQ GPUWTG DCNCPEG CPF TGEKRTQEKV[1983.
1974 ,QUJK 1983 1975 %CNFGEQVV 1993 1976 .WK :KCQICP 2001 1977 0QTVQP CPF *CPPQP 1999 1978 %QUUCNVGT CPF 2[G-5OKVJ 2003 1979 ’EMGTUNG[ 1992 1980 %CVVQP CPF &WPNCR 1980 1981 RGTOKUUKQP UGGMKPI, TKVWCNU, RTQRKVKCVKQP. 1982 G.I. UJCOCP. 1983 %CUVTQ 1991, &QXG 1993D, 4GKEJGN 1992
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 372
• GVJPQ-FGXGNQROGPV UJQWNF DG FGUKIPGF D[, TCVJGT VJCP HQT GVJPKE RGQRNG, YJKEJ
KORNKGU VJG TGXCNWCVKQP QH VJGKT QYP EWNVWTG CU VJG DCUKU WRQP YJKEJ HWVWTG
FGXGNQROGPV KU VQ DG EQPUVTWEVGF1984.
• KP QTFGT VQ CFFTGUU IGPFGT KUUWGU HQTGUVT[ OQFGNU OWUV DG EJCPIGF DQVJ VQ RTGUGTXG VJG
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF CEJKGXG IGPFGT GSWCNKV[1985.
11.5.4 5[PGTIKUVKE $TKFIKPI
+P VJG RTGXKQWU UGEVKQP, YG KFGPVKHKGF UVGRU VJCV YGTG TGSWKTGF HQT KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQTGUVGTU VQ
CFQRV C ETQUU-EWNVWTCN HQTGUV XCNWGU CRRTQCEJ, DWV VJKU UVWF[ JCU KFGPVKHKGF VJG PGEGUUKV[ QH
U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI HQT VJKU CRRTQCEJ VQ YQTM.
5[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI (QH MPQYNGFIG, GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF RGTEGRVKQPU) QHHGTU C OGCPU QH
UGNGEVKPI CRRQUKVG GNGOGPVU HTQO OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU KP QTFGT VQ CEJKGXG UWUVCKPCDNG
TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR KP CP[ IKXGP NQECN GPXKTQPOGPV. $TKFIKPI JQYGXGT TGOCKPU C RTQDNGO KH
QHHKEKCN FKUEQWTUGU1986 TGLGEV KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF OQFGU QH MPQYKPI, RGTEGRVKQP CPF
EQUOQNQI[. %QCNGUEKPI WPFGT VJG TWDTKE QH RQUV-OQFGTPKUO, JQYGXGT, YG FQ HKPF C PWODGT QH
EQORNKOGPVCT[ VTCLGEVQTKGU, YJKEJ UGGOKPIN[ RTQXKFG URCEG HQT MPQYNGFIG GSWKV[ CPF DTKFIKPI.
6JGUG VTCLGEVQTKGU KPENWFG J[RGTVGZV VJGQT[, RCTCFKIO VJGQT[, CDFWEVKXG NQIKE, CFCRVKXG
OCPCIGOGPV, GEQURKTKVWCN RCTCFKIOU, CPF RQUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU.
*[RGTVGZV VJGQT[ CUUWOGU KPHQTOCVKQP/MPQYNGFIG KU QTICPK\GF CPF RTQEGUUGF KP UKOKNCT YC[U
CU QWT OKPFU. #U YG NGCTP/GZRNQTG C VQRKE, YG HQTO C EQIPKVKXG YGD CUUQEKCVKPI PGY
KPHQTOCVKQP VQ GZKUVKPI KPHQTOCVKQP HQTOKPI EQORNGZ KPVGTTGNCVKQPUJKRU1987. *[RGTVGZV VJGQT[
"FQGU PQV RGTOKV C V[TCPPKECN, WPKXQECN XQKEG"1988 CPF KV CNNQYU WU VQ "CDCPFQP EQPEGRVWCN
U[UVGOU HQWPFGF WRQP KFGCU QH EGPVTG, OCTIKP, JKGTCTEJ[ CPF NKPGCTKV[ CPF TGRNCEG VJGO YKVJ
QPGU QH OWNVKNKPGCTKV[, PQFGU, NKPMU, CPF PGVYQTMU"1989.
1984 5G[OQWT-5OKVJ 1986 1985 *QYCTF 2001 1986 QH FGXGNQROGPV, GPXKTQPOGPV, PCVWTG, OKPQTKV[ CPF HQTGUVT[. 1987 JVVR://JCICT.WR.CE.\C/ECVVU/NGCTPGT/NGQPD/TDQ/J[RGTVGZV.JVO CEEGUUGF 6VJ 5GRV 2005 1988 .CPFQY 1993 RCIGU 4, 8 CPF 11 1989 .CPFQY 1993 RCIG 2
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 373
2CTCFKIO VJGQT[ QHHGTU VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH UGNGEVKPI HTQO "CP[ PWODGT QH EQ-GZKUVKPI
RCTCFKIOU"1990 CPF IKXGU "XCNWG VQ VJG GZRGTKGPVKCN CPF VJG NGCTPKPI GPICIGF KP CU RCTV QH
GXGT[FC[ NKHG" DCUGF QP "OWNVKRNG 'TGCNKVKGU' VQ DG EQPUVTWEVGF VJTQWIJ CP CNTGCF[ KPVGTRTGVGF
GZRGTKGPEG"1991.
#FCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV, RTGFKECVGF QP CDFWEVKXG1992, U[PVJGVKE CPF TGNCVKQPCN CRRTQCEJGU QHHGTU
VJG RTQURGEV QH GODTCEKPI UWTRTKUG, CPF QH TGFGHKPKPI TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV, JWOCP
KPUVKVWVKQPU, VGEJPKSWGU CPF XCNWGU DCUGF QP VJG RCVVGTPU QH VJG NCTIGT U[UVGO QH YJKEJ VJG[ CTG
RCTV. +V KU, JQYGXGT, UVKNN KP KVU KPHCPE[ CPF GZCORNGU QH UWEEGUUHWN KORNGOGPVCVKQP CTG TCTG.
#VVGORVU JQYGXGT CTG DGKPI OCFG VQ KORNGOGPV KV KP VJG 2CEKHKE 0QTVJ 9GUV QH 75# DWV VJGTG
CTG GXKFGPVN[ UQOG DCTTKGTU1993 UVCPFKPI DGVYGGP VJG EQPEGRV'U RQVGPVKCN CPF QP-VJG-ITQWPF
KORNGOGPVCVKQP. #UUWOKPI VJCV VJG DCTTKGTU CTG QXGTEQOG CFCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV KU PQV
FKUUKOKNCT VQ KPFKIGPQWU TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV, YJKEJ RTQEGGFU, KP CP CFCRVKXG HCUJKQP D[
OWVWCN HGGFDCEM OGEJCPKUOU CPF EQ-GXQNWVKQP.
+PFKIGPQWU TGUQWTEG OCPCIGOGPV U[UVGOU RCTCNNGN CFCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV KP VJGKT TGNKCPEG QP
NGCTPKPI-D[-FQKPI CPF VJG WUG QH HGGFDCEM HTQO VJG GPXKTQPOGPV VQ RTQXKFG EQTTGEVKQPU HQT
OCPCIGOGPV RTCEVKEG. 6JG[ FKHHGT HTQO HQTOCN U[UVGOU IGPGTCNN[ D[ VJG CDUGPEG QH VGUVCDNG
J[RQVJGUGU CPF IGPGTCNK\CVKQP VJGQTKGU CPF D[ VJG KPVGITCVKQP QH OQTCN CPF TGNKIKQWU DGNKGH
U[UVGOU YKVJ OCPCIGOGPV1994.
5QOG YGUVGTPGTU CPF GEQHGOKPKUVU1995, UQOGYJCV VGPFGPVKQWUN[1996, CTG ENCKOKPI VQ JCXG
TGFKUEQXGTGF URKTKVWCNKV[ EQPPGEVGF VQ VJG GCTVJ. 6JG[ CTG WUKPI RQUV-OQFGTP UEKGPEG VQ DQNUVGT
TGNKIKQWU ENCKOU FKTGEVGF VQYCTFU RGTUQPCN CPF/QT GEQNQIKECN YGNN-DGKPI1997. 6JGUG XKGYU CTG
HKPFKPI GZRTGUUKQP KP "GEQURKTKVWCN RCTCFKIOU"1998 QT "TGNKIKQWU GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV
1990 ;QWPI 1994 JVVR://ETKVETKO.QTI/TGFHGCVJGT/EJCQU/004RCTCFKIO.JVON CEEGUUGF 18VJ ,WN[ 2005 1991 7UJGT CPF ’FYCTFU 1994 RCIG 199 1992 $CVGUQP 1972D 1993 5GG 5VCPMG[ GV CN 2003 1994 )CFIKN GV CN 1993 1995 ’EQHGOKPKUO KU DCUGF QP VJG PQVKQP VJCV YQOGP CTG GURGEKCNN[ 'ENQUG VQ PCVWTG' KP C URKTKVWCN QT EQPEGRVWCN UGPUG (5JKXC 1988). 1996 .GCEJ 2003 1997 /GTEJCPV 1989, JVVR://YYY.EEUT.EC/EUUT/#TEJKXGU/97RTQI.JVON#’#610 CEEGUUGF 9VJ 5GRV 2005 1998 −KPUNG[1995 RCIG 1
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 374
RCTCFKIOU"1999 QT CP "CNNKCPEG QH ...TGNKIKQP CPF GEQNQI["2000. 6JGUG VTCLGEVQTKGU XKGY JWOCP
DGKPIU CU ETGCVWTGU QH VJG GCTVJ, GODGFFGF KP VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, QDNKIGF VQ KPVGTTGNCVG YKVJ C
NCTIGT YJQNG KP YC[U VJCV YKNN PQV JCTO VJG NCTIGT GEQU[UVGO. *WOCP FGUVKP[ KP VJKU XKGY
KPXQNXGU RTQOQVKPI JCTOQP[ YKVJ VJG PCVWTCN YQTNF, RWTUWKPI TCRRQTV YKVJ PQPJWOCP URGEKGU
CPF VJG NCPF, CPF EWTDKPI VJG JWOCP KPUVKPEVU VJCV GPEQWTCIG FQOKPCVKQP CPF EQPVTQN QH PCVWTG
HQT UGNHKUJ GPFU. +V KU KPETGCUKPIN[ ENGCT VJCV, HQT UQOG RGQRNG VQFC[ KP VJG 9GUV GEQNQIKECN
EQPEGTPU JCXG VCMGP QP TGNKIKQWU OGCPKPI CPF KPVGPUKV[, KPFGGF, VJCV GEQNQI[ JCU DGEQOG C
TGNKIKQP HQT UQOG. $QVJ YKVJKP CPF QWVUKFG VTCFKVKQPCN TGNKIKQWU KPUVKVWVKQPU, KUUWGU EQPEGTPKPI
VJG GPXKTQPOGPV JCXG CESWKTGF WNVKOCVG OGCPKPI HQT OCP[ RGQRNG.
6JG RQUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIO2001 GXKFGPVN[ JCU INQDCN CRRNKECVKQP WPFGT VJG TWDTKE QH
'RNWTCNKUO CPF UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUVT['2002 CPF ECP DG CFQRVGF PQV QPN[ HQT KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUV XCNWGU
DWV EJCPIGU KP XCNWGU KP 'FGXGNQRGF' UQEKGVKGU. +V RTQXKFGU CP GOGTIKPI RCTCFKIO VJCV CNNQYU
HQTGUVGTU VQ OQXG DG[QPF VJG PCTTQY EQPHKPGU QH 'WVKNKVCTKCP HQTGUVT['2003. 6JKU RCTCFKIO KU
RTGFKECVGF QP: WVKNKVCTKCP CPF PQP-WVKNKVCTKCP XCNWGU, YJQNG U[UVGOU VJCV CTG PQP-FGVGTOKPKUVKE,
UEKGPVKHKE WPEGTVCKPV[ ETGCVKPI URCEG HQT QVJGT UQWTEGU QH MPQYNGFIG, CFCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV
OQFGNU, VJG TGEQIPKVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG VJTQWIJ DQVVQO-WR CRRTQCEJGU, CPF NQECN
RGQRNG CU CEVKXG RCTVKEKRCPVU KP VJG U[UVGO2004.
6JGUG HKXG EQORNGOGPVCT[ VTCLGEVQTKGU, YJKEJ + UWRRQTV CPF EQPUKFGT QH XCNWG HQT VJG RGQRNGU
QH −JCO, CNNQY RNCPPGTU VQ VTCPUEGPF VJG NKOKVCVKQPU QH CP[ UKPING MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF
FGXGNQR UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUVT[ CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[ OQFGNU RTGFKECVGF QP U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI
DGVYGGP CRRQUKVG GNGOGPVU VCMGP HTQO OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU2005 CPF RTQEGGF KP CP
CFCRVKXG HCUJKQP D[ OWVWCN HGGFDCEM OGEJCPKUOU CPF EQ-GXQNWVKQP.
1999 2GFGTUGP 1995 RCIG 258 2000 6WEMGT CPF )TKO 2001 2001 5EJGNJCU 2003 2002 (#1 1997 2003 5JKPFNGT $ GV CN 1999, 9KNNKCOU & 2002 2004 5EJGNJCU 2003 2005 CPF VJG GRKUVGOQNQIKECN/RGTEGRVWCN OQFGU VJCV KPHQTO VJGO.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 375
11.6 (+0#. &+5%755+10
9G YKNN EQPENWFG VJKU VJGUKU YKVJ C HKPCN FKUEWUUKQP CDQWV HWVWTG TGUGCTEJ FKTGEVKQPU CPF VJG
QXGTCNN EQPENWUKQPU.
11.6.1 (WVWTG 4GUGCTEJ &KTGEVKQPU
/QTG TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF EQORCTKPI VJG FGITGG QH EQPUGTXCVKQP EQPUEKQWUPGUU, CPF GVJKECN
CVVKVWFGU, DGVYGGP UCETGF UKVGU CPF PQP-UCETGF UKVGU CPF VJG TGNGXCPEG, KH CP[, QH VJG HQWT
KPFKIGPQWU GPXKTQPOGPVCN RCTCFKIOU UWIIGUVGF D[ 7OGPU2006.
(WTVJGT TGUGCTEJ CPF FGXGNQROGPV UWRRQTV KU PGGFGF VQ RTQXKFG RQNKE[-TGNGXCPV KPHQTOCVKQP QP
HQTGUV UVTWEVWTG, EQORQUKVKQP, CPF GEQNQIKECN RTQEGUUGU CU CHHGEVGF D[ FKHHGTGPV OCPCIGOGPV
RTCEVKEGU VQ GPUWTG VJG NQPI-VGTO (KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN) RQVGPVKCN QH HQTGUVU VQ RTQXKFG VJG FKXGTUG
CTTC[ QH IQQFU CPF UGTXKEGU TGSWKTGF D[ UQEKGV[2007.
(WTVJGT TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF VQ GZRNQTG VJG FKHHGTGPEGU KP HQTGUV XCNWGU DGVYGGP ;CLKCPI CPF
<JQPIFKCP %QWPV[ YJGTG KV CRRGCTU VJCV VJG RGQRNG HGGN CNKGPCVGF HTQO VJGKT EWNVWTG CPF
GPXKTQPOGPV CPF VJCV KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP JCU PQV DGGP YGNN TGEGKXGF.
6JG FQOCKP PCOGU CPF FKOGPUKQPU WUGF HQT EQIPKVKXG OCRRKPI YGTG UGNGEVGF D[ VJG CWVJQT
CPF OQTG HKGNF TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF KP QTFGT VQ GUVCDNKUJ KH VJG PCOGU KFGPVKHKGF D[ VJG CWVJQT
CTG UKOKNCT VQ VJQUG WUGF D[ VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO. 6JKU CNUQ CRRNKGU VQ FKOGPUKQP 3 CPF 4,
YJKEJ YGTG PQV KFGPVKHKGF D[ VJG CWVJQT, DWV YGTG TGSWKTGF KP QTFGT VQ CPCN[\G 'JWPVKPI'. 6JG
HQTOGT EQWNF DG CEJKGXGF D[ RKNG UQTVKPI VGEJPKSWGU2008.
+V YCU QPN[ NCVVGTN[ FKUEQXGTGF VJCV VJG 6KDGVCPU YJQ NKXG KP <JQPIFKCP CTG OCVTKNKPGCN CPF VJG
0CZK WUGF VQ DG. (WTVJGT TGUGCTEJ KU TGSWKTGF EQORCTKPI IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU YKVJ VJG HQTGUV KP
OCVTKNKPGCN CPF RCVTKNKPGCN UQEKGVKGU CPF VJG KORCEV QH IGPFGT TGNCVKQPU YJGP NKPGCIG EJCPIGU
(CU YKVJ VJG 0CZK).
2006 # IKXKPI GPXKTQPOGPV, C TGEKRTQECVKPI GPXKTQPOGPV, C FKURQUCDNG GPXKTQPOGPV CPF C RTQJKDKVKPI GPXKTQPOGPV UWIIGUVGF D[ 7OCPU (1992). 2007 $WEM GV CN 2003 2008 $QTICVVK 1988 CPF 1990
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 376
+H VJG 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEKCN IQXGTPOGPV FQGU KPVTQFWEG JWPVKPI QH DNWG UJGGR CPF YJKVG NKRRGF
FGGT, IKXGP VJCV DNWG UJGGR EQPUVKVWVGU VJG OCKP HQQF UQWTEG QH VJG GPFCPIGTGF UPQY
NGQRCTF2009 UQOG UQTV QH UVCVWU UVWF[ CRRGCTU VQ DG TGSWKTGF, VQ CUEGTVCKP EWNN UK\G.
11.6.2 1XGTCNN %QPENWUKQPU
6JG RTKOCT[ CKO QH VJKU UVWF[ YCU VQ GZRNQTG VJG KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU CPF
TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR YKVJ C XKGY VQ HKPFKPI UWKVCDNG GPFQIGPQWU RCTCFKIOU VJCV YKNN CNNQY VJG
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU QH ’CUVGTP −JCO VQ RGTRGVWCVG, RTQVGEV, WVKNK\G CPF EQPUGTXG VJGKT HQTGUV
CPF VTGGU QP C UWUVCKPCDNG DCUKU YKVJQWV EQORTQOKUKPI VJGKT UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN U[UVGOU,
EQUOQXKUKQP QT YGNN-DGKPI.
+P RWTUWCPEG QH VJG RTKOCT[ CKO QH VJG UVWF[ VJG TGUGCTEJ EQPVTKDWVGU VQ VJG DTQCF VJGQTK\CVKQP
QH MPQYNGFIG CPF VJG KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG FGDCVG D[: GZRNQTKPI VJG EQPVTKDWVKQP QH
KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG CPF HQTGUV XCNWGU VQ UWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG UVGYCTFUJKR CPF HQTGUVT[
QWVEQOGU; UWIIGUVKPI ETQUU-EWNVWTCN VQQNU CPF OGVJQFU HQT KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG GNKEKVCVKQP
CPF CPCN[UKU; UWIIGUVKPI OGVJQFU QH DTKFIKPI DGVYGGP OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU; CPF
UWIIGUVKPI QWVEQOGU KP %JKPC CPF ’CUVGTP −JCO.
6JG OGVJQFQNQI[ EJQUGP HQT OGGVKPI VJG CKOU QWVNKPGF CDQXG KU OWNVK-HCEGVGF KP VJCV KV JCU
DQVJ SWCNKVCVKXG CPF SWCPVKVCVKXG EQORQPGPVU CPF FTCYU WRQP JKUVQTKECN CU YGNN CU
EQPVGORQTCT[ OCVGTKCNU. 6JG SWCPVKVCVKXG TGUGCTEJ YCU RTGFKECVGF QP QRGP-GPFGF KPVGTXKGYU,
VGZV CPCN[UKU, TCPMKPI, OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI, IGQUVCVKUVKECN CPF DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU, CPF
UWRRQTVKXG VGEJPQNQIKGU YJKEJ CTG TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 6. 6JG UVWF[ YCU CNUQ GCTVJGF KP VJG
CWVJQT'U MPQYNGFIG QH VJG TGIKQP ICKPGF HTQO; EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ KP 0GRCN (1984-1991),
EQPUWNVCPE[ KP %JKPC (1993 -2005), UGEQPFCT[ FCVC2010 UQWTEGU, MG[ KPHQTOCPVU CPF EWNVWTCN
URGEKCNKUVU (K.G. UJCOCPU). 6JG CWVJQT'U NQECN MPQYNGFIG GURGEKCNN[ HTQO VJG EQPVGZVWCN UVWFKGU
KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ KORQTVCPV DGECWUG KV UWRRNGOGPVU CPF EQPVGZVWCNKUGU VJG HKGNF TGUGCTEJ CPF HKNNU
KP UQOG QH VJG ICRU.
2009 7PEKC WPEKC KU VJG .CVKP HQT UPQY NGQRCTF CPF #7m#k
I\KI KU VJG 6KDGVCP.
2010 IQXGTPOGPV FQEWOGPVU, RTGUU ENKRRKPIU, PGYU NGVVGTU, 455 HGGFU, CNGTVU, QHHKEKCN UVCVKUVKEU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
%JCRVGT 11 %QPENWUKQPU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 377
6JG UVWF[ RTQFWEGF C PWODGT QH KPVGNNGEVWCN, UEJQNCTN[ CPF UEKGPVKHKE HKPFKPIU RTQXKFKPI
GXKFGPEG COQPI VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO QH: NQECN EQPUGTXCVKQP GVJKEU; NQECN RCTCFKIOU QH GZRNKEKV
PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP; GXKFGPEG QH UQEKCN HGPEKPI; NQECN GRKUVGOQNQIKGU CPF RU[EJQNQIKGU QH
PCVWTG; NQECN 'EQTG' CTGCU QH PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP; CPF WPKSWG HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU.
6JG DTQCFGT KORNKECVKQPU VJCV ECP DG FTCYP CTG; VJCV EQPUVGNNCVKQPU QH HQTGUV XCNWGU CTG
RGTEGRVWCNN[ LWZVCRQUGF D[ EQIPKVKXG FQOCKP CPF FKOGPUKQP; QH WPKSWG HQTGUV XCNWG RCTCFKIOU
D[ CIG, IGPFGT, GVJPKEKV[, CPF NQECVKQP; QH FKTGEVKQPCN CPF ENKPCN VTGPFU KP HQTGUV XCNWGU; CPF VJCV
HQTGUV XCNWGU ECP DG KPHNWGPEGF EWNVWTCNN[ CPF DKQRJ[UKECNN[.
6JKU UVWF[ KU KORQTVCPV HQT VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO DGECWUG KV RTQXKFGU VGORNCVGU HQT TGUQWTEG
UVGYCTFUJKR RTGFKECVGF QP NQECN HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF RCTCFKIOU. )KXGP VJG RNCEG CHHQTFGF VQ
UEKGPEG KP %JKPC CPF VJG SWCPVKVCVKXG OGVJQFQNQI[ CFQRVGF JQRGHWNN[ VJKU UVWF[ YKNN JGNR VQ
'GNGXCVG' VJG KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, EQIPKVKXG HTCOGYQTMU CPF GRKUVGOQNQIKGU QH VJG RGQRNGU
QH ’CUVGTP −JCO VQ C NGXGN QH CEEGRVCPEG CPF MPQYNGFIG GSWKV[ YKVJ OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG
U[UVGOU.
6JG UVWF[ KU KORQTVCPV HQT INQDCN HQTGUVT[ DGECWUG KV RTQXKFGU C OGVJQFQNQI[ VJCV ECP DG
TGRNKECVGF CPF WUGF D[ RNCPPGTU YJQ YCPV VQ FGXGNQR ETQUU-EWNVWTCN OQFGNU QH HQTGUV
UVGYCTFUJKR QT EQPUGTXCVKQP RTGFKECVGF QP OWNVKRNG HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CP[YJGTG
KP VJG YQTNF.
+V KU KORQTVCPV VQ TGOGODGT VJCV VJG TQCF VQ UWUVCKPCDNG MPQYNGFIG CPF HQTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR KU
RTGFKECVGF QP U[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI CPF FKXGTUKV[. +H + ECP TGRGCV UQOGVJKPI + UCKF KP EJCRVGT VGP,
EWNVWTGU VJCV XCNWG RGTEGRVWCN, GRKUVGOQNQIKECN CPF DKQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[ CTG OQTG CFCRVCDNG
VJCP EWNVWTGU VJCV FQ PQV. 5WEJ EWNVWTGU CTG DGVVGT CDNG VQ WPFGTUVCPF YJQNG U[UVGOU VJCP CTG
EWNVWTGU VJCV TGN[ QPN[ QP VJG 'UEKGPVKHKE' OGVJQF. 6JG[ CNUQ CTG DGVVGT UVGYCTFU QH VJGKT
GPXKTQPOGPVU, DGECWUG VJG[ ITCUR VJG XCNWG QH VJG YJQNG QH DKQFKXGTUKV[ VJTQWIJ VTCPUTCVKQPCN
CU YGNN CU UEKGPVKHKE RTQEGUUGU CPF NGCFU VQ C JKIJGT FGITGG QH CFCRVCDKNKV[ CPF 'GXQNWVKQPCT['
EQORGVGPEG.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#FFGPFWO
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 378
#&&’0&7/
*QY VJG EJQKEG QH OGVJQFQNQI[ YCU UJCRGF CPF RTQUGEWVGF
6JGTG YGTG C PWODGT QH HCEVQTU VJCV UJCRGF VJG EJQKEG QH OGVJQFQNQI[ CFQRVGF HQT VJKU VJGUKU
CPF KVU RTQUGEWVKQP KP VJG HKGNF.
6JG OGVJQFQNQI[ YCU RTKOCTKN[ UJCRGF D[ VYQ RQUV-OQFGTP VTCLGEVQTKGU, RQUV-OQFGTP
HQTGUVT[2011 YJKEJ CFFTGUUGU OWNVKRNG HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF RQUV-OQFGTP UEKGPEG2012 RTGFKECVGF QP
OWNVKRNG OGVJQFQNQIKECN CUUWORVKQPU CPF OGVJQFU.
)KXGP VJG UQEKQ-RQNKVKECN ENKOCVG KP %JKPC2013, CPF VJG GVJPKE UGPUKVKXKVKGU2014, C SWCPVKVCVKXG
OGVJQF HQT HKGNF TGUGCTEJ RTQXGF VQ DG VJG QRVKOWO EJQKEG DGECWUG KV YCU DCUGF QP "UEKGPEG
CPF VGEJPQNQI[". # SWCNKVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ VJCV GNKEKVGF QRKPKQPU OC[ JCXG; RTQXGF RQNKVKECNN[
EJCNNGPIKPI, FGNKXGTGF UWURGEV FCVC, CPF HCKNGF VQ FGNKXGT KFGPVKHKCDNG UVGYCTFUJKR WPKVU.
+ EQPENWFGF KP UGEVKQP 3.2 VJCV C RQUV-OQFGTP RCTCFKIO YCU PQV IGTOCPG VQ VJG YQTNFXKGY QT
XCNWGU QH VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO DWV TGEQIPK\GF EGTVCKP VTCLGEVQTKGU VJCV YGTG. 2QUV-OQFGTP
HQTGUVT[2015 CPF RQUV-OQFGTP UEKGPEG2016 QHHGTGF C PGY CRRTQCEJ VJCV TGUQPCVGF PQV QPN[ YKVJ
KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU DWV UGC EJCPIGU KP HQTGUV XCNWGU KP VJG FGXGNQRGF YQTNF. 9JKNG
RQUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[ TGEQIPK\GU C OWNVKRNKEKV[ QH HQTGUV XCNWGU CPF RQUV-OQFGTP UEKGPEG
OWNVKRNG GRKUVGOQNQIKGU, DQVJ CNNQY HQT VJG IGQURCVKCNN[ FGHKPGF UVGYCTFUJKR (KP JC QT MO2) QH
HQTGUV DCUGF QP OWNVKRNG RNWTKHQTOKV[2017.
2011 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 5.8 2012 +V FKHHGTU HTQO %CTVGUKCP UEKGPEG (5NGCVQT 1996) DGECWUG KV KU RTGFKECVGF QP :-
• PQPNKPGCTKV[ & FKUEQPVKPWKV[ • VJG VTCPUEGPFGPEG QH %CTVGUKCP FKUVKPEVKQP QH *WOCPMKPF-0CVWTG, 1DUGTXGT-1DUGTXGF CPF
5WDLGEV-1DLGEV • C F[PCOKE YGD QH TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP VJG YJQNG CPF RCTV KP RNCEG QH CVQOKUO CPF TGFWEVKQPKUO • U[ODQNKUO CPF TGRTGUGPVCVKQP • C FGOQETCVKE CRRTQCEJ KP RNCEG QH GNKVKUO
2013 TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 7 2014 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.4.3 2015 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 5.8 2016 TGHGTTGF VQ KP 2.3 CPF 3.2 2017 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 1.1, 2.1 CPF 5.8
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#FFGPFWO
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 379
)KXGP VJCV + JCXG NKXGF KP *KIJ #UKC HQT OQUV QH O[ NKHG CPF JCXG CFQRVGF C YQTNFXKGY VJCV
KU OWEJ ENQUGT VQ CP KPFKIGPQWU YQTNFXKGY VJCP VJG EQORCTVOGPVCNKUGF CECFGOKE FKUEKRNKPGU
RTGXCNGPV YKVJKP VJG 9GUVGTP KPVGNNGEVWCN VTCFKVKQP2018 + PGXGT UCY CP[ KPEQPUKUVGPE[ CFQRVKPI
RQUV-OQFGTP VTCLGEVQTKGU CPF C SWCNKVCVKXG CPF SWCPVKVCVKXG OGVJQFQNQI[. /[ CRRTQCEJ KU PQV
WPKSWG CU (CTTGNN (2004) CFQRVGF C RQUV-OQFGTP CRRTQCEJ WUKPI SWCPVKVCVKXG IGPGVKE XCTKCVKQP
CPF $TQVV (2001) $QYMGT (2001) CPF 4CHKSWG (2005) CFQRVGF C RQUV-OQFGTP CRRTQCEJ WUKPI
DQVJ SWCPVKVCVKXG CPF SWCNKVCVKXG FCVC.
2QUV-OQFGTP UEKGPEG KORNKGU FKXGTUKV[ KP VGTOU QH OWNVKRNG VTWVJU, UVCPFCTFU CPF HQTOU QH FCVC
TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU HQT OWNVKRNG CWFKGPEGU DGECWUG VJG[ DGVVGT TGRTGUGPV DQVJ VJG EQORNGZKV[ QH VJG
NKXGU YG UVWF[, CPF VJG NKXGU YG NGCF (4KEJCTFUQP 1994 6KGTPG[ CPF .KPEQNP (1997). +V QHHGTU
VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ CFQRV C FKXGTUKV[ QH OGVJQFQNQIKECN CUUWORVKQPU CPF OGVJQFU KP IGPGTCVKPI
MPQYNGFIG QH VJG JWOCP CPF UQEKCN YQTNF YKVJKP C UKPING TGUGCTEJ RTQLGEV (4CHKSWG 2005).
+ CFQRVGF C SWCNKVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ HQT GZRNQTKPI CPF KFGPVKH[KPI HQTGUV XCNWGU FWTKPI
RTG-VGUVKPI2019 CPF HQT HQNNQY-WR SWGUVKQPU FWTKPI HKGNF YQTM2020. 9JGP, JQYGXGT + UQWIJV QWV
HKGNF OGVJQFU CFFTGUUKPI VJG TGNCVKXG KORQTVCPEG QH HQTGUV XCNWGU, CPF VJG KFGPVKHKECVKQP QH
RCTCFKIOU, EQIPKVKXG FQOCKPU CPF VJGKT IGQURCVKCN GZVGPV CPF FKUVTKDWVKQP CNN + EQWNF HKPF YGTG
SWCPVKVCVKXG OGVJQFU2021. 6JGUG YGTG NCTIGN[ YKVJKP VJG HKGNFU QH EQIPKVKXG CPVJTQRQNQI[,
EQIPKVKXG RU[EJQNQI[, ETQUU-EWNVWTCN RU[EJQNQI[ CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN RU[EJQNQI[. +P QTFGT
JQYGXGT VQ RTQXKFG UQOG UQTV QH TKIQWT VQ O[ HKPFKPIU CPF VJGKT IGQURCVKCN FKUVTKDWVKQP + CNUQ
KPENWFGF IGQUVCVKUVKEU. + EQWNF PQV HKPF CP[ UVWF[ YKVJ UKOKNCT IQCNU VQ O[ QYP VJCV YCU DCUGF
QPN[ QP C SWCNKVCVKXG CRRTQCEJ CNVJQWIJ + ECP CPF FKF FTCY QP 20 [GCTU QH
RCTVKEKRCPV-QDUGTXCVKQP.
(KGNF TGUGCTEJ COQPI %JKPGUG OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU JCU PGXGT DGGP GCU[, GURGEKCNN[ COQPI VJG
6KDGVCPU, CPF KPHQTOCVKQP CEEGUU FGGOGF C RTKXKNGIG,. &WTKPI HKGNF YQTM YKVJ CP KPVGTPCVKQPCN
VGCO KP 1994 + JCF VQ URGPF 2 FC[U YCNMKPI VQ TGOQVG HQTGUVU KP QTFGT VQ NQUG O[ 'OKPFGT'
2018 CNNWFGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 3.1.2. 2019 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 6.5 2020 TGHGTTGF VQ KP EJCRVGT 8 2021 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 6.1
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#FFGPFWO
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 380
DGHQTG YG EQWNF DGIKP C 24# UVWF[. 1PG FC[ C RQNKVKECN CIGPV HTQO VJG KPVGTTQICVKQP
FGRCTVOGPV ECOG VQ EJGEM WU QWV CPF FKUEQXGT KH YG VJQWIJV 6KDGVCPU YGTG 'EKXKNK\GF'. 6JG
KPVGTRTGVGT EQWNF PQV WPFGTUVCPF YJ[ YG MGRV CUMKPI VJG UCOG SWGUVKQPU QXGT CPF QXGT CICKP
CPF C OCP HTQO VJG HQTGUVT[ FGRCTVOGPV MGRV CPUYGTKPI SWGUVKQPU QP DGJCNH QH VJG TGURQPFGPV.
’XGPVWCNN[ VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN VGCO YCU CUMGF VQ NGCXG VJG CTGC DGECWUG "YG FKF PQV JCXG VJG
EQTTGEV V[RG QH XKUC HQT EQPFWEVKPI HKGNF UWTXG[U". 5KPEG VJGP VJKPIU JCXG IQV DGVVGT GURGEKCNN[
UKPEG 1998 YJGP ’CUVGTP −JCO QRGPGF WR HQT VQWTKUO.
(QTGUVT[ KP %JKPC EQOGU WPFGT VJG CGIKU QH 'UEKGPEG CPF VGEJPQNQI[', YJKEJ EQOOCPFU TGURGEV
CU C /CTZKUV 'RTQFWEVKXG HQTEG' (%++% 1988), 'UQEKCN HQTGUVT[' KU RTGFKECVKPI QP UQEKCN
GPIKPGGTKPI2022 CPF 'GVJPKE HQTGUVT[' KU XKGYGF CU C VQWTKUV EQOOQFKV[ HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH
OWNVKEWNVWTCNKUO2023. #U C TGUWNV OQUV %JKPGUG ECFTGU YQWNF CUUWOG, IKXGP VJG GVJPQEGPVTKE
UWRGTKQTKV[ QH VJGKT TCVKQPCN UEKGPVKHKE EQIPKVKXG U[UVGO2024 VJCV VJG FCVC + YCU EQNNGEVKPI YQWNF
GKVJGT RTQXKFG VJG DCUKU VQ 'EJCPIG', 'WRNKHV' QT 'EKXKNK\G' VJG RGQRNGU QH −JCO, QT HQT VQWTKUV
RTQOQVKQP DWV PQV CU CP GZGORNCT QH UVGYCTFUJKR. + TGEQIPK\GF KP VJG HKGNF VJCV VJG CRRTQCEJ +
JCF CFQRVGF (GURGEKCNN[ YKVJ UWRRQTVKPI VGEJPQNQIKGU UWEJ CU C HKGNF EQORWVGT CPF )25) CPF
C OKZGF TCEG2025 TGUGCTEJ CUUKUVCPV HTQO VJG HQTGUV FGRCTVOGPV FKF PQV RQUG CP[ UQEKQ-RQNKVKECN
VJTGCV CPF O[ TGUGCTEJ YCU XKGYGF CU 'UEKGPVKHKE'. 1P QPG QEECUKQP VJG RQNKEG FKF UJQY WR JCNH
YC[ VJTQWIJ CP KPVGTXKGY DWV O[ TGUGCTEJ CUUKUVCPV YCU CDNG VQ XQWEJ HQT OG. + CNYC[U ECTTKGF
DQPG HKFGU HTQO 5KEJWCP 0QTOCN 7PKXGTUKV[ DWV PGXGT JCF VQ WUG VJGO CPF QP QPG QEECUKQP +
JCF C NGVVGT QH KPVTQFWEVKQP HTQO VJG EJKGH QH RQNKEG QH VJG RTGHGEVWTG. 6JG QPN[ VKOG + PGCTN[ JCF
C RTQDNGO YCU KP /KP[CM YJGTG O[ FTKXGT YCU VJG KPVGTRTGVGT (JG URQMG VJG NQECN NCPIWCIG).
*G JCF DGGP KP VJG CTO[ CPF DGECOG EQPEGTPGF YJGP TGURQPFGPVU UECNGF "UQEKCNKUO" FKUVCPVN[
HTQO QVJGT XCNWGU YJKEJ JG KPVGTRTGVGF CU WPCEEGRVCDNG ETKVKEKUO2026. + CO PQV UWTG KH JG
TGRQTVGF OG DWV + YCU PQV FGVCKPGF CPF + EQPVKPWGF VQ DG CDNG VQ IGV XKUCU.
2022 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.4.2 2023 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.4.2 2024 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.1 2025 6KDGVCP-%JKPGUG 2026 TGHGTTGF VQ KP UGEVKQP 7.5.1
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#FFGPFWO
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 381
6JKU UVWF[ QHHGTGF C WPKSWG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ CFQRV OWNVKRNG TGUGCTEJ OGVJQFU VJCV TGRTGUGPVGF
VJG EQORNGZKV[ QH VJG RGQRNGU QH ’CUV −JCO CICKPUV VJG DCEMFTQR QH VJG %JKPGUG
UQEKQ-RQNKVKECN EQPVGZV CU YGNN CU JCXKPI CRRNKECVKQP HQT QVJGT RGQRNG ITQWRU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 382
$+$.+1)4#2*; #DDKY, &, (1990) 7UGHWN 2NCPVU QH )JCPC: 9GUV #HTKECP 7UGU QH 9KNF CPF %WNVKXCVGF 2NCPVU. +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[ 2WDNKECVKQPU, .QPFQP #DDQVVU, #,(1997) 0CMGF 5RKTKVU: # ,QWTPG[ +PVQ 1EEWRKGF 6KDGV, %CPQPICVG $QQMU, ’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’PXKTQPOGPV CPF 5WUVCKPCDKNKV[ KP VJG 6JKTF 9QTNF, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP #FCOU, 9. (1993) "5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV CPF VJG )TGGPKPI QH &GXGNQROGPV 6JGQT[", +P 5EJWWTOCP, (. (GF.), $G[QPF VJG +ORCUUG, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 207-222 #FCOU, 9. (1995) ")TGGP &GXGNQROGPV 6JGQT[ ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CPF 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV", +P %TWUJ, ,. (GF.), 2QYGT QH &GXGNQROGPV, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 87-99 #&$ (2003) 1RGTCVKQPU /CPWCN 5GEVKQP (3/$2, #UKCP &GXGNQROGPV $CPM JVVR://YYY.CFD.QTI/&QEWOGPVU//CPWCNU/1RGTCVKQPU/1/(03A13OC[04.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 #FFKPUQHV (1995-2002) :.56#6: 5VCVKUVKECN 5QHVYCTG HQT /5 ’ZEGN, XGTUKQP 2TQ 5.1X2 #FFKPUQHV #GTVU, &., #RQUVGN, .., &G /QQT, $., *GNNGOCPU, 5., ’, /., 8CP $GNNG, *. CPF 8CP > 8GMGP, ,. (1994) 9QTNF 8KGYU: (TQO (TCIOGPVCVKQP VQ +PVGITCVKQP, (TGG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TWUUGNU, $TWUUGNU #(2 #IGPEG (TCPEG 2TGUUG "6KDGV DWHHGVGF D[ TGEQTF UPQYHCNN", #(2 #IGPEG (TCPEG 2TGUUG (31/12/1997) #(2# (2004) %JKPC'U 5WDUKFK\CVKQP QH KVU (QTGUV 2TQFWEVU +PFWUVT[: −G[ (KPFKPIU, #OGTKECP (QTGUV CPF 2CRGT #UUQEKCVKQP JVVRU://YYY.DKRCE.PGV/CHRC/RFH/%JKPCA−G[A(KPFKPIU6-3-04.RFH 3TF /C[ 2005 #ICTYCN, #. (1984) "$G[QPF RTGVV[ VTGGU CPF VKIGTU: VJG TQNG QH GEQNQIKECN FGUVTWEVKQP KP VJG GOGTIKPI RCVVGTPU QH RQXGTV[ CPF RGQRNG'U RTQVGUVU. 5VJ 8KMTCO 5CTCDJCK --", 2TGUGPVGF CV /GOQTKCN .GEVWTG, FGNKXGTGF KP 0GY &GNJK, 13 #WIWUV, WPFGT VJG CWURKEGU QH VJG +PFKCP %QWPEKN QH 5QEKCN 5EKGPEG 4GUGCTEJ. %QPHGTGPEG #ITCYCN, #., (1995C) +PFKIGPQWU CPF UEKGPVKHKE MPQYNGFIG: UQOG ETKVKECN EQOOGPVU, +P +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG CPF &GXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT 3(3), CV JVVR://YYY.PWHHKE.PN/EKTCP/KMFO/3-3/CTVKENGU/CITCYCN.JVON , CEEGUUGF 5VJ /C[ 2000 #ITCYCN, #. (1995D) "&KUOCPVNKPI VJG &KXKFG DGVYGGP +PFKIGPQWU CPF 5EKGPVKHKE −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’VJPQDKQNQI[, 1 RCIGU 221-230 #NNKUQP, 0. (1984) "/CMG UWTG [QWT IGVVKPI VJTQWIJ", ’/3, 20 (2) RCIGU 167-168 #PCIPQUV, #. (1994C) "6JG 2QNKVKEU QH 4KVWCN &KURNCEGOGPV", +P −G[GU, %., −GPFCNN, .. CPF *CTFCETG, *. (GF.), +P #UKCP 8KUKQPU QH #WVJQTKV[: 4GNKIKQP CPF VJG /QFGTP 5VCVGU QH ’CUV CPF 5QWVJGCUV #UKC., 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *CYCKK 2TGUU., *QPQNWNW, RCIGU 221-254 #PCIPQUV, #, (1994D) "9JQ +U 5RGCMKPI *GTG! &KUEWTUKXG $QWPFCTKGU & 4GRTGUGPVCVKQP KP 2QUV-/CQ %JKPC", +P *C[, ,. (GF.), $QWPFCTKGU KP %JKPC, 4GCMVKQP $QQMU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 257-279 #PFGTUQP, ). (1996) ’EQNQIKGU QH VJG *GCTV ’OQVKQP $GNKGH CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM #PFGTUQP, ). "(NQYGTKPI #RTKEQV: ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TCEVKEG (QNM 4GNKIKQP CPF &CQKUO", 2TGUGPVGF CV (2CRGT RTGUGPVGF CV 6CQKUO & ’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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 383
#PFGTUQP, ) CPF / (1973) /QWPVCKP CPF 9CVGT: 6JG %WNVWTCN ’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−PQYNGFIG: +PVGTHCEGU $GVYGGP $WTGCWETCVU CPF 2GCUCPVU", +P .QPI, 0. CPF .QPI, #. (GF.), $CVVNGHKGNFU QH −PQYNGFIG, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, #TEG, #. CPF .QPI, 0. (2000) "4GEQPHKIWTKPI /QFGTPKV[ CPF &GXGNQROGPV (TQO CP #PVJTQRQNQIKECN 2GTURGEVKXG", +P #TEG, #. CPF .QPI 0 (GF.), #PVJTQRQNQI[ &GXGNQROGPV & /QFGTPKVKGU: ’ZRNQTKPI &KUEQWTUGU, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 1-31 #TKU, /. (1990) "/CP CPF 0CVWTG KP VJG $WFFJKUV *KOCNC[C", +P 4WUVQOLK, 0. CPF 4CODNG, %. (GF.), *KOCNC[CP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF %WNVWTG, +PFWU, 0GY &GNJK, RCIGU 85-101 #TOUVTQPI, #. (2003) 6JG %COGTQPKCPU CPF VJG 4GENCKOKPI QH 5EQVNCPF'U 4GXQNWVKQPCT[ 6TCFKVKQP: # 4GURQPUG VQ '&KUEQXGTKPI VJG 5EQVVKUJ 4GXQNWVKQP 1688-1746', #TPGKN, $. (1996) ,QJP .QEMG CPF #OGTKEC: 6JG &GHGPEG QH ’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’PFCPIGTGF NCPIWCIGU, GPFCPIGTGF MPQYNGFIG, GPFCPIGTGF GPXKTQPOGPVU %QPHGTGPEG , $GTMGNG[ %CNKHQTPKC 25-27 1EVQDGT, 1996., #VTCP, 5. (2001) "6JG 8CPKUJKPI .CPFUECRG QH VJG 2GVGP /C[C .QYNCPFU: 2GQRNG, 2NCPVU, #PKOCNU, 2NCEGU, 9QTFU CPF 5RKTKVU", +P /CHHK, . GF. (GF.), 1P $KQEWNVWTCN &KXGTUKV[ .KPMKPI .CPIWCIG, −PQYNGFIG, CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVG, 9CUJKPIVQP &%, #VTCP, 5. CPF /GFKP, &. (1997) "/QFGNU QH 0CVWTG CPF 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV KP /GUQCOGTKEC", +P $C\GTOCP, /., /GUUKPEM, &., 6GPDTWPUGN, #. CPF 9CFG, −. (GF.), ’PXKTQPOGPV, ’VJKEU, CPF $GJCXKQWT, 0GY .GZKPIVQP 2TGUU, 5CP (TCPUKUEQ, RCIGU 171-208 #WUWDGN, &, 0QXCM, ,.CPF *CPGUKCP, *. (1978) ’FWECVKQPCN 2U[EJQNQI[: # %QIPKVKXG 8KGY, *QNV 4KPGJCTV & 9KPUVQP, 0GY ;QTM #[K (2001) "1P VJG 0CVWTG CPF 6TCPUOKUUKQP QH $KOQ −PQYNGFIG KP .KCPIUJCP", +P *CTTGNN, 5. (GF.), 2GTURGEVKXGU QP VJG ;K QH 5QWVJYGUV %JKPC, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 118-131 #\WOC, *. (2000) "%QOOGPVCT[: +PFKIGPQWU VQ YJCV!": +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 5VWF[ QH $GJCXKQWTCN &GXGNQROGPV 0GYUNGVVGT, 1 (37) RCIGU 9-10 $CEM, 2. (2003) &CTYKPKUO CPF VJG 4KUG QH &GIGPGTCVG 5EKGPEG, 2NGCUCPV 9QTF, ’PWOENCY, 9# 98022 $CEQP, (. (1870C) "&G &KIPKVCVG GV #WIOGPVKU 5EKGPVKCTWO", +P 5RGFFKPI, ,., ’NNKU, 4. CPF *GCVJ, &. (GF.), 6JG 9QTMU QH (TCPEKU $CEQP, .QPIOCP CPF %Q, .QPFQP, RCIGU 294-298 $CEQP, (. (1870D) "0GY #VNCPVKU", +P 5RGFFKPI, ,., ’NNKU, 4. CPF *GCVJ, &. (GF.), 6JG9QTMU QH (TCPEKU $CEQP, .QPIOCP CPF %Q, .QPFQP, $CEQP, (. (1870E) "0QXWO 1TICPWO", +P 5RGFFKPI, ,., ’NNKU, 4. CPF *GCVJ, &. (GF.), 6JG 9QTMU QH (TCPEKU $CEQP, .QPIOCP CPF %Q, .QPFQP, RCIG 247 $CEQP, (. (1870F) "2TGRCTCVKXG VQYCTFU C 0CVWTCN & ’ZRGTKOGPVCN *KUVQT[", +P 5RGFFKPI, ,., ’NNKU, 4. CPF *GCVJ, &. (GF.), 6JG 9QTMU QH (TCPEKU $CEQP, .QPIOCP CPF %Q, .QPFQP, RCIG 263 $CEQP, (. (1870G) "6JG )TGCV +PUVCWTCVKQP", +P 5RGFFKPI, ,., ’NNKU, 4. CPF *GCVJ, &. (GF.), 6JG 9QTMU QH (TCPEKU $CEQP, .QPIOCP CPF %Q, .QPFQP, RCIG 20
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$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 384
$CEQP, (. (1870H) "8CNGTKWU 6GTOKPWU", +P 5RGFFKPI, ,., ’NNKU, 4. CPF *GCVJ, &. (GF.), 6JG 9QTMU QH (TCPEKU $CEQP, .QPIOCP CPF %Q, .QPFQP, RCIGU 217-219 $CEQP, (. (1964 ) "6JG /CUEWNKPG $KTVJ QH 6KOG KP VJG 2JKNQUQRJ[ QH (TCPEKU $CEQP", +P (CTTKPIVQP, $. (GF.), 6JG 2JKNQUQRJ[ QH (TCPEKU $CEQP, .KXGTRQQN 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, .KXGTRQQN, RCIG 62 $CJWEJGV, 5 GF., (1979) 6JG 5KVWCVKQP QH +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU KP 6TQRKECN (QTGUVU, ’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’PINCPF 7VJ-9VJ ,WN[ 1997, JVVR://NGU.OCP.CE.WM/KRC97/RCRGTU/DCMGT13.JVON, CEEGUUGF 31UV ,WN[ 2005 $CPWTK, 6. (1990) "&GXGNQROGPV CPF VJG 2QNKVKEU QH −PQYNGFIG: # %TKVKECN +PVGTRTGVCVKQP QH VJG 5QEKCN 4QNG QH /QFGTPK\CVKQP 6JGQTKGU", +P /CTINKP, (. CPF /CTINKP, 5. (GF.), &QOKPCVKPI −PQYNGFIG, %NCTGPFQP 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF, RCIGU 29-72 $CPWTK, 6. (1990) "/QFGTPK\CVKQP CPF +VU &KUEQPVGPVU: # %WNVWTCN 2GTURGEVKXG QH VJG 6JGQTKGU QH &GXGNQROGPV", +P /CTINKP, (&5 (GF.), &QOKPCVKPI MPQYNGFIG: &GXGNQROGPV EWNVWTG & TGUKUVCPEG, 172 $CPWTK, 6. (1994) "4CRG CU C /GVCRJQT HQT /QFGTPKV[: &GXGNQROGPV", 5QEKGV[ HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN &GXGNQROGPV (5+&), 1 RCIGU 6-9 $CPWTK, 6 CPF /CTINKP, ( (1993), 9JQ 9KNN 5CXG VJG (QTGUVU!: −PQYNGFIG 2QYGT CPF ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &GUVTWEVKQP, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP & 0GY ,GTUG[ $CTDWLCPK, )., ,CESWG\, ). CPF .KIK, .. (1990) "&KXGTUKV[ QH UQOG IGPG HTGSWGPEKGU KP ’WTQRGCP CPF #UKCP RQRWNCVKQPU 8 5VGGR OWNVKNQEWU ENKPGU", #OGTKECP ,QWTPCN QH *WOCP )GPGVKEU, 47 RCIGU 867-875 $CTDWLCPK, )., 1FGP, 0. CPF 5QMCN, 4. (1989) "&GVGEVKPI 4GIKQPU QH #DTWRV %JCPIG +P /CRU QH $KQNQIKECN 8CTKCDNGU", 5[UVGOCVKE <QQNQI[, (38) RCIGU 376-389 $CTDWLCPK, ). CPF 5QMCN, 4. (1990) "<QPGU QH UJCTR IGPGVKE EJCPIG KP ’WTQRG CTG CNUQ NKPIWKUVKE DQWPFCTKGU", 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG 0CVKQPCN #ECFGO[ QH 5EKGPEG, 87 RCIGU 1816-1819 $CTFQP, (., $CTFQP, (. CPF *CPUYKNNG, ), (2001) +PKVKCVKQP KPVQ *GTOGVKEU: 6JG 2CVJ QH VJG 6TWG #FGRV, /GTMWT 2WDNKUJKPI $CTHKGNF, 6. (1984) "+PVTQFWEVKQP: 0QOCFU: 5VQRRGF KP VJGKT 6TCEMU", %WNVWTCN 5WTXKXCN 3WCTVGTN[, 8 (1) RCIGU 2-5 $CTHKGNF, 6. (1989), 6JG 2GTKNQWU (TQPVKGT: 0QOCFKE ’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−PQYKPI - VJG 9QTNF 8KGY QH VJG 5KMUKMCKVUKVCRK, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNICT[ 2TGUU, %CNICT[, #$ $CVEJGNQT, 5. (1987), 6JG 6KDGV )WKFG, 9KUFQO 2WDNKECVKQP, .QPFQP $CVGUQP, ). (1972C), 5VGRU VQ CP ’EQNQI[ QH /KPF: %QNNGEVGF ’UUC[U KP #PVJTQRQNQI[ 2U[EJKCVT[ ’XQNWVKQP CPF ’RKUVGOQNQI[, +PVGTVGZV, .QPFQP $CVGUQP, ). (1972D) /KPF & 0CVWTG: # 0GEGUUCT[ 7PKV[, $CPVCO $QQMU, 0; $CVGUQP, ). CPF $CVGUQO, /. (1988) #PIGNU (GCT: 6QYCTFU CP ’RKUVGOQNQI[ QH VJG 5CETGF, $CPVCO $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM $CVVKUVG, /. CPF *GPFGTUQP, ,. (2000) 2TQVGEVKPI +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG CPF *GTKVCIG: # )NQDCN %JCNNGPIG, 2WTKEJ 2WDNKUJKPI., 5CUMCVQQP, 5− $CWT, $. (2004) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 25VJ 1EV 2004 CDQWV (QTGUV 2GTEGRVKQP, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/DCWT251004.VZV CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 $$% 0GYU #UKC-2CEKHKE "6JG EQORNGZ YGD QH (CNWP )QPI", $$% 0GYU #UKC-2CEKHKE (22/7/1999) JVVR://PGYU.DDE.EQ.WM/1/JK/YQTNF/CUKC-RCEKHKE/401268.UVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005
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$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 385
$$% 0GYU "/QTG CTTGUVU KP 6KDGVCP DQOD ECUG", $$% 0’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−. (2003) "5[PGTI[ DGVYGGP 6TCFKVKQPCN ’EQNQIKECN −PQYNGFIG CPF %QPUGTXCVKQP 5EKGPEG 5WRRQTVU (QTGUV 2TGUGTXCVKQP KP ’EWCFQT", ’EQNQI[ CPF 5QEKGV[, 8 (1)-#TVKENG 1 JVVR://YYY.GEQNQI[CPFUQEKGV[.QTI/XQN8/KUU1/CTV1/OCKP.JVON CEEGUUGF 2005 6VJ #WIWUV $GPIUVQP, &. CPF :W, <. (1995) %JCPIKPI 0CVKQPCN (QTGUV 8CNWGU: # %QPVGPV #PCN[UKU, , 75&#(5 0%(’5 $GPPGVV, ’. CPF <WTGM, /, (WPFCVGF) +PVGITCVKPI GRKUVGOQNQIKGU VJTQWIJ UEGPCTKQU, CV JVVR://YYY.OKNNGPPKWOCUUGUUOGPV.QTI/FQEWOGPVU/DTKFIKPI/RCRGTU/DGPPGVV.GNGPC.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 $GPPGVV, ,. (1976) 6JG ’EQNQIKECN 6TCPUKVKQP: %WNVWTCN #PVJTQRQNQI[ & *WOCP #FCRVKQP, 2GTICOQP 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM $GTIGT, 2. (1974) 2[TCOKFU QH 5CETKHKEG, 2GPIWKP $QQMU .VF, .QPFQP $GTMGU, (., %QNFKPI, ,. CPF (QNMG, %. (1997) 4GFKUEQXGT[ QH 6TCFKVKQPCN ’EQNQIKECN −PQYNGFIG #U #FCRVKXG /CPCIGOGPV, 4Q[CN 5YGFKUJ #ECFGO[ ($GKLGT +PUVKVWVG), 5VQEMJQNO $GTMGU, (. CPF (QNMG, %. (1998) ".KPMKPI 5QEKCN & ’EQNQIKECN 5[UVGOU HQT 4GUKNKGPEG & 5WUVCKPCDKNKV[", +P $GTMGU, (. CPF (QNMG, %. (GF.), .KPMKPI 5QEKCN & ’EQNQIKECN 5[UVGOU: /CPCIGOGPV 2TCEVKEGU CPF 5QEKCN /GEJCPKUOU HQT $WKNFKPI 4GUKNKGPEG, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG, RCIGU 1-25 $GTOCP, /. (1981) 6JG 4GGPEJCPVOGPV QH VJG 9QTNF, %QTPGNN 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, +VJCEC $GTOCP, /. (1988) #NN 6JCV KU 5QNKF /GNVU KPVQ #KT: 6JG ’ZRGTKGPEG QH /QFGTPKV[, 2GPIWKP, 0GY ;QTM $GTPCTF, 4. (1992) "2TGUGTXKPI NCPIWCIG FKXGTUKV[", *WOCP QTICPKUCVKQP, 51 (1) RCIGU 82-89 $GTPDCWO, ’. (1997C) 2KNITKOCIG CPF %QPUGTXCVKQP KP VJG *KOCNC[C: # /QFGN HQT ’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’XKFGPEG HTQO )JCPC", ,QWTPCN QH 2QNKVKECN ’EQPQO[, 103 (5) RCIGU 903-937 $GUV, 5. CPF −GNNPGT, &. (1997) 6JG 2QUV-OQFGTP 6WTP, )WKNHQTF 2WDNKECVKQPU, 0GY ;QTM $JCDJC, *. (1991) "4CEG VKOG CPF VJG TGXKUKQP QH OQFGTPKV[", 1ZHQTF .KVGTCT[ 4GXKGY, 13 (1-2) RCIGU 193-220 $JCTWEJC, ’. (1999) "%WNVWTCN CPF 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU 4GNCVGF VQ VJG %QPUGTXCVKQP QH $KQFKXGTUKV[ KP VJG 5CETGF )TQXGU QH VJG 9GUVGTP )JCVU KP /CJCTCUJVTC", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN CPF 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[/70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 382-385 $KGNOGKGT, 4. (2005) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 11VJ /CTEJ 2005 CDQWV −JCO 6KDGVCP &KCNGEVU, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/$KGN1103.VZV CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 $KPI 5W, %JWPLKG :KCQ, 4CPLCP &GMC, /CTM 6. 5GKGNUVCF, &CQTQQPI −CPIYCPRQPI, ,WPJWC :KCQ, &CTW .W, 2GVGT 7PFGTJKNN, .WEC %CXCNNK-5HQT\C, 4CPCLKV %JCMTCDQTV[ CPF .K ,KP (2000) "; EJTQOQUQOG JCRNQV[RGU TGXGCN RTGJKUVQTKE OKITCVKQPU VQ VJG *KOCNC[CU", *WOCP )GPGVKEU, 107 RCIGU 582-590 $KUVTKEJ, #., (2003) *WOCPKV['U NQPIKPI HQT EWNVWTCN JGTQGU, GPNKIJVGPGTU CPF UCXKQWTU, CV JVVR://YYY.UJCTGKPVN.QTI/CTEJKXGU/TGNKIKQP/TNACDANQPIKPI.JVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 $NCKMKG, 2. (1996) "7PFGTUVCPFKPI ’PXKTQPOGPVCN +UUWGU", +P 5VQEMKPI, /. CPF /QTUG, 5. (GF.), 2GQRNG CPF GPXKTQPOGPV, 7%. 2TGUU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 1-30 $NCMGPG[, /. (1999) 9JCV KU VTCFKVKQPCN MPQYNGFIG! 9J[ UJQWNF KV DG RTQVGEVGF! 9JQ UJQWNF RTQVGEV KV! (TQO 9JQO!: 7PFGTUVCPFKPI VJG XCNWG EJCKP, 9+21/+26−/46/99/3 )GPGXC 1&2/11/99, 9QTNF KPVGNNGEVWCN RTQRGTV[ QTICPKUCVKQP )GPGXC
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 386
$NCVV, &CXKF , . (1986) "1WV QH VJG %NQUGV CPF QPVQ VJG %QCUV: #GUVJGVKE <QPKPI CU 8KUWCN 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV", %CTQNKPC 2NCPPKPI, 12 (2) RCIGU 34-43 $NCWV, ,. (1993) 6JG %QNQPK\GT'U /QFGN QH VJG 9QTNF, 6JG )WKNHQTF 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM $NGKUEJ, $. CPF 9QPI, *., (1990) )NQDCN /CTMGVU CPF 5CETGF /QWPVCKPU: 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCVKQP KP VJG 6KDGVCP #TGCU QH 5KEJWCP CPF )CPUW 2TQXKPEGU, +P %JKPC ’ZRNQTCVKQP CPF 4GUGCTEJ 5QEKGV[, %JKPC ’ZRNQTCVKQP CPF 4GUGCTEJ 5QEKGV[, *QPI −QPI CV JVVR://YYY.MJCOCKF.QTI/CDQWVAMJCO/CTVKENGU/DNGKUEJYQPI.JVO , CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WPG 2001 $NGPEJ, 4. (2001) ")NQDCNK\CVKQP CPF RQNKEKGU VQYCTFU EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[", 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG 2GTURGEVKXGU, 70 (,WPG) $NQPFGCW, #. /. (2003) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 4VJ (GD 2003 CDQWV 6GTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC KP 6KDGV, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/DNQPFGCW4203.VZV CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 $NQPFGCW, #-/. CPF 5VGKPMGNNPGT, ’.(1996) 4GHNGEVKQPU QH VJG /QWPVCKP: ’UUC[U QP VJG *KUVQT[ CPF 5QEKCN /GCPKPI QH VJG /QWPVCKP %WNV KP 6KDGV CPF VJG *KOCNC[C, #WUVTKCP #ECFGO[ QH 5EKGPEG 2TGUU, 8KGPPC $NQPFGCW, #-/. CPF 5VGKPMGNNPGT, ’.(1998) 6KDGVCP /QWPVCKP &GKVKGU: 6JGKT %WNVU CPF 4GRTGUGPVCVKQPU, 8GTNCI FGT 1UVGTTGKEJKUEJGP #MCFGOKG FGT 9KUUGPUEJCHVGP, 9KGP $QFNG[, ,. (1997) #P #PVJTQRQNQIKECN 2GTURGEVKXG (TQO %WNVWTCN #PVJTQRQNQI[: 6TKDGU 5VCVGU CPF VJG )NQDCN 5[UVGO, /C[HKGNF 2WDNKUJKPI %Q, .QPFQP $QPCKWVQ, /., %CTTWU, )., /CTVQTGNNC, *. CPF $QPPGU, /. (2002) ".QECN KFGPVKV[ RTQEGUUGU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN CVVKVWFGU KP NCPF WUG EJCPIGU: VJG ECUG QH PCVWTCN RTQVGEVGF CTGCU", ,QWTPCN QH ’EQPQOKE 2U[EJQNQI[, 23 (5) RCIGU 631-653 $QPJCO-%CTVGT, ). (1994) )GQITCRJKE +PHQTOCVKQP 5[UVGOU HQT )GQUEKGPVKUVU: OQFGNNKPI 9KVJ )+5, 2GTICOQP, 0GY ;QTM $QPPGT, 4. (1994) #V VJG *CPF QH /CP: 2GTKN & *QRG HQT #HTKECU 9KNFNKHG, 8KPVCIG $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM $QQMEJKP, /. (1962) 1WT 5[PVJGVKE ’PXKTQPOGPV, −PQRH, 0GY ;QTM $QQVJ, #. CPF ,CEQDU, *. (1990) "6KGU VJCV $KPF: 0CVKXG #OGTKECP $GNKGHU CU C (QWPFCVKQP HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU", ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’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’EQNQI[ 4GXKGY, 10 (2) RCIGU 100-112 JVVR://YYY.JWOCPGEQNQI[TGXKGY.QTI/RCUVKUUWGU/JGT102/102DQVVECPVTKNO[GTU.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 $QWTFKGW, 2. (1972) ".C /CKUQP 1W .G /QPFG ’PXGTUÃ", +P $QWTFKGW, 2. (GF.), ’USWKUUG F'WPG VJGQTKG FG NC RTCVKSWG, &TQ\, )GPÂXG, $QWTIWKIPQP, ’ GF. (1973) 4GNKIKQP, #NVGTGF 5VCVGU QH %QPUEKQWUPGUU, CPF 5QEKCN %JCPIG., 1JKQ 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU., %QNWODWU, 1* $QYGTU, %. (1999) 6JG %WNVWTG QH &GPKCN: 9J[ VJG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN /QXGOGPV 0GGFU C 5VTCVGI[ HQT 4GHQTOKPI 7PKXGTUKVKGU CPF 2WDNKE 5EJQQNU (4GXKGY), 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GY ;QTM 2TGUU, #NDCP[ 0; $QYMGT, 0, 2001, 7PFGTUVCPFKPI 1PNKPG %QOOWPKVKGU 6JTQWIJ /WNVKRNG /GVJQFQNQIKGU %QODKPGF 7PFGT C 2QUV-OQFGTP 4GUGCTEJ ’PFGCXQWT, (QTWO QH 3WCNKVCVKXG 5QEKCN 4GUGCTEJ 8QNWOG 2, 0Q. 1 JVVR://YYY.SWCNKVCVKXG-TGUGCTEJ.PGV/HSU-VGZVG/1-01/1-01DQYMGT-G.RFH CEEGUUGF 20VJ /C[ 2006 $TCII, %. (1996) "9QOGP CPF 2QNKVKEU: 6JG /[VJ QH 7PHWNHKNNGF ’ZRGEVCVKQP", 2TGUGPVGF CV %57$ 9QOGP'U &C[ 5RGGEJ, 1996 %QPHGTGPEG , $CMGTUHKGNF � 9001 5VQEMFCNG *KIJYC[, $CMGTUHKGNF, %# 93311-1022, 2QNKVKECN 5EKGPEG &GRCTVOGPV, %CNKHQTPKC 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[, JVVR://YYY.EUWD.GFW/‘MDTCII/RTGUGPV1.JVO, CEEGUUGF 4VJ ,WN[ 2005 $TCPFKU, &. (1906) +PFKCP 6TGGU: #P #EEQWPV QH 6TGGU 5JTWDU 9QQF[ %NKODGTU $CODQQU & 2CNOU +PFKIGPQWU QT %QOOQPN[ %WNVKXCVGF KP VJG $TKVKUJ +PFKCP ’ORKTG, %QPUVCDNG & %Q, .QPFQP $TCPPCP, /. (1996) "# 5RGEKCN 4GRQTV: 6JG 9KNFNCPFU 2TQLGEV 7PNGCUJGU +VU 9CT 1P /CPMKPF", /QPGVCT[ CPF ’EQPQOKE 4GXKGY, $TGYGT, /. CPF $TQYP, 4. (1998) "+PVGTITQWR 4GNCVKQPU", +P )KNDGTV, &., (KUMG, 5. CPF )CTFPGT, .. (GF.), 6JG *CPFDQQM QH 5QEKCN 2U[EJQNQI[, /E)TCY-*KNN, $QUVQP, RCIGU 554-594 $TQCF, 4. CPF %CXCPCIJ, ,. (1998) "6JG %QTRQTCVG #EEQWPVCDKNKV[ /QXGOGPV:", +P $TQCF, 4. CPF %CXCPCIJ, ,. (GF.), .GUUQPU & 1RRQTVWPKVKGU, 9QTNF 9KNFNKHG (WPF, .QPFQP, RCIGU 12-30
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 387
$TQJOCP, ,. (1995) "7PKXGTUCNKUO ’WTQEGPVTKUO CPF +FGQNQIKECN $KCU KP &GXGNQROGPV 5VWFKGU: HTQO OQFGTPKUCVKQP VQ PGQNKDGTCNKUO:", 6JKTF 9QTNF 3WCTVGTN[, 16 (1) RCIGU 121-140 $TQMGPUJC, &. CPF 4KNG[, $. (1980) "/DGGTG −PQYNGFIG QH 6JGKT 8GIGVCVKQP & +VU 4GNGXCPEG HQT 6JGKT &GXGNQROGPV", +P $TQEMGPUJC, &., 9CTTGP, &. CPF 9GTPGT, 1. (GF.), +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU CPF &GXGNQROGPV, 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU QH #OGTKEC, .CPJCO /&, RCIGU 113-129 $TQVV, 2, 2001, 6JG 5VQTKGF #RRTQCEJ: # 2QUV-OQFGTP 2GTURGEVKXG HQT %CTGGT %QWPUGNNKPI, %CTGGT &GXGNQROGPV 3WCTVGTN[, X49 P4 RR 304-313 $TQYP, %., &WTUV, 2. CPF ’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−. CPF ’MQMQ, (. (2001) "(QTGUV ’PEQWPVGTU: 5[PGTI[ COQPI CIGPVU QH HQTGUV EJCPIG KP UQWVJGTP %COGTQQP", 5QEKGV[ CPF 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEGU, 14 RCIG 269-290, 14 RCIGU 269-290 $TQYP, /. CPF /C[, ,. (1991) 6JG )TGGPRGCEG 5VQT[, &QTNKPI −KPFGTUNG[, .QPFQP $TWPFVNCPF, *. (1987) 1WT %QOOQP (WVWTG, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF $TWPGT, ,. (1986) "’VJPQITCRJ[ #U 0CTTCVKXG", +P 6WTPGT, 8. CPF $TWPGT, ’. (GF.), 6JG #PVJTQRQNQI[ QH ’ZRGTKGPEG, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH +NNKPQKU 2TGUU, 7TDCPC, RCIGU 139-155 $TWPPGT, ). CPF /GKUUPGT, $. (1982) 0CVKQPCNKVCVGPRTQDNGOG KP > 5QYLGWPKQP 7PF 1UVGWTQRC, /CTMWU, %QNQIPG $TWWP, 1. (1996) "6JG HGPIUJWK TGUWTIGPEG KP %JKPC: %QPHNKEVKPI EQUOQNQIKGU DGVYGGP UVCVG CPF RGCUCPVT[", 6JG %JKPC ,QWTPCN, RCIGU 47-65 $TWWP, 1. (2002) "6JG %QPUVTWEVKQP QH C &KUEQWTUG: (GPIUJWK #U ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’VJKEU (&TCHV (TQO #WVJQT)", +P $TWWP, 1. (GF.), (GPIUJWK KP %JKPC, %WT\QP 2TGUU, .QPFQP, $TWWP, 1. CPF −CNNCPF, #. (1995) #UKCP 2GTEGRVKQPU QH 0CVWTG: # %TKVKECN #RRTQCEJ, %WT\QP 2TGUU, .QPFQP $T[CPV, 4. CPF $CKNG[, 5. (1997) 6JKTF 9QTNF 2QNKVKECN ’EQNQI[, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP $T[CPV, 4., 4KII, ,. CPF 5VQVV, 2 GFU. (1993) "6JG RQNKVKECN GEQNQI[ QH UQWVJGCUV #UKCP HQTGUVU: VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ FKUEQWTUGU", )NQDCN ’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’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’AQEE-R15.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 $WEM, 9. (1973) /CJCDJCTCVC, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[ CPF .QPFQP $WEMKPIJCO, 5 (2000) )GPFGT CPF ’PXKTQPOGPV, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP $WFFJCFCUC, $. (1986) &JCTOKE 5QEKCNKUO, (VTCPUNCVGF D[ ’. 5YGCTGT) +PVGT-TGNKIKQWU EQOOKUUKQP HQT FGXGNQROGPV, $CPIMQM $WHHGTVKNNG, −. (1994) 6JG *CNCUG-/CTCVKMC ECXGU (’ 0GRCN) : # UCETGF RNCEG ENCKOGF D[ DQVJ *KPFWU & $WFFJKUVU, 2QPFKEJGT[ RCRGTU KP UQEKCN UEKGPEG 16, 6JG (TGPEJ +PUVKVWVG 2QPFKEJGT[ $WHHGVTKNNG, −. CPF &KGODGTIGT, * GFU., (2002) 6GTTKVQT[ CPF +FGPVKV[ KP 6KDGV CPF VJG *KOKNC[CU, $TKNN, .’+&’0
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 388
$WNCI, 7. (1999) "’VJPKE 4GUKUVCPEG YKVJ 5QEKCNKUV %JCTCEVGTKUVKEU", +P 2GTT[, ’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’EQPQOKE &GXGNQROGPV", +P #PFGTUQP, −. CPF )CNG, (. (GF.), +PXGPVKPI 2NCEGU: UVWFKGU KP EWNVWTCN IGQITCRJ[, .QPIOCP %JGUJKTG, /GNDQWTPG, $WTPGVV, &.(1988) 7PGCTVJN[ 2QYGTU, /#4%, ’CUVDQWTPG $WTTKFIG, −. (1969) 0GY *GCXGP 0GY ’CTVJ: # 5VWF[ QH /KNNGPCTKCP #EVKXKVKGU, $NCEMYGNNU, 1ZHQTF %CK *WC (2001) # 5QEKGV[ 9KVJQWV (CVJGTU 1T *WUDCPFU: 6JG 0C QH %JKPC, <QPG $QQMU 0GY ;QTM., <QPG $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM %CLGVG, ). (2000) 0CVKXG 5EKGPEG, %NGCT .KIJV 2WDNKUJGTU, 5CPVC (G, 0GY /GZKEQ %CNCOG-)TKCWNG, ). (1969) .G 6JÂOG &G .'CTDTG &CPU .GU %QPVGU #HTKECKPU 1, 5’.#(, 2CTKU %CNCOG-)TKCWNG, ) GF. (1970) .G 6JÂOG &G .'CTDTG &CPU .GU %QPVGU #HTKECKPU 2, 5’.’(, 2CTKU %CNFGEQVV, /. (1993) /[VJU QH VJG 5CETGF 6TGG, &GUVKP[ $QQMU, 4QEJGUVGT, 86 %CNFGT, +. (1999) 6JG $NWG 4GXQNWVKQP, ’CTVJUECP, .QPFQP %CNNKEQVV, ,. CPF #OGU. 4. (1989) 0CVWTG KP #UKCP 6TCFKVKQPU QH 6JQWIJV, 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GY ;QTM 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM %CNNKEQVV, ,. (1982) "6TCFKVKQPCN #OGTKECP +PFKCP CPF 9GUVGTP ’WTQRGCP #VVKVWFGU VQYCTF 0CVWTG: #P 1XGTXKGY", ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’VJKEU, 4 RCIGU 293-318 %CNNKEQVV, ,. (1986) "1P VJG +PVTKPUKE 8CNWG QH 0QPJWOCP 5RGEKGU", +P 0QTVQP, $. (GF.), 6JG 2TGUGTXCVKQP QH 5RGEKGU, 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 2TKPEGVQP, RCIGU 138-172 %CNNKEQVV, ,. (1994) ’CTVJ'U +PUKIJVU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[ %CNNKEQVV, ,. (1999) "8CNWGU CPF ’VJKEU KP %QPUGTXCVKQP", +P /GHHG, ). CPF %CTTQNN, %. (GF.), +P 2TKPEKRNGU QH %QPUGTXCVKQP $KQNQI[. (5GEQPF ’FKVKQP), 5KPCWGT #UUQEKCVGU, 5WPFGTNCPF, /CUUCEJWUGVVU, 7.5.#, RCIGU 29-56 %CODQPK, ). (1991) )GPPCTIGPVW, ’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’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’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2GTURGEVKXGU QP 4GETGCVKQP CPF %QPUGTXCVKQP %QPHGTGPEG , ’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−KMW[W CITQHQTGUVT[: # ECUG UVWF[ QH −KTKP[CIC −GP[C", *WOCP ’EQNQI[, 19 (1) RCIGU 1-18 %CVVQP, 9. CPF &WPNCR, 4. (1978) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN UQEKQNQI[: # PGY RCTCFKIO", #OGTKECP 5QEKQNQIKUV, 13 RCIGU 41-49 %CVVQP, 9. CPF &WPNCR, 4. (1980) "# PGY GEQNQIKECN RCTCFKIO HQT RQUV-GZWDGTCPV UQEKQNQI[", #OGTKECP $GJCXKQTCN 5EKGPVKUV, 24 (1) RCIGU 15-47
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 389
%CXCNNK-5HQT\C, .. (1994) 6JG *KUVQT[ CPF )GQITCRJ[ QH *WOCP )GPGU, 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 2TKPEGVQP, 0., %%+%’& (2001) +P RWTUWKV QH C UWUVCKPCDNG )TGGP 9GUV' 0GYUNGVVGT QH VJG %%+%’& 9GUVGTP %JKPC (QTGUV )TCUUNCPFU 6CUM (QTEG, 6JG %JKPC %QWPEKN HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QQRGTCVKQP QP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV $GKLKPI %%+%’& (2002) 6CUMHQTEG 4GVJKPMU .QIIKPI $CP KP %JKPC, 6JG %JKPC %QWPEKN HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QQRGTCVKQP QP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV $GKLKPI %%+%’& (2003) +P RWTUWKV QH C UWUVCKPCDNG )TGGP 9GUV' 0GYUNGVVGT QH VJG %%+%’& 9GUVGTP %JKPC (QTGUV )TCUUNCPFU 6CUM (QTEG +UUWG 6, , 6JG %JKPC %QWPEKN HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QQRGTCVKQP QP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV $GKLKPI %GPVTCN 6KDGVCP #FOKPKUVTCVKQP-KP-’ZKNG ’PXKTQPOGPV & &GXGNQROGPV &GUM (2000) 6KDGV 2000: ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV +UUWGU, ’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−.-−. (1995) "$TKPIKPI 4GNKIKQP KPVQ VJG 5QEKCNKUV (QNF", +P .Q %JK −KP, 2GRRGT, 5. CPF 6UWK −K ;WGP (GF.), %JKPC 4GXKGY, %JKPGUG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, *QPI −QPI, RCIGU 1-27 %JCP, 8. (1994) 6KDGV *CPFDQQM: # 2KNTKOCIG )WKFG, /QQP 2WDNKECVKQPU, %CNKHQTPKC 75# %JCPFNGT, /. (1993) "6JG $KQFKXGTUKV[ %QPXGPVKQP: 5GNGEVGF KUUWGU QH KPVGTGUV VQ VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN NCY[GT", %QNQTCFQ ,QWTPCN QH KPVGTPCVKQPCN NCY CPF RQNKE[, 4 RCIGU 139-142 %JCPFNGT, 2. (1990) ’EQNQIKECN MPQYNGFIG KP C VTCFKVKQPCN CITQ-HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV U[UVGO COQPI RGCUCPVU KP %JKPC, 2J& FKUUGTVCVKQP, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CUJKPIVQP, 5GCVVNG %JCPFNGT, 2. (1991) "6JG KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG QH GEQNQIKECN RTQEGUUGU COQPI RGCUCPVU KP VJG 24 %JKPC", #ITKEWNVWTG & *WOCP 8CNWGU, 8 (1&2) RCIGU 59-66 %JCPI, /.-−. (1993) "/KFFNG %NCUU CPF 5QEKCN CPF 2QNKVKECN /QXGOGPVU KP 6CKYCP", +P *UKCQ, /. (GF.), &KUEQXGT[ QH VJG /KFFNG %NCUUGU KP ’CUV #UKC, +PUVKVWVG QH ’VJPQNQI[ #ECFGOKC 5KPKEC, 6CKRGK, RCIGU 121-176 %JCRRNG, −. CPF 6WEMGT, /. (2000) *KPFWKUO CPF ’EQNQI[, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /# %JCYNC, .. (1998) "5KIPKHKECPV NKHG GZRGTKGPEGU TGXKUKVGF: # TGXKGY QH TGUGCTEJ QP UQWTEGU QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN UGPUKVKXKV[.", 6JG ,QWTPCN QH ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’FWECVKQP, 29 (3) RCIGU 11-21 %JGP $Q, *WCPI *G CPF <JW *GUJWCPI (2003) +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG QH HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV KP 0QTVJYGUV ;WPPCP, 5;.(( 6QM[Q %JGP .K (W (1986) 6JG %QPHWEKCP 9C[: # 0GY CPF 5[UVGOCVKE 5VWF[ QH '6JG (QWT $QQMU' ((QTGYQTF $[ , 0GGFJCO), −GICP 2CWN +PVGTPCVKQPCN, .QPFQP %JKNUQP, ). (1997) "2TGTQICVKXG� 2TQRGTV[ 4KIJVU QT 9TQPIU!", #FKTQPFCEM ,QWTPCN QH ’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’PXKTQPOGPVCN LWUVKEG: CP CPCN[UKU QH VJG EQPHNKEVU DGVYGGP VJG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG CPF VJG PCVKQPCN RCTMU =KP %JKPGUG? KP 5QEKQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ KP 6CKYCP, %JKPI, ,WNKC (1978) %QPHWEKCPKUO CPF %JTKUVKCPKV[: # %QORCTCVKXG 5VWF[, −QFCPUJC, 6QM[Q CPF .QPFQP %JQIC[ 6TKEJGP (1983) 6JG *KUVQT[ QH VJG 5CM[C 6TCFKVKQP, )CPGUJC 2TGUU, $TKUVQN %JQOKV\, −. CPF −WOCTK, −. (1996) 6JG &QOGUVKE $GPGHKVU QH 6TQRKECN (QTGUVU: # %TKVKECN 4GXKGY ’ORJCUK\KPI *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQPU, 9QTNF $CPM, 9CUJKPIVQP %JQWKP, ). (2002) (,CP) "5CETGF )TQXGU KP *KUVQT[: 2CVJYC[U VQ VJG 5QEKCN 5JCRKPI QH (QTGUV .CPFUECRGU KP %QCUVCN )JCPC", +&5 $WNNGVKP, 33 (1) RCIGU 39-46 %JWCPI 6\W (1981) 6JG 5GXGP +PPGT %JCRVGTU CPF 1VJGT 9TKVKPIU (TQO VJG $QQM %JWCPI-6\W, #NNGP CPF 7PYKP, .QPFQP %JWTEJKNN, 9. (1996) (TQO C 0CVKXG 5QP: 5GNGEVGF ’UUC[U KP +PFKIGPKUO, 1985-1995, 5QWVJ ’PF 2TGUU, $QUVQP, /#
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 390
%+(14, (1999) 6JG $#): $CUKE #UUGUUOGPV )WKFG HQT *WOCP 9GNN-$GKPI, %GPVTG HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[ 4GUGCTEJ (%+(14), CV JVVR://YYY.UPXYQTNF.QTI/EFU/TI5($/HQTGUV/VQQNU/VQQNDQZ-5E.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 %KIFGP −CIKVEKDCUK (2000) "+PFKIGPQWU 2U[EJQNQI[ CPF +PFKIGPQWU #RRTQCEJGU VQ &GXGNQROGPV 4GUGCTEJ", +P /KNNGT, ,. (GF.), +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 5VWF[ QH $GJCXKQWTCN &GXGNQROGPV, RCIGU 6-8 JVVR://YYY.KUUDF.QTI/PGYUNGVVGTA0100.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 CEEGUUGF 3TF /C[ 2005 %++%, 1988, 5EKGPEG CPF 6GEJPQNQI[ %QPUVKVWVG C 2TKOCT[ 2TQFWEVKXG (QTEG JVVR://YYY.EJKPC.QTI.EP/GPINKUJ/HGCVWTGU/FGPIZKCQRKPI/103341.JVO CEEGUUGF 20VJ /C[ 2006 %NCF, ,. (1994) "4GUQWTEG 9CTU: 0CVKQP CPF 5VCVG %QPHNKEVU KP VJG 6YGPVKGVJ %GPVWT[ KP 9JQ 2C[U VJG 2TKEG!", +P ,QJPUVQP, $. (GF.), 6JG UQEKQEWNVWTCN EQPVGZV QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN ETKUKU, +UNCPF 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP, RCIGU 19-30 %NCTM, +.; *CTRGT, $. (WPFCVGF) ’EQUUG: UVCVKUVKECN CPF IGQUVCVKUVKECN GXCNWCVKQP HQT UCORNG KPHQTOCVKQP, )GQUVQMQU ’EQUUG .VF #NNQC, %GPVTCN 5EQVNCPF, (−10 35# %NCTMG, ,. (1997) 1TKGPVCN ’PNKIJVGPOGPV: 6JG ’PEQWPVGT DGVYGGP #UKCP CPF 9GUVGTP 6JQWIJV, 4QWVNGFIG, 0GY ;QTM %NCTMG, ,. (2000) 6JG 6CQ QH VJG 9GUV: 9GUVGTP 6TCPUHQTOCVKQPU QH 6CQKUV 6JQWIJV, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP %NCTMG, 2. (1997) "/[UVGTKGU QH #PEKGPV %JKPC ’ZJKDKVKQP", 6JG 6KOGU: 5QWXGPKT +UUWG %NGCT[, 6 GF. (1991) 6JG ’UUGPVKCN 6CQ: #P +PKVKCVKQP +PVQ VJG *GCTV QH 6CQKUO 6JTQWIJ VJG #WVJGPVKE 6CQ 6G %JKPI & VJG +PPGT 6GCEJKPIU QH %JWCPI-6\W: # %QORGPFKWO QH ’VJKECN 9KUFQO, *CTRGT 5CP (TCPEKUEQ, 0GY ;QTM %NKHH, #. CPF 1TF, ,. (1973) 5RCVKCN #WVQEQTTGNCVKQP, 2KQP, .QPFQP %QDD, ,. (1988) "’EQNQI[ 5EKGPEG & 4GNKIKQP: 6QYCTFU C 2QUV-OQFGTP 9QTNFXKGY", +P )TKHHKP, &. (GF.), 6JG 4GGPEJCPVOGPV QH 5EKGPEG: 2QUV-OQFGTP 2TQRQUCNU, 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GY ;QTM 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 99-113 %QHHOCP, /., (1998) 6JG +7%0: (TQO VJG 70 VQ ;QWT $CEM ;CTF, 5QXGTGKIPV[ +PVGTPCVKQPCN, $CPIQT /’ CV JVVR://YYY.UQXGTGKIPV[.PGV/R/PIQ/KWEP.JVO , CEEGUUGF 5VJ /C[ 2002 %QND[, $, 1996. %QIPKVKXG #PVJTQRQNQI[, +P .GXKPUQP, & CPF ’ODGT, / (GFU.) ’PE[ENQRGFKC QH %WNVWTCN #PVJTQRQNQI[, 8QWNOG 1. 0GY ;QTM: *GPT[ *QNV CPF %QORCP[. RCIGU. 209-215. %QNEJGUVGT, /. 5CNXCIKPI PCVWTG: +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU RTQVGEVGF CTGCU & DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP, 7054+& &KUEWUUKQP RCRGT 55, 704+5& 94/ 99( )GPGXC (1994C) %QNEJGUVGT, /. %QOOWPKV[ (QTGUVT[ KP ;WPPCP =%JKPC?: 6JG EJCNNGPIG HQT PGVYQTMU, , %GPVTG HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[ 4GUGCTEJ $QIQT +PFQPGUKC (2002) %QNEJGUVGT, /. (2001) "6JKU RCTM KU PQ NQPIGT [QWT NCPF", 70’5%1 %QWTKGT, ,WN[/#WI %QNHGT, %., 9QGNHGN, ,., 9CFNG[, 4. CPF *CTYGNN, ’. (1996) #UUGUUKPI 2GQRNG'U 2GTEGRVKQPU QH (QTGUVU KP &CPCW 5GPVCTWO 9KNFNKHG 4GUGTXG, 9QTMKPI 2CRGT 0Q 13, %GPVTG HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[ 4GUGCTEJ $QIQT %QNHGT, %, 2TCDJW, 4, CPF 9QNNGPDGTI, ’ (1995) 2TKPEKRNGU ETKVGTKC CPF KPFKECVQTU: #RRN[KPI QEMJCOU TC\QT VQ VJG RGQRNG HQTGUVT[ NKPM, , %+(14 ,CMCTVC %QNHGT, %., 2GNWUQ, 0. CPF %JKP 5GG %JWPI (1977) $G[QPF 5NCUJ & $WTP: .GUUQPU HTQO −GP[CJ KP /CPCIKPI $QTPGQ'U 4CKP (QTGUVU, 0GY ;QTM $QVCPKECN )CTFGP, 0GY ;QTM %QNHGT, %. (1981) "9QOGP /GP & 6KOG KP VJG (QTGUVU QH −CNKOCPVCP", $QTPGQ 4GUGCTEJ $WNNGVKP, 13 (2) RCIGU 75-85 %QNHGT, %. (1983) "%JCPIG & +PFKIGPQWU #ITQHQTGUVT[ KP ’CUV −CNKOCPVCP", $QTPGQ 4GUGCTEJ $WNNGVKP, 15 (1+1) RCIGU 70-86 %QNHGT, %., 9CFNG[, 4., *CTYGNN, ’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’FKPDWTIJ %QPHWEKWU (1998) 6JG #PCNGEVU, (VTCPUNCVGF D[ &. *KPVQP) %QWPVGTRQKPV 2TGUU, 2JKNCFGNRJKC, 2# %QPMNKP, $. CPF )TCJCO, .. (1995) "6JG UJKHVKPI OKFFNG ITQWPF: #OC\QPKCP +PFKCPU CPF GEQ-RQNKVKEU", #OGTKECP #PVJTQRQNQIKUV, 97 (4) RCIGU 695-710 %QPTQ[, %. (1988) "+PVTQFWEVKQP", +P %QPTQ[, %. CPF .KXKPQHH, /. (GF.), 6JG )TGGPKPI QH #KF: 5WUVCKPCDNG .KXGNKJQQFU KP 2TCEVKEG, ’CTVJUECP, .QPFQP, RCIGU ZK-ZKX
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 391
%QQMG, $. (1996) 2CTVKEKRCVKQP RTQEGUU CPF OCPCIGOGPV: NGUUQPU HQT FGXGNQROGPV KP VJG JKUVQT[ QH QTICPKUCVKQP FGXGNQROGPV, 9QTMKPI 2CRGT 7, +PUVKVWVG HQT &GXGNQROGPV 2QNKE[ CPF /CPCIGOGPV (+&2/) /CPEJGUVGT %QQMG, $. CPF −QVJCTK, 7. (2001) 2CTVKEKRCVKQP: 6JG 0GY 6[TCPP[, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP %QQRGT, ,. (1990C) 6CQKUO, %TWEKDNG, $CVJ %QQRGT, 6. (1990D) )TGGP %JTKUVKCPKV[: %CTKPI HQT VJG 9JQNG %TGCVKQP, *QFFGT CPF 5VQWIJVQP, .QPFQP %QTNKP, %. (1978) "# 6KDGVCP ’PENCXG KP ;WPPCP: .CPF, −KPUJKR CPF +PJGTKVCPEG KP )[GVJCPI", +P $TCWGP, /. CPF −XCGTPG, 2 GFU. (GF.), 6KDGVCP 5VWFKGU, <WTKEJ, 8ÑNMGTMWPFGOWUGWO FGT 7PKXGTUKV¼V <×TKEJ, <WTKEJ, RCIGU 75-90 %QUUCNVGT, %. CPF 2[G-5OKVJ, %. (2003) (CUV 9QQF (QTGUVT[ - /[VJU CPF 4GCNKVKGU, , 99(; 6JG %GPVTG HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[ 4GUGCTEJ (%+(14),; +7%0 - 6JG 9QTNF %QPUGTXCVKQP 7PKQP,; (QTGUV 6TGPFU, JVVR://TGUGCTEJ.[CNG.GFW/IKUH/CUUGVU/RFH/VHF/KHO/%QUUCNVGT%20CPF%202[G-5OKVJ%202003.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 %QZ, %. (1926) 6JG ’CTN[ /GPVCN 6TCKVU QH 6JTGG *WPFTGF )GPKWUGU., 5VCPHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 5VCPHQTF, %CNKHQTPKC %QZ, 2 CPF 6 ’NOSXKUV (1997). "’EQEQNQPKCNKUO CPF KPFKIGPQWU-EQPVTQNNGF TCKPHQTGUV RTGUGTXGU KP 5COQC." #ODKQ 26(2): 84-89. %QZQP, #.; $TKGT, #.; ,QPGU, %.; /WZYQTVJ, &.; 1VVQ, 9.; 6CII, 5.; XCP 5EJWWT, 9.; 1OQPF, 4. CPF 8GNFJWKL\GP, 0. (WPFCVGF) 0GY/&5:: OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI RCEMCIG FGXGNQRGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN (QTVTCP CPF &15, XGTUKQP 4.0 0GY/&:5 6GCO ’FKPDWTIJ %TCORVQP, 4. (1996) "8GT[ JQPQTCDNG UCIG KP /[UVGTKGU QH #PEKGPV %JKPC", /[UVGTKGU QH #PEKGPV %JKPC ’ZJKDKVKQP %TQNN, ’. (1993C) "6JG 0GIQVKCVKQP QH −PQYNGFIG CPF +IPQTCPEG KP %JKPC'U &GXGNQROGPV 5VTCVGI[", +P *QDCTV, /. (GF.), #P CPVJTQRQNQIKECN ETKVKSWG QH FGXGNQROGPV, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 161-HH %TQNN, ’. (1993D) (TQO *GCXGP VQ ’CTVJ, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP %TQQM, ,. CPF 1UOCUVQP, * GFU. (1994) *KOCN[CP $WFFJKUV 8KNNCIGU: ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 4GUQWTEGU 5QEKGV[ CPF 4GNKIKQWU .KHG KP <CPIUMCT .CFCMJ, 7PKXGTUKV[ 1H $TKUVQN, $TKUVQN %TQYHQQV, ,. (1990) "#ECFGOKC'U HWVWTG KP VJG EQPUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV.", 4GPGYCDNG 4GUQWTEGU ,QWTPCN, 8 (4) RCIGU 5-9 %TWUJ, , GF. (1995) 6JG 2QYGT QH &GXGNQROGPV, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP %5/15 (1989) )’1’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−GPIGP, 5. (1985) "(QTGUVT[ QH &GXGNQROGPV CPF 7PFGTFGXGNQROGPV QH (QTGUVT[", +P &CTICXGN, ,. CPF 5KORUQP, ). (GF.), (QTGUVT[: 5WEEGUU QT HCKNWTG KP FGXGNQRKPI EQWPVTKGU! %4’5 9QTMKPI 2CRGT 85/20, #WUVTCNKCP 0CVKQPCN 7PKXGTUKV[, %CPDGTTC, &CTKGT, ’ GF. (1999) &KUEQWTUGU QH VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, $NCEMYGNN, 1ZHQTF &CTNKPIVQP, 5. (1998) "6JG QTFKPCVKQP QH C VTGG: 6JG $WFFJKUV ’EQNQI[ OQXGOGPV KP 6JCKNCPF", ’VJPQNQI[, 37 (1) RCIGU 1-15 &CTNKPIVQP, 5., (2000) 4GVJKPMKPI $WFFJKUO & &GXGNQROGPV: 6JG GOGTIGPEG QH GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV OQPMU KP 6JCKNCPF, +P ,QWTPCN QH $WFFJKUV ’VJKEU 7, CV JVVR://LDG.IQNF.CE.WM/7/FCTNKPIVQP001.JVON , CEEGUUGF 29VJ ,WN[ 2001 &CTUJCP 5JCPMCT (1999) "%WNVWTCN CPF 2QNKVKECN &KOGPUKQPU QH $KQRTQURGEVKPI", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN CPF URKTKVWCN XCNWGU QH DKQFKXGTUKV[, +6/70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 534-535 &CTYKP, %. (1859) 6JG 1TKIKP QH 5RGEKGU $[ /GCPU QH 0CVWTCN 5GNGEVKQP, (KTUV ’FP, ,QJP /WTTC[, .QPFQP &CUGP, 2, $GTT[, ,. CPF 5CTVQTKWU, 0. (1988) 5CIG, .QPFQP &CUIWRVC, 2. CPF 5GTCIGNFKP, + GFU. (2000) 5QEKCN %CRKVCN: # /WNVK-(CEKVGF 2GTURGEVKXG, 9QTNF $CPM, 9CUJKPIVQP &% &CUOCPP, 4. (1979) "0CVWTG 4GUGTXGU KP )NQDCN 2GTURGEVKXG", +P 0GNUQP, , GF. (GF.), 6JG %CPCFKCP PCVKQPCN RCTMU: 6QFC[ CPF VQOQTTQY (%QPHGTGPEG RTQEGGFKPIU)., 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CVGTNQQ., 1PVCTKQ, %CPCFC, RCIGU 39-43 &CXKF-0GGN, #. (1983) /[ ,QWTPG[ VQ .JCUC: #NGZCPFTC &CXKF-0GGN, 8KTCIQ $QQMU, .QPFQP
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 392
&CXKFUQP, ). (2002) "6QYCTFU CP #RRNKGF #DQTKIKPCN 2U[EJQNQI[", +P $QNKVJQ, (., %CTT, 5. CPF 1'4GKNN[, $. (GF.), 2U[EJQNQI[ KP VJG 5QWVJ 2CEKHKE: )NQDCN, .QECN CPF )NQECN #RRNKECVKQPU, /CUUG[ 7PKXGTUKV[, 0GY <GCNCPF, RCIGU 102-119 JVVR://URLR.OCUUG[.CE.P\/DQQMU/DQNKVJQ/%JCRVGTA11.RFH CEEGUUGF 3TF #WIWUV 2005 &CXKU, ,. (1999) "9G −GGR #UMKPI 1WTUGNXGU, 9JCV KU 6TCPURGTUQPCN #YCTGPGUU!", 0QWOGPQP, 5 (1) JVVR://YYY.PQWOGPQP.EQ.\C/JVON/YKPVGTA1999.JVON CEEGUUGF 29VJ ,WN[ 2005 &CXKU, /. (1998) $KQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[ CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, , 2CTNKCOGPV QH #WUVTCNKC &CXKU, /., (2004) $TKFIKPI VJG )CR QT %TQUUKPI C $TKFIG! +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG CPF VJG .CPIWCIG QH .CY CPF 2QNKE[, CV JVVR://YYY.OKNNGPPKWOCUUGUUOGPV.QTI/FQEWOGPVU/DTKFIKPI/RCRGTU/FCXKU.OKEJCGN.RFH , CEEGUUGF 12VJ &GE 2004 &CXKUQP, ,. CPF 5WVNKXG, 8. (1991) "6JG %JKNFTGP QH 0KUKPI: +OCIGU QH *GCFJWPVKPI CPF /CNG 5GZWCNKV[ KP +DCP 4KVWCN & 1TCN .KVGTCVWTG", +P #RRGNN, 5. (GF.), (GOCNG & /CNG KP $QTPGQ /5, $QTPGQ 4GUGCTEJ %QWPEKN (/QPQITCRJ 5GTKGU), 8KTIKPKC, RCIGU 153-230 &GK, )., *CNN, $. CPF 4QUGPDGTI, &. (2000) +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIGU KP )NQDCN %QPVGZVU - /WNVKRNG 4GCFKPIU QH 1WT 9QTNF, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 6QTQPVQ &GNQTKC, 8. (1973) )QF +U 4GF, )TQUUGV & &WPNCR, 0GY ;QTM &GNQTKC, 8. (1990) "−PQYKPI & 7PFGTUVCPFKPI: 6TCFKVKQPCN GFWECVKQP KP VJG OQFGTP YQTNF", 9KPFU QH %JCPIG, 5 (1) RCIGU 12-14 &GPGXCP, 9/ (GF.) (1992) 0CVKXG 2QRWNCVKQP QH VJG #OGTKECU KP 1492, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9KUEQPUKP 2TGUU, /CFKUQP 9+5 & .QPFQP &GPP[, ,. (1988) "%QPVGZVWCNK\CVKQP CPF &KHHGTGPVKCVKQP KP %TQUU-%WNVWTCN %QIPKVKQP", +P $GTT[, ,., +TXKPG, 5. CPF *WPV, ’. (GF.), +PFKIGPQWU %QIPKVKQP: (WPEVKQPKPI KP EWNVWTCN EQPVGZV, /CTVKPWU 0KLJQHH 2WDNKUJGTU, &QTFTGEJV, RCIGU 213-229 &GPYQQF, 2. (1999) 6KDGVCP, ,QJP $GPLCOKPU 2WDNKUJKPI %QORCP[, #OUVGTFCO >D[UJKTG, ’. CPF )CUUG, (. (1996) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN EJCPIGU QP VJG 6KDGVCP RNCVGCW CPF UWTTQWPFKPI RNCEGU KP 2TGHCEG", 2CNCGQ, 3 (120) RCIGU 1-3 &GXCNN, $. (1979) "4GHQTOKUV ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO", *WODQNV ,QWTPCN QH 5QEKCN 4GNCVKQPU, 6 RCIGU 129-157 &KCOQPF, +. CPF 1TGPUVGKP, ) GFU. (1990) 4GYGCXKPI VJG 9QTNF: 6JG ’OGTIGPEG QH ’EQHGOKPKUO, 5KGTTC %NWD $QQMU, 5CP (TCPUKUEQ &KCOQPF, ,. (1987) "6JG ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUV", /[VJ KP 0CVWTG, 324 RCIGU 9-20 &KEMGPU, 2. (1992) 5QEKGV[ CPF 0CVWTG: 6QYCTFU C )TGGP 5QEKCN 6JGQT[, *CTXGUVGT 9JGCVUJGCH, .QPFQP &KGODGTIGT, *. (1993) ")CPINC 6UJGEJW, $G[WN −JGPDCNWPI: 2KNITKOCIG VQ *KFFGP 8CNNG[U, 5CETGF /QWPVCKPU CPF 5RTKPIU QH .KHG 9CVGT KP 5QWVJGTP 6KDGV CPF ’CUVGTP 0GRCN", +P 4CODNG, %. CPF $TCWGP, /. (GF.), #PVJTQRQNQI[ QH 6KDGV CPF VJG *KOKNC[C, <WTKEJ 7PKXGTUKV[ HQNM OWUGWO, &TWEM, $WEJU, RCIGU 60-72 &KGODGTIGT, *. (2002) "6JG 2GQRNG QH 2QTQPI CPF %QPEGRVU QH 6GTTKVQT[ KP +PVTQFWEVKQP KP 6GTTKVQT[ CPF +FGPVKV[", +P $WHHGVTKNNG, −. CPF &KGODGTIGT, *. (GF.), 6KDGV CPF VJG *KOKNC[CU, $TKNN, .GKFGP, RCIGU 33-55 &++4, (,WN[ 2003) 6KDGV 2003: 5VCVG QH VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, CV JVVR://YYY.VGY.QTI/VKDGV2003/V2003.TGUQWTEG.GZV.JVON , CEEGUUGF 14VJ ,WN[ 2005 &KMQVVGT, (. (1992) 6JG &KUEQWTUG QH 4CEG KP /QFGTP %JKPC, *QPI −QPI 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, *QPI −QPI &QDUQP, #. (1990) )TGGP 2QNKVKECN 6JQWIJV: #P +PVTQFWEVKQP, 7PYKP & *[OCP, .QPFQP &QDUQP, #. (1999) (CKTPGUU CPF (WVWTKV[: ’UUC[U QP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 5WUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF 5QEKCN ,WUVKEG., 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM, 0GY ;QTM &QDUQP, #. CPF .WECTFKG, 2. (1995) 6JG 2QNKVKEU QH 0CVWTG: ’ZRNQTCVKQP KP )TGGP 2QNKVKECN 6JGQT[, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP &QFKP, 6. CPF 4¼VJGT, *. (2001) +OCIKPKPI 6KDGV : 2GTEGRVKQPU 2TQLGEVKQPU & (CPVCUKGU, 9KUFQO 2WDNKECVKQPU, $QUVQP &QPI, <. (1985) "2TGUGPV 5KVWCVKQP QH (QTGUV #FOKPKUVTCVKQPKP 5Y 4GIKQP QH %JKPC CPF +VU 4QNG KP 4KXGT $CUKP /CPCIGOGPV", +P .K 9GPJWC CPF 2CPFC[, −. (GF.), 9CVGTUJGF /CPCIGOGPV, +%+/1& & %#5, −CVJOCPFW, RCIGU 53-57 &QPPGNN[, ,. 5. (1983) "+TKUJ CITCTKCP TGDGNNKQPU: VJG 9JKVGDQ[U QH 1769-76", 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG 4Q[CN +TKUJ #ECFGO[, 83 (UGEVKQP %) RCIGU 293-332 &QWINCU, 0. CPF 9JKVG, /. (1976) −CTOCRC: 6JG $NCEM *CV .COC QH 6KDGV, .W\CE, .QPFQP &QXG, /. (1993D) "# TGXKUKQPKUV XKGY QH VTQRKECN FGHQTGUVCVKQP CPF FGXGNQROGPV:", ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %QPUGTXCVKQP, 20 (17) RCIG 24 &QXG, /. (1983) "6JGQTKGU QH UYKFFGP CITKEWNVWTG CPF VJG RQNKVKECN GEQPQO[ QH KIPQTCPEG", #ITQHQTGUVT[ U[UVGOU, 1 (3) RCIGU 85-99 &QXG, /. (1992) "(QTGUVGTU' DGNKGHU CDQWV HCTOGTU: C RTKQTKV[ HQT UQEKCN TGUGCTEJ KP UQEKCN HQTGUVT[", #ITQHQTGUVT[ 5[UVGOU, 17 RCIGU 13-41
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 393
&QYOCP, −. (1991) 6JG 2QYGT 2NCEGU QH %GPVTCN 6KDGV, 2GPIWKP, .QPFQP &QYPGU, &. (1995) ")NQDCN 6TCFG .QECN ’EQPQOKGU CPF VJG %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[", +P 5PCRG, 9. (GF.), $KQFKXGTUKV[ CPF VJG .CY, +UNCPF 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP, &TCMG, 4. (1991) "6JG %WNVWTCN .QIKE QH 6GZVKNG 9GCXKPI 2TCEVKEGU #OQPI VJG +DCPKE 2GQRNG", +P 5WVNKXG, 8. CPF #RRGNN, ). (GF.), (GOCNG & /CNG KP $QTPGQ: %QPVTKDWVKQPU VQ )GPFGT 5VWFKGU, $QTPGQ 4GUGCTEJ %QWPEKN (/QPQITCRJ 5GTKGU), 8KTIKPKC, RCIGU 271-294 &TGPIUQP, #. CPF 6C[NQT, &. (1997) ’EQHQTGUVT[: 6JG #TV CPF 5EKGPEG QH 5WUVCKPCDNG (QTGUV 7UG, 0GY 5QEKGV[ 2WDNKUJGTU, %CPCFC &TG[GT, ,. (1976) %JKPC'U (QTV[ /KNNKQPU, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /# & .QPFQP &TG[GT, ,. (2000) "6JG 2QVGPVKCN HQT +PUVCDKNKV[ KP /KPQTKV[ 4GIKQPU", +P 5JCODCWIJ, &. (GF.), +U %JKPC 7PUVCDNG, 5JCTRG, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 125-142 &TKGUUGP, 2. (2003) ’EQ-+ORGTKCNKUO: )TGGP 2QYGT, $NCEM &GCVJ, (TGG ’PVGTRTKUG 2TGUU, $GNNGXWG, 9CUJKPIVQP &TKXGT, $., &WUVKP, &., $CNVKE,6, ’NUPGT, ). CPF 2GVGTUQP, ). (1996) 0CVWTG CPF VJG *WOCP 5RKTKV: 6QYCTF CP ’ZRCPFGF .CPF /CPCIGOGPV ’VJKE, 8GPVWTG 2WDNKUJKPI, 5VCVG %QNNGIG, 2#: &T[\GM, ,. (1997) 6JG 2QNKVKEU QH VJG ’CTVJ: ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &KUEQWTUGU, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF &W 5JQWHW CPF )WQ :KCQOKPI (2001) %CUG UVWF[ QP EQPXGTUKQP QH HCTONCPF CPF ITCUUNCPF KP 6KCPSWCP %QWPV[ 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEG, %JKPC %QWPEKN HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QQRGTCVKQP QP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV $GKLKPI &WCTC, 2. (1990) "’NKVGU CPF VJG 5VTWEVWTG QH #WVJQTKV[ KP VJG 8KNNCIGU QH 0QTVJ %JKPC 1900-1949", +P ’UJGTKEM, ,. CPF 4CPMKP, /. (GF.), %JKPGUG .QECN ’NKVGU CPF RCVVGTPU QH FQOKPCPEG, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[, RCIGU 100-120 &WPECP, /. (1964) %WUVQOU CPF 5WRGTUVKVKQPU QH 6KDGVCPU., /KVTG, .QPFQP &WPM, 6. (1994) "6CNMKPI CDQWV VTGGU: ’PXKTQPOGPV & 5QEKGV[ KP (QTGUV 9QTMGTU' EWNVWTG", %CPCFKCP 4GXKGY QH 5QEKQNQI[ & #PVJTQRQNQI[, 31 (1) RCIGU 14-34 &WTMJGKO, ’. (1933) 6JG &KXKUKQP QH .CDQWT KP 5QEKGV[, 6JG (TGG 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM &WTMJGKO, ’. (1966) 6JG 4WNGU QH 5QEKQNQIKECN /GVJQF, (VTCPUNCVGF D[ 5. 5QNQXC[) 6JG (TGG 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM &WTPKPI, #. (1992) )WCTFKCPU QH VJG .CPF: +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU CPF VJG *GCNVJ QH VJG ’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’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 503-546 &YKXGFK, 1. CPF 6KYCTK, $. (1987) ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %TKUKU CPF *KPFW 4GNKIKQP, )KVCPLCNK 2WDNKUJKPI *QWUG, 0GY &GNJK ’ *CMK\WOYCOK, ’. CPF /KNQN, %. G., (2000) 4GRQTV QH VJG 2TGNKOKPCT[ 9QTMUJQR QP VJG %QPVTKDWVKQP QH VJG (QTGUVT[ 5GEVQT VQ 2QXGTV[ #NNGXKCVKQP KP %COGTQQP, −TKDK, ,CP 31 VQ (GD 01, 2000, &GRCTVOGPV HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN &GXGNQROGPV (&(+&) .QPFQP ’CFG, &. (1997) %CRCEKV[ $WKNFKPI: #RRTQCEJGU VQ 2GQRNG %GPVTGF &GXGNQROGPV, 1ZHCO, 1ZHQTF ’CUNGC, $TKCP (1981) 5EKGPEG & 5GZWCN 1RRTGUUKQP: 2CVTKCTEJ['U %QPHTQPVCVKQP 9KVJ 9QOGP CPF 0CVWTG, 9GKFGPHGNF CPF 0KEJQNUQP, .QPFQP ’CUVOCP, ,. (1987-2004) +FTKUK: )+5 CPF +OCIG 2TQEGUUKPI 5QHVYCTG, XGTUKQP −KNKOCPLCQ 14.02 %NCTM 7PKXGTUKV[ 9QTEGUVGT 75# ’CVQP, 2. "%JCTCVGT: %QTPGTUVQPG QH C FGECFGPV UQEKGV[", 6JG 5GCVVNG 6KOGU (3/3/1998) ’EMGN, /. (1997) "+U 6JGTG C $WFFJKUV 2JKNQUQRJ[ QH 0CVWTG!", +P 6WEMGT, /. CPF 9KNNKCOU, &. (GF.), $WFFJKUO CPF ’EQNQI[, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[, %CODTKFIG /#, RCIGU 327-349 ’EMGTUNG[, 4. (1992) ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO CPF 2QNKVKECN 6JGQT[: 6QYCTFU CP ’EQEGPVTKE #RRTQCEJ, 7%. RTGUU, .QPFQP ’EMJQNO, −. (1980) "1P VJG NKOKVCVKQPU QH EKXKNK\CVKQP: 6JG UVTWEVWTG CPF F[PCOKEU QH INQDCN U[UVGOU", &KCNGEVKECN #PVJTQRQNQI[, 5 RCIGU 155-166 ’FIGTVQP, (. (1972) 6JG $JCICXCF-)KVC, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG, /# ’FOQPFU, 4. (1994) 2CVVGTPU QH %JKPC'U .QUV *CTOQP[, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP ’FOQPFU, 4. (1999) "6JG GPXKTQPOGPV KP VJG 2GQRNGU 4GRWDNKE QH %JKPC (KHV[ ;GCTU QP", %JKPC 3WCTVGTN[, 159 RCIGU 640-649 ’FYCTFU, ,. CPF 2CNOGT, / GFU. (1997) *QN[ )TQWPF: 6JG )WKFG VQ (CKVJ CPF ’EQNQI[, 2KNMKPIVQP 2TGUU, ;GNXGTVQHV /CPQT, 0QTVJCORVQPUJKTG ’KVGN, ’. (1873) (GPI-5JWK QT 4WFKOGPVU QH 0CVWTCN 5EKGPEG KP %JKPC (4GRTKPV 1973), %J'GPI 9GP, 6CKRGK
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 394
’MXCNN, 4. (1968) (KGNFU QP VJG *QQH, 9CXGNCPF 2TGUU +PE CEEGUUGF +PENWFGU DKDNKQITCRJKECN TGHGTGPEGU (R 98-100) ZKK 100 R ’NNGP, 4. (1986) "9JCV DNCEM GNM NGHV WPUCKF: QP VJG KNNWUQT[ KOCIGU QH ITGGP RTKOKVKXKUO", #PVJTQRQNQI[ 6QFC[, 2 (6) RCIGU 8-12 ’NUV, −., (2000) 6JG 5CTPC: C ECUG UVWF[ KP PCVWTCN TGNKIKQP, −QGPTCCF ’NUV'U +PFQNQI[ *QOGRCIG, .GWXGP $GNIKWO CV JVVR://MQGPTCCFGNUV.XQKEGQHFJCTOC.EQO/CTVKENGU/EJT/UCTPC.JVON , CEEGUUGF 12VJ 0QX 2004 ’NYKP, 8. (2002) 6JG $CKIC, )[CP, 0GY &GNJK ’OGTVQP, .. (1997) "8CNWKPI HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU HQT EQPUGTXCVKQP RWTRQUG", 2TGUGPVGF CV #HTKECP 4CKPHQTGUVU CPF %QPUGTXCVKQP QH $KQFKXGTUKV[ 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG .KODG %QPHGTGPEG 17-24 ,CPWCT[ 1997 %QPHGTGPEG , .KODG $QVCPKE )CTFGP %COGTQQP, ’CTVJYCVEJ +PUVKVWVG, JVVR://YYY.GCTVJYCVEJ.QTI/GWTQRG/NKODG/NKXGNKJQQF.JVON CEEGUUGF 17VJ 2000, ’OGTVQP, .. (2003) "6TQRKECN HQTGUV XCNWCVKQP: JCU KV CNN DGGP C HWVKNG GZGTEKUG!", 2TGUGPVGF CV :++ 9QTNF (QTGUVT[ %QPITGUU %QPHGTGPEG , 3WGDGE %KV[, %CPCFC, 9QTNF (QTGUVT[ %QPITGUU, JVVR://YYY.HCQ.QTI/&1%4’2/#46+%.’/9(%/:++//53-’.*6/, CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 ’PTKU, +. CPF 5CTOKCJ (1999) "(QTGUVU CPF 5CETGF )TQXGU", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN CPF 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[/70’2, .QPFQP, RCIG 352 ’05, (2/6/2005) 6KDGVCPU, %JKPGUG DCVVNG QXGT CEEGUU OGFKECN HWPIWU, ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 0GYU 5GTXKEG, CV JVVR://YYY.GPU-PGYUYKTG.EQO/GPU/LWP2005/2005-06-02-01.CUR , CEEGUUGF 4VJ ,WPG 2005 ’RUVGKP, .. (1990) ")CPLC & /WTFQ: 6JG UQEKCN EQPUVTWEVKQP QH URCEG CV VYQ ’CUVGTP 6KDGVCP RKNITKOCIG UKVGU", 2TGUGPVGF CV +PV UGOKPCT QP #PVJTQRQNQI[ QH 6KDGV & VJG *KOCNC[CU 21-28/9/90 %QPHGTGPEG , <WTKEJ, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH <WTKEJ, ’RUVGKP, .. (2002) −JCOU 2C *KUVQTKGU: 8KUKQPU QH 2GQRNG 2NCEG CPF #WVJQTKV[: 2KCVU 2000 6KDGVCP 5VWFKGU 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG 0KPVJ 5GOKPCT QH VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN #UUQEKCVKQP HQT 6KDGVCP 5VWFKGU 5GOKPCT +PVGTPCVKQPCN #UUQEKCVKQP HQT 6KDGVCP 5VWFKGU, $TKNN, .GKFGP $QUVQP ’RUVGKP, .. CPF 2GPI 9GPDKP (1994) ")CPLC & /WTFQ: 6JG UQEKCN EQPUVTWEVKQP QH URCEG CV VYQ 6KDGVCP RKNITKOCIG UKVGU KP ’CUVGTP 6KDGV", 6KDGV ,QWTPCN: 2QYGT RNCEGU CPF URCEGU, 19 (2) RCIGU 21-45 ’RUVGKP, .. CPF 2GPI 9GPDKP (1998) "4KVWCN ’VJPKEKV[ CPF )GPGTCVKQPCN +FGPVKV[", +P )QNFUVGKP, /. CPF −CRUVGKP, /. (GF.), $WFFJKUO KP %QPVGORQTCT[ 6KDGV, /QVKNCN $/QVKNCN $CPCTUKFCUU 2WDNKUJGTU, &GNJK, RCIGU 120-138 ’TCUOWU, &. #PVKRQNGOWU: 1T VJG 2NGC QH 4GCUQP, 4GNKIKQP, CPF *WOCPKV[ #ICKPUV 9CT. # (TCIOGPV. VTCPUNCVGF (TQO ’TCUOWU CPF #FFTGUUGF VQ #IITGUUQTU. =$[ 8. −PQZ.?, &KNN[, %, .QPFQP ’TOKPG, 9. (1995) "#DQTKIKPCN ’RKUVGOQNQI[", +P $CVVKUVG, /. CPF $CTOCP, ,. (GF.), (KTUV 0CVKQPU ’FWECVKQP KP %CPCFC: 6JG %KTENG 7PHQNFU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 2TGUU, 8CPEQWXGT, RCIGU 101-112 ’TOKPG, 9., 4CXGP 5KPENCKT CPF ,GHHGT[, $., (2004) 6JG ’VJKEU QH 4GUGCTEJ +PXQNXKPI +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU, l+PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU� *GCNVJ 4GUGCTEJ %GPVTG, ,WN[ 2004, CV JVVR://YYY.KRJTE.EC/VGZV/’VJKEU%204GXKGY%20+2*4%.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 ’UEQDCT, #. (1984) "&KUEQWTUG & 2QYGT KP &GXGNQROGPV: / (QWECWNV CPF VJG 4GNGXCPEG QH JKU 9QTM VQ VJG 6JKTF 9QTNF", #NVGTPCVKXGU, 10 RCIGU 377-400 ’UEQDCT, #. (1992C) "+OCIKPKPI C RQUV FGXGNQROGPV GTC", 5QEKCN 6GZV, 31 RCIGU 20-54 ’UEQDCT, #. (1992D) "4GHNGEVKQPU QP '&GXGNQROGPV", (WVWTGU, 24 (5) RCIGU 411-436 ’UEQDCT, #. (1995) ’PEQWPVGTKPI &GXGNQROGPV: 6JG /CMKPI CPF 7POCMKPI QH VJG 6JKTF 9QTNF, 2TKPEGVQYP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 2TKPEGVQYP ’UEQDCT, #. (1996) "%QPUVTWEVKPI 0CVWTG: ’NGOGPVU HQT C 2QUV-5VTWEVWTCN 2QNKVKECN ’EQNQI[", +P 2GGV, 4. CPF 9CVVU, /. (GF.), .KDGTCVKQP GEQNQIKGU, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 46-68 ’UVGXC, ). (1985) "%GCUG CKF CPF UVQR FGXGNQROGPV: #P CPUYGT VQ JWPIGT", 2TGUGPVGF CV +PVGTPCVKQPCN UGOKPCT QP HQQF UGNH-UWHHKEKGPE[ %QPHGTGPEG %’56’/-70’5%1, ’UVGXC, ). (1992) "&GXGNQROGPV", +P 5CEJU, 9. (GF.), 6JG &GXGNQROGPV &KEVKQPCT[: # )WKFG VQ MPQYNGFIG CU 2QYGT, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 6-25 ’XCPU, ,. (1986) "2NCPPKPI +PFQPGUKC'U (QTGUV 2QNKE[", 5QEKCN (QTGUVT[ 0GVYQTM 0GYUNGVVGT, 3 (1EV) RCIGU 19-29 ’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’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 366-370
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 395
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’EQNQI[, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /#, RCIGU 411-452 (GNF, 5. CPF $CUUQ, −. (1996) "5GPUGU QH 2NCEG", +P 5EJQQN QH #OGTKECP 4GUGCTEJ 2TGUU, 5CPVC (G, RCIGU 1-90 (GNFOCP, 4. (1990) "5GVVNGOGPV - KFGPVKV[: RU[EJQNQIKECN DQPFU YKVJ JQOG RNCEGU KP C OQDKNG UQEKGV[.", ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF $GJCXKQWT, 22 (2) RCIGU 183-229 (GPI ;QW\JK, (1992) :KMCPI 5JK 5JK ;K (5WRRNGOGPVCT[ %QNNGEVKQPU QH :KMCPI *KUVQT[), %WNVWTCN-*KUVQTKECN &CVC %QOOKVVGG, −CPIFKPI (GTIWUQP, ,. (1990) 6JG #PVK-2QNKVKEU /CEJKPG: &GXGNQROGPV &GRQNKVKEKUCVKQP CPF $WTGCWETCVKE 2QYGT KP .GUQVJQ, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG (GTTCTQ, 2. CPF 5KORUQP, &. (2000) 6JG %QUV-’HHGEVKXGPGUU QH %QPUGTXCVKQP 2C[OGPVU &KUEWUUKQP RCRGT 00-31, 4GUQWTEGU HQT VJG (WVWTG 9CUJKPIVQP &% (GWEJVYCPI, 5. (1999) "4GNKIKQP #U 4GUKUVCPEG", +P 2GTT[, ’. CPF 5GNFGP, /. (GF.), %JKPGUG 5QEKGV[, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 161-177 (GWEJVYCPI, 5. CPF 9CPI /KPIOKPI (1991) "6JG RQNKVKEU QH EWNVWTG QT C EQPVGUV QH JKUVQTKGU: 4GRTGUGPVCVKQPU QH %JKPGUG 2QRWNCT 4GNKIKQP", &KCNGEVKECN #PVJTQRQNQI[, 16 RCIGU 251-272 (KPNC[UQP, 9. (1994) "2CTCFKIOU", %QOOQPYGCNVJ (QTGUVT[ 4GXKGY, 73 (3) RCIG 143 (KTVJ, 4. (1975) *WOCP 6[RGU, #DCEWU, .QPFQP (KUEJGT, #. (2005) 5VCVG )TQYVJ CPF 5QEKCN ’ZENWUKQP KP 6KDGV: %JCNNGPIGU QH 4GEGPV ’EQPQOKE )TQYVJ, 0QTFKE +PUVKVWVG QH #UKCP 5VWFKGU 2TGUU, %QRGPJCIGP (KUEJJQHH, $. (1991) "8CNWG GNKEKVCVKQP: +U VJGTG CP[VJKPI VJGTG!", #OGTKECP RU[EJQNQIKUV, 46 RCIGU 835-847 (KUJGT, 4. (1997) "+PFKIGPQWU (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV CPF VJG ’HHGEVU QH ’ZVGTPCN +PVGTXGPVKQP", +P 2QUG[, &. CPF &WVHKGNF, ). (GF.), +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, +7%0, 7VTGEJV, RCIGU 63-64 (1% (1995) 6JG *QPI[WCP 4GRQTV,, (TKGPFU QH %JKPC, *QPI −QPI (QPXCN (1989) "’VJPQEKFG CPF #EEWNVWTCVKQP", +P %JCNKCPF, ). (GF.), /KPQTKV[ 2GQRNGU KP VJG #IG QH 0CVKQP 5VCVGU, 2NWVQ 2TGUU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 149-152 (QTGUV /QPKVQT .VF (2001) 5QNF FQYP VJG 4KXGT: 6JG PGGF VQ EQPVTQN VTCPUPCVKQPCN HQTGUVT[ EQTRQTCVKQPU: C ’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−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
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 396
(TCPM, #), (1967) %CRKVCNKUO CPF 7PFGTFGXGNQROGPV KP .CVKP #OGTKEC, /QPVJN[ 4GXKGY 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM CPF .QPFQP (TCPMGPC, 9. (1973) ’VJKEU, 2TGPVKEG *CNN, ’PINGYQQF %NKHHU, 0, (TC\GT, 5KT ,, (1993) 6JG )QNFGP $QWIJ, 9QTFUYQTVJ ’FKVKQPU .VF, 9CTG 7− (TGGFOCP, /. (1969) 6JG 5VWF[ QH %JKPGUG 5QEKGV[, 5VCPHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 5VCPHQTF (TGWFGPVJCN, 5. CPF 0CTTQYG, ,. (1991) (QEWU QP 2GQRNG CPF 6TGGU : # )WKFG HQT &GUKIPKPI CPF %QPFWEVKPI %QOOWPKV[ $CUGNKPG 5VWFKGU HQT %QOOWPKV[ (QTGUVT[, 9QTMKPI 2CRGT 178, 5YGFKUJ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH #ITKEWNVWTCN 5EKGPEG 7RRUCNC (TG[HQING, ’. (1998) "1YPKPI VJG .CPF: (QWT EQPVGORQTCT[ PCTTCVKXGU", (NQTKFC 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ ,QWTPCN QH .CPF 7UG CPF ’PXKTQPOGPVCN .CY, 13 (2) JVVR://YYYNCYHUWGFW/LQWTPCNU/NCPFWUG/8QN132/(TG[.JVO CEEGUUGF 12VJ ,WPG 2004 (TKGF, /. (2000) "%QPVKPWKVKGU CPF FKUEQPVKPWKVKGU QH RNCEG", ,QWTPCN QH ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2U[EJQNQI[, 20 RCIGU 193-205 )CFIKN, /. (1985) "5QEKCN 4GUVTCKPVU QP 4GUQWTEG 7VKNK\CVKQP: 6JG +PFKCP ’ZRGTKGPEG", +P /E0GGN[, ,. CPF 2KVV, & GFU. (GF.), %WNVWTG & %QPUGTXCVKQP: 6JG JWOCP FKOGPUKQP KP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2NCPPKPI, %TQQO *GNO, &WDNKP, RCIGU 135-155 )CFIKN, /., $GTMGU, (. CPF (QNMG, %. (1993) "+PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG HQT DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP", #ODKQ, 22 (2-3) RCIGU 151-156 )CFIKN, /. CPF )WJC, 4. (1992) 6JKU (KUUWTGF .CPF: #P ’EQNQIKECN *KUVQT[ QH +PFKC, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP )CPFKP, .. (1963) 1DLGEVKXG #PCN[UKU QH VJG /GVGQTQNQIKECN (KGNFU, )KFTQOGVGQK\FCV, .GPKPITCF )CQ, 9. CPF ,KP, &. (1980) "(KPFKPI VJG UWDLGEVKXG ECWUGU CPF VJG QDLGEVKXG UQNWVKQPU HQT VJG RQNNWVKQP CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU KP 5JCPIJCK", *&5(&::$, 6 RCIGU 9-14 )CTFPGT, ). (2002) +PXQMKPI VJG 5RKTKV: 4GNKIKQP CPF 5RKTKVWCNKV[ KP VJG 3WGUV HQT C 5WUVCKPCDNG 9QTNF, 9QTNFYCVEJ 2CRGT 164, 9QTNFYCVEJ +PUVKVWVG &CPXGTU /# )CTFPGT, ). CPF 5VGTP, 2. (1996) ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQDNGOU CPF *WOCP $GJCXKQWT, #NN[P & $CEQP, $QUVQP )CTG, #. (1995) 2QUVOQFGTPKUO & VJG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %TKUKU, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP )CVGU, .., (2004) 6JG 5RKTKVWCN 0CVWTCNKUV: *QPQWTKPI VTCFKVKQPU VJCV GPEQWTCIG C UQWNHWN TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ PCVWTG, CV JVVR://RQTVCNRTQFWEVKQPU.EQO/URKTKVPCVWTG/KPFGZ.JVON , CEEGUUGF 6VJ #WIWUV 2005 )&5 (1989-2004) )5+ )GQUVCVKUVKEU HQT VJG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 5EKGPEGU, XGTUKQP 7 )COOC &GUKIP 5QHVYCTG /KEJKICP )GCT[, 4. (1954) "6JG EQPVKIWKV[ TCVKQ CPF UVCVKUVKECN OCRRKPI", 6JG +PEQTRQTCVGF 5VCVKUVKEKCP, 5 RCIGU 115-145 )GGTV\, %. (1973) 6JG +PVGTRTGVCVKQP QH %WNVWTGU, $CUKE $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM )GGTV\, %. (1985) .QECN −PQYNGFIG: (WTVJGT ’UUC[U KP +PVGTRTGVKXG #PVJTQRQNQI[, $CUKE $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM )GNNPGT, ’. (1983) 0CVKQPU CPF 0CVKQPCNKUO,, %QTPGNN 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, +VJCEC )GTOCPQ, &. (1998) "4G-/GODGTKPI VJG &KUOGODGTGF $QF[ QH 6KDGV: %QPVGORQTCT[ 6KDGVCP 8KUKQPCT[ /QXGOGPVU KP VJG 2GQRNNG'U 4GRWDNKE QH %JKPC", +P )QNFUVGKP, /. CPF −CRUVGKP, /. (GF.), $WFFJKUO KP %QPVGORQTCT[ 6KDGV, /QVKNCN $/QVKNCN $CPCTUKFCUU 2WDNKUJGTU, &GNJK, RCIGU 53-94 )GTOCPQ, &. (2003) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 16VJ #RTKN 2003 CDQWV )QNQM 5GTVC +PUVKVWVG, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/IGTOCPQ16403.VZV CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 )GTXCKU, /. (2002) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 2PF #WI 2002 CDQWV ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2GTEGRVKQP, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/IGTXCKU.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 )KDUQP, ,., (1997 (CNN) %CP VJG %WNVWTCN 4G-’PEJCPVOGPV QH 0CVWTG *GNR 5VQR ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &GUVTWEVKQP!, +P 0GICVKQPU, CV JVVR://PGICVKQPU.KECCR.QTI/KUUWGU/97H/97(ALIKDUQP.JVON , CEEGUUGF 13VJ ,WN[ 2005 )KNOQWT, &. (1988) "0QV UGGKPI VJG VTGGU HQT VJG HQTGUV: # TG-CRRTCKUCN QH VJG FGHQTGUVCVKQP ETKUKU KP VYQ JKNN FKUVTKEVU QH 0GRCN", /QWPVCKP 4GUGCTEJ CPF &GXGNQROGPV, 8 (4) RCIGU 343-350 )KNOQWT, &, −KPI, ). CPF *QDNG[, /. (1989) "/CPCIGOGPV QH HQTGUVU HQT NQECN WUG KP VJG *KNNU QH 0GRCN 1 %JCPIKPI HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV RCTCFKIOU", ,QWTPCN QH 9QTNF (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV, 4 RCIGU 93-110 )KNOQWT, &. CPF (KUJGT, 4. (1991) 8KNNCIGTU (QTGUVU CPF (QTGUVGTU: 6JG 2JKNQUQRJ[ 2TQEGUU CPF 2TCEVKEG QH %QOOWPKV[ (QTGUVT[ KP 0GRCN, 5C[QIK 2TGUU, −CVJOCPFW )KQTIKQ, (. (1525) &G *CTOQPKC /WPFK 6QVKWU %CPVKEC 6TKC., $GTPCTFKPK FG 8KVCNKDWU, 8GPKEG )KQTIKQ, (. (1574) 8GPGVK ... +P 5ETKRVWTCO 5CETCO 2TQDNGOCVC. %WO +PFKEG 6TKRNKEK, ’VE., #RWF /KEJCGNGO 5QPPKWO, 2CTKU )KTCTFQV, 0., /KNNGT, ,. CPF .KW :KCQICP, (2001) &CQKUO CPF ’EQNQI[, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /# )NCFPG[, &TW % (1994C) "4GRTGUGPVKPI PCVKQPCNKV[ KP %JKPC: 4GHKIWTKPI /CLQTKV[//KPQTKV[ +FGPVKVKGU", 6JG ,QWTPCN QH #UKCP 5VWFKGU, 53 (1) RCIGU 92-123 )NCFPG[, &TW % (1994D) "’VJPKE +FGPVKV[ KP %JKPC: 6JG 0GY 2QNKVKEU QH &KHHGTGPEG", +P ,QUGRJ, 9# (GF.), %JKPC $TKGHKPI, 9GUVXKGY 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF, RCIGU 171-192
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 397
)NQDCN 9KVPGUU (2003) %QPHNKEV QH +PVGTGUV: 6JG WPEGTVCKP HWVWTG QH $WTOC'U HQTGUVU!, , )NQDCN 9KVPGUU .QPFQP )/5. (2004-2005) )NQDCN /CRRGT: )+5 UQHVYCTG HQT XKGYKPI, OGTIKPI, KORQTVKPI CPF GZRQTVKPI FKHHGTGPV TCUVGT, XGEVQT CPF GNGXCVKQP FCVCUGV, XGTUKQP 6.08 )NQDCN /CRRGT 5QHVYCTG 1NCVJG −5 66063 )QNFKG, / GF., (1997) .QEMG: 2QNKVKECN ’UUC[U, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG )QNFOCP, /. (2000) "6JG 2QVGPVKCN HQT +PUVCDKNKV[ #OQPI #NKGPCVGF +PVGNNGEVWCNU CPF 5VWFGPVU KP 2QUV-/CQ %JKPC", +P 5JCODCWIJ, &. (GF.), +U %JKPC 7PUVCDNG, 5JCTRG, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 112-124 )QNFUOKVJ, ’, (1996) 6JG 9C[: #P ’EQNQIKECN 9QTNFXKGY, 6JGOKU $QQMU, 6QVPGU 7− )QNFUVGKP, /. (1989) # *KUVQT[ QH /QFGTP 6KDGV 1913-1951 : 6JG &GOKUG QH VJG .COCKUV 5VCVG, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[, .QU #PIGNGU, .QPFQP )QNFUVGKP, /. CPF $GCNN, %., (1990) 0QOCFU QH 9GUVGTP 6KDGV : 6JG 5WTXKXCN QH C 9C[ QH .KHG, 5GTKPFKC 2WDNKECVKQPU, .QPFQP )QNFUVGKP, /. CPF −CRUVGKP, /. (1998) $WFFJKUO KP %QPVGORQTCT[ 6KDGV : 4GNKIKQWU 4GXKXCN CPF %WNVWTCN +FGPVKV[, /QVKNCN $CPCTUKFCUU 2WDNKUJGTU, &GNJK )QNNKEJGT, ,. (1999) "’VJKECN /QTCN & 4GNKIKQWU %QPEGTPU: +PVTQFWEVKQP", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN & 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +62, .QPFQP, RCIG 440 )QOGU, /. CPF −CPPGT, #. (1995) "6JG 4CRG QH VJG 9GNN-/CKFGPU: (GOKPKUV 2U[EJQNQI[ CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %TKUKU", +P 4QU\CM, 6, )QOGU, / CPF −CPPGT, # (GF.), ’EQRU[EJQNQI[, 4GUVQTKPI VJG ’CTVJ, *GCNKPI VJG /KPF, 5KGTTC %NWD $QQMU, 5CP (TCPUKUEQ, RCIGU 111-121 )QOG\-2QORC, #. CPF −CWU, #. (1992) "6COKPI VJG YKNFGTPGUU O[VJ", $KQ5EKGPEG, 42 RCIGU 271-279 )QP\CNGU, 4. CPF *WVEJKPUQP, %., (1995) −PQYNGFIG $CUGF 5[UVGOU, )GQITCRJKE +PHQTOCVKQP 5[UVGOU CPF FQEWOGPVKPI +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG, +P +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG CPF FGXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT 3 (1), +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG & &GXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT, 0GVJGTNCPFU CV JVVR://YYY.PWHHKE.PN/EKTCP/KMFO/3-1/CTVKENGU/IQP\CNG\.JVON , CEEGUUGF 14VJ (GD 2000 )QQFNKHH, 2. (1987) %CTG KP C %QPHWUGF %NKOCVG: 2CUVQTCN %CTG & 2QUV-OQFGTP %WNVWTG, &CTVQP .QPIOCP & 6QFF, .QPFQP )QTG, ,. (2002) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 13VJ 0QX 2000 CDQWV $2, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/IQTG.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 )QWNF, 2. CPF 9JKVG, 4. (1986) /GPVCN /CRU,, *CTOQPFUYQTVJ: 2GPIWKP )QXKPF −GNMCT CPF 2JWPVUJQM 6UJGTKPI (2002) "9QOGP QH VJG /QWPVCKPU: )GPFGT 4GNCVKQPU, 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV CPF ’PVTGRTGPGWTUJKR", 2TGUGPVGF CV %GNGDTCVKPI /QWPVCKP 9QOGP %QPHGTGPEG (1EVQDGT 2002) %QPHGTGPEG, 2CTQ, $JWVCP,, JVVR://YYY.IGPFGTOCKPUVTGCOKPICUKC.QTI/KOI/YQOGPQHOQWPVCKPU.2&(, CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 )TCOUEK, #. (1971) =3WCFGTPK &GN %CTEGTG.? 5GNGEVKQPU HTQO VJG 2TKUQP 0QVGDQQMU QH #PVQPKQ )TCOUEK., (VTCPUNCVGF D[ 3. *QCTG CPF ). 5OKVJ) .CYTGPEG & 9KUJCTV, .QPFQP )TCXGNKPG, ,. (1998) %KTENG 9QTMU: 6TCPUHQTOKPI ’WTQEGPVTKE %QPUEKQWUPGUU, (GTPYQQF 2WDNKUJKPI., *CNKHCZ )TGGPYCNF, ,. (1990) +P 6KOG /CIC\KPG 1 ,CP, 8QN. 135 6KOG /CIC\KPG, 0;. )TGIGTUGP, *., &TCRGT, 5. CPF ’N\, & GFU., (1989) 2GQRNG CPF 6TGGU: VJG 4QNG QH 5QEKCN (QTGUVT[ KP 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV, 6JG 9QTNF $CPM, 9CUJKPIVQP &% )TKHHKP, &. (1988) 6JG 4GGPEJCPVOGPV QH 5EKGPEG: 2QUV-OQFGTP 2TQRQUCNU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GY ;QTM 2TGUU, #NDCP[ )TKHHKVJU, 6. (2003) # HCKNWTG QH CEEQWPVCDKNKV[: +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU JWOCP TKIJVU CPF FGXGNQROGPV CIGPE[ UVCPFCTFU, (QTGUV 2GQRNGU 2TQITCOOG )TKO, ,. (2001) +PFKIGPQWU 6TCFKVKQPU CPF ’EQNQI[, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /# )TKOGU, $. (1988) ’VJPQNQIWG: .CPIWCIGU QH VJG 9QTNF, 6JG 5WOOGT +PUVKVWVG QH .KPIWKUVKEU +PE, &CNNCU 6GZCU )TKOGU, $ GF. (1992) ’VJPQNQIWG: .CPIWCIGU QH VJG 9QTNF 12VJ ’FKVKQP, 5WOOGT +PUVKVWVG QH .KPIWKUVKEU, &CNNCU )TQQV, , FG, (1897) 6JG 4GNKIKQWU 5[UVGOU QH %JKPC 8QN 3 (4GRTKPV 1964), 6CKRGK .KVGTCVWTG *QWUG .VF, 6CKRGK )TQUU, 4, (1997) $WFFJCU CPF /CPFCNCU : #P +PVTQFWEVKQP VQ VJG 5RKTKVWCN KP VJG #TVU QH 6KDGV, 4QNH )TQUU, 2CEKHKE 2CNKUCFGU )TWDD, /., −QEJ, /., /WPUQP, #., 5WNNKXCP, (. CPF 6JQOUQP, −. (1993) 6JG ’CTVJ 5WOOKV #ITGGOGPVU: C )WKFG CPF #UUGUUOGPV, ’CTVJUECP 2WDNKECVKQPU .VF, .QPFQP )TWUEJMG, #. (2001) "&QMJCO - VJG ’CUVGTP 2CTV QH VJG 6KDGVCP 2NCVGCW", +P )TWUEJMG, #. (GF.), 6JG EWNVWTCN OQPWOGPVU QH 6KDGV'U QWVGT RTQXKPEGU: #OFQ, 9JKVG .QVWU 2TGUU, $CPIMQM, )5+ (2002) 5WTHGT: # 2QYGTHWN %QPVQWTKPI, )TKFFKPI, CPF 5WTHCEG /CRRKPI 2CEMCIG HQT 5EKGPVKUVU CPF ’PIKPGGTU, XGTUKQP 8 )QNFGP 5QHVYCTG +PE )QNFGP, %QNQTCFQ 80401-1866 )WCPI <JCQ, )WQHCP 5JCQ (2002) ".QIIKPI TGUVTKEVKQPU KP %JKPC : # VWTPKPI RQKPV HQT HQTGUV UWUVCKPCDKNKV[", ,QWTPCN QH (QTGUVT[, RCIGU 34-37
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 398
)WJC, 4. (1985) "5EKGPVKHKE (QTGUVT[ CPF 5QEKCN %JCPIG KP 7VVCTCEMJCPF", ’EQPQOKE CPF 2QNKVKECN 9GGMN[, 20 (45-47) RCIGU 1939-1851 )WJC, 4. (1993) "6JG /CNKIP ’PEQWPVGT: 6JG %JKRMQ /QXGOGPV CPF %QORGVKPI 8KUKQPU QH 0CVWTG", +P $CPWTK /CTINKP (GF.), 9JQ YKNN UCXG VJG (QTGUVU, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 80-113 )WJC, 4. (1996) "6YQ 2JCUGU QH #OGTKECP ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO: # %TKVKECN *KUVQT[", +P #RHHGN-/CTINKP, (. CPF /CTINKP, 5. (GF.), &GEQNQPK\KPI −PQYNGFIG: (TQO &GXGNQROGPV VQ &KCNQIWG, %NCTGPFQP 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF, RCIGU 110-141 )WJC, 4. (1997) "6JG #WVJQTKVCTKCP $KQNQIKUV CPF VJG #TTQICPEG QH #PVK-*WOCPKUO: 9KNFNKHG %QPUGTXCVKQP KP VJG 6JKTF 9QTNF", 6JG ’EQNQIKUV, 27 (1) RCIGU 14-20 )WJC, 4. (2000) 6JG 7PSWKGV 9QQFU: ’EQNQIKECN %JCPIG CPF 2GCUCPV 4GUKUVCPEG KP VJG *KOCNC[C, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[ .QPFQP )WNFKP, ). (1994) 5CIC QH #PVJTQRQNQI[ KP %JKPC: (TQO /CNKPQYUMK VQ /QUEQY VQ /CQ, /. ’. 5JCTRG, 0GY ;QTM )WRVC, #. CPF (GTIWUQP, ,. (1997) %WNVWTG 2QYGT 2NCEG: ’ZRNQTCVKQPU KP %TKVKECN #PVJTQRQNQI[, &WMG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, .QPFQP )WTWPI, ,. (1994) +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU: %QPUKFGTCVKQPU HQT &GXGNQROGPV (3), +%+/1&, −CVJOCPFW )WTWPI, $ (1994) "# %WNVWTCN #RRTQCEJ VQ 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV: # %CUG 5VWF[ (TQO ’CUVGTP 0GRCN", +P , $G[QPF VKODGT: UQEKCN, GEQPQOKE CPF EWNVWTCN FKOGPUKQPU QH PQP-YQQF HQTGUV RTQFWEVU KP #UKC CPF VJG 2CEKHKE, (#1, $CPIMQM JVVR://YYY.HCQ.QTI/FQEWOGPVU/UJQYAEFT.CUR!WTNAHKNG=/FQETGR/:5336’/Z5336G0U.JVO CEEGUUGF 14VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 )WVKGTTG\, ). (1973) # 6JGQNQI[ QH .KDGTCVKQP: *KUVQT[, 2QNKVKEU & 5CNXCVKQP, /CT[ −PQNN )[WTOG &QTLG (1996) 6KDGV *CPFDQQM 9KVJ $JWVCP, (QQVRTKPV *CPFDQQMU, $CVJ *CDGTOCU, ,. (1971) 6QYCTF C 4CVKQPCN 5QEKGV[: UVWFGPV 2TQVGUV 5EKGPEG & 2QNKVKEU, (VTCPUNCVGF D[ ,. 5JCRKTQ) *GKPGOCPP ’FWECVKQPCN $QQMU, .QPFQP *CDGTOCU, ,. (1984) 6JG 6JGQT[ QH %QOOWPKECVKXG #EVKQP, $GCEQP 2TGUU, $QUVQP *CICP, , CPF ’CUVOCP, 4. (1998-1999) %CTVCNKPZ : 6JG URCVKCN FCVC DWKNFGT, XGTUKQP 1.2 %NCTM .CDU %NCTM 7PKXGTUKV[ 9QTEGUVGT /# *CNKHCZ +PKVKCVKXG (2002) ".KPMKPI +PXGUVOGPV CPF JWOCP TKIJVU: VJG ECUG QH GZRQTV ETGFKV CIGPEKGU", 2TGUGPVGF CV 4GRQTV QH CP 0)1 5VTCVGI[ 5GUUKQP, .QPFQP, &GEGODGT 6-7, 2002. %QPHGTGPEG JVVR://YYY.GEC-YCVEJ.QTI/RTQDNGOU/JWOCPATKIJVU/TKIJVU.RFH, CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 *CNN, −. CPF /CTWEC, 5. (2001) "/CRRKPI C HQTGUV OQUCKE", 2NCPV ’EQNQI[, 156 RCIGU 105-120 *CNN, /. (1978) 6JG 5GETGV 6GCEJKPIU QH #NN #IGU: #P ’PE[ENQRCGFKE 1WVNKPG QH /CUQPKE, *GTOGVKE, 3CDDCNKUVKE CPF 4QUKETWEKCP 5[ODQNKECN 2JKNQUQRJ[, 2JKNQUQRJKECN 4GUGCTEJ 5QEKGV[, .QU #PIGNGU, %CNKH *CNNGT, ,. (1971) 1WVECUVGU HTQO ’XQNWVKQP: 5EKGPVKHKE #VVKVWFGU QH 4CEKCN +PHGTKQTKV[ 1859-1900, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH +NNKPQKU 2TGUU, 7TDCPC *CPKQğNW, 5 1995, ;QWPI 6WTMU KP 1RRQUKVKQP, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF *CPUGP, 8. (1990) %JCPIKPI )QFU KP /GFKGXCN %JKPC 1127-1276, 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 2TKPEGVQP *CPUQP, #. (1989) "6JG OCMKPI QH VJG /CQTK: %WNVWTG +PXGPVKQP CPF KVU NQIKE", #OGTKECP #PVJTQRQNQIKUV, 91 RCIGU 273-290 *CQ $KPI (1998) "(TKGPFU QH 0CVWTG: %JKPC'U (KTUV ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 0QP )QXGTPOGPV 0QP )QXGTPOGPV 1TICPKUCVKQP", %JKPC 4GXKGY, RCIGU 28-29 *CTCYC[, &. (1991) 5KOKCPU %[DQTIU & 9QOGP: 6JG 4GKPXGPVKQP QH 0CVWTG, (TGG #UUQEKCVKQP $QQMU, .QPFQP *CTFKP, ). (1968) "6JG VTCIGF[ QH VJG EQOOQPU", 5EKGPEG, 162 RCIGU 1243-1248 *CTFKP, ,. (2003) "4GKPFKIGPCVKQP: 2TKOCN /KPF, 5CETGF $GNQPIKPI", 6CNMKPI .GCXGU, 13 (1) JVVR://YYY.VCNMKPINGCXGU.QTI/U03TGKPFKIGPCVKQP.JVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 *CTITQXG, ’. (1989) "(QTYCTF", +P %CNNKEQVV, ,. CPF #OGU, 4. (GF.), 0CVWTG KP #UKCP VTCFKVKQPU QH VJQWIJV: ’UUC[U KP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RJKNQUQRJ[, 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GY ;QTM 2TGUU, #NDCP[, RCIGU 1-5 *CTOCP, ). (2000) ’ZRNCKPKPI 8CNWG CPF 1VJGT ’UUC[U KP /QTCN 2JKNQUQRJ[, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF *CTOCP, 9. (1989) "4GENCKOKPI 6TCFKVKQPCN 9KUFQO HQT VJG 0GGFU QH /QFGTP 5QEKGV[", 2TGUGPVGF CV +PFKIGPQWU 5EKGPEGU %QPHGTGPEG, %CNICT[, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNICT[, *CTOQP, &. (1996) ".QUKPI 5RGEKGU, .QUKPI .CPIWCIGU: %QPPGEVKQPU DGVYGGP $KQNQIKECN CPF .KPIWKUVKE &KXGTUKV[", 5QWVJYGUV ,QWTPCN QH .KPIWKU-VKEU, 15 RCIGU 89-108 *CTOQP, &. (1998) "5COGPGUU CPF UKNGPEG: .CPIWCIG ’ZVKPEVKQPU CPF VJG &CYPKPI QH C $KQEWNVWTCN #RRTQCEJ VQ &KXGTUKV[", )NQDCN $KQFKXGTUKV[, 8 (3) RCIGU 2-10 *CTTGNN, 5. (1993) ".KPIWKUVKEU CPF *GIGOQP[ KP %JKPC KP .CPIWCIG KP 2QYGT", +PV ,QWTPCN QH VJG 5QEKQNQI[ QH .CPIWCIG, 103 RCIGU 97-114
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 399
*CTTGNN, 5. (1995) "6JG *KUVQT[ QH VJG *KUVQT[ QH VJG ;K", +P *CTTGNN, 5. (GF.), %WNVWTCN GPEQWPVGTU KP %JKPC'U ’VJPKE (TQPVKGTU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CUJKPIVQP, 5GCVVNG, RCIGU 63-91 *CTTGNN, 5, (2001) 2GTURGEVKXGU QP VJG ;K QH 5QWVJYGUV %JKPC .QPFQP, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, .QPFQP *CTTGNN, 5 GF., (1993) 6JG %KXKNK\KPI 2TQLGEV : 2GTKRJGTCN 2GQRNGU QH %JKPC ’PEQWPVGT %QPHWEKCPKUO, %JTKUVKCPU, CPF %QOOWPKUVU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CUJKPIVQP 2TGUU, 5GCVVNG 9# *CTTKU, *. (1996) # ETKVKECN CPCN[UKU QH VJG EQPEGRV QH KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG YKVJKP EWTTGPV FGXGNQROGPV FKUEQWTUG, /# 6JGUKU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH −GPV, %CPVGTDWT[ *CTTKU, 6. CPF 9GKPGT, &. (1996) ")+5 & 5QEKGV[: 6JG 5QEKCN +ORNKECVKQPU QH *QY 2GQRNG 5RCEG & ’PXKTQPOGPV #TG 4GRTGUGPVGF KP )+5", +P 0CVKQPCN %GPVTG HQT )GQITCRJKE +PHQTOCVKQP CPF #PCN[UKU (GF.), 6GEJPKECN 4GRQTV, 0CVKQPCN %GPVTG HQT )GQITCRJKE +PHQTOCVKQP CPF #PCN[UKU., 5QWVJ *CXGP /0, RCIGU 96-97 *CTTKU, 6. CPF 9GKPGT, &. (1998) "’ORQYGTOGPV OCTIKPCNKUCVKQP CPF EQOOWPKV[-KPVGITCVGF )+5", %CTVQITCRJ[ CPF )+5, 25 (2) RCIGU 67-76 *CTTKU, 6., 9GKPGT, &., 9CTPGT, 6. CPF .GXKP, 4. (1995) "2WTUWKPI 5QEKCN )QCNU 6JTQWIJ 2CTVKEKRCVQT[ )+5", +P 2KEMNGU, ,. (GF.), 4GFTGUUKPI 5QWVJ #HTKEC'U *KUVQTKECN 2QNKVKECN ’EQNQI[ KP )TQWPF 6TWVJ:, )WKNHQTF, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 196-222 *CTVGT, 6. (1994) 7PEQPFKVKQPCN CPF %QPFKVKQPCN 5KOWNCVKQP QH (NQY CPF 6TCPURQTV KP *GVGTQIGPGQWU, 8CTKCDN[ 5CVWTCVGF 2QTQWU /GFKC, &KUUGTVCVKQP, 6JG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH #TK\QPC, *CUVKPIU, ,. (1908) "(GPI 5JWK", +P *CUVKPIU, ,. (GF.), ’PE[ENQRCGFKC QH 4GNKIKQP CPF ’VJKEU, 5ETKDPGT, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 833-835 *CVVCYC[, 2., (2000) 1RGTCVKQP %JKPC: +PVTQFWEKPI CNN VJG RGQRNGU QH %JKPC, 2KSWCPV, %CTNKUNG 7− *C[, &. CPF 4QIGTU, 0. (1997) ’KIJVGGPVJ %GPVWT[ ’PINKUJ 5QEKGV[: 5JWVVNGU CPF 5YQTFU, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF *G %JQPI *WC (2000) "/KPQTKV[ 9QOGP CPF (QTGUV", +P *G 2KMWP, ;W &GLKCPI CPF .K 9GKEJCPI (GF.), (QTGUVU, 6TGGU CPF /KPQTKVKGU, ;WPPCP 0CVKQPCNKV[ 2TGUU, −WPOKPI, RCIGU 217-228 *G ,KJQPI, (1996) 6TGCVKUG QP VJG 9GUVGTP 6GTTKVQTKGU, :KPLKCPI TGPOKP EJWDCPUJG, 7TWOWPSK *G 2KMWP, ;W &GLKCPI CPF .K 9GKEJCPI (2000) (QTGUVU 6TGGU & /KPQTKVKGU, ;WPPCP 0CVKQPCNKV[ 2TGU, −WPOKPI *G <JQPIJWC (2003) "(QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV KP /QUWQ /CVTKNKPGCN 5QEKGV[ ;WPPCP %JKPC", +P −GNMCT, )., 0CVJCP, &. CPF 9CNVGT, 2. (GF.), )GPFGT TGNCVKQPU KP HQTGUV UQEKGVKGU KP #UKC, 5CIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 147-165 *G, $, (1991) %JKPC QP VJG ’FIG: VJG %TKUKU QH ’EQNQI[ CPF &GXGNQROGPV, %JKPC $QQMU, 5CP (TCPUKUEQ *GCF[, 4. (1997) 2GTOCR: 2GTEGRVWCN /CRRKPI 5QHVYCTG, XGTUKQP 5 *GCF[, 4$ .CHC[GVVG *GDGTGT, 6JQOCU (1987) ’VJKPKE /KPQTKVKGU KP %JKPC: 6TCFKVKQP CPF 6TCPUHQTO, GFKVKQP JGTQFQV, 4CFGT8GTNCI *GDGTGT, 6JQOCU (1989) %JKPC CPF +VU 0CVKQPCN /KPQTKVKGU: #WVQPQO[ 1T #UUKOKNCVKQP!, / ’ 5JCTRG, #TOQPM 0; *GPFGTUQP, ,. (2000) "2QUVEQNQPKCN )JQUV &CPEKPI: &KCIPQUKPI ’WTQRGCP %QNQPKCNKUO.", +P $CVVKUVG, /. (GF.), 4GENCKOKPI +PFKIGPQWU XQKEG CPF XKUKQP, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 2TGUU, 8CPEQWXGT, RCIGU 57-76 *GVVPG, $. (1995) &GXGNQROGPV 6JGQT[ CPF VJG 6JTGG 9QTNFU: 6QYCTFU CP +PVGTPCVKQPCN 2QNKVKECN ’EQPQO[ QH &GXGNQROGPV, .QPIOCP, .QPFQP CPF *CTNQY *KGDGTV, 2. (1982C) "(QNM 4GNKIKQP KP #PFJTC 2TCFGUJ", +P 5COWCN, 8. CPF 5WIFGP, %. (GF.), ’XCPIGNKUO CPF VJG RQQT, 2CTVPGTUJKR KP /KUUKQP: #UKC, 1ZHQTF, *KGDGTV, 2. (1982D) "6JG (NCY QH VJG ’ZENWFGF /KFFNG", /KUUKQNQI[, 10 (,CP) RCIGU 35-47 *KNF[CTF, 0., *GIFG, 2., 9QNXGMCOR, 2. CPF 4GFF[, 5. (1998D) "2NWTCNKUO RCTVKEKRCVKQP CPF RQYGT", (QTGUVU 6TGGU & 2GQRNG 0GYUNGVVGT, 35 RCIGU 31-35 *KNF[CTF, 0., *GIFG, 2., 9QNXGTMCOR, 2. CPF 4GFF[ (1988C) "5COG RNCVHQTO FKHHGTGPV VTCKP: 6JG RQNKVKEU QH RCTVKEKRCVKQP", 7PCU[NXC =+UUWG 194?, 49 (3) RCIGU 26-34 *KNVQP, ,. (1933) .QUV *QTK\QP, /CEOKNNCP CPF %Q, .QPFQP *KPV\G, ,. (1998) 0%55: 3WKEM UVCTV CPF UGNH JGNR OCPWCN, 0%55 −C[UXKNNG 7VCJ *KPV\G, ,. (2000) 0%55 2000 5VCVKUVKECN 5QHVYCTG, 0%55 5VCVKUVKECN 5QHVYCTG 7VCJ *KTQUJKO #\WOC (2000) "%QOOGPVCT[: +PFKIGPQWU VQ 9JCV!", +P /KNNGT, ,. (GF.), +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 5VWF[ QH $GJCXKQWTCN &GXGNQROGPV, RCIGU 9-10 JVVR://YYY.KUUDF.QTI/PGYUNGVVGTA0100.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 *KTUEJ, 2. (1990) &GXGNQROGPV &KNGOOCU KP 4WTCN 6JCKNCPF, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 5KPICRQTG *KTUEJOCP, #. (1981) "6JG 4KUG CPF &GENKPG QH &GXGNQROGPV ’EQPQOKEU", +P *KTUEJOCP, #. (GF.), ’UUC[U KP 6TGURCUUKPI: ’EQPQOKEU VQ 2QNKVKEU CPF $G[QPF (*KTUEJOCPP), %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG, RCIGU 1-24 *KTUJ, 2. (1990) &GXGNQROGPV &KNGOOCU KP 4WTCN 6JCKNCPF, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF *KVEJEQEM, 4. (1992) "+PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU: 9QTMKPI &GHKPKVKQPU", +P ,QJPUVQP (GF.), *WOCP 4KIJVU CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, 5QEKGV[ HQT #RRNKGF #PVJTQRQNQI[, 1MJNCJQOC %KV[,
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 400
*QDCTV, /. (1993) #P #PVJTQRQNQIKECN %TKVKSWG QH &GXGNQROGPV, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP *QDGP, #. (1995) "2CTCFKIOU & 2QNKVKEU: VJG EWNVWTCN EQPUVTWEVKQP QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNKE[ KP ’VJKQRKC", 9QTNF &GXGNQROGPV, 23 (6) RCIGU 1007-1022 *QDUDCYO, ’. (1988) 6JG #IG QH 4GXQNWVKQP: ’WTQRG 1789-1848, %CTFKPCN, .QPFQP *QDUDCYP, ’. CPF 4CPIGT, 6 GFU., (1983) 6JG +PXGPVKQP QH 6TCFKVKQP, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG *QHH, $. (1982) 6JG 6CQ QH 2QQJ, 2GPIWKP, 0GY ;QTM *QHH, $. (1992) 6JG 6G QH 2KINGV, &WVVQP, 0GY ;QTM *QHHOCP, /. (2001) 5GETGV 5QEKGVKGU CPF 2U[EJQNQIKECN 9CTHCTG, +PFGRGPFGPV *KUVQT[ CPF 4GUGCTEJ, +FCJQ *QNNKPI, %. (1978) #FCRVKXG ’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−PQYNGFIG: #PCN[UKU +ORNKECVKQPU & +UUWGU", +P $TQMGPUJC, &., 9GTPGT, 1. CPF 9CTTGP, &. (GF.), +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU CPF &GXGNQROGPV, 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU QH #OGTKEC, $QUVQP, RCIGU 329-340 *UKCQ, *. (1996) "6JG %JCTCEVGT CPF %JCPIGU QH 6CKYCP'U .QECN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGUV /QXGOGPV 1980-1991 =+P %JKPGUG?", +P , ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP CPF KPFWUVTKCN RQNKEKGU (6CKYCP 4GUGCTEJ (WPF), 8CPIWCTF 2WD %Q, 6CKRGK, RCIGU 550-573 *UKCQ, /. (1986) 6CKYCP &KHCPIZKPI *WCPLKPI :KPIFQPI &G :KPUK =1981-1986?, 6CKYCP [W UJKLKG, 6CKRGK *UKCQ, /. (1989) "%JCPIKPI 2WDNKE ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2GTEGRVKQPU #VVKVWFGU CPF $GJCXKQWTU KP 6CKYCP 2000", +P , $CNCPEKPI GEQPQOKE ITQYVJ CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP, 6CKYCP 2000 UVGGTKPI EQOOKVVGG, 6CKRGK, RCIGU 369-375 *UKCQ, /. (1994) "6JG %JCTCEVGT CPF %JCPIGU QH 6CKYCPU .QECN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGUV /QXGOGPV 1980-1991", +P 6CKYCP 4GUGCTEJ (WPF (GF.), ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGEVKQP & +PFWUVTKCN 2QNKEKGU, 8CPIWCTF, 6CKRGK, RCIGU 550-573 *WDGT, 6. (1995) ")TGGP 6KDGVCPU: # $TKGH 5QEKCN *KUVQT[", +P −QTQO, (. (GF.), 6KDGVCP %WNVWTG KP VJG &KCURQTC, 8GTNCI FGT 1UVGTTGKEJKUEJKGP #MCFGOKG FGT 9KUUGPUEJCHVGP, 9KGP, RCIGU 103-119 *WDGT, 6. (1999C) 6JG %WNV QH 2WTG %T[UVCN /QWPVCKP: 2QRWNCT 2KNITKOCIG CPF 8KUKQPCT[ .CPFUECRG KP 5QWVJGCUV 6KDGV, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF *WDGT, 6. (1999D) "/CMKPI 5GPUG QH 6KDGVCP 2KNITKOCIGU", #UKC 3WCTVGTN[, 5 (#RTKN/,WPG) RCIGU 10-11 *WDGT, 6. (1991) "6TCFKVKQPCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGEVKQPKUO KP 6KDGV", 6JG 6KDGV ,QWTPCN, 16 (3) RCIGU 63-77 *WIJ-,QPGU, %. (1979) (TQO VJG /KNM 4KXGT: 5RCVKCN CPF 6GORQTCN 2TQEGUUGU KP 0QTVJYGUV #OC\QPKC., %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG *WNN, 4. (1992) "+OCIG %QPITWKV[, 2NCEG #VVCEJOGPV CPF %QOOWPKV[ &GUKIP.", 6JG ,QWTPCN QH #TEJKVGEVWTCN CPF 2NCPPKPI 4GUGCTEJ, 9 RCIGU 181-192 *WORJTG[U, %. (1989) 6JG $WFFJKUV 9C[ QH #EVKQP, 7PYKP 2CRGTDCEMU, .QPFQP *WPP, ’. (1993) "9JCV +U 6TCFKVKQPCN ’EQNQIKECN −PQYNGFIG!", +P 9KNNKCOU, 0. CPF $CKPGU, ). (GF.), 6TCFKVKQPCN ’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’FKVKQP, XGTUKQP 56 4GUGCTEJ 5[UVGOU +PE $QWFGT %1 ++’&, (2003) 2CTVKEKRCVQT[ .GCTPKPI CPF #EVKQP, +PVGTPCVKQPCN +PUVKVWVG HQT ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV, .QPFQP CV JVVR://YYY.KKGF.QTI/UCTN/RNCAPQVGU/ , CEEGUUGF 2PF (GD 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 401
+OCOWTC, *. (1989) "#FOKPKUVTCVKQP QH 2QNNWVKQP %QPVTQN CV .QECN .GXGN", +P 5JKIGVQ, 6. CPF 9GKFPGT, *. (GF.), ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RQNKE[ KP ,CRCP, 5KIOC, $GTNKP, RCIGU 54-60 +68.%1/, (17/5/2005) ’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’., (1995) &TCHV +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QXGPCPV QP ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV, +PVGTPCVKQPCN 7PKQP HQT VJG %QPUGTXCVKQP QH 0CVWTG CPF 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEGU/+PVGTPCVKQPCN %QWPEKN QH ’PXKTQPOGPVCN .CY, 5YKV\GTNCPF +XGU, ,. CPF /GUUGTNK, $. (1989) 6JG *KOCNC[CP &KNGOOC: 4GEQPEKNKPI &GXGNQROGPV CPF %QPUGTXCVKQP, 6JG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU 7PKXGTUKV[/4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP CPF 0GY ;QTM JVVR://YYY.WPW.GFW/WPWRTGUU/WPWRDQQMU/80C02G/80#02’00.JVO#%QPVGPVU, CEEGUUGF 2PF #WIWUV 2005 ,CEMUQP, 2. (1988) $WFFJCFCUC: # $WFFJKUV 6JKPMGT QH VJG /QFGTP 9QTNF, 5KCO 5QEKGV[, $CPIMQM ,CEMUQP, 4. CPF −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’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 492-499 ,KCPI <JCK, (1993) <JQPIIWQ *WCPLKPI $CQJW )QPI\WQ &G :KP ,KP\JCP, &KNK <JKUJK, &− ,QJCPPGU, 4. (1987) "2TKOKVKXG /[VJ", 0CVWTG, 325, RCIG 474 ,QJCPPGU, 4’ GF., (1989) 6TCFKVKQPCN ’EQNQIKECN −PQYNGFIG: # %QNNGEVKQP QH ’UUC[U, +PVGTPCVKQPCN 7PKQP HQT VJG %QPUGTXCVKQP QH 0CVWTG CPF 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEGU, 5YKV\GTNCPF ,QJPUQP, .. CPF )CIG, 5. (1997) ".CPFUECRG CRRTQCEJGU VQ VJG CPCN[UKU QH CSWCVKE GEQU[UVGOU", (TGUJYCVGT $KQNQI[, 37 (1) RCIGU 113-132(20) ,QJPUQP, /. (1992C) .QTG: %CRVWTKPI 6TCFKVKQPCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN −PQYNGFIG, &GPG %WNVWTCN +PUVKVWVG/+PVGTPCVKQPCN &GXGNQROGPV 4GUGCTEJ %GPVTG, 1VVCYC ,QJPUQP, /. (1992D) "+PVTQFWEVKQP 4GUGCTEJ QP 6TCFKVKQPCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN −PQYNGFIG: +VU &GXGNQROGPV CPF 4QNG", +P ,QJPUQP, /. (GF.), .QTG %CRVWTKPI 6TCFKVKQPCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN −PQYNGFIG, &GPG %WNVWTCN +PUVKVWVG, ;GNNQYMPKHG, RCIGU 3-33 ,QPCU, 9., (2004) 5WUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV CPF +PFKIGPQWU 4KIJVU, CV JVVR://YYY.JTGQE.IQX.CW/URGGEJGU/UQEKCNALWUVKEG/UWUVCKPCDNGAFGXGNQROGPV.JVON , CEEGUUGF 15VJ /CTEJ 2005 ,QPGU, 4. (1976) "5CPMTKVK\CVKQP KP ’CUVGTP 0GRCN", ’VJPQNQI[, 15 RCIGU 63-75 4, ,. $. (2001) "5GPUG QH RNCEG CU CP CVVKVWFG: .CMGUJQTG QYPGTU CVVKVWFGU VQYCTF VJGKT RTQRGTVKGU", ,QWTPCN QH ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2U[EJQNQI[, 21 RCIGU 233-248 ,QTIGPUGP, $. (2002) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 18VJ ,WN[ 2002 CDQWV ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2GTEGRVKQP, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/LQTIGPUGP18702.JVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 ,QUJK, ). (1983) "(QTGUV 2QNKE[ CPF 6TKDCN &GXGNQROGPV: 2TQDNGOU QH +ORNGOGPVCVKQP, ’EQNQI[ CPF ’ZRNQKVCVKQP,", +P (GTPCPFGU, 9. CPF 5, −. (GF.), 6QYCTF C PGY (QTGUV 2QNKE[: 2GQRNG'U 4KIJVU CPF ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 0GGFU,, +PFKCP 5QEKCN +PUVKVWVG, 0GY &GNJK, RCIGU 25-47 ,WP ,KP, (2001) 2TQVGUV NGCFGT NQIKE CPF UGOK-HQTOCNK\GF QTICPK\CVKQP: EQNNGEVKXG RTQVGUV CV &CJG &CO, CV YYY.[CNG.GFW/UET/LKPFQE , CEEGUUGF 16VJ /C[ 2003 ,WP ,KPI (1999) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGUVU KP 4WTCN %JKPC", +P 2GTT[, ’. CPF 5GNFGP, /. (GF.), %JKPGUG 5QEKGV[, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 143-160
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 402
,WPI, %. (1964) /CP CPF *KU 5[ODQNU, &GNN, 0GY ;QTM ,WPI, %. (1969) 6JG %QNNGEVGF 9QTMU QH % , ,WPI, 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 2TKPEGVQP −CJCMCNCW, −. (2004) "+PFKIGPQWU *GWTKUVKE #EVKQP 4GUGCTEJ: $TKFIKPI 9GUVGTP CPF +PFKIGPQWU 4GUGCTEJ /GVJQFQNQIKGU", *×NKNK: /WNVKFKUKRNKPCT[ 4GUGCTEJ QP *CYCKKCP 9GNN-$GKPI, 1 (1) RCIGU 19-33 JVVR://YYY.MUDG.GFW/RCUG/RFH/*WNKNK/−CJCMCNCW.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 −CKOQYKV\, &. +PFKCU XKNNCIGU PGGF RQYGT PQV LWUV RCTVKEKRCVKQP, %GPVTG HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[ 4GUGCTEJ $QIQT (21/6/2001) −CPVKMCT, 8. (1989) *KPFWKUO, 6JQTPGU CPF *WNVQP, %JGNVGPJCO −CRHGTGT, $. (1988) .GIGPFU QH 2GQRNG /[VJU QH 5VCVG, 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVKQP 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP &% −CRNCP, 5. CPF −CRNCP, 4. (1982) %QIPKVKQP CPF ’PXKTQPOGPV: (WPEVKQPKPI KP CP 7PEGTVCKP 9QTNF, 2TCGIGT 2WDNKUJGTU, 0GY ;QTM −CRR, −. (1975) "4GE[ENKPI KP %QPVGORQTCT[ %JKPC", 9QTNF &GXGNQROGPV 3 (7-8) RCIGU 565-573, 3 (7-8) RCIGU 565-573 −CTMK, /. (2000) "&GXGNQROGPV QH $KQRCTVPGTUJKRU HQT UWUVCKPCDNG OCPCIGOGPV QH OGFKEKPCN CPF CTQOCVKE RNCPVU KP UQWVJ #UKC", 2TGUGPVGF CV 21UV EQPITGUU QH +7(41 #WIWUV 2000 %QPHGTGPEG, −WCNC .WORQTG, +PVGTPCVKQPCN 7PKQP QH (QTGUV 4GUGCTEJ 1TICPKUCVKQPU, −CTOC,7TC, (2001) &GKVKGU CPF ’PXKTQPOGPV, %GPVTG HQT $JWVCP 5VWFKGU, 6JKORW CV JVVR://YYY.OVPHQTWO.QTI/TGUQWTEGU/NKDTCT[/MCTOW01C.JVO , CEEGUUGF 4VJ #RTKN −CTOC-6JKPNG[, (1978) 6JG 5KZVGGP −JCOCRCU, 5JCODJCNC, $QUVQP CPF 5JCHVUDWT[, −CTOC[, 5. (1972) 6JG 6TGCUWT[ QH )QQF 5C[KPIU: # 6KDGVCP *KUVQT[ QH $QP, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF −CTOC[, 5. (1994) "/QWPVCKP %WNVU CPF 0CVKQPCN +FGPVKV[", +P $CTPGVV, 4. CPF #MKPGT, 5. (GF.), 4GUKUVCPEG & 4GHQTO KP 6KDGV, *WTUV & %Q, .QPFQP, RCIGU 112-120 −CTOC[, 5. (1996) "6JG 6KDGVCP %WNV QH /QWPVCKP &GKVKGU CPF +VU 2QNKVKECN 5KIPKHKECPEG", +P $NQPFGCW, #-/. CPF 5VGKPMGNNPGT, ’. (GF.), 4GHNGEVKQPU QH VJG OQWPVCKP:, #ECFGO[ QH 5EKGPEGU 2TGUU, 8KGPPC, RCIGU 59-76 −CV\, %. (1998) "9JQUG 0CVWTG 9JQUG %WNVWTG!: 2TKXCVG 2TQFWEVKQPU QH 5RCEG CPF VJG 2TGUGTXCVKQP QH 0CVWTG", +P $TCWP, $. CPF %CUVTGG, 0. (GF.), 4GOCMKPI 4GCNKV[: 0CVWTG CV VJG /KNNGPPKWO, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 46-63 −CYCMKVC, ,. 3WGUV HQT JWOCP PGGFU KP C *KOCNC[CP XKNNCIG, 70%4& YQTMKPI RCRGT 83-8, 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU %GPVTG HQT 4GIKQPCN &GXGNQROGPV (70%4&) 0CIQ[C ,CRCP (1984C) −GCTPG[, ,., (1998) 6JG RQNKVKEU QH 5JCPITK-NC, +P 9QTNF 6KDGV 0GVYQTM 0GYU (17/7/98), %CPCFC CV JVVR://YYY.VKDGV.EC/GP/YVPCTEJKXG/1998/7/17A4.JVON , CEEGUUGF 12VJ ,WN[ 2004 −GCTPG[, /. (1984) 9QTNF 8KGY, %JCPFNGT & 5JCTR 2WDNKUJKPI, 0QXCVQ %# −GCVKPI, /. (1993) 6JG ’CTVJ 5WOOKV'U #IGPFC HQT %JCPIG: 6JG 2NCKP .CPIWCIG 8GTUKQP QH #IGPFC 21 CPF VJG 1VJGT 4KQ #ITGGOGPVU, %GPVTG HQT QWT %QOOQP (WVWTG, )GPGXC −GGNGT, ,., (2002) 6JG 9KNFNCPFU 2TQLGEV: 6JG 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCPE['U NCPF CESWKUKVKQP RTQITCO, +P 5KGTTC 6KOGU, CV JVVR://YYY.UKGTTCVKOGU.EQO/02/12/06/CTLM021206.JVO , CEEGUUGF 5VJ ,WPG 2004 −GGUKPI, 4. (1981) %WNVWTCN #PVJTQRQNQI[ C %QPVGORQTCT[ 2GTURGEVKXG, *QNV 4GKPJCTFV & 9KPUVQP, .QPFQP −GNMCT, )., 0CVJCP, &. CPF 9CNVGT, 2. (2003) )GPFGT 4GNCVKQPU KP (QTGUV 5QEKGVKGU KP #UKC, 5CIG 2WDNKECVKQPU, .QPFQP −GNNGTV, 5. (1991) ",CRCPGUG RGTEGRVKQPU QH 9KNFNKHG", %QPUGTXCVKQP $KQNQI[, 5 RCIGU 297-308 −GNNGTV, 5. (1995) "%QPEGRVU QH 0CVWTG ’CUV CPF 9GUV", +P 5QWNG, /. CPF .GCUG, ). (GF.), 4GKPXGPVKPI 0CVWTG! 4GURQPUGU VQ 2QUV-OQFGTP &GEQPUVTWEVKQP, +UNCPF 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP &%, RCIGU 103-121 −GOR, ’ GF. (1993) 6JG .CY QH /QVJGT: 2TQVGEVKPI +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU KP 2TQVGEVGF #TGCU, 5KGTTC %NWD $QQMU, 5CP (TCPUKUEQ −GVVNG, /. (2004) "5QEKCNKUO KP FGCF. .QPI NKXG NKDGTCNKUO CPF UQEKCN LWUVKEG: ,QJP .QEM KU C RTQRJGV HQT QWT VKOGU, NCTIGN[ KIPQTGF KP JKU QYP NCPF", )WCTFKCP (26VJ 1EVQDGT 2004 ) CEEGUUGF 12VJ 1EVQDGT, 2005 −KO, 7. CPF $GTT[, 6. (1993) +PFKIGPQWU 2U[EJQNQIKGU: 4GUGCTEJ CPF ’ZRGTKGPEG KP %WNVWTCN %QPVGZV, 5CIG, 0GYDWT[ 2CTM, %# −KPI, /., (1995) 0CVWTG /[UVKEKUO KP VJG YTKVKPIU QH 6TCJGTPG, 9JKVOCP, ,GHHGTKGU CPF −TKUJPCOWTVK: 2CTV 1, CV JVVR://YGD.WMQPNKPG.EQ.WM/OT.MKPI/YTKVKPIU/GUUC[U/GUUC[UWME/PCVO[UVC.JVON#VGZV12 , CEEGUUGF 6VJ #WIWUV 2005 −KPI, 4. (1999) 1TKGPVCNKUO CPF 4GNKIKQP: 2QUVEQNQPKCN 6JGQT[ +PFKC CPF VJG '/[UVKE ’CUV', 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP −KPUNG[, &. (1995) ’EQNQI[ & 4GNKIKQP: ’EQNQIKECN 5RKTKVWCNKV[ KP %TQUU-%WNVWTCN 2GTURGEVKXG, 2TGPVKEG-*CNN, 0GY ,GTUG[ −KPUNG[, &. (1993) *KPFWKUO: # %WNVWTCN 2GTURGEVKXG, 2TGPVKEG-*CNN, 0GY ,GTUG[ −KP\GNDCEJ, 9. (1981) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQDNGOU KP VJG 2T %JKPC", +P (C\\QNCTG, 4. CPF 5OKVJ, %. (GF.), 3TF +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QPHGTGPEG QP GPGTI[ WUG OCPCIGOGPV 1EV 26-30, 2GTICOQP 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF, −KTD[, #., (2002) %JKPC HCEGU WR VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN EJCNNGPIGU, +P $$% 0’95 #UKC-2CEKHKE, CV JVVR://PGYU.DDE.EQ.WM/1/JK/YQTNF/CUKC-RCEKHKE/2494521.UVO , CEEGUUGF 2PF (GD 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 403
−KVQUUC, 6. (2000) "5COG &KHHGTGPEG: $KQEGPVTKE +ORGTKCNKUO CPF VJG #UUCWWNV QP +PFKIGPQWU %WNVWTG CPF *WPVKPI", ’PXKTQPOGPVU, 28 (2) RCIGU 23-36 −NGKP, &. (1994) "9KNFGTPGUU: # 9GUVGTP %QPEGRV #NKGP VQ #TEVKE %WNVWTGU", +PHQTOCVKQP 0QTVJ, 20 (3) RCIGU 1-6 JVVR://CTEVKEEKTENG.WEQPP.GFW/*KUVQT[%WNVWTG/YKNFGTPGUU.JVON CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 −PKIJV, &., (27/7/2000) %JKPC'U &GOCPF HQT 6KODGT (WGNU ENGCT-EWVVKPI KP 5KDGTKC,, +PVGTRTGUU 5GTXKEG, CV JVVR://HQTGUVU.QTI/CTEJKXG/GWTQRG/EJFGHWGN.JVO , CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WN[ 2004 −QNNGT, ,. (1982) 6JG +PFKCP 9C[, /CEOKNNCP, $CUKPIUVQMG *CORUJKTG, −QRRGNN, %. (1990) 6JG /CLQT 5KIPKHKECPEG QH "/KPQT" (QTGUV 2TQFWEVU: 6JG .QECN 7UG CPF 8CNWG QH (QTGUVU KP VJG 9GUV #HTKECP *WOKF (QTGUV <QPG: % ( 0QVG 6, (#1 4QOG −QTQO, (, GF. (1995) "6KDGVCP %WNVWTG KP VJG &KCURQTC", 2TGUGPVGF CV 2CRGT RTGUGPVGF CV +PVGTPCVKQPCN #UUQEKCVKQP QH 6KDGVCP 5VWFKGU %QPHGTGPEG, 9KGP: 8GTNCI FGT 1UVGTTGKEJKUEJGP, #MCFGOKG FGT 9KUUGPUEJCHVGP, −QTQO, (, GF. (1997) %QPUVTWEVKPI 6KDGVCP %WNVWTG: %QPVGORQTCT[ 2GTURGEVKXGU, 9QTNF *GTKVCIG 2TGUU, 3WGDGE −QTVGP, &., (4GNGCUGF 1/11/1996) 4KIJVU QH OQPG[ XGTUWU TKIJVU QH NKXKPI RGTUQPU, 2GQRNG-%GPVTGF &GXGNQROGPV (QTWO, CV JVVR://YYY.KUNCPFJQUVKPI.EQO/‘EQPVGORQ/NKDTCT[/OCK/OQPG[TKIJV.JVON , CEEGUUGF 2PF (GD 2000 −QVJCTK, #., $KQFKXGTUKV[ VTCFKVKQPU & +PFKCP NCY: ECP VJG VYQ EQ-GZKUV, %GPVTG HQT ’PXKTQPOGPVCN .CY, 4GUGCTEJ CPF #FXQECE[, 2WPG +PFKC CV JVVR://YYY.EGGTCKPFKC.QTI/FQEWOGPVU/CTVADFACUJA160300.JVO, CEEGUUGF 2PF /CTEJ 2003 −QVJCTK, #. CPF &CU, 2. (1999) ".QECN %QOOWPKV[ −PQYNGFIG & 2TCEVKEGU", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN & 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +6 & 70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 180-184 −TCWUU, /. (1992) "6JG YQTNFU NCPIWCIGU KP ETKUKU", .CPIWCIG, /CTEJ RCIGU 1-10 −TGKU, 5., (1998) 6JG PGY KPVGNNGEVWCN QTFGT: /CP 0CVWTG & 5QEKGV[, JVVR://YYY.JKUVQT[IWKFG.QTI/KPVGNNGEV/NGEVWTG8C.JVON CEEGUUGF 21UV /CTEJ 2003 −TKUCFCYCP *QPINCFCTQO (2002) "6JG −JCODCU QH 6KDGV'U ’CUVGTP (TQPVKGTU: .CPIWCIG, +FGPVKV[ CPF ’VJPQJKUVQT[", 2TGUGPVGF CV VJG 2PF #PPWCN %QPHGTGPEG QH VJG #UKCP 5EJQNCTUJKR (QWPFCVKQP, ,WN[ 1-2, 2002, $CPIMQM. %QPHGTGPEG −TWGIGT, (., (WPFCVGF) (QTGUVU CTG OQTG VJCP 6TGGU: 9J[ VJG 0QP-’EQPQOKE 8CNWGU QH (QTGUV HCT GZEGGF VJGKT &QNNCT 8CNWGU, CV JVVR://YYY.ETGCVKQPGVJKEU.QTI/KPFGZ.EHO!HWUGCEVKQP=YGDRCIG&RCIGAKF=107 CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 −TWI, ’. (1994) "# /QFGTP *KUVQT[ QH VJG 0GY )TGGP 9QTNF 1TFGT", %QPVTC /WPFWO, 12 (5WOOGT) JVVR://YYY.EQPVTC-OWPFWO.QTI CEEGUUGF 5VJ #RTKN 2000 −TWIGT, (., (WPFCVGF) (QTGUVU CTG OQTG VJCP 6TGGU: 9J[ VJG 0QP-’EQPQOKE 8CNWGU QH (QTGUV HCT GZEGGF VJGKT &QNNCT 8CNWGU, CV JVVR://YYY.ETGCVKQPGVJKEU.QTI/KPFGZ.EHO!HWUGCEVKQP=YGDRCIG&RCIGAKF=107 , CEEGUUGF 5VJ #WIWUV 2005 −5, (2003) )TCRJKU: ITCRJKPI UQHVYCTG HQT 2& CPF 3& FCVC - JKIJ-SWCNKV[ UEKGPVKHKE/GPIKPGGTKPI XKUWCNK\CVKQP HQT VJG 9KPFQYU FGUMVQR, XGTUKQP 2.6.2 −[NGDCPM 5QHVYCTG .VF #[T −WECP, #., (1997) 6JG OQFGTP UQEKCN EQPEGRVKQP QH 5NQXGPG URCEG, CV JVVR://YYY.\TE-UC\W.UK/IK/CEU/MWECP37.RFH −WJP, 6. (1962) 6JG 5VTWEVWTGU QH 5EKGPVKHKE 4GXQNWVKQPU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU, %JKECIQ −WJP, 6. (1970) 6JG 5VTWEVWTGU QH 5EKGPVKHKE 4GXQNWVKQPU (9KVJ 2QUVUETKRV), 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU, %JKECIQ −WJP, 6. (1977C) 6JG ’UUGPVKCN 6GPUKQP: 5GNGEVGF 5VWFKGU KP 5EKGPVKHKE 6TCFKVKQP CPF %JCPIG, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU, %JKECIQ ; .QPFQP −WJP, 6. (1977D) "5GEQPF 6JQWIJVU QP 2CTCFKIOU", +P 5WRRG, (. (GF.), +P 6JG 5VTWEVWTG QH 5EKGPVKHKE 6JGQTKGU, 2PF GF., 7PKXGTUKV[ QH +NNKPQKU 2TGUU, 7TDCPC, RCIGU 459-482 −WJP, 6. (1979) $NCEM-$QF[ 6JGQT[ CPF VJG 3WCPVWO &KUEQPVKPWKV[, %NCTGPFQP 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF −WNMCTPK, 5. (1983) "6JG (QTGUV 2QNKE[ CPF VJG (QTGUV $KNN: # %TKVKSWG CPF 5WIIGUVKQPU HQT %JCPIG", +P (GTPCPFGU, 9. CPF 5, −. (GF.), 6QYCTF C PGY (QTGUV 2QNKE[: 2GQRNG'U 4KIJVU CPF ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 0GGFU,, +PFKCP 5QEKCN +PUVKVWVG, 0GY &GNJK, RCIGU 84-101 −YQM, −., (1998) 2QUVOQFGTPKUO, CV JVVR://XNUK.WYCVGTNQQ.EC/‘MJMYQM/RQUVOQFGTPKUO/RQUVOQFGTPKUO.JVON , CEEGUUGF 26VJ (GD 1998 .C %JCRGNNG, &. (1984) "4KVWCN KU ’UUGPVKCN: 5GGKPI TKVWCN CPF EGTGOQP[ CU UQRJKUVKECVGF UQEKCN & URKTKVWCN VGEJPQNQI[", +P %QPVGZV, 5 (5RTKPI) RCIGU 39-45 .C(NGWT, 9. (1988) $WFFJKUO, 2TGPVKEG *CNN, 0GY ,GTUG[ .CIWG, & "#UKC'U (QTGUVU *GCF VQ %JKPC - $GKLKPI'U .QIIKPI $CP 5RCTMU (GCTU QH &GHQTGUVCVKQP #DTQCF", 9CNN 5VTGGV ,QWTPCN (13/1/2004) .CIWG, & "(GNNKPI #UKC'U (QTGUVU", (CT ’CUVGTP ’EQPQOKE 4GXKGY (25/12/2003) .CKTF, 5. (1995) $KQFKXGTUKV[ 2TQURGEVKPI: 2QUUKDNG 4QNGU HQT 99( +PVGTPCVKQPCN, %QWPVT[ 1HHKEGU CPF 2TQLGEVU, 99(-+PVGTPCVKQPCN 2GQRNG CPF 2NCPVU 2TQITCOOG,)NCPF, 5YKV\GTNCPF
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 404
.CKTF, 5., (2004) +PVGITCVKPI .QECN ’RKUVGOQNQIKGU KPVQ VJG 4GUGCTEJ 2TQEGUU: 6JG ’XQNWVKQP QH /GVJQFU CPF #UUWORVKQPU KP C 4GUGCTEJ 2TQLGEV CTQWPF /V %COGTQQP, CV JVVR://YYY.OKNNGPPKWOCUUGUUOGPV.QTI/FQEWOGPVU/DTKFIKPI/RCRGTU/NCKTF.UCTCJ.RFH CEEGUUGF 14VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 .CPECUJKTG, +.CPF 5VCKTU, /. (1995) 6CEV: 6GZV #PCN[UKU %QORWVKPI 6QQNU, XGTUKQP 2.1 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 6QTQPVQ .CPFQY, ). (1993) *[RGTVGZV: 6JG %QPXGTIGPEG QH %QPVGORQTCT[ %TKVKECN 6JGQT[ CPF 6GEJPQNQI[, ,QJP *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, $CNVKOQTG /& .CPG, (. (1994) "6JG 9CTTKQT 6TKDGU QH −JCO", #UKC9GGM, /CTEJ 2 RCIG 30-38 .CPIGT, 5. (1953) (TGGFQO CPF (QTO, %JCTNGU 5ETKDPGT'U 5QPU, 0GY ;QTM .CQ\K (.CQ-6\W), (1993) #PQVJGT 9C[: 6JG 9C[ QH .CQ 6\W, (VTCPUNCVGF D[ ). −COKPUMK) %QXG 8KGY 2TGUU, $GNOQPV, %# .CQ\K (.CQ-6\W), (1998) .CQ-6\W: 6CQ-6G %JKPI (&CQFGLKPI): 6JG 9C[ CPF VJG 2QYGT QH VJG 9C[, (VTCPUNCVGF D[ 5GCVQP, ,2) 5JCODJCNC, $QUVQP CPF 5JCHVUDWT[ .C2QNNC, 4. (1998) "(CEVQTU KPXQNXGF KP NCPIWCIG EJCPIG: ’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’CTVJ 5WOOKV", .CVGNKPG 0GYU (27/4/2002) JVVR://FCKN[PGYU.OW\K.EQO/NN/GPINKUJ/1222656.UJVON CEEGUUGF 17VJ 1EV, 2003 .CVQWEJG, 5. (1993) +P VJG 9CMG QH VJG #HHNWGPV 5QEKGV[: #P ’ZRNQTCVKQP QH 2QUV &GXGNQROGPV, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP .CVQWEJG, 5. (1996) 6JG 9GUVGTPK\CVKQP QH VJG 9QTNF, 2QNKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG .CVQWT, $. (1993) 9G *CXG 0GXGT $GGP /QFGTP, *CTXGUVGT, *GOGN *GORUVGCF .CWIJNKP, %. (,WPG 2000) "$KQIGPGVKE 5VTWEVWTCN 5VWFKGU QH 4GNKIKQP", (QTGUKIJV, 2 (3) JVVR://YYY.IGQEKVKGU.EQO/KQPCAO/0GWTQVJGQNQI[/%JCTNGU.CWIJNKP.JVON CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 .CXGNG[G, ’ FG (1878) 2TKOKVKXG 2TQRGTV[, (VTCPUNCVGF D[ ). /CTTKQVV) /CEOKNNCP, .QPFQP .CXGTV[, /. CPF 5VGTNKPI, ’., (2004) +PVTKPUKE 8CNWG, CV JVVR://EPZ.TKEG.GFW/EQPVGPV/O12160/NCVGUV/ , CEEGUUGF 12VJ ,WN[ 2005 .CYTGPEG, # GF. (2000) (QTGUVT[ (QTGUV 7UGTU CPF 4GUGCTEJ: 0GY 9C[U QH .GCTPKPI, ’6(40, 9CIGPIKPIGP .CYTGPEG, # GF. (2000) +PEQTRQTCVKPI +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG KP (QTOCN (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV: #FCRVCVKQP 1T 2CTCFKIO %JCPIG KP 6TQRKECN (QTGUVT[!, ’WTQRGCP 6TQRKECN (QTGUV 4GUGCTEJ 0GVYQTM (’6(40), 9CIGPIKPIGP .C\GPDCVV, #. CPF /E/WTTC[, (. (2004) "7UKPI RCTVKEKRCVQT[ TCRKF CRRTCKUCN CU C VQQN VQ CUUGUU YQOGP'U RU[EJQUQEKCN JGCNVJ PGGFU KP 0QTVJGTP +TGNCPF", *GCNVJ ’FWECVKQP, 104 (3) RCIGU 174-187 .G )TCPIG, .. (2001) "%JCNNGPIGU HQT RCTVKEKRCVQT[ CEVKQP TGUGCTEJ CPF KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG KP #HTKEC'", #EVC #ECFGOKEC, 33 (3) RCIGU 136-150 .GCEJ, /. (2003) 9QOGP CU 0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %CTGTU: ’CTVJ /QVJGT /[VJU CPF 1VJGT ’EQHGOKPKUV (CDNGU 1T *QY C 5VTCVGIKE 0QVKQP 4QUG CPF (GNN, +PUVKVWVG QH &GXGNQROGPV 5VWFKGU (+&5), $TKIJVQP .GCEJ, ). CPF /GCTPU, 4. (1988) "6TGGU HQT 4WTCN 2GQRNG", +P .GCEJ, ). CPF /GCTPU, 4. (GF.), $G[QPF VJG 9QQFHWGN %TKUKU: 2GQRNG .CPF & 6TGGU KP #HTKEC, ’CTVJUECP, .QPFQP, RCIGU 27-29 .GCEJ, /. CPF /GCTPU, 4. (1996) 6JG .KG QH VJG .CPF: %JCNNGPIKPI 4GEGKXGF 9KUFQO QP VJG #HTKECP ’PXKTQPOGPV, *GKPGOCPP, 2QTVUOQWVJ .GG, %. (2000) "2CVJYC[U QH .CDQWT +PUWTIGPE[", +P 2GTT[, ’. CPF 5GNFGP, /. (GF.), %JKPGUG 5QEKGV[, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 41-61 .GG, 4. (1992) "’EQNQIKECNN[ ’HHGEVKXG 5QEKCN 1TICPK\CVKQP CU C 4GSWKTGOGPV HQT 5WUVCKPKPI 9CVGTUJGF ’EQU[UVGOU", +P 0CKOCP, 4. (GF.), 9CVGTUJGF /CPCIGOGPV, 5RKPIGT-8GTNCI, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 73-90 .GG, 6. (2001) 2GTEGRVKQPU #VVKVWFGU CPF 2TGHGTGPEGU KP (QTGUVU CPF 9QQFNCPFU, (QTGUVT[ %QOOKUUKQP, ’FKPDWTIJ .GG, 6. (2003) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 28VJ #RTKN 2003 CDQWV (QTGUVT[ 2GTEGRVKQP 7− & 6KDGV, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/%NQUGV.JVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 .GGWYGP, . XCP (1998) #RRTQCEJGU HQT 5WEEGUUHWN /GTIKPI QH +PFKIGPQWU (QTGUV 4GNCVGF −PQYNGFIG YKVJ (QTOCN (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV, 0CVKQPCN 4GHGTGPEG %GPVTG HQT 0CVWTG /CPCIGOGPV, 9CIGPKPIGP .GNG, 5. (1991) "5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV: C %TKVKSWG", 9QTNF &GXGNQROGPV, 19 RCIGU 607-621
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 405
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’PINCPF & %QPVKPGPVCN %QWPVTKGU, .QPFQP .GUVGT, 4. (1987) $WFFJKUO, *CTRGT CPF 4QY, 0GY ;QTM CPF .QPFQP .GWPI, ,., (26/9/2002) 5JCTKPI 5GUUKQP QP *QY VQ #UUGUU 5QEKCN %CRKVCN, 6JG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *QPI −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’ZRTGUUKQP, CPF 5QEKCN %QPUGSWGPEGU, #NVC/KTC 2TGUU, .CPJCO, /& 20706 %JWP, .. (2000) 2QNKEKGU & +ORNGOGPVCVKQP KP VJG PCVWTG TGUGTXGU QH ;WPPCP RTQXKPEG, RCIGU 84-102, ;WPPCP (QTGUVT[ &GRCTVOGPV −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−CVJOCPFW .K, 9. CPF *G, 2. (1998) 5QEKCN (QTGUVT[ 6JGQTKGU CPF 2TCEVKEG, ;WPPCP 0CVKQPCNKV[ 2TGUU, −WPOKPI .K, ;. CPF *KPEJ, 6. (1998) "’VJPKE VQWTKUO CVVTCEVKQPU & VJGKT RTQURGEV HQT UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV CV 2 UKVGU KP %JKPC & %CPCFC", #UKC 2CEKHKE ,QWTPCN QH 6QWTKUO 4GUGCTEJ, 2 RCIGU 5-18 .KMGTV, 4. (1932) "# 6GEJPKSWG HQT VJG /GCUWTGOGPV QH #VVKVWFGU", #TEJKXGU QH 2U[EJQNQI[, 140, RCIG 55 .KPI, 61 GF. (1972) # &KEVKQPCT[ QH $WFFJKUO (’Z $TCPFQP'U &KEVKQPCT[ QH %QORCTCVKXG 4GNKIKQP), 5ETKDPGT, 0GY ;QTM .KPING, %. ",KCPI <GOKP CPF %JKPC'U RWGTKNG RQNKVKECN EWNVWTG", 6CKRGK 6KOGU (4/8/2002), RCIG 9 JVVR://YYY.VCKRGKVKOGU.EQO/0GYU/GFKVQTKCNU/CTEJKXGU/2002/08/04/158961 CEEGUUGF 24VJ ,WPG, 2005 .KRPGT, ,. (1994) *KPFWU: 6JGKT 4GNKIKQWU $GNKGHU CPF 2TCEVKEGU, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP .KVVNG, 2. (1994) "6JG .KPM $GVYGGP .QECN 2CTVKEKRCVKQP CPF +ORTQXGF %QPUGTXCVKQP C 4GXKGY QH +UUWGU CPF ’ZRGTKGPEGU", +P 9GUVGTP, &. CPF 9TKIJV, /. (GF.), 0CVWTCN EQPPGEVKQPU: 2GTURGEVKXGU KP %QOOWPKV[-$CUGF %QPUGTXCVKQP, +UNCPF 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP, RCIGU 347-372 .KV\KPIGT, 4. (1995) "/CMKPI *KUVQTKGU .KXKPI *KUVQTKGU: %QPVGPFKPI %QPEGRVKQPU QH VJG ;CQ 2CUV", +P *CTTGNN, 5. (GF.), %WNVWTCN GPEQWPVGTU KP %JKPC'U ’VJPKE (TQPVKGTU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CUJKPIVQP, 5GCVVNG, RCIGU 117-139 .KW #K\JQPI, 2GK 5JGPILK CPF %JGP 5CP[CPI (1999) "2NCPV YQTUJKR QH VJG ;K 2GQRNG KP %JWZKQPI QH ;WPPCP %JKPC", ’VJPQDQVCP[, 11 RCIGU 1-8 .KW ,KCPLWP (1990) "5CXKPI 9KNFNKHG: C 0CVKQP /QDKNK\GF", $GKLKPI 4GXKGY, 16 (22) RCIGU 18-23 .KW ,KJCP CPF &QYNKPI, 4. (1991) "+PVGITCVKPI VQWTKUO FGXGNQROGPV & GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPUGTXCVKQP KP %JKPC", 2TGUGPVGF CV ’EQVQWTKUO: KPEQTRQTCVKPI VJG INQDCN ENCUUTQQO (EQPH 9/91) $TKUDCPG %QPHGTGPEG, %CPDGTTC, $WTGCW QH 6QWTKUO 4GUGCTEJ, .KW :KCQICP (2001) "0QP-#EVKQP (9WYGK) CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV 6QFC[: # %QPEGRVWCN CPF #RRNKGF 5VWF[ QH .CQ\K'U 2JKNQUQRJ[", +P )KTCTFQV, 0., /KNNGT, ,. CPF .KW :KCQICP (GF.), &CQKUO & ’EQNQI[, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /#, RCIGU 315-339 .KW, #, 2GK, 5. CPF 5 (2000) "#P KPXGUVKICVKQP CPF UVWF[ QP VJG RNCPV YQTUJKR KP %JWZKQPI ;WPPCP", %JKPGUG $KQFKXGTUKV[, 8 RCIGU 130-136 .KZWP (W, (1989) 9QIWQ *WCPLKPI −GZWG ,KUJW &G (C\JCP, <JQPIIWQ JWCPLKPI %JWDCPUJG, $GKLKPI .Q %JK −KP, 2GRRGT, 5. CPF 6UWK −CK ;WGP, (1995) %JKPC 4GXKGY, %JKPGUG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, *QPI −QPI .QD\CPI .JCNWPIRC, (1977) 6JG .KHG QH /KNCTGRC, &WVVQP, 0GY ;QTM
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 406
.QEMG, ,., (1690) 6YQ 6TGCVKUGU QH )QXGTPOGPV (FKIKVK\GF GFKVKQP), .QPFQP CV JVVR://YYY.KDKDNKQ.QTI/IWVGPDGTI/GVGZV05/VTIQX10J.JVO , CEEGUUGF 2PF (GD 1998 .QEMYQQF, /. (1999) "*WOCPU 8CNWKPI 0CVWTG: 5[PVJGUKUKPI +PUKIJVU HTQO 2JKNQUQRJ[, 2U[EJQNQI[ CPF ’EQPQOKEU", ’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’PVCPINGF .KODU: ’CTVJ (KTUV CPF VJG )TQYVJ QH 2QUV-9KNFGTPGUU ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO QP %CNKHQTPKC'U 0QTVJ %QCUV", #PVKRQFG: # 4CFKECN ,QWTPCN QH )GQITCRJ[: (%CRKVCN CPF 0CVWTG KP VJG #OGTKECP 9GUV), 30 (2) RCIGU 155-176 .QRG\, & ,P, (1998) 2TKUQPGTU QH 5JCPITK-.C, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU, %JKECIQ .QYG, .. (1991) %QPVGUVGF 6GTTCKPU: $TKVKUJ & (TGPEJ 1TKGPVCNKUO, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[ NUCCMU, ’. CPF 5TKXCUVCXC, 4. (1989) #P +PVTQFWEVKQP VQ #RRNKGF )GQUVCVKUVKEU, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF .W −WCP[W, (1971) 2TCEVKECN $WFFJKUO, 4KFGT, .QPFQP .WECTGNNK, ). (2001) "2TGUGTXKPI NQECN MPQYNGFIG VJTQWIJ FKUEQXGT[ NGCTPKPI", +− /QPKVQT, 9-3 JVVR://YYY.PWHHKE.PN/EKTCP/KMFO/9-3/NWECTGNNK.JVON CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 .WGEM, &. (1995) "6JG 4WNG QH (KTUV 2QUUGUUKQP CPF VJG &GUKIP QH VJG .CY", 38 ,QWTPCN QH .CY CPF ’EQPQOKEU, RCIGU 393-436 .WMG, 6. (1995) "5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV #U C 2QYGT/MPQYNGFIG 5[UVGO: 6JG 2TQDNGO QH ')QXGTPOGPVCNKV[", +P (KUEJGT, (. CPF $NCEM, /. (GF.), )TGGPKPI ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2QNKE[, 5V /CTVKPU 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 21-32 .WMG, 6. (1999C) %CRKVCNKUO &GOQETCE[ & ’EQNQI[: &GRCTVKPI (TQO /CTZ, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH +NNCPQKU 2TGUU, %JKECIQ .WMG, 6. (1999D) "’PXKTQPOGPVCNKV[ #U )TGGP )QXGTPOGPVCNKV[", +P &CTKGT, ’. (GF.), &KUEQWTUGU QH VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, $NCEMYGNN, 1ZHQTF, RCIGU 121-151 .WMGU, 5. (1972) 2QYGT C 4CFKECN 8KGY, /CEOKNNCP 2TGUU, .QPFQP .WMG[, $., 5JGHHKGNF, ,., $CVJWTUV, ,., *KNG[, 4. CPF /CVJ[U, /. (2000) "6GUV QH VJG 5*’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−WPOKPI CPF :KUJWCPIDCPPC $KQURJGTG 4GUGTXG, 2GQRNG'U 4GRWDNKE QH %JKPC, 17-20 (GDTWCT[ 2003, 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU ’FWECVKQPCN, 5EKGPVKHKE CPF %WNVWTCN 1TICPK\CVKQP (70’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−PQYNGFIG, /CPEJGUVGT 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, /CPEJGUVGT /C .KJWC (1993) "5JCOCPKE $GNKGH #OQPI 0QOCFU", +P 4CODNG, % CPF $TCWGP, /. (GF.), #PVJTQRQNQI[ QH 6KDGV CPF VJG *KOCNC[C, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH <WTKEJ, <WTKEJ, RCIGU 193-197 /C 5JKLWP CPF %JCPI 5JW\JQPI (1980) "+V KU QH KOOGFKCVG 7TIGPE[ VQ 2TQVGEV 1WT ’PXKTQPOGPV & 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEGU", ’EQPQOKE /CPCIGOGPV, 10 RCIG 28-29 39 /CECDG, %. (1988) "(QTYCTF", +P 5RKXCM, ). (GF.), 1VJGT 9QTNFU: GUUC[U KP EWNVWTCN RQNKVKEU, 4QWVNGFIG, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU KZ-ZKZ /CECU, .. (2001) "$CPEQ OWPFKCN [ 2TQFGRKPG: ¿JCEKC WP PGQNKDGTCNKUOQ ÃVPKEQ!", +%%+ $QNGVÈP, 25 (#RTKN 2005) /CECWNG[, .QTF, (1863) *KUVQT[ QH ’PINCPF, .QPIOCPU, .QPFQP /CEFQPCNF, #9 GF., (1997) /CPFCNC & .CPFUECRG, &− 2TKPVYQTNF, 0GY &GNJK
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 407
/CE&QPCNF, (, (1996) 6JG #PEKGPV #\VGEU: 5GETGVU QH C .QUV %KXKNK\CVKQP VQ 7PNQEM CPF &KUEQXGT, 4WPPKPI 2TGUU, 2JKNCFGNRJKC, 2# /CEFQPCNF, *., (2003) ’PXKTQPOGPVCN *KUVQT[ KP *KUVQT[, RJKNQUQRJ[ & UEKGPEG %CODTKFIG, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CODTKFIG, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG CV JVVR://YYY.JRU.ECO.CE.WM/TGUGCTEJ/GPXJKUV.JVON , CEEGUUGF 29VJ ,WN[ 2004 /CEMGP\KG, #. (1998) "6JG %JGXKQV, VJG 5VCI CPF VJG 9JKVG 9JKVG 4QEM: %QOOWPKV[ +FGPVKV[ CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN VJTGCV QP VJG +UNG QH *CTTKU", ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF 2NCPPKPI &, 16 RCIGU 509-532 /CEMGP\KG, (. (2002) "4G-ENCKOKPI RNCEG: VJG /KNNGPPKWO (QTGUV $QTIKG 0QTVJ 5WVJGTNCPF 5EQVNCPF", ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF 2NCPPKPI &, 20 (5) RCIGU 535-560 CEEGUUGF 3337 *1 /CEPCWIJVGP, 2. CPF 7TT[, ,. (1998) %QPVGUVGF 0CVWTGU, 5CIG, .QPFQP /CE[, ,. (1985) &JCTOC & &GXGNQROGPV: 4GNKIKQP CU 4GUQWTEG KP 5CTXQF[C 5GNH-*GNR /QXGOGPV, −WOCTKCP 2TGUU, %QPPGEVKEWV /CHHK, .. (1999C) ".KPIWKUVKE &KXGTUKV[", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN & 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +62/70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 19-58 /CHHK, .. (1999) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 1999D CDQWV $KQEWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[, /CIWTTCP, #. (1988) ’EQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[ CPF +VU /GCUWTGOGPV, 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 2TKPEGVQP, 0GY ,GTUG[ /CK-/CK 5\G, (1963) 6JG 6CQ QH 2CKPVKPI: # 5VWF[ QH VJG 4KVWCN &KURQUKVKQP QH %JKPGUG 2CKPVKPI, 2CPVJGQP $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM /CK-/CK 5\G, (1967) 6JG 6CQ QH 2CKPVKPI. # 5VWF[ QH VJG 4KVWCN &KURQUKVKQP QH %JKPGUG 2CKPVKPI (5GEQPF ’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’. CPF 5GNFGP, /. (GF.), %JKPGUG 5QEKGV[, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 83-101 /CPFGT, ,. (1997) "(QTGYQTF", +P &TGPIUQP, #. CPF 6C[NQT, &. (GF.), ’EQHQTGUVT[: 6JG CTV CPF UEKGPEG QH UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV WUG, 0GY 5QEKGV[ 2WDNKUJGTU, %CPCFC, RCIGU 9-13 /CPFGTUEJGKF, #., (2000) 6JG $NCEM 6GPV KP +VU ’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’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2U[EJQNQI[, 23 (1) RCIGU 47-61 /CTEJ, #. (1968) "#P CRRTGEKCVKQP QH %JKPGUG )GQOCPE[", ,QWTPCN QH #UKCP 5VWFKGU, 27 (2) RCIGU 253-267 /CTNQYG, %. (1604) &T (CWUVWU, $TQCFXKKGY 2TGUU, 2GVGTDQTQWIJ %CPCFC /CTNQYG, %. (1633) 6JG ,GY QH /CNVC, +$ HQT 0 8CXCUQWT, .QPFQP /CTOCP, ). (2000) "+PVTKPUKE 8CNWG", +P /CTOCP, ). (GF.), ’ZRNCKPKPI 8CNWG CPF 1VJGT ’UUC[U KP /QTCN 2JKNQUQRJ[, %NCTGPFQP 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF, RCIGU 137-148 /CTTKQVV, / (GF.) (1955) ".KVVNG %QOOWPKVKGU KP CP +PFKIGPQWU %KXKNK\CVKQP KP 8KNNCIG +PFKC", #OGTKECP #PVJTQRQNQI[, 57 RCIGU 171-222 /CTUJCNN, 5. (2002) +P VJG +PVGTGUVU QH VJG 5VCVG: *QUVKNG ’NGOGPVU +KK - 2QNKVKECN +ORTKUQPOGPVU KP 6KDGV 1987-2001, 6+0, .QPFQP /CTUJCNN, 5. CPF %QQMG, 5. (1997) #NNKCPEG HQT TGUGCTEJ KP 6KDGV, *QPI −QPI. /CTVKP, ). (1995) ’VJPQDQVCP[: XQNWOG 1, %JCROCP & *CNN, .QPFQP /CTZ, −. (1976) %CRKVCN: # %TKVKSWG QH 2QNKVKECN ’EQPQO[, *CTOQPFUYQTVJ (2GPIWKP), .QPFQP /CTZ, −. (1986) −CTN /CTZ: # 4GCFGT, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /CUJOCP, 8. (1991) "9CTTKQTU CPF 9GCXGTU: # 5VWF[ QH )GPFGT 4GNCVKQPU #OQPI VJG +DCP QH 5CTCYCM", +P 5WVNKXG, 8. (GF.), (GOCNG & /CNG KP $QTPGQ: %QPVTKDWVKQPU, $QTPGQ 4GUGCTEJ %QWPEKN, 2JKNNKRU, /G, RCIGU 231-270 /CUUCSWQK, ,. (1993) "5CNV (TQO 5KNV KP 5KGTTC .GQPG", +P )COUGT, /., #RRNGVQP, *. CPF %CTVGT, 0 GFU. (GF.), 6KPMGT, 6KNNGT, CPF 6GEJPKECN EJCPIG, +62, .QPFQP, RCIGU 48-63
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 408
/C[DWT[-.GYKU, &. (1992) /KNNGPPKWO: 6TKDCN 9KUFQO CPF VJG /QFGTP 9QTNF, 8KMKPI 2GPIWKP 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM /C\WOFCT, 5. CPF /C\WOFCT, 5. (1993) "5CETGF URCEG CPF RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV.", ,QWTPCN QH ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2U[EJQNQI[, 13 RCIGU 231-242 /E%C[, $. (2000) "2QUV-OQFGTPKUO CPF VJG /CPCIGOGPV QH 0CVWTCN CPF %QOOQP 4GUQWTEGU", 6JG %QOOQP 2TQRGTV[ 4GUQWTEG &KIGUV, 54 (5GRV) RCIGU 1-6 JVVR://YYY.KPFKCPC.GFW/‘KCUER/’-%24/ERT54.RFH CEEGUUGF 2004 8VJ ,WPG /E%TCEMGP, ,., 2GVV[, ,. CPF %QPYC[, ). (1988) #P +PVTQFWEVKQP VQ 4CRKF 4WTCN #RRTCKUCN HQT #ITKEWNVWTCN &GXGNQROGPV, +PVGTPCVKQPCN +PUVKVWVG HQT ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV, .QPFQP /E)QXGTP, 6., $KIGNQY, )., #OQTQUK, 6. CPF 4WUUGNN, &. (1988) "0QTVJGTP +UNCPFU *WOCP GTTQT CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP: # XKGY QH UQEKCN & GEQNQIKECN EJCPIG KP VJG /GFKGXCN 0QTVJ #VNCPVKE", *WOCP ’EQNQI[, 16 RCIGU 225-270 /E*CTI, +. (1969) &GUKIP YKVJ 0CVWTG, 0CVWTCN *KUVQT[ 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM /E−C[, #. (2000) "6JG EWNV QH 2WTG %T[UVCN /QWPVCKP (TGXKGY)", ,QWTPCN QH $WFFJKUV ’VJKEU, 7 RCIGU 14-21 /E.CTGP, &. (1998) 4GVJKPMKPI 6QWTKUO CPF ’EQVTCXGN, −WOCTKCP 2TGUU, 9GUV *CTVHQTF /E.CWIJNKP, #. (1985) "+OCIGU CPF ’VJKEU QH 0CVWTG", ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’VJKEU, 7 RCIGU 293-319 /E/CMGP, 4., (2001) 6JG ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’PENQUWTG, /E/CMGP, 4, &GPXGT CV JVVR://YYY.NGYTQEMYGNN.EQO/OEOCMGP/OEOCMGP32.JVON , CEEGUUGF 20VJ (GD 2002 /E/CUVGT, 2. "5VQR JQOQIGPK\CVKQP VQ RTQVGEV VQWTKUO", %JKPC &CKN[ (19/4/1999) /E0GGN[, ,., /KNNGT, −., 4GKF, 9., 4WUUGNN, #. CPF 9GTPGT, 6. (1990) %QPUGTXKPI VJG 9QTNF'U $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[, +7%0 94+ %+ 99(-75 9$, )NCPF/9CUJKPIVQP /’# (2004) "$TKFIKPI 5ECNGU CPF ’RKUVGOQNQIKGU: .KPMKPI .QECN −PQYNGFIG CPF )NQDCN 5EKGPEG KP /WNVK-5ECNG #UUGUUOGPVU", #NGZCPFTKC ’I[RV | /CTEJ 17-20 2004, 6JG /KNNGPPKWO ’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’. (GF.), 4GNKIKQP KP 5QWVJ #UKC, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CUJKPIVQP 2TGUU, 5GCVVNG, RCIGU 5-20 /GTEJCPV, %. (1980) 6JG &GCVJ QH 0CVWTG, *CTRGT %QNNKPU, 0GY ;QTM /GTEJCPV, %. (1989) ’EQNQIKECN 4GXQNWVKQPU: 0CVWTG, )GPFGT, CPF 5EKGPEG KP 0GY ’PINCPF, 6JG 70% 2TGUU, %JCRGN *KNN, 0% 27515-2288 /GTEJCPV, %. (1992) 4CFKECN ’EQNQI[, 4QWVNGFIG, 0GY ;QTM /GTEJCPV, %. (1995) "4GKPXGPVKPI ’FGP: 9GUVGTP %WNVWTG #U C 4GEQXGT[ 0CTTCVKXG", +P %TQPQP, 9. (GF.), 7PEQOOQP )TQWPF: 6QYCTF 4GKPXGPVKPI 0CVWTG, 99 0QTVQP & %Q, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 132 & 154-156 /GTEJCPV, %. (1996) ’CTVJECTG: 9QOGP CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, 4QWVNGFIG, 0GY ;QTM /GTEJCPV, %. (1997) 2CTCFKUG & 2TQRGTV[: .QEMG'U PCTTCVKXG CPF VJG VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH 0CVWTG, , WPRWDNKUJGF OCPWUETKRV YKVJ CWVJQT $GTMGNG[ /GTMNG, ,. (1980) /CPCIGOGPV & +FGQNQI[: 6JG .GICE[ QH VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5EKGPVKHKE /CPCIGOGPV /QXGOGPV, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[ /GUUGTUEJOKFV, &. (1976C) 6JG )WTWPIU QH 0GRCN: %QPHNKEV & %JCPIG KP C 8KNNCIG 5QEKGV[, #TKU & 2JKNNKRU, 9CTOKPUVGT 7− /GUUGTUEJOKFV, &. (1976D) "’EQNQIKECN EJCPIG CPF CFCRVCVKQP COQPI VJG )WTWPIU QH VJG 0GRCN *KOCNC[C", *WOCP ’EQNQI[, 4 RCIGU 167-185 /GUUGTUEJOKFV, & 1991. 4CRKF #RRTCKUCN HQT %QOOWPKV[ (QTGUVT[: 6JG 4# 2TQEGUU & 4CRKF &KCIPQUVKE 6QQNU, +PUVKVWVG QH (QTGUVT[ 2QMJCTC 0GRCN /GVURCNW, /., −KXKUKNF, 6., /GVURCNW, ’., 2CTKM, ,., *WFLCUJQX, )., −CNFOC, −., 5GTM, 2., −CTOKP, /., $GJCT, &., )KNDGTV, /., ’PFKEQVV, 2., /CUVCPC, 5., 2CRKJC, 5., 5MQTGEMK, −., 6QTTQPK, #. CPF 8KNNGOU, 4. (2004) "/QUV QH VJG GZVCPV OV&0# DQWPFCTKGU KP 5QWVJ CPF 5QWVJYGUV #UKC YGTG NKMGN[ UJCRGF FWTKPI VJG KPKVKCN UGVVNGOGPV QH ’WTCUKC D[ CPCVQOKECNN[ OQFGTP JWOCPU", $/% )GPGVKEU, 5 (26) /G[GTU, 4. (1993) "6GEJPQNQI[ UGTXKPI 6TCFKVKQP", %WNVWTCN 5WTXKXCN 3WCTVGTN[, 17 (1) RCIGU 35-37 /KNNGT, ,., (2001) ’PXKUKQPKPI VJG &CQKUV $QF[ KP VJG ’EQPQO[ QH %QUOKE 2QYGT, +P &CGFCNWU (CNN 2001, #OGTKECP #ECFGO[ QH #TVU CPF 5EKGPEGU, CV JVVR://YYY.COCECF.QTI/RWDNKECVKQPU/HCNN2001/OKNNGT.CURZ , CEEGUUGF 17VJ ,WN[ 2003
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 409
/KNNGT, / GF. CPF %WNVWTCN 5WTXKXCN, (1993) 5VCVG QH VJG 2GQRNGU: # )NQDCN *WOCP 4KIJVU 4GRQTV QP 5QEKGVKGU KP &CPIGT, $GCEQP 2TGUU, $QUVQP /KNNGVV, −. (1969) 5GZWCN 2QNKVKEU, )TCPCFC 2WDNKUJKPI /KPCUP[, $.; /E$TCVPG[, #. CPF 9JGNCP, $. (2005) 8GURGT: 8CTKQITCO ’UVKOCVKQP CPF URCVKCN RTGFKEVKQP VJCV KU ECRCDNG QH RGTHQTOKPI MTKIKPI, XGTUKQP 1.63 #WUVTCNKCP %GPVTG HQT 2TGEKUKQP #ITKEWNVWTG, 6JG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 5[FPG[, 059 2006. 5[FPG[ /KPPKEJ, ’. (1990) 6TCPUHQTOKPI −PQYNGFIG, 6GORNG 2TGUU., 2JKNCFGNRJKC /1##(, (2001) (QTGUV 8CNWGU, /KPKUVT[ QH #ITKEWNVWTG CPF (QTGUVT[, CV JVVR://YYY.OOO.HK/GPINKUJ/HQTGUVT[/XCNWGU/ CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 /QOCFC[, 0. (1976C) 0CVKXG #OGTKECP #VVKVWFGU 6QYCTFU VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV KP 5GGKPI 9KVJ C 0CVKXG ’[G, *CTRGT & 4QY, 0GY ;QTM /QOCFC[, 0. (1976D) "# HKTUV #OGTKECP XKGYU JKU NCPF", 0CVKQPCN )GQITCRJKE, 150 (1) RCIGU 13-18 /QPDKQV, ). (1994) 0Q /CPU .CPF, /CEOKNNCP, .QPFQP /QPVTGG, %. (1992) "2GQRNG CPF (QTGUVU QH 6JCKNCPF", +P .GWPICTCOUTK, 2. CPF 4CLGUJ, 0. (GF.), 6JG HWVWTG QH RGQRNG CPF HQTGUVU KP 6JCKNCPF CHVGT VJG NQIIKPI DCP, 2TQLGEV HQT ’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−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’PSWKT[ HQT 4WTCN &GXGNQROGPV: # 4GXKGY, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[ 2TGUU CPF 1XGTUGCU &GXGNQROGPV #FOKPKUVTCVKQP, .QPFQP /5, (WPFCVGF) /KETQUQHV 2QEMGV ’ZEGN, XGTUKQP 3.01 HQT *2%2000 /KETQUQHV %QTRQTCVKQP 5GCVVNG /WJNJCWUNGT, 2. (1995) "6JG +PVGTFGRGPFGPEG QH .KPIWKUVKE CPF $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[", +P /[GTU, &. (GF.), 6JG 2QNKVKEU QH /WNVKEWNVWTCNKUO KP #UKC/2CEKHKE, 0QTVJGTP 6GTTKVQT[ 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, &CTYKP, RCIGU 154-161 /WJNJCWUNGT, 2. (1996) .KPIWKUVKE ’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’PINGYQQF %NKHHU, 0, /WPTQ, 4. (1989) "5[PETGVKE UGEVU CPF UGETGV UQEKGVKGU: 4GXKXCN KP VJG 1980'U", %JKPGUG 5QEKQNQI[ & #PVJTQRQNQI[, 21 (4) /WTFQEJ, ,. (1988) "%TGG %QIPKVKQP KP 0CVWTCN CPF ’FWECVKQPCN %QPVGZVU", +P $GTT[, ,., +TXKPG, 5. CPF *WPV, ’. (GF.), +PFKIGPQWU EQIPKVKQP: HWPEVKQPKPI KP EWNVWTCN EQPVGZV, 0KLJQHH, &QTFTGEJV, RCIGU 231-256 /WTFQEJ, ,. CPF %NCTM, ,. (1994) "5WUVCKPCDNG MPQYNGFIG", )GQHQTWO, 25 (2) RCIGU 115-132 /[GTU, 0. (1988) "6JTGCVGPGF DKQVCU: JQVURQVU KP VTQRKECN HQTGUVU", ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUV, 9 RCIGU 187-208 0CGUU, #. (1984) "+PVWKVKQP +PVTKPUKE 8CNWG & &GGR ’EQNQI[", 6JG ’EQNQIKUV, 14 RCIG 202 0CGUU, #. (1995) "6JG 5JCNNQY CPF VJG &GGR, .QPI 4CPIG ’EQNQI[ /QXGOGPV: # 5WOOCT[.", +PSWKT[, 16 RCIGU 95-100 0CMCUJKOC, &. (1990) #RRNKECVKQP QH 0CVKXG −PQYNGFIG KP ’KC: +PWKV ’NFGTU CPF *WFUQP $C[ 1KN, 6JG %CPCFKCP ’FWECVKQP & 4GETWKVOGPV %GPVTG, 3WGDGE 0COMJCK 0QTDW, 6KDGVCP &TGCO ;QIC: 2CTV: 2, CV JVVR://YYY.RNQVKPWU.EQO/\JKPGAVKDGVCPAFTGCOA[QICARCTV2.JVO , CEEGUUGF 14VJ ,WN[ 2005 0CPF[, #. (1986) "6JG +FGC QH &GXGNQROGPV", +P /CNNOCPP, #. CPF 0WFNGT, 1. (GF.), *WOCP FGXGNQROGPV KP KVU UQEKCN EQPVGZV, ’FYCTF #TPQNF 1XGTUGCU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 248-259 0CPF[, #. (1988) 5EKGPEG *GIGOQP[ & 8KQNGPEG: # 4GSWKGO HQT /QFGTPKV[, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY &GNJK
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 410
0CTC[CP, &. CPF 5TKPKXCUCP, .. (1994) 2CTVKEKRCVQT[ &GXGNQROGPV 6QQN −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’PE[ENQRCGFKC, /CTUJCNN %CXGPFKUJ, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 841-844 0GUVK, .. (1999) +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU' TKIJV VQ NCPF: KPVGTPCVKQPCN UVCPFCTFU CPF RQUUKDNG FGXGNQROGPVU. 6JG EWNVWTCN XCNWG QH NCPF CPF VJG NKPM YKVJ VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV. 6JG RGTURGEVKXG KP VJG ECUG QH /CRWEJG-2GJWGPEJG., /CUVGTU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 2CFWC, 0GVVNG, &. CPF *CTTKUU, .. (2003) ")GPGVKE CPF .KPIWKUVKE CHHKPKVKGU DGVYGGP JWOCP RQRWNCVKQPU KP ’WTCEKC CPF 9GUV #HTKEC", *WOCP $KQNQI[, 75 (3) RCIGU 331-344 0GXQ, ’. (1998) ")GPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ KP YKNF EGTGCNU", )GPGVKE TGUQWTEGU CPF %TQR ’XQNWVKQP, 45 RCIGU 355-370 0GYD[, (. CPF 6CQ, *. (1993) 6JG 5NGGRKPI )KCPV #YCMGPU: (QTGUV 2CTMU HQT 6QWTKUO KP %JKPC, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 6GEJPQNQI[, 5[FPG[ 0GYOCP, &. (WPFCVGF) 1\KGZRNQTGT: )25 /CRRKPI 5QHVYCTG, XGTUKQP 3.954H & + . 5QHVYCTG 2V[ .VF 0GYOCP, &. (WPFCVGF) 1\K’ZRNQTGT%’: )25 /CRRKPI 5QHVYCTG YJKEJ YKNN YQTM YKVJ OQUV )25 TGEGKXGTU HQT TGCN VKOG VTCEMKPI QH )25 RQUKVKQP (/QXKPI /CR)., XGTUKQP 1.11.6J & + . 5QHVYCTG 2V[ .VF 0GYVQP, $. (1977) "2GTEGRVKQPU QH 5GZ 4QNGU CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *CYCKK", 2TGUGPVGF CV 9QOGP KP %QOOWPKECVKQP %QPXGPVKQP %QPHGTGPEG, *QPQNWNW *CYCKK, 0GYVQP, $., $WEM, ’. CPF 9QGNHGN, ,. (1984) "/GVTKE OWNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI QH XKGYGT'U RGTEGRVKQPU QH 68 KP HKXG EQWPVTKGU", *WOCP 1TICPKUCVKQP, 0KFC, 0 1964 6QYCTF C 5EKGPEG QH 6TCPUNCVKPI, $TKNN, .GKFGP 0KGVUEJOCPP, $. (1988 ) "/KUMKVQ CPF −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−JCUK 9QOGP CPF /CVTKNKP[: 6TCPUHQTOCVKQPU", )GPFGT 4GNCVKQPU, )GPFGT, 6GEJPQNQI[ CPF &GXGNQROGPV, 4 (3) RCIGU 359-395 0QTDGTI-*QFIG, *. (1992) #PEKGPV (WVWTGU: .GCTPKPI (TQO .CFCMJ, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, &GNJK 0QTDGTI-*QFIG, *. (1995) "6JG 2TGUUWTG VQ /QFGTPKUG", +P )QNFUOKVJ, ’. (GF.), 6JG (WVWTG QH 2TQITGUU, )TGGP $QQMU, &CTVKPIVQP, RCIGU 91-108 0QTDW, 6. (1960) 6KDGV +U /[ %QWPVT[, 4WRGT *CTV-&CXKU, .QPFQP 0QTVJ, 4. (1995) .KHG QP C /QFGTP 2NCPGV: # /CPKHGUVQ HQT 2TQITGUU, /CPEJGUVGT 7PKXGTUKV[, /CPEJGUVGT 0QTVQP, $. CPF *CPPQP, $. (1997) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN 8CNWGU: # 2NCEG-$CUGF 6JGQT[", ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’VJKEU, 19 RCIGU 227-245 0QTVQP, $. CPF *CPPQP, $. (1999) "&GOQETCE[ CPF 5GPUG QH 2NCEG 8CNWGU KP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2QNKE[", 2JKNQUQRJKGU QH 2NCEG, RCIGU 119-143 0QUQVTQ, 4., (2004) *QDDGU CPF .QEMG /GP QH +PHNWGPEG, CV JVVR://YYY.J[RGTJKUVQT[.PGV/CRYJ/GUUC[U/EQOR/EY20JQDDGUANQEMG.JVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 0QUU, 4. (1995) +P ’EQ-.QIKE /CIC\KPG (’PXKTQPOGPVCN %QPUGTXCVKQP 1TICPK\CVKQP), 8QN. 0QXGODGT/&GEGODGT. 0<(+% (1999) (QEWU 7, 0GY <GCNCPF (QTGUV +PFWUVTKGU %QWPEKN CV JVVR://YYY.P\HKE.QTI.P\/OCKPUKVG/(QEWU9.JVON CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 411
1'%QPPQT, ,. (1989) "7PGXGP CPF %QODKPGF &GXGNQROGPV CPF ’EQNQIKECN %TKUKU", 4CEG CPF %NCUU, 30 (3) RCIGU 1-12 1'%QPPQT, ,. (1994) "+U 5WUVCKPCDNG %CRKVCNKUO 2QUUKDNG !", +P 1'%QPPQT, ,. (GF.), +U %CRKVCNKUO 5WUVCKPCDNG, 6JG )WKNFHQTF 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 152-173 1'*CICP, ,. (1995) "%KXKNKUCVKQP %QPHNKEV! NQQMKPI HQT EWNVWTCN GPGOKGU", 6JKTF 9QTNF 3WCTVGTN[, 16 (1) RCIGU 19-38 1'−CPG, /. "# $KVVGT %QNF", 6JG )WCTFKCP 12/2/1998 (12/12/1998) 1'.QWIJNKP, ,. (1997) ")GQITCRJ[ CPF &GOQETCE[: 6JG 5RCVKCN &KHHWUKQP QH 2QNKVKECN CPF %KXKN 4KIJVU", 2TGUGPVGF CV 6JG 5RCVKCN CPF 6GORQTCN &KHHWUKQP QH &GOQETCE[ 1946-1994: 37VJ #PPWCN %QPHGTGPEG QH VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5VWFKGU #UUQEKCVKQP 16VJ-20VJ #RTKN 1996 %QPHGTGPEG, 5CP &KGIQ, %CNKHQTPKC, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %QNQTCFQ, 1'.QWIJNKP, ,. (2002) "6JG GNGEVQTCN IGQITCRJ[ QH 9GKOGT )GTOCP[: ’ZRNQTCVQT[ URCVKCN FCVC CPCN[UKU QH RTQVGUVCPV UWRRQTV HQT VJG 0C\K RCTV[", 2QNKVKECN #PCN[UKU, 10 (3) 1'4KQTFCP, 6. (1981) ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO, 2KQP .VF, .QPFQP 1'4KQTFCP, 6. CPF 6WTPGT, 4. (1983) #P #PPQVCVGF 4GCFGT KP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2NCPPKPI CPF /CPCIGOGPV, 2GTICOQP 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF 1CMGU, 6 (1993) "6JG EWNVWTCN URCEG QH OQFGTPKV[: GVJPKE VQWTKUO CPF RNCEG KFGPVKV[ KP %JKPC", ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF 2NCPPKPI & 5QEKGV[ CPF 5RCEG, 11 RCIGU 47-66 1$7, (1997) &CKN[ 9GD )WKFG 9GF 5GRV 3TF 1997, 1MJNCJQOC $CRVKUV 7PKXGTUKV[, 1MJNCJQOC CV JVVR://YYY.QMDW.GFW/ , CEEGUUGF 14VJ 5GRV 2000 1&# )WKFCPEG QP ’VJPKEKV[, ’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−TKIKPI: C OGVJQF QH KPVGTRQNCVKQP HQT IGQITCRJKECN KPHQTOCVKQP U[UVGOU.", +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,QWTPCN QH )GQITCRJKECN +PHQTOCVKQP 5[UVGOU, 4 RCIGU 313-332 1NKXGT, 4., (TKRR, ’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’PXKTQPOGPV & 2NCPPKPI #, 23 RCIGU 621-628 1RGPUJCY, 5. (1992) "(WTVJGT VJQWIJVU QP IGQITCRJ[ CPF )+5: C TGRN[", ’PXKTQPOGPV & 2NCPPKPI #, 24 RCIGU 463-466 1UVTQO, ’. (1990) )QXGTPKPI VJG %QOOQPU: 6JG ’XQNWVKQP QH +PUVKVWVKQPU HQT %QNNGEVKXG #EVKQP, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU., 0GY ;QTM 1XGTO[GT, &. (1986) 4GNKIKQPU QH %JKPC: 6JG 9QTNF CU C .KXKPI 5[UVGO, *CTRGT & 4QY, 5CP (TCPUKUEQ 2CDQPIMC 4KPRQEJG, (1991) .KDGTCVKQP KP VJG 2CNO QH ;QWT *CPF, 9KUFQO, .QPFQP 2CDQPIMC 4KPRQEJG, (1994) 6JG 9QTFU QH /[ 2GTHGEV 6GCEJGT, *CTRGT %QNNKPU, 0GY ;QTM 2CNVTWN 4KPRQEJG, (1994) 6JG 9QTFU QH /[ 2GTHGEV 6GCEJGT, *CTRGT %QNNKPU 2CPFG[, &. (1997) "’VJPQHQTGUVT[ D[ +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNG", 2TGUGPVGF CV :+ 9QTNF (QTGUVT[ %QPITGUU %QPHGTGPEG, #PVCN[C 6WTMG[, 70 (QQF CPF #ITKEWNVWTG 1TICPKUCVKQP, 2CPFG[, &. (1998) ’VJPQHQTGUVT[: .QECN −PQYNGFIG HQT 5WUVCKPCDNG (QTGUVT[ CPF .KXGNKJQQF 5GEWTKV[, *KOCPUJW 2WDNKECVKQPU, 0GY &GNJK 2CPFG[, &. (2000) "(QTGUV, RGQRNG CPF MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU: KPVGITCVKQP QH KPFKIGPQWU & HQTOCN HQTGUVT[", 2TGUGPVGF CV .GCTPKPI HTQO TGUQWTEG WUGTU- C RCTCFKIO UJKHV KP VTQR HQTGUVT[ 28/29/4/2000 %QPHGTGPEG, 8KGPPC, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH #ITKEWNVWTCN 5EKGPEGU,
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 412
2CPPCVKGT, ;. (1996) 8#4+19+0: 5QHVYCTG HQT 5RCVKCN &CVC #PCN[UKU KP 2&, XGTUKQP 2.21 5RTKPIGT-8GTNCI 0GY ;QTM 2CTCLWNK, 2. (2001C) "0Q 0CVWTG #RCTV: #FKXCUK %QUOQXKUKQP CPF ’EQNQIKECN &KUEQWTUGU KP ,JCTMJCPF +PFKC", +P #TPQNF, 2. CPF )QNF, #. (GF.), 5CETGF .CPFUECRGU CPF %WNVWTCN 2QNKVKEU: 2NCPVKPI C VTGG, #UJICVG, #NFGTUJQV $WTNKPIVQP 5KPICRQTG 5[FPG[, RCIGU 83-113 2CTCLWNK, 2. (1991) "2QYGT CPF −PQYNGFIG KP &GXGNQROGPV &KUEQWTUG: PGY UQEKCN OQXGOGPVU CPF VJG UVCVG KP +PFKC", +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5QEKCN 5EKGPEG ,QWTPCN, 43 RCIGU 173-190 2CTCLWNK, 2. (1998) "*QY ECP HQWT VTGGU OCMG C ,WPING!", 6GTTC 0QXC, 3 (3 - 5WOOGT) RCIGU 15-31 2CTVTKFIG, 9., 7SWKNNCU, ,. CPF ,QJPU, −. (1996) "+PENWFKPI VJG ’ZENWFGF: ’VJPQFGXGNQROGPV KP .CVKP #OGTKEC", 2TGUGPVGF CV 6JG #PPWCN 9QTNF $CPM %QPHGTGPEG QP &GXGNQROGPV KP .CVKP #OGTKEC CPF VJG %CTKDDGCP, $QIQVC %QNQODKC ,WPG 30-,WN[ 2 1996 %QPHGTGPEG , 9CUJKPIVQP &%, 9QTNF $CPM, JVVR://YYY-YFU.YQTNFDCPM.QTI/UGTXNGV/9&5A+$CPMA5GTXNGV!REQPV=FGVCKNU&GKF=000012009A20031111141714 CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 , 2CU, ,. (1989) 6JG 6WTPKPI QH VJG 6KFG 4GNKIKQP KP %JKPC 6QFC[ VJG *QPI −QPI $TCPEJ QH VJG 4Q[CN #UKCVKE 5QEKGV[, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF 2CUU[, 5. (2001) "5RCVKCN 2CTCFKIOU QH .QVKE &KCVQO &KUVTKDWVKQP: # .CPFUECRG ’EQNQI[ 2GTURGEVKXG", ,QWTPCN QH 2J[EQNQI[, 37 (3) RCIGU 370-378(9) 2CVGTUQP, 4. (1999) "%GPVTCN #HTKECP 8QKEGU QP *WOCP-’PXKTQPOGPV 4GNCVKQPUJKR", +P 2QUG[, & (GF.), %WNVWTCN & 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +6 & 70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 95-98 2CVVCPC[CM, &. (1988) "/QPQNKPIWCN /[QRKC CPF VJG 2GVCNU QH VJG +PFKCP .QVWU: &Q /CP[ .CPIWCIGU &KXKFG 1T 7PKVG C 0CVKQP!", +P 5MWVPCDD-−CPICU, 6. CPF %WOOKPU, ,. (GF.), /KPQTKV[ ’FWECVKQP, /WNVKNKPIWCN /CVVGTU, %NGXGFQP 7−, RCIGU 379-389 2%#56, (1998) 6GCOKPI 9KVJ .KHG: +PXGUVKPI KP 5EKGPEG VQ 7PFGTUVCPF CPF 7UG #OGTKEC'U .KXKPI %CRKVCN, 2CPGN QP $KQFKXGTUKV[ & ’EQU[UVGOU: 2TGUKFGPV'U %QWPEKN QH #FXKUQTU QP 5EKGPEG CPF 6GEJPQNQI[ (2%#56), 9CUJKPIVQP 2GCTEG, &. (1990) 2GCTEG, &. 9. 1990. #P GEQPQOKE CRRTQCEJ VQ UCXKPI VJG VTQRKECN HQTGUVU, &KUEWUUKQP 2CRGT 90-06, , .QPFQP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’EQPQOKEU %GPVTG .QPFQP 2GCTEG, (. "6TGG VJGQT[ KU EWV FQYP", 6JG )WCTFKCP (25/3/1999) 2GCV, & (1995) $NCEMHQQV 2J[UKEU, 4VJ ’UVCVGU .KOKVGF, .QPFQP 2GFGTUGP, 2. (1995) "0CVWTG 4GNKIKQP & %WNVWTCN +FGPVKV[: 6JG 4GNKIKQWU ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUV 2CTCFKIO", +P $TWWP, 1. CPF −CNNCPF, #. (GF.), #UKCP 2GTEGRVKQP QH 0CVWTG, %WT\QP 2TGUU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 258-276 2GGV, 4. CPF 9CVVU, /. (1996) .KDGTCVKQP ’EQNQIKGU: ’PXKTQPOGPV &GXGNQROGPV 5QEKCN /QXGOGPVU, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP 2GK 5JGPILK (1993) "/CPCIKPI HQT $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[ %QPUGTXCVKQP KP 6GORNG ;CTFU CPF *QN[ *KNNU", +P *COKNVQP, .. (GF.), ’VJKEU 4GNKIKQP & $KQFKXGTUKV[, 6JG 9JKVG *QTUG 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG, RCIGU 118-132 2GK 5JGPILK (1999) "6JG *QN[ *KNNU QH VJG &CK", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN & 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[ 2TGUU CPF 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU ’PXKTQPOGPV 2TQITCOOG - 70’2, .QPFQP, RCIG 381 2GKUUGN, /. (1972) %CXCNKGTU QH −JCO: VJG 5GETGV 9CT KP 6KDGV, *GKPGOCPP, .QPFQP 2GPI, 9GPDKP (2002) "(TQPVKGT 2TQEGUU 2TQXKPEKCN 2QNKVKEU CPF /QXGOGPVU HQT −JCODC #WVQPQO[ FWTKPI VJG 4GRWDNKECP 2GTKQF", +P ’RUVGKP, .. (GF.), −JCOU RC *KUVQTKGU: 8KUKQPU QH 2GQRNG 2NCEG CPF #WVJQTKV[, $TKNN, .GKFGP, $QUVQP, −QNP, RCIGU 57-84 2GQRNG'U &CKN[ ")NQDCN 9CTOKPI VQ 4GFWEG )NCEKGTU (TQ\GP 5QKN 5PQY KP %JKPC", 6JG 2GQRNG'U &CKN[ (04/04/2003) 2GRRGT, &. (1993) ’EQ-5QEKCNKUO: (TQO &GGR ’EQNQI[ VQ 5QEKCN ,WUVKEG, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP 2GRRGT, &. (1996) /QFGTP ’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO: #P +PVTQFWEVKQP, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP 2GTFWG, 2. (1987) ’ZJCWUVKPI VJG ’CTVJ: 5VCVG & 2GCUCPV KP *WPCP 1500-1850, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /# 2GTT[, ’. CPF 5GNFGP, /. (1999) %JKPGUG 5QEKGV[: %JCPIG %QPHNKEV CPF 4GUKUVCPEG, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP 2GTT[, ,. 0., .KGDJQNF, #., 4QUGPDGTI, /., &WPICP, ,., /KTKVK, /., ,CMQOWNUMC, #. CPF %KVTQP-2QWUV[, 5. (2002) "+NNWUVTCVKQPU CPF IWKFGNKPGU HQT UGNGEVKPI UVCVKUVKECN OGVJQFU HQT SWCPVKH[KPI URCVKCN RCVVGTP KP GEQNQIKECN FCVC", ’EQITCRJ[, 25 (5) RCIGU 578-600(23) 2GVGTW, %. (1995) "+PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU −PQYNGFIG CPF +PVGNNGEVWCN 2TQRGTV[ 4KIJVU", 2TGUGPVGF CV +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU −PQYNGFIG CPF +PVGNNGEVWCN 2TQRGTV[ 4KIJVU %QPUWNVCVKQP, 24 -27 #RTKN %QPHGTGPEG, 5WXC, (KLK, 2GWSWGV, &. (1994) "+V'U CDQWV VKOG: # EQPEGRVWCN HTCOGYQTM HQT VJG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP QH VGORQTCN F[PCOKEU KP )+5", #PPWNU QH VJG #UUQEKCVKQP QH #OGTKECP )GQITCRJGTU, 84 RCIGU 441-461 2KCIGV, ,. (1971) (QTKI 1967) $KQNQI[ & −PQYNGFIG, ’FKPDWTIJ 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, ’FKPDWTIJ 2KEMGTKPI, #. (1992) 5EKGPEG CU 2TCEVKEG & %WNVWTG, %JKECIQ 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %JKECIQ
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 413
2KEMNGU, ,. (1991) ")GQITCRJ[ )+5 CPF VJG UWTXGKNNCPV UQEKGV[", 2CRGTU CPF 2TQEGGFKPIU QH #RRNKGF )GQITCRJ[ %QPHGTGPEGU, 14 RCIGU 80-91 2KGTQVVK, 4. CPF 9KNFECV, &. (1999) "6TCFKVKQPCN −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’PXKTQPOGPV", 9CUJKPIVQP 2QUV (22/11/1998) 2QOHTGV, ,. "%JKPC'U )KCPV &CO (CEGU *WIG 2TQDNGOU", 9CUJKPIVQP 2QUV : (QTGKIP 5GTXKEG (7/1/2001 ) , RCIG #01 JVVR://YYY.KTP.QTI/RTQITCOU/VJTGGI/010201.3IRTQDNGOU.JVON CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 2QRG, %., (1997) 4GOCTMU OCFG CV VJG U[ORQUKWO QP TGNKIKQP UEKGPEG & GPXKTQPOGPV 0QX 6-8 1997, %JTKUVKCP ’EQNQI[, 5CPVC $CTDCTC CV JVVR://YYY.EJTKUVKCPGEQNQI[.QTI/%CTN2QRG.JVON , CEEGUUGF 3TF /CTEJ 2004 2QTQFQPI, 2. (2000) "$QDQNK\CP, (QTGUVU CPF )GPFGT 4GNCVKQPU KP 5CDCJ, /CNC[UKC", )GPFGT, 6GEJPQNQI[ CPF &GXGNQROGPV, 5 (1) RCIGU 63-90 2QTVGQWU, #. (1928) 6JG .QTG QH VJG (QTGUV: /[VJU CPF .GIGPFU, )WGTPUG[ 2TGUU %Q. .VF, )WGTPUG[ 2QUG[, &. (1989) "#NVGTPCVKXGU VQ HQTGUV FGUVTWEVKQP: .GUUQPU HTQO VJG /GDGPIQMTG +PFKCPU", 6JG ’EQNQIKUV, 19 RCIGU 241-244 2QUG[, &. (1995) +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU CPF 6TCFKVKQPCN 4GUQWTEG 4KIJVU: # $CUKU HQT ’SWKVCDNG 4GNCVKQPUJKRU!, )TGGP %QNNGIG %GPVTG, 1ZHQTF 2QUG[, & GF. (1999) 5RKTKVWCN & %WNVWTCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[ 2WDNKECVKQPU CPF 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU ’PXKTQPOGPV 2TQITCOOG - 70’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’. (1996) 6GUVKPI %TKVGTKC CPF +PFKECVQTU HQT VJG 5WUVCKPCDNG /CPCIGOGPV QH (QTGUVU: 2JCUG 1, (KPCN 4GRQTV %+(14 2WDNKECVKQP, %+(14, $QIQT 2TCOQF 2CTCLWNK (1999) "2GCUCPV %QUOQXKUKQPU CPF $KQFKXGTUKV[: 5QOG 4GHNGEVKQPU (TQO 5QWVJ #UKC", +P +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[/70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 385-388 2TCUCF, 2. CPF ’NOGU, /. (2005) "# 4GURQPUG VQ 6KO 0GYVQP.", ,QWTPCN QH /CPCIGOGPV 5VWFKGU, 42 (4) RCIGU 885-887 2TKEG, 4. (1803) 6YQ 1DUGTXCVKQPU QP 4GXGTUKQPCT[ 2C[OGPVU 6VJ ’FKVKQP, 9 /QTICP, .QPFQP 2TKGUV, #-/. (2002) "# FKHHGTGPV SWCNKV[: *[RGTVGZV, RQUVOQFGTPKUO, CPF FKUGSWKNKDTKWO", 2TGUGPVGF CV 3WCNKV[ %QPXGTUCVKQPU: *’4&5# 2002 7-10VJ ,WN[ 2002 %QPHGTGPEG , 2GTVJ, 9GUVGTP #WUVTCNKC, 6JG *KIJGT ’FWECVKQP 4GUGCTEJ CPF &GXGNQROGPV 5QEKGV[ QH #WUVTCNCUKC, RCIGU 537-543, JVVR://YYY.GEW.GFW.CW/EQPHGTGPEGU/JGTFUC/OCKP/RCRGTU/TGH/RFH/2TKGUV.RFH CEEGUUGF 18VJ ,WN[ 2005, 2TKIQIKPG, +. CPF 5VGPIGTU, +. (1984) 1TFGT 1WV QH %JCQU: /GP'U 0GY &KCNQIWG YKVJ 0CVWTG, $CPVCO $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM 2TQUJCPUM[, *. (1978) "6JG EKV[ CPF UGNH-KFGPVKV[", ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF $GJCXKQWT, 10 RCIGU 147-169
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 414
2TQUJCPUM[, *., (CDKCP, #. CPF −COKPQHH, 4. (1983) "2NCEG-KFGPVKV[: RJ[UKECN YQTNF UQEKCNK\CVKQP QH VJG UGNH.", ,QWTPCN QH ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2U[EJQNQI[, 3 (1) RCIGU 57-83 3KCP ;, 3KCP $, 5W $, ;W ,, −G ;, %JW <, 5JK ., .W &, %JW ,, ,KP . (2001) "5VWF[ QP VJG OWNVKRNG QTKIKPU QH 6KDGVCP WUKPI ; EJTQOQUQOG 502 OCTMGTU", 2TGUGPVGF CV *WOCP )GPQOG 2001 %QPHGTGPEG , ’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’&#/$# 5WOOGT #ECFGO[, 5QTG\G, (TCPEG ,WN[ 2005 JVVR://GFCODC.YW-YKGP.CE.CV/2CRGT%20/WJCOOCF%206CJKT%204CHKSWG.FQE CEEGUUGF 20VJ /C[ 2006 4CJWNC, 9. (1990) 9JCV VJG $WFFJC 6CWIJV 4GXKUGF ’FKVKQP, 9KUFQO, .QPFQP 4CLCP, 5. CPF 5GVJWTCOO, /. (1993) "+PFKIGPQWU HQNM RTCEVKEGU COQPI 0KNIKTK +TWNCU", +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG & &GXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT, 1 (3) RCIGU 19-20 4CODNG, %. (1993) "9JKVJGT +PFGGF VJG 6UCORC ’CVGTU", *KOCN, 5GRV/1EV RCIGU 21-22-25 4CODNG, %. (1997) "6JG %TGCVKQP QH VJG $QP /QWPVCKP QH −KPIRQ", +P /CEFQPCNF, #. (GF.), /CPFCNC & .CPFUECRG, & − 2TKPVYQTNF, 0GY &GNJK, RCIGU 133-232 4CODNG, %. (1998), "6JG %NCUUKHKECVKQP QH 6GTTKVQTKCN &KXKPKVKGU KP 2CICP CPF $WFFJKUV 4KVWCNU QH 5QWVJ /WUVCPI", +P $NQPFGCW, #-/.CPF 5VGKPMGNNPGT, ’. (GF.), 6KDGVCP /QWPVCKP &GKVKGU: 6JGKT %WNVU CPF 4GRTGUGPVCVKQPU, 8GTNCI FGT 1UVGTTGKEJKUEJGP #MCFGOKG FGT 9KUUGPUEJCHVGP, 9KGP, 4CODNG, %. (2000) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 13VJ ,CP 2000 CDQWV $QPRQ 5RKTKVWCN ’EQNQI[, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/TCODNG.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 4CODNG, %. (2003) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 2PF ,WPG 2003 CDQWV ;WN-NJC CPF 5CTPC, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/4CODNG2603.JVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 4CODNG, %. CPF $TCWGP, %. (1993) #PVJTQRQNQI[ QH 6KDGV CPF VJG *KOCNC[C, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH <WTKEJ, <WTKEJ 4CVUEJ, %. (2005) 6JG ’PE[ENQRCGFKC QH 2U[EJQCEVKXG 2NCPVU: ’VJPQRJCTOCEQNQI[ CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQPU, 2CTM 5VTGGV 2TGUU, 4QEJGUVGT, 86 JVVR://YYY.DQWPEKPIDGCTDQVCPKECNU.EQO/DQQMVJG-GPE[ENQRGFKC-RU[EJQCEVKXG-RNCPVU-R-405.JVON, CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 4CXGP 5KPENCKT, (/CTEJ 2003) 2#4 CPF #DQTKIKPCN ’RKUVGOQNQI[: # TGCNN[ IQQF HKV, CV JVVR://YYY.CDQTKIKPCNUQEKCNYQTM.EC/URGEKCNAVQRKEU/RCT/GRKUVGOQNQI[.JVO , CEEGUUGF 14VJ ,WN[ 2005 4CYCV, #. (1982) "#FOKPKUVTCVKQP QH .CPF 4GXGPWG KP $TKVKUJ )CTJYCN 5VCVG (1856-1900)", 3WCTVGTN[ 4GXKGY QH *KUVQTKECN 5VWFKGU (%CNEWVVC), 21 (2 CPF 3) 4GFENKHV, /. (1987) 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV: ’ZRNQTKPI VJG %QPVTCFKEVKQPU, /GVJWGP, .QPFQP & 0GY ;QTM 4GFENKHV, /. (1992) "6JG /GCPKPI QH UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV", )GQHQTWO, 23 RCIGU 395-403 4GFENKHV, /. (1996) 9CUVGF: %QWPVKPI VJG %QUVU QH )NQDCN %QPUWORVKQP, ’CTVJUECP, .QPFQP 4GFHKGNF, 4. (1955) "6JG 5QEKCN 1TICPKUCVKQP QH 6TCFKVKQP", (CT ’CUVGTP 3WCTVGTN[, 15 RCIGU 13-22 4GFHQTF, −. (1991) "6JG GEQNQIKECNN[ PQDNG UCXCIG", %WNVWTCN 5WTXKXCN 3WCTVGTN[, 15 (1) RCIGU 46-48 4GKEJ, %. (1971) 6JG )TGGPKPI QH #OGTKEC, 2GPIWKP, *CTOQPFUYQTVJ 7− 4GKEJGN, ’. (1992) "5JCOCPKUVKE /QFGU HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEEQWPVKPI KP VJG %QNQODKCP #OC\QP: .GUUQPU HTQO +PFKIGPQWU GVJPQ-GEQNQI[ HQT 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV", 2TGUGPVGF CV +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5[ORQUKWO QP +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG CPF 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV 20-26 5GRVGODGT 1992. %QPHGTGPEG, 5KNCPI, 2JKNNKRKPGU, +PVGTPCVKQPCN +PUVKVWVG QH 4WTCN 4GEQPUVTWEVKQP (++44), 4GKEJGN, ’. (1999) ")GPFGT $CUGF −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU KP VJG ’EQ-2QNKVKEU QH VJG ;WMWPC CPF 6CPKOWMC QH 0QTVJYGUV #OC\QP, %QNWODKC", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN CPF 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[/ 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQITCOOG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 82-86 4GKEJGN-&QNOCVQHH, ). (1996) 6JG (QTGUV 9KVJKP: 6JG 9QTNF 8KGY QH VJG 6WMCPQ #OC\QPKCP +PFKCPU., %QWPEKN 1CM $QQMU, 6WNUC, 1MNCJQOC, 75# 4GKF, 9. CPF /KNGT, −. (1993) −GGRKPI 1RVKQPU #NKXG: 6JG 5EKGPVKHKE $CUKU HQT %QPUGTXKPI $KQFKXGTUKV[, 9QTNF 4GUQWTEGU +PUVKVWVG, 9CUJKPIVQP 4GKVGT, ’. (1981) "6JG 6KDGV %QPPGEVKQP", 0CVWTCN *KUVQT[, 7 RCIGU 65-70
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 415
4G[PQNFU, ,. (1989) 6JG $QPRQ 6TCFKVKQPU QH &\QIEJGP, 8KF[CFJCTC +PUVKVWVG, $GTMGNG[ %CNKHQTPKC 4KDG, 4. CPF /CVVGUQP, /. (2002) "8KGYU QH QNF HQTGUVT[ CPF PGY COQPI TGHGTGPEG ITQWRU KP VJG 2CEKHKE 0QTVJYGUV", 9GUVGTP ,QWTPCN QH #RRNKGF (QTGUVT[, 17 (4) RCIGU 173-182(10) 4KEJ, $. (1994) /QTVICIKPI VJG ’CTVJ: 6JG 9QTNF $CPM ’PXKTQPOGPVCN +ORQXGTKUJOGPV CPF VJG %TKUKU QH &GXGNQROGPV, ’CTVJUECP, .QPFQP 4KEJCTFU, 2. (1980) "%QOOWPKV[ ’PXKTQPOGPVCN −PQYNGFIG KP #HTKECP 4WTCN &GXGNQROGPV", +P $TQEMGPUJC, &., 9CTTGP, &. CPF 9GTPGT, 1. (GF.), +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU & &GXGNQROGPV, 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU QH #OGTKEC, .CPJCO /&, RCIGU 183-195 4KEJCTFU, 2. (1985) +PFKIGPQWU #ITKEWNVWTCN 4GXQNWVKQP: ’EQNQI[ & (QQF 2TQFWEVKQP KP 9GUV #HTKEC, *WVEJKPUQP, .QPFQP 4KEJCTFUQP, %., .GG, 4. CPF /KNNGT, /. (1996) "6JKPMKPI CDQWV ’EQNQI[: %QIPKVKQP QH 2CEKHKE 0QTVJYGUV (QTGUV /CPCIGTU CETQUU &KXGTUG +PUVKVWVKQPU", *WOCP 1TICPK\CVKQP, 55 (3) RCIGU 314-323 4KEJCTFUQP, &. (1988) "6JG (QTGUV ’EQPQO[ QH 6KDGV", %QOOQPYGCNVJ (QTGUVT[ 4GXKGY, 67 (3) RCIGU 253-262 4KEJCTFUQP, &. (1990) (QTGUVU CPF (QTGUVT[ KP %JKPC : %JCPIKPI 2CVVGTPU QH 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV, +UNCPF 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP &% 4KEJCTFUQP, *. (1986) #FXGPVWTGU QH C 6KDGVCP (KIJVKPI /QPM, 6JG 6COCTKPF 2TGUU, $CPIMQM 4KEJCTFUQP, ., 1994, 9TKVKPI: # OGVJQF QH KPSWKT[. +P 0QTOCP −. &GP\KP CPF ;XQPPC 5. .KPEQNP (’FU.), *CPFDQQM QH 3WCNKVCVKXG 4GUGCTEJ. 6JQWUCPF 1CMU, %#: 5CIG. 4KUV 5, <., # CPF 9KGUOCPP, 7. (2004) "(TQO GRKUVGOKE OQPQEWNVWTG VQ EQQRGTCVKQP DGVYGGP GRKUVGOKE EQOOWPKVKGU - NGUUQPU NGCTPV HTQO FGXGNQROGPV TGUGCTEJ", 2TGUGPVGF CV $TKFIKPI UECNGU CPF GRKUVGOQNQIKGU: .KPMKPI NQECN MPQYNGFIG CPF INQDCN UEKGPEG KP OWNVK-UECNG CUUGUUOGPVU 17-20 /CTEJ 2004 %QPHGTGPEG, #NGZCPFTKC ’I[RV, /’#, 4KV\GT, ). (1993) 6JG /EFQPCNFK\CVKQP QH 5QEKGV[, 5CIG, .QPFQP 4KXCN, .. (1999) "6TGGU CPF VJG 5[ODQNKUO QH .KHG KP +PFKIGPQWU %QUOQNQIKGU ", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN CPF 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[/70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 358-362 4QDGTV, ,., (1999) *KUVQT[ QH 5RCEG 2GTEGRVKQPU +++ # UGPUG QH RNCEG: 5QOG JKUVQTKECN U[ODQNU O[VJU CPF TKVWCNU QH "RNCEGPGUU", CV JVVR://YYY.RWFGN.WPK-DTGOGP.FG/RFH/*52#%’3.RFH , CEEGUUGF 17VJ 0QX 2003 4QDGTVU, 6.CPF *TWD[, 2. (1997) 4GNKIKQP CPF 2U[EJQCEVKXG 5CETCOGPVU: #P ’PVJGQIGP %JTGUVQOCVJ[, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM 4QDGTVUQP, 6. CPF $GCUNG[, & (WPFCVGF) %QIPKVKXG #PVJTQRQNQI[, &GRCTVOGPV QH #PVJTQRQNQI[ %QNNGIG QH #TVU CPF 5EKGPEGU 6JG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH #NCDCOC, CV JVVR://YYY.CU.WC.GFW/CPV/(CEWNV[/OWTRJ[/436/EQICPVJ.JVO , CEEGUUGF 26VJ 5GRV 2005 4QDKPUQP, 4. CPF ,QJPUQP, 9. (1982) 6JG $WFFJKUV 4GNKIKQP 3TF ’FKVKQP, &KEMGPUQP 4QEJGNGCW &, 6.-5., $ CPF ’FOWPFU, &. (1995C) ")GPFGTGF 4GUQWTEG /CRRKPI: (QEWUKPI QP 9QOGP'U 5RCEGU KP VJG .CPFUECRG", %WNVWTCN 5WTXKXCN 3WCTVGTN[, 18 (4) RCIGU 62-68 4QEM, , (1930C) 5GGMKPI VJG /QWPVCKPU QH /[UVGT[ - #P ’ZRGFKVKQP QP VJG %JKPC-6KDGV (TQPVKGT VQ VJG 7PGZRNQTGF #OP[K /CEJGP 4CPIG, 0CVKQPCN )GQITCRJKE /CIC\KPG, 8QN. 57, RCIGU.131-185. 4QEM, ,. (1930D) "6JG )NQTKGU QH /KP[C −QPMC", 6JG 0CVKQPCN )GQITCRJKE /CIC\KPG, .8+++ (4) RCIGU 385-437 4QFOCP, ,. (1980) "2CTCFKIO %JCPIG KP 2QNKVKECN 5EKGPEG: #P ’EQNQIKECN 2GTURGEVKXG", #OGTKECP $GJCXKQWTCN 5EKGPVKUV, 24 RCIGU 49-78 4QG, ’. (1991) "&GXGNQROGPV PCTTCVKXGU QT OCMKPI VJG DGUV QH DNWGRTKPV FGXGNQROGPV", 9QTNF &GXGNQROGPV, 18 (4) RCIGU 287-300 4QIGTU, ,. (1866) # *KUVQT[ QH #ITKEWNVWTG CPF 2TKEGU KP ’PINCPF 7 8QNU, %NCTGPFQP 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF 4QIGTU, ,. (1990) $TGCMKPI 7R VJG ’CUVGTP $NQE KP VJG (QTGTWPPGT +PVGTPCVKQPCN, /GFKC *QWUG +PVGTPCVKQPCN, /GNDQTPG (. 4QJT, 4. "9G PGGF VTCPUHQTOCVKQP PQV HCNUG 6TCPUEGPFGPEG", 0CVKQPCN %CVJQNKE 4GRQTVGT (15/2/2002) 4QMGCEJ, /. (1973) 6JG 0CVWTG QH *WOCP 8CNWGU, (TGG 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM 4QNUVQP, *. CPF %QWHCN, ,. (1991) "# HQTGUV ’VJKE CPF OWNVKXCTKCVG HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV", ,QWTPCN QH (QTGUVT[, 89 RCIG 35 4QQUGXGNV, 6 & −, (1929) 6TCKNKPI VJG )TGCV 2CPFC, 0GY ;QTM & .QPFQP 4QTV[, 4. (1979) 2JKNQUQRJ[ CPF VJG /KTTQT QH 0CVWTG, 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 2TKPEGVQP 4QUG, &. (2001) "5CETGF 5KVGU #PEGUVTCN %NGCTKPI CPF ’PXKTQPOGPVCN ’VJKEU", +P 4WOUG[, #. CPF 9GKPGT, &.,. (GF.), ’ORNCEGF /[VJ: 5RCEG 0CTTCVKXG CPF −PQYNGFIG KP #DQTKIKPCN #WUVTCNKC CPF 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *CYCKK'U 2TGUU, *QPQNWNW, RCIG 109 4QUGPDGTI, /., 5QMCN, 4., 1FGP, 0. CPF &K)KQXCPPK, &. (1999) "5RCVKCN CWVQEQTTGNCVKQP QH ECPEGT KP 9GUVGTP ’WTQRG", ’WTQRGCP LQWTPCN QH ’RKFGOKQNQI[, 15 RCIGU 15-22
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 416
4QUGPDGTI, /. (1998-2004) 2CUUCIG : 2CVVGTP CPCN[UKU, URCVKCN UVCVKUVKEU CPF )GQITCRJKE ’ZQIGUKU, XGTUKQP 1.1 4QUGPDGTI, /5 6GORG, #< 85287-4501 4QUGPDGTI, /. (2000) "6JG $GCTKPI %QTTGNQITCO: # 0GY /GVJQF QH #PCN[\KPI &KTGEVKQPCN 5RCVKCN #WVQEQTTGNCVKQP", )GQITCRJKECN #PCN[UKU, 32 (3) RCIGU 267-278 4QUGPDGTI, /. (2001) 2CUUCIG: 2CVVGTP #PCN[UKU, 5RCVKCN 5VCVKUVKEU CPF )GQITCRJKE ’ZQIGUKU - 8GTUKQP 1, &GRCTVOGPV QH $KQNQI[, #TK\QPC 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[, 6GORG, #< 4QUU, .. (1988) ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2QNKE[ KP %JKPC, +PFKCPC 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, $NQQOKPIVQP 4QUUDCEJ, 5. (1983) (GPIUJWK: 6JG %JKPGUG #TV QH 2NCEGOGPV, 2GPIWKP, 0; 4QU\CM, 6. (1995) "6JG 5RKTKV QH VJG )QFFGUU", +P 4QU\CM, 6., )QOGU, /. CPF −CPPGT, #. (GF.), ’EQRU[EJQNQI[: 4GUVQTKPI VJG ’CTVJ, *GCNKPI VJG /KPF,, 5KGTTC %NWD $QQMU, 5CP (TCPUKUEQ, RCIGU 288-300 4QVJ, 4. "5RCVKCN 1TICPK\CVKQP QH ’PXKTQPOGPVCN −PQYNGFIG: %QPUGTXCVKQP %QPHNKEVU KP VJG +PJCDKVGF (QTGUV QH 0QTVJGTP 6JCKNCPF", ’EQNQI[ CPF 5QEKGV[, 9 (3 #TVKENG 5) JVVR://YYY.GEQNQI[CPFUQEKGV[.QTI/XQN9/KUU3/CTV5/OCKP.JVON CEEGUUGF 6VJ #WIWUV 2005 4QWVNGFIG, 2. (1993) 6GTTCKPU QH 4GUKUVCPEG: 0QPXKQNGPV 5QEKCN /QXGOGPVU CPF VJG %QPVGUVCVKQP QH 2NCEG KP +PFKC, 2TCGIGT, .QPFQP 4QYETQHV, 2., 5VWFNG[, ,. CPF 9CTF, −., (2005) ’NKEKVKPI (QTGUV 8CNWGU CPF 'EWNVWTCN NQUU' HQT %QOOWPKV[ 2NCPVCVKQPU CPF 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCVKQP, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/(QTXCN.2&( CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 4WFFNG, −. CPF <JQPI, ). (1988) +PVGITCVGF #ITKEWNVWTG-#SWCEWNVWTG KP 5QWVJ %JKPC: 6JG &KMG-2QPF 5[UVGO QH VJG <JWLKCPI &GNVC, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG 4WPFUVTWO, 4. (1995) ")+5 KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CPF GRKUVGOQNQIKECN FKXGTUKV[", %CTVQITCRJ[ & )+5, 22 (1) RCIGU 45-57 4[FGT, /. (1997) "#DFWEVKXG .QIKE: 2TKOCT[ UMKNN HQT C RQUV-OQFGTP GTC", 2TGUGPVGF CV #OGTKECP ’FWECVKQPCN 4GUGCTEJ #UUQEKCVKQP 1997 #PPWCN /GGVKPI %QPHGTGPEG #OGTKECP ’FWECVKQPCN 4GUGCTEJ #UUQEKCVKQP, JVVR://YYY.EWFGPXGT.GFW/‘OT[FGT/UGOKQVKEUA97.JVON, CEEGUUGF 12VJ &GE 2003 5CEJU, 9. (1992) 6JG &GXGNQROGPV &KEVKQPCT[, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP 5CJVQWTKU, ’. (1992) "6JG 5WTXKXCN 2CVJ: %QQRGTCVKQP DGVYGGP +PFKIGPQWU CPF +PFWUVTKCN *WOCPKV[", 2TGUGPVGF CV 70 2QNKE[ /GGVKPI QP +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU 5CPVKCIQ %JKNG /C[ 1992 %QPHGTGPEG 5CJVQWTKU, ’., (1995) ’CTVJFCPEG: .KXKPI U[UVGOU KP ’XQNWVKQP, ’ 5CJVQWTKU, CV JVVR://YYY.TCVKECN.QTI/.KHG9GD/’TVJFPEG/ , CEEGUUGF 19 VJ #RTKN 2004 5CJVQWTKU, ’. (1995) "6JG +PFKIGPQWU 9C[", +P 5CJVQWTKU, ’. (GF.), ’#46*�%’: .KXKPI 5[UVGOU KP ’XQNWVKQP =#DTKFIGF?, JVVR://VYO.EQ.P\/5CJVAKPFKIAYC[.JVON CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5CKF, ’. (1979) 1TKGPVCNKUO =2CRGTDCEM 4GRTKPV?, 8KPVCIG $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM 5CKF, ’. (1993) %WNVWTG CPF +ORGTKCNKUO, #NHTGF # −PQRH, 0GY ;QTM 5CNCU, /., 6KNNOCPP, *. CPF :W ,KCPEJW (2000) "+PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU RGTURGEVKXGU KP VJG 21UV EGPVWT[ KP ;WPPCP", 2TGUGPVGF CV ’%#4&% 8+ EQPHGTGPEG .GKFGP %QPHGTGPEG , −WPOKPI, %$+−, 5CNNPQY, /. (1987) 2KNITKOU QH VJG #PFGU: 4GIKQPCN %WNVU KP %WUEQ, 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVKQP 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP &% 5COWCN, 8. CPF 5WIFGP, %. (1982) ’XCPIGNKUO CPF VJG 2QQT: # 6JKTF 9QTNF 5VWF[ )WKFG, 2CTVPGTUJKR KP /KUUKQP-#UKC, 1ZHQTF 5COWGN, ). (1992) )G 5CT QH .KPI: 6JG 1TKIKPU CPF /GCPKPI QH VJG ’CUV 6KDGVCP ’RKE KP 4GRQTV 0Q 2 711-722 (’FU 5JQTGP & <WKJQ) 5VJ 5GOKPCT - /QPQITCRJ 5GTKGU, 0CTKVCUCP +PUVKVWVG HQT $WFFJKUV 5VWFKGU 1EECUKQPCN 2CRGTU 5. 5916655000, 0GYECUVNG 059 5COWGN, ). (1993C) %KXKNK\GF 5JCOCPU: $WFFJKUO KP 6KDGVCP 5QEKGVKGU, 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVG 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP &% 5COWGN, ). (1993D) "5JCOCPKUO $QP CPF 6KDGVCP 4GNKIKQP", +P 4CODNG, %. CPF $TCWGP, /. (GF.), #PVJTQRQNQI[ QH 6KDGV CPF VJG *KOCNC[C (GFU. 4CODNG & $TCWGP), 7PKXGTUKV[ QH <WTKEJ, <WTKEJ, RCIGU 318-330 5COWGN, ). (2002C) "6JG ’RKE CPF 0CVKQPCNKUO KP 6KDGV", +P 2GPP[ $GPLCOKP (GF.), 4GNKIKQP CPF $KQITCRJ[ KP %JKPC CPF 6KDGV, %WT\QP 2TGUU, 4KEJOQPF 5WTTG[, JVVR://WUGTUJWPVGTNKPMPGVCW/‘ODDIDU/)GQHHTG[/IGUCTRQN.JVON CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5COWGN, ). (2002) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 12VJ #WI 2002 CDQWV ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/UCOWGN12802.VZV CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5CPFGTU, $., (PF) 6JG 4GDGEEC 4KQVU, CV JVVR://YYY.CPIGNHKTG.EQO/IC/$QD5CPFGTU/4’$’%%#.JVON , CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WPG 2005 5CTKP, /. (2001) "&KUGORQYGTOGPV KP VJG PCOG QH 'RCTVKEKRCVQT[' HQTGUVT[!- XKNNCIG HQTGUVU LQKPV OCPCIGOGPV KP 7VVCTCMJCPF", (QTGUVU 6TGGU & 2GQRNG 0GYUNGVVGT, 44 RCIGU 26-35
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 417
5CTWR, /. (1988) #P +PVTQFWEVQT[ )WKFG VQ 2QUV-5VTWEVWTCNKUO CPF 2QUVOQFGTPKUO, *CTXGUVGT 9JGCVUJGCH, 0GY ;QTM 5CVVGTHKGNF, 6. (1997) "8QQFQQ 5EKGPEG CPF %QOOQP 5GPUG: 9C[U QH −PQYKPI 1NF-)TQYVJ (QTGUVU", ,QWTPCN QH #PVJTQRQNQIKECN 4GUGCTEJ, 53 (2) RCIGU 443-459 5CVVGTHKGNF, 6. (2001) "+P 5GCTEJ QH 8CNWG .KVGTCE[: 5WIIGUVKQPU HQT VJG ’NKEKVCVKQP QH ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 8CNWGU", ’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’PXKTQPOGPVCN %QPUGTXCVKQP $CUGF QP 5CETGF 5KVGU", +P 2QUG[, & (GF.), %WNVWTCN & 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +6 & 70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 341-342 5EJCNNGT, ). (1998) %QOOGPVU QP VJG *CKNWQIQW 4GUGTXG (’PINKUJ & %JKPGUG), 9KNFNKHG %QPUGTXCVKQP 5QEKGV[ 0GY ;QTM 5EJGEJVGT, &. (2000) (CNWP )QPI'U %JCNNGPIG VQ %JKPC: 5RKTKVWCN 2TCEVKEG QT '’XKN %WNV', #MCUJKE $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM 5EJGKP, . (1989) "6JG &[PCOKEU QH %WNVWTCN 4GXKXCN #OQPI VJG /KCQ KP )WK\JQW", +P %JKCQ, 6CRR 0 (GF.), ’VJPKEKV[ CPF ’VJPKE ITQWRU KP %JKPC, 0GY #UKC %QNNGIG, 5JCVKP, RCIGU 199-212 5EJGNJCU, ,. (2003) "0GY 6TGPFU KP (QTGUV 2QNKE[ CPF /CPCIGOGPV: #P ’OGTIKPI 2QUV-OQFGTP #RRTQCEJ!", +P 6GGVGT, .., %CUJQTG, $. CPF <JCPI, &. (GF.), (QTGUV 2QNKE[ HQT 2TKXCVG (QTGUVT[: )NQDCN CPF 4GIKQPCN %JCNNGPIGU, %#$ +PVGTPCVKQPCN, 9CNNKPIHQTF, RCIGU 17-27 5EJKNNGT, ,. (1795) )JQUVUGGT, 8GTPQT CPF *QQF, .QPFQP 5EJKRRGT, −. (1993) 6JG 6CQKUV $QF[, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[, %CNKHQTPKC; .QPFQP 5EJTQGFGT, *. (1996C) "’EQNQI[ QH VJG *GCTV: 7PFGTUVCPFKPI *QY 2GQRNG ’ZRGTKGPEG 0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVU", +P ’YGTV, #. (GF.), 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV: 6JG *WOCP &KOGPUKQP, 9GUVXKGY 2TGUU, $QWNFGT %1, RCIGU 13-27 5EJTQGFGT, *. (1996D) 8QKEGU HTQO /KEJKICP'U $NCEM 4KXGT: 1DVCKPKPI +PHQTOCVKQP QP "5RGEKCN 2NCEGU" HQT 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG 2NCPPKPI: )GPGTCN 6GEJPKECN 4GRQTV 0%-184, , 75&#-(5 0QTVJ %GPVTCN (QTGUV ’ZRGTKOGPV 5VCVKQP 5EJTQGFGT, *., (2001) /[VJKECN &KOGPUKQPU QH 6TGGU: 6JGKT 4GNCVKQP VQ VJG *WOCP 2U[EJG CU 4GHNGEVGF KP &TGCOU, /[VJU, CPF %WNVWTCN 6TCFKVKQPU, 75&# (QTGUV 5GTXKEG, %JKECIQ CV JVVR://YYY.IUGPGV.QTI/NKDTCT[/08HQT/VTGGO[VJ.RJR , CEEGUUGF 2PF 5GRVGODGT 2005 5EJTQGFGT, *. (2002) "’ZRGTKGPEKPI 0CVWTG KP 5RGEKCN RNCEGU: 5WTXG[U KP VJG 0QTVJ-%GPVTCN 4GIKQP", ,QWTPCN QH (QTGUVT[, ,WN[/#WIWUV RCIGU 7-14 5EJWV\, #. (1962) 6JG 2TQDNGO QH 5QEKCN 4GCNKV[, /CTVKPWU 0KLJQHH, 6JG *CIWG 5EJWWTOCP, ( GF. (1993) $G[QPF VJG +ORCUUG: 0GY &KTGEVKQPU KP &GXGNQROGPV 6JGQT[, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP 5EJYCTV\, 4. (1994C) %KTENG QH 2TQVGUV: 2QNKVKECN 4KVWCN KP VJG 6KDGVCP 7RTKUKPI, *WTUV & %Q, .QPFQP 5EJYCTV\, 4. (1994D) "6JG #PVK-5RNKVVKUV %CORCKIP CPF 6KDGVCP 2QNKVKECN %QPUEKQWUPGUU", +P $CTPGVV, 4. CPF #MKPGT, 5. (GF.), 4GUKUVCPEG & 4GHQTO KP 6KDGV, *WTUV & %Q, .QPFQP, RCIGU 207-237 5EQVV, /. (1998) 1ZHQTF 9QTFUOKVJ 6QQNU, XGTUKQP 4 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 1ZHQTF 5GGNCPF, −. (1986) "5CETGF 9QTNF 8KGYU & ’EQNQI[ KP 0GRCN", +P 5GGNCPF, −. (GF.), 4GEGPV TGUGCTEJ KP 0GRCN, 9GNVHQTWO 8GTNCI, −QNP, RCIGU 187-198 5GGNCPF, −. (1993) "5CPUMTKVKUCVKQP CPF ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2GTEGRVKQP #OQPI 6KDGVQ-$WTOCP 5RGCMKPI )TQWRU", +P 4CODNG, %. CPF $TCWGP, /. (GF.), #PVJTQRQNQI[ QH 6KDGV CPF VJG *KOCNC[C, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH <WTKEJ, <WTKEJ, RCIGU 123-143 5GYGNN, 9. (1940) 6JG %QPUVTWEVKQP CPF 5VCPFCTFK\CVKQP QH C 5ECNG HQT VJG /GCUWTGOGPV QH VJG 5QEKQ-’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’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 93-94 5JGRJGTF, ). (1986) "(QTGUV 2QNKEKGU, (QTGUV 2QNKVKEU", 5QEKCN (QTGUVT[ 0GVYQTM 0GYUNGVVGT, 0GVYQTM 2CRGT3C
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 418
5JGRRCTF, ’. (1995) ")+5 CPF UQEKGV[: 6QYCTFU C TGUGCTEJ CIGPFC", %CTVQITCRJ[ & )+5, 22 (1) RCIGU 5-16 5JGTOGT, / 2002 6JG 5JCOCPU QH 5EKGPVKUO, 5EKGPVKHKE #OGTKECP, 286 (6) RCIG 35 5JGTRC, .. (2003) "5CETGF $G[WNU CPF $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[ %QPUGTXCVKQP KP VJG *KOCNC[CU", 2TGUGPVGF CV +PVGTPCVKQPCN 9QTMUJQR QP VJG +ORQTVCPEG QH 5CETGF 0CVWTCN 5KVGU HQT $KQFKXGTUKV[ %QPUGTXCVKQP %QPHGTGPEG , −WPOKPI CPF :KUJWCPIDCPPC $KQURJGTG 4GUGTXG, 2GQRNG'U 4GRWDNKE QH %JKPC, 17-20 (GDTWCT[ 2003, 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU ’FWECVKQPCN, 5EKGPVKHKE CPF %WNVWTCN 1TICPK\CVKQP (70’5%1), 2CTKU, 5JK *QPI, &QPI ;QPINK, .K 9GKZKCPI, ;CPI ,KG, .K −CK[WCP, <CP 4WKIWCPI CPF :KCQ %JWPLKG (2003) "6JG IGQITCRJKE RQN[OQTRJKUOU QH ; EJTQOQUQOG CV ;#2 NQEWU COQPI 25 GVJPKE ITQWRU KP ;WPPCP, %JKPC", 5EKGPEG KP %JKPC, % RCIGU 135-140 5JKJ, %-−. (1993) 6JG ;QPIPKPI /QUQ: 5GZWCN 7PKQP, *QWUGJQNF 1TICPK\CVKQP, )GPFGT CPF ’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’PENQUWTG CPF TGEQXGT[ QH VJG EQOOQPU : DKQFKXGTUKV[, KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, CPF KPVGNNGEVWCN RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU, 6JKTF 9QTNF 4GUWTIGPEG, 4GUGCTEJ (QWPFCVKQP HQT 5EKGPEG, 6GEJPQNQI[, CPF ’EQNQI[ 0GY &GNJK (1997C) 84 5JKXC, 8. (1997D) $KQRKTCE[: 6JG 2NWPFGT QH 0CVWTG CPF −PQYNGFIG, 5QWVJ ’PF 2TGUU, $QUVQP /# 5JKXC, 8. (1998C) /QPQEWNVWTGU /QPQRQNKGU /[VJU CPF VJG /CUEWNKPC\CVKQP QH #ITKEWNVWTG =5VCVGOGPV 9QOGP KP #ITKEWNVWTG %QPHGTGPEG 9CUJKPIVQP 28 ,WPG?, 4GUGCTEJ (QWPFCVKQP HQT 5EKGPEG, 6GEJPQNQI[ CPF ’EQNQI[, 0GY &GNJK 5JKXC, 8. (1998D) $GVVKPI QP $KQFKXGTUKV[: 9J[ )GPGVKE ’PIKPGGTKPI 9KNN 0QV (GGF VJG *WPIT[, 4GUGCTEJ (QWPFCVKQP HQT 5EKGPEG, 6GEJPQNQI[ CPF ’EQNQI[, 0GY &GNJK 5JKXC, 8. (2000) "(QTGYQTF: %WNVWTCN &KXGTUKV[ CPF VJG 2QNKVKEU QH −PQYNGFIG", +P &GK, )., *CNN, $. CPF 4QUGPDGTI, &. (GF.), +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIGU KP )NQDCN %QPVGZVU - /WNVKRNG 4GCFKPIU QH 1WT 9QTNF, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 6QTQPVQ 2TGUU RCIGU XKKK-KZ 5JKXC, 8. (2002) 9CVGT 9CTU, 5QWVJ ’PF 2TGUU, $QUVQP /# 5JKXC, 8. CPF $CPF[QRCFJ[C[, ,. (1986) "6JG GXQNWVKQP UVTWEVWTG CPF KORCEV QH VJG %JKRMQ OQXGOGPV", /QWPVCKP 4GUGCTEJ CPF &GXGNQROGPV, 6 (2) RCIGU 133-142 5JKXC, 8. CPF $CPF[QRCFJ[C[, ,. (1986) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN EQPHNKEVU CPF RWDNKE KPVGTGUV UEKGPEG", ’EQPQOKE CPF 2QNKVKECN 9GGMN[, ::+ (,CP) 5JTGUVJC, −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’CTVJ: ’PXKTQPOGPV *KUVQT[ %WNVWTG, $NCEMYGNN, 1ZHQTF 7− 5KOQP, ). (1997) "#P CPIWNCT XGTUKQP QH URCVKCN EQTTGNCVKQPU YKVJ GZCEV UKIPKHKECPEG VGUVU", )GQIT #PCN, 29 RCIGU 267-278 5KOQP, −., (2002) 5GCTEJKPI HQT 5[PGTI[: /CQTK/+PFKIGPQWU CPF 5EKGPVKHKE %QPUGTXCVQT[ 8CNWGU: 4GEQPEKNKPI #HHKPKV[ CPF &KHHGTGPEG!, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CKMCVQ, CV JVVR://YYY.FGXPGV.QTI.P\/EQPH2002/RCRGTU/5KOQPA−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−. (1999) %JCPIKPI #VVKVWFG VQ (QTGUV CPF 0CVWTG: # *KUVQTKECN 4GXKGY YKVJ (QEWU QP ,JCTMJCPF, WPRWDNKUJGF 5MKPPGT, 5. (1982) 6JG .KXKPI ’CTVJ /CPWCN QH (GPI-5JWK, 4QWVNGFIG & −GICP 2CWN, .QPFQP
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 419
5NCVGT, &. (1992C) "1P VJG $QTFGTU QH 5QEKCN 6JGQT[: NGCTPKPI HTQO QVJGT TGIKQPU", ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF 2NCPPKPI &: 5QEKGV[ CPF 5RCEG, 10 RCIGU 307-327 5NCVGT, &. (1992D) "6JGQTKGU QH &GXGNQROGPV CPF 2QNKVKEU QH VJG 2QUV-/QFGTP:", &GXGNQROGPV CPF %JCPIG, 23 (3) RCIGU 283-319 5NCVGT, &. (1995) "6TCLGEVQTKGU QH &GXGNQROGPV 6JGQT[: %CRKVCNKUO 5QEKCNKUO CPF $G[QPF", +P ,QJPUVQP, 4., 6C[NQT, 2. CPF 9CVVU, /. (GF.), )GQITCRJKGU QH )NQDCN %JCPIG, $NCEMYGNN, 1ZHQTF, RCIGU 63-76 5NCVGT, &. (1997) ’ZRNQTKPI 1VJGT <QPGU QH VJG 2QUV-OQFGTP: 2TQDNGOU QH ’VJPQEGPVTKUO CPF &KHHGTGPEG CETQUU VJG 0QTVJ-5QWVJ &KXKFG, 7PKXGTKFCF 0CEKQPCN #WVQPQOC FG /GZKEQ, /GZKEQ 5NCVGT, &. (1998) "2QUV-EQNQPKCN SWGUVKQPU HQT INQDCN VKOGU", 4GXKGY QH +PVGTPCVKQPCN 2QNKVKECN ’EQPQO[, 5 (4 9KPVGT) RCIGU 647-678 5NGCVQT, &, 1996, 6TCPUITGUUKPI VJG $QWPFCTKGU: 6QYCTFU C .KDGTCVQT[ 5EKGPEG JVVR://YYY.RJ[UKEU.P[W.GFW/HCEWNV[/UQMCN/VTCPUITGUUAX2/PQFG6.JVON CEEGUUGF 20VJ /C[ 2006 5OCTVFTCY, (2005) 5OCTV&TCY 5WKVG ’FKVKQP, XGTUKQP 7.2 5OCTVFTCY 5CP &KGIQ, %CNKHQTPKC 5OKN, 8. (1984) 6JG $CF ’CTVJ: ’PXKTQPOGPVCN &GITCFCVKQP KP %JKPC, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP 5OKN, 8. (1993) %JKPC'U ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %TKUKU: #P +PSWKT[ KPVQ VJG .KOKVU QH 0CVKQPCN &GXGNQROGPV 1-56324-041-6, #TOQPM 5JCTR +PE, 0; & .QPFQP 5OKVJ, #. (1986) 6JG ’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’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’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2GTEGRVKQP, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/URGPEGT.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5RGPIGP, 9 XCP (2002) "(TQPVKGT *KUVQT[ QH 5QWVJGTP −JCO: $CPFKVT[ CPF 9CT KP VJG /WNVK-’VJPKE (TKPIG .CPFU QH %JCVTKPI /KNK CPF )[GVJCPI 1890-1940", +P ’RUVGKP, .. (GF.), −JCOU RC *KUVQTKGU: 8KUKQPU QH 2GQRNG 2NCEG CPF #WVJQTKV[, $TKNN, .GKFGP, $QUVQP CPF −QNP, RCIGU 7-29 5RGTNKPI, ’. (1998) 2TKUQPGTU QH 5JCPIK-.C, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU, %JKECIQ 5RQPDGTI, #. CPF *CTFCETG, * GFU. (1988) /CKVTG[C: 6JG (WVWTG $WFFJC, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG 5RQTTQPI, 7. (1997) "&CNGECTNKC KP %GPVTCN 5YGFGP $GHQTG 1800", +P $GTMGU, (. CPF (QNMG, %. (GF.), .KPMKPI 5QEKCN & ’EQNQIKECN 5[UVGOU, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG, RCIGU 67-94 5255, (1989-1999) 5255: &CVC #PCN[UKU YKVJ %QORTGJGPUKXG 5VCVKUVKEU 5QHVYCTG, XGTUKQP 10.0.5 5255 +PE %JKECIQ, +NNKPQKU 60606 5TKPKXCU, /. (1952) 4GNKIKQP CPF 5QEKGV[ COQPI VJG %QQTIU QH 5QWVJ +PFKC, %NCTGPFQP 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF 5VCPMG[, )., $QTPOCPP, $., 4[CP, %., 5JKPFNGT, $., 5VWTVGXCPV, 8., %NCTM, 4. CPF 2JKNRQV, %. (2003) "#FCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV CPF VJG 0QTVJYGUV (QTGUV 2NCP: 4JGVQTKE CPF TGCNKV[", ,QWTPCN QH (QTGUVT[, 101 (1) RCIGU 40-46 JVVR://YYY.VTGGUGCTEJ.HU.HGF.WU/RWDU/6029 CEEGUUGF 14VJ 1EVQDGT 2005 5VGDDKPI, ’. (1922) 6JG (QTGUV QH +PFKC (3 8QNU), ,QJP .CPG 6JG $QFNG[ *GCF, .QPFQP 5VGKP, 4. (1972) 6KDGVCP %KXKNK\CVKQP, (CDGT, .QPFQP 5VGKP, 4. (1990) 6JG 9QTNF KP /KPKCVWTG: %QPVCKPGT )CTFGPU CPF &YGNNKPIU KP (CT ’CUVGTP 6JQWIJV, 5VCPHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 5VCPHQTF 5VGTNKPI, 5. (2001) ’FWECVKQP & 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV, )TGGP $QQMU, &CTVKPIVQP 5VGXGPU, 5. (1993) %NCKOKPI VJG *KIJ )TQWPF: 5JGTRCU 5WDUKUVGPEG CPF ’PXKTQPOGPVCN %JCPIG KP VJG *KIJGUV *KOCNC[C, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 420
5VGXGPU, 5 GF. (1997) %QPUGTXCVKQP VJTQWIJ %WNVWTCN 5WTXKXCN: +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNG CPF 2TQVGEVGF #TGCU, +UNCPF 2TGUU, 9CUJKPIVQP 5VGYCTV, 4.; .[QP, $. CPF 2WTWEMGT, 6. (2000-2002) 5#&# - 5RCVKCN #PCN[UKU CPF &GEKUKQP #UUKUVCPEG, XGTUKQP 3 6JG +PUVKVWVG HQT ’PXKTQPOGPVCN /QFGNNKPI CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 6GPPGUUGG −PQZXKNNG 5VQNNG, &. CPF .GYKU, ,., (WPFCVGF) 5QEKCN %CRKVCN - #P ’OGTIKPI %QPEGRV, CV JVVR://YYY.RTQHU-RQNKUEK.OEIKNN.EC/UVQNNG/5QEKCN%20%CRKVCN%20CPF%20)GPFGT%20EJCRVGT.RFH, CEEGUUGF 19VJ ,WN[ 2004 5VQVV, 2. (1978) 0CVWTG CPF /CP KP 5QWVJGCUV #UKC, 5EJQQN QH 1TKGPVCN CPF #HTKECP 5VWFKGU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH .QPFQP, .QPFQP 5VQVV, 2. (1991) 6JCK %WNVWTG CPF (QTGUV 2TGUGTXCVKQP #UKCP 2CEKHKE %WNVWTG KP 7PGUEQ 45, 5VTCVJGTP, /. (1995) 5JKHVKPI %QPVGZVU, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP 5VTCWUU, 4. (1992) "6KDGV: # 6TCXGN 5WTXKXCN −KV", +P 4, 5. (GF.) .QPGN[ 2NCPGV 2WDNKECVKQPU, #WUVTCNKC, RCIGU 22-29 565%, (1991) 5VCVITCRJKEU: UVCVKUVKECN UQHVYCTG RCEMCIG HQT FCVC CPCN[UKU, UVCVKUVKECN OQFGNNKPI, SWCNKV[ KORTQXGOGPV CPF 5KZ 5KIOC, XGTUKQP 5 565% +PE 5VWCTV, −., $CPOCFQTLK CPF *WCPIEJQLKC (1995) "/QWPVCKP )QFU CPF 6TCPEG /GFKWOU: # 3KPIJCK 6KDGVCP 5WOOGT (GUVKXCN", #UKCP (QNMNQTG 5VWFKGU, 54 RCIGU 219-237 5VWFNG[, ,. (1992) 4GNKIKQWU $GNKGH CPF &GXGNQROGPV: &GXGNQROGPV COQPI #PKOKUVKE/ 5JCOCPKUVKE RGQRNG (YKVJ URGEKCN TGHGTGPEG VQ PQTVJ YGUVGTP 0GRCN (,WONC)), /# &KUUGTVCVKQP, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 4GCFKPI, 4GCFKPI 5VWFNG[, ,. (1994) "2CTCFKIOU", %QOOQPYGCNVJ (QTGUVT[ 4GXKGY, 73 (2) RCIG 73 5VWFNG[, ,. (1995) ")TGGP ’VJKEU", +PUVKVWVG QH %JCTVGTGF (QTGUVGTU 0GYU, 3 RCIG 26 5VWFNG[, ,. (1995C) 4GRQTV QP VJG 2TQRQUGF *QPI[WCP %QWPV[ 5JGNVGT (QTGUV 2TQLGEV, (TKGPFU QH %JKPC, *QPI −QPI 5VWFNG[, ,. (1999C) "(QTGUVU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP KP 59 %JKPC", +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[ 4GXKGY, 1 (4) RCIGU 260-265 5VWFNG[, ,. (1999D) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN &GITCFCVKQP KP 59 %JKPC", %JKPC 4GXKGY, 5RTKPI (12) RCIGU 28-33 5VWFNG[, ,. (2000) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2GTEGRVKQP & %QPUGTXCVKQP ’VJKEU COQPI (QTGUV #EVQTU", +PVGTPCVKQPCN (QTGUVT[ 4GXKGY (5WDOKVVGF), 5VWFNG[, ,. (2002C) 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCVKQP CU FGVGTOKPGF D[ NQECN RGTEGRVKQP CPF MPQYNGFIG KP VJG *GPIFWCP /QWPVCKPU QH %JKPC, 6JG 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCPE[ (75#) #TNKPIVQP (2002C) 5VWFNG[, ,., (2002D) /CRRKPI 6KDGVCP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2GTEGRVKQP, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[//FU1.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5VWFNG[, ,. (2004E) "6JG EJCNNGPIG QH GVJPQHQTGUVT[: 6JG RTGFKECOGPV QH VTCFKVKQPCN, NQECN HQTGUVT[ RTCEVKEGU CTQWPF .WIW .CMG KP %JKPC", 6TGGU: ,QWTPCN QH VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN 6TGG (QWPFCVKQP, 64 RCIGU 16-17 5VWFNG[, ,. (2004F) "6JG EJCNNGPIG QH GVJPQHQTGUVT[ KP %JKPC YKVJ URGEKCN TGHGTGPEG VQ .WIW .CMG (5WDOKVVGF)", 6TGGU 2GQRNG & .KXGNKJQQFU, 5VWFNG[, ,. (2004G) "4GUGTXCVKQPU CDQWV JQOGQRCVJ[", 6TGGU CTG 0GYU, /CTEJ 2004 RCIG 15 5VWFNG[, ,. (2004H) "6JG FCYPKPI QH RQUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[", 3WCTVGTN[ ,QWTPCN QH (QTGUVT[, 98 (2) RCIGU 99-100 5VWFNG[, , (2004I). ’VJPKEKV[ 5VTCVGIKGU KP %JKPC, JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/’VJPKEKV[ 5VTCVGI[.TVH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5VWFNG[, ,., (2004J) )+5 %TKVKSWG, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/)+5 %TKVKSWG.TVH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5VWFNG[, ,., (2005) 6JG *KUVQT[ QH −JCO, CV JVVR://YYY.OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/−JCO *KUVQT[.TVH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5VWFNG[, ,, 4KEJCTFUQP, −. CPF ’YKPI, 5., (1999) 8KIPGVVGU QH $GPIFC, %CTG & 5JCTG (QWPFCVKQP, .QWIJDQTQWIJ CV JVVR://YYY.IGQEKVKGU.EQO/LQJPAHAUVWFNG[/$GPIFC/8KIPGVVGU.JVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 5VWFNG[, ,., ’XCPU, 4. CPF 5VGGPFCO, FG 8TKGU 2 (1995 ) 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG 7UG CPF .KXGNKJQQF 5VTCVGIKGU KP &GPIMG 6QYPUJKR: #P #ITKEWNVWTG (QTGUVT[ CPF 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEG $CUGNKPG 5VWF[, %CTG CPF 5JCTG (QWPFCVKQP, .QWIJDQTQWIJ 5VWFNG[, ,., (QTDGU, $. CPF (KUVQPKEJ, #. 5JKSW %QWPV[ &KUCUVGT 4GNKGH 4GRQTV, (TKGPFU QH %JKPC (QWPFCVKQP *QPI −QPI (1996C) 5VWFNG[, ,., (QTDGU, $., (KUVQPKEJ, #. CPF <K :KCPI &QPI, (1996D) 5JKSW %QWPV[ .KXGUVQEM 2WTEJCUKPI 4GRQTV, (TKGPFU QH %JKPC (QWPFCVKQP, *QPI −QPI 5VWFNG[, ,., 4QYETQHV, 2. CPF 9CTF, −. (2005) "’NKEKVKPI (QTGUV XCNWGU CPF 'EWNVWTCN NQUU' HQT EQOOWPKV[ RNCPVCVKQPU CPF PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP", JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/(QTXCN.2&( CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 421
5VWTIGQP, ,., (2003) 3WCNKV[ %QPVTQN CPF VJG .QUU QH VJG %QOOQPU, $TQYP 7PKXGTUKV[, 2TQXKFGPEG, 4+ 75# CV JVVR://FNE.FNKD.KPFKCPC.GFW/CTEJKXG/00001102/00/,CPGVA5VWTIGQP.RFH , CEEGUUGF 10VJ /C[ 2004 5WDDC, 5. (2000) 6TCPUKVKQP QH )GPFGT 4GNCVKQPU KP 6COCPI QH 0GRCN, WPRWDNKUJGF 5WNVCP, 4., %TCKI, &. CPF 4QUU, *. (1997) "#DQTKIKPCN ,QKPV /CPCIGOGPV QH #WUVTCNKCP 0CVKQPCN 2CTMU: 7NWTW-−CVC 6LWVC", +P 2QUG[, &. CPF &WVHKGNF, ). (GF.), +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU CPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[, +PVGTPCVKQPCN 7PKQP HQT 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCVKQP CPF 0CVWTCN 4GUQWTEGU, 7VTGEJV, RCIGU 326-338 5W\WMK, &. CPF −PWFUQP, 2. (1992) 6JG 9KUFQO QH VJG ’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−PQYNGFIG & &GXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT, 2 (1) RCIG 2 6CLHGN, * GF. (1978) &KHHGTGPVKCVKQP DGVYGGP 5QEKCN )TQWRU: ’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’PXKTQPOGPVCN GVJKEU: UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ EQORGVKVKQP & HQTGUVT[ EQPHGTGPEG , %GPVTG HQT #RRNKGF ’VJKEU: 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 23/24/10/92, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC, JVVR://YYY.GVJKEU.WDE.EC/RCRGTU/UWUFGX.JVON#VCWDGPGEM , CEEGUUGF 14VJ 0QX 2004 6C[NQT, &. (1994) 1HH %QWTUG: 4GUVQTKPI $CNCPEG DGVYGGP %CPCFKCP 5QEKGV[ CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, +&4% JVVR://YGD.KFTE.EC/GU/GX-9340-201-1-&1A612+%.JVON, CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 6C[NQT, (. (1911) 6JG 2TKPEKRNGU QH 5EKGPVKHKE /CPCIGOGPV, *CTRGT, 0GY ;QTM 6C[NQT, ,. (1993C) "5QEKCN CEVKXKUO CPF TGUKUVCPEG QP VJG 6JCK HTQPVKGT: 6JG ECUG QH 2JTC 2TCLCM −JWVVCLKVVQ", %TKVKECN #UKCP 5VWFKGU, 25 (2) RCIGU 3-16 6C[NQT, 2. (1991) "# FKUVQTVGF YQTNF QH MPQYNGFIG", ,QWTPCN QH )GQITCRJ[ KP *KIJGT ’FWECVKQP, 15 RCIGU 85-90 6C[NQT, 2. CPF $WVVGN, (. (1992) "*QY FQ YG MPQY YG JCXG GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU", )GQHQTWO, 23 RCIG 405 6GKUEJ, ,. (1997) ".QEMG'U .GICE[: 6JG RTQRGTV[ PCTTCVKXG KP #OGTKEC", 2TGUGPVGF CV #5’*'U )QXGTPOGPV, 5EKGPEG, CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV 5VJ-9VJ /CTEJ 1997 %QPHGTGPEG , 4CFKUUQP 2NC\C .QTF $CNVKOQTG *QVGN, $CNVKOQTG /&, #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT ’PXKTQPOGPVCN *KUVQT[(#5’*), 6GTPQP, ;. (1989) "4GHNGEVKQPU QP )GPQEKFG", +P %JCNKCPF, ). (GF.), /KPQTKV[ 2GQRNGU KP VJG #IG QH 0CVKQP 5VCVG, 2NWVQ 2TGUU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 126-148 6JG ’EQPQOKUV (1999) "6KDGVCP 6KPFGTDQZ", 6JG ’EQPQOKUV (19/6/1999) 6JG 2TKPEG QH 9CNGU, (2002) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 17VJ &GE 2002 CDQWV $2, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/RQY.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 6JG ; EJTQOQUQOG EQPUQTVKWO (2002) "# 0QOGPENCVWTG 5[UVGO HQT VJG 6TGG QH *WOCP ;-%JTQOQUQOCN $KPCT[ *CRNQITQWRU", )GPQOG 4GUGCTEJ, 12 RCIGU 339-348 6JKGDGTIGT, 0. (1990) ".CPIWCIG OCKPVGPCPEG: 9J[ DQVJGT !", /WNVKNKPIWC, 9 (4) RCIGU 333-358 6JKGTT[, (. (1989) "’ORKTG CPF /KPQTKV[ KP %JKPC", +P %JCNKCPF, ). (GF.), /KPQTKV[ 2GQRNGU KP VJG #IG QH 0CVKQP 5VCVGU, 2NWVQ 2TGUU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 76-99 6JQOCU, −. (1983) /CP CPF VJG 0CVWTCN 9QTNF, 2GPIWKP, *CTOQPFUYQTVJ 6JQORUQP, ’. (1975) 9JKIU CPF *WPVGTU, *CTOQPFUYQTVJ, .QPFQP 6JQORUQP, ’. (1991) %WUVQOU KP %QOOQP, /GTNKP, .QPFQP 6JQORUQP, ,. (1996) 2CTVKEKRCVQT[ #RRTQCEJGU KP )QXGTPOGPV $WTGCWETCEKGU: (CEKNKVCVKPI VJG 2TQEGUU QH +PUVKVWVKQPCN %JCPIG (&TCHV), +PVGTPCVKQPCN +PUVKVWVG HQT ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV (++’&), .QPFQP 6JQPFWR, 6WNMW (1987) $WFFJKUV %KXKNK\CVKQP KP 6KDGV, 4QWVNGFIG & −GICP 2CWN, .QPFQP 6JQTGCW, *. (1854) 9CNFGP QT .KHG KP VJG 9QQFU, .QPFQP (QNKQ 5QEKGV[, .QPFQP 6JQTGCW, *. (1858) "%JGUWPEQQM", #VNCPVKE /QPVJN[, 2 (8910) RCIG 1-12 224-233 305-3 6KGTPG[, 9. ). & .KPEQNP, ;.5. (’FU.) 1997, 4GRTGUGPVCVKQP CPF VJG VGZV. #NDCP[: 570; 2TGUU.
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 422
6KODGTNCMG, .. CPF 6KPMGT, ,. (1984) ’PXKTQPOGPV & %QPHNKEV: .KPMU DGVYGGP ’EQNQIKECN &GEC[ ’PXKTQPOGPVCN $CPMTWRVE[ CPF 2QNKVKECN & /KNKVCT[ +PUVCDKNKV[, ’CTVJUECP, .QPFQP 6+0 (1996) $NK\\CTFU: 25000 /QTG 0QOCFU 5VTCPFGF KP 5GTUJWN, 6+0 0GYU 7RFCVG, 6KDGV +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM (03/03/1996) 6+0 (1998) 6KDGV 5PQYUVQTO: #KF #IGPEKGU CPF 5QNFKGTU 6CEMNG %TKUKU, 6+0 0GYU 7RFCVG, 6KDGV +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM, .QPFQP (13/3/1998) 6+0 (1998) *CTUJ 2WPKUJOGPV HQT ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGUV, 6+0 0GYU 7RFCVG, 6KDGV +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM, .QPFQP (15/12/1998) 6+0, (1999) (15/6/1999) 6KDGVCPU QRRQUG 9QTNF $CPM 2TQLGEV, 15/6/99, 6KDGV +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM, .QPFQP 6+0 (2000) %JKPC'U )TGCV .GCR 9GUV, 6KDGV +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM (6+0), .QPFQP 6+0 (2000) %JKPC'U )TGCV .GCR 9GUV, 6+0, .QPFQP 6+0 (2002) 5GPKQT 4KPRQEJG &GVCKPGF QP '$QODKPI' %JCTIGU, 6+0 0GYU 7RFCVG, 6KDGV +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM, .QPFQP (5/5/2002) 6+0 (2003) &GCVJ 5GPVGPEGU HQT 5CDQVCIKPI %JKPC'U 7PKV[ CPF 6GTTQTKUO, 6KDGV +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM, 6KDGV +PHQTOCVKQP 0GVYQTM (27/1/2003) 6KPFCNN, &. # 4GRQTV QP VJG (QTGUV 8CNWGU 3WGUVKQPPCKTG: &GXGNQROGPV, #FOKPKUVTCVKQP, CPF ’XCNWCVKQP, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 8CPEQWXGT, $% %CPCFC 866 1<4 (WPFCVGF) JVVR://HCEWNV[.CTVU.WDE.EC/VKPFCNN/TR/HXR/TGRQTV.JVO CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 6KUFGNN, %. (1996) "’EQVQWTKUO ’EQPQOKEU CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV: 1DUGTXCVKQPU HTQO %JKPC", ,QWTPCN QH 6TCXGN 4GUGCTEJ, 34 (4) RCIGU 11-19 60%, (2005) 4QDGTV /QUGNG[, 6JG 0CVWTG %QPUGTXCPE[ (75#), #TNKPIVQP 8# CV JVVR://YYY.PCVWTG.QTI/VPEUEKGPEG/UEKGPVKUVU/OKUE/OQUGNG[.JVON , CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,CP 2005 6QDKP, − GF. (1993) 6JG 2TCEVKEG QH %QPUVTWEVKXKUO KP 5EKGPEG ’FWECVKQP, .CYTGPEG ’TNDCWO #UUQEKCVGU, *KNNUKFG 0* 6QGNMGP, $. (1976) "5GGKPI 9KVJ C 0CVKXG ’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’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’CVGTU!", *KOCNC[CP ’PXKTQPOGPV & %WNVWTG, 5GRV/1EV RCIGU 8-11 6UGTKPI 5JCM[C (1999) 6JG &TCIQP KP VJG .CPF QH 5PQYU, 2GPIWKP %QORCUU, *CTOQPFUYQTVJ 6UGTKPI 5JCM[C, (2002) $NQQF KP VJG 5PQYU, +P 0GY .GHV 4GXKGY 15: /C[-,WPG 2002, CV JVVR://YYY.PGYNGHVTGXKGY.PGV/0.424902.UJVON , CEEGUUGF 15VJ ,WN[ 2004 6UGTKPI, 6. (1985) "0CI-4QP /IQP-2Q 4PCO- 4I[CN: # 19VJ EGPVWT[ −JCOU-2C 9CTTKQT", +P #\K\, $. CPF −CRUVGKP, /. (GF.), 5QWPFKPIU KP 6KDGVCP EKXKNK\CVKQP, /CPQJCT, &GNJK, RCIGU 196-214 6UKPI, #. (1993) +P VJG 4GCNO QH VJG &KCOQPF 3WGGP, 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 2TKPEGVQP 6W 9GKOKPI (1998) #P #NVGTPCVKXG 8KGY QH /QFGTPKV[ (TQO C %QPHWEKCP 2GTURGEVKXG, *CTXCTF %JKPC 4GXKGY, %CODTKFIG /# 6WCP, ;K-(W (1968) "&KUETGRCPEKGU DGVYGGP GPXKTQPOGPVCN CVVKVWFG CPF DGJCXKQWT: ’ZCORNGU HTQO ’WTQRG CPF %JKPC", %CPCFKCP )GQITCRJGT, 12 (3) RCIGU 176-191 6WEEK, ). (1980) 6JG 4GNKIKQPU QH 6KDGV, 4QWVNGFIG CPF −GICP 2CWN, .QPFQP 6WEMGT, /. CPF $GTVJTQPI, ,. (1998) %QPHWEKCPKUO & ’EQNQI[, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /# 6WEMGT, /. CPF 9KNNKCOU, &. (1998) $WFFJKUO & ’EQNQI[ : 6JG +PVGTEQPPGEVKQP QH &JCTOC CPF &GGFU, *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG /#
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 423
6WEMGT, /. CPF )TKO, ,., (2001) +PVTQFWEVKQP: 6JG ’OGTIKPI #NNKCPEG QH 9QTNF 4GNKIKQPU CPF ’EQNQI[, +P &CGFCNWU (9GD XGTUKQP) (CNN, JVVR://YYY.COCECF.QTI/RWDNKECVKQPU/HCNN2001/VWEMGT-ITKO.CURZ , CEEGUUGF 22PF &GE 2004 6WEMGT, 8. (1999) "6JG /[VJ QH &GXGNQROGPV: # %TKVKSWG QH C ’WTQEGPVTKE &KUEQWTUG", +P /WPEM, 4. CPF 1'*GCTP, &. (GF.), %TKVKECN &GXGNQROGPV 6JGQT[, <GF $QQMU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 1-26 6WTPDWNN, %. (1972) 6JG /QWPVCKP 2GQRNG, 2CNCFKP, .QPFQP 6WTPGT, (. (1996) 6JG (TQPVKGT KP #OGTKECP *KUVQT[, &QXGT 2WDNKECVKQPU, /KPGQNC, 0GY ;QTM 6WTPGT, *. (1974) .KXKPI 6TKDCN 4GNKIKQPU, 9CTF .QEM ’FWECVKQPCN, .QPFQP 6WTPGT, 8. (1977) 6JG 4KVWCN 2TQEGUU, %QTPGNN 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, +VJCEC 6[NQT, ’. (1871) 2TKOKVKXG %WNVWTG, ,QJP /WTTC[, .QPFQP 7EJKFC, ’., ,KPVCQ :W CPF 4Q\GNNG, 5. (2004) )TCKP HQT )TGGP: %QUV-’HHGEVKXGPGUU CPF 5WUVCKPCDKNKV[ QH %JKPC'U %QPUGTXCVKQP 5GV-#UKFG 2TQITCO, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC, &CXKU 7GVC, −. (1989) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN RQNKE[ RNCPPKPI KP ,CRCP", 2TGUGPVGF CV 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QPHGTGPEG QP 2WDNKE 2QNKE[ 2NCPPKPI %QPHGTGPEG , 6CKRGK, 6’;4 & CPF ’%, RCIGU 429-458, 7NNWYKUJGYC, 4., (1993) +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG PCVKQPCN +− TGUQWTEG EGPVTGU CPF UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV, +P +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG CPF &GXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT 1 (3), +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG CPF &GXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT, 0GVJGTNCPFU CV JVVR://YYY.PWHHKE.PN/EKTCP/KMFO/1-3/CTVKENGU/WNNWYKUJGYC.JVON , CEEGUUGF 15VJ &GE 1999 7OCPU, .. (1992) #PCN[UKU CPF 6[RQNQI[ QH +PFKIGPQWU (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV KP VJG *WOKF 6TQRKEU QH #UKC, /KPKUVT[ QH #ITKEWNVWTG, 0CVWTG /CPCIGOGPV, CPF (KUJGTKGU (+−%, 0$.() CPF $15 (QWPFCVKQP, 9CIGPKPIGP 7OCPU, .. (1997) "6JG TCRKF CRRTCKUCN QH C MPQYNGFIG U[UVGO: VJG JGCNVJ U[UVGO QH )WCTCPK +PFKCPU KP $QNKXKC", +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG & &GXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT, 5 (3) RCIGU 11-14 7OCPU, .. (1998) "2CTVKEKRCVQT[ RTQEGUU CPCN[UKU", (QTGUV 6TGGU & 2GQRNG 0GYUNGVVGT, 35 70, (1993) &TCHV &GENCTCVKQP QP VJG *WOCP 4KIJVU QH +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU, 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU %QOOKUUKQP QP *WOCP 4KIJVU, )GPGXC 70, (1994) *WOCP 4KIJVU: # %QORKNCVKQP QH +PVGTPCVKQPCN +PUVTWOGPVU 8QN 1: 7PKXGTUCN +PUVTWOGPVU, %GPVTG HQT *WOCP TKIJVU 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU, 0GY ;QTM & )GPGXC 70, (1994) &TCHV &GENCTCVKQP QH 2TKPEKRNGU QP *WOCP 4KIJVU CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU, )GPGXC 70’2, (1997) 6JG $KQFKXGTUKV[ #IGPFC: &KUEWUUKQPU (TQO VJG 3TF /GGVKPI QH VJG %QPHGTGPEG QH VJG 2CTVKGU VQ VJG %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[, 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQITCOOG, )GPGXC 70’2/%$&, (1996) %QORKNCVKQPU QH +PVGTPCVKQPCN )WKFGNKPGU %QPEGTPKPI +PFKIGPQWU CPF .QECN %QOOWPKVKGU &QE 70’2/%$&/%12/3/+0(24, %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[/7PKVGF 0CVKQP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQITCOOG, /QPVTGCN 70’5%1 (1994) 1RGTCVKQPCN )WKFGNKPGU HQT VJG +ORNGOGPVCVKQP QH VJG 9QTNF *GTKVCIG %QPXGPVKQP, 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU ’FWECVKQPCN, 5EKGPVKHKE CPF %WNVWTCN 1TICPK\CVKQP, 2CTKU 70’5%1 (1996) 5CETGF 5KVGU - %WNVWTCN +PVGITKV[, $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[. 2TQITCOOG 2TQRQUCN, 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU ’FWECVKQPCN, 5EKGPVKHKE CPF %WNVWTCN 1TICPK\CVKQP, 2CTKU 7RVQP, ). CPF (KPINGVQP, $. (1985) 5RCVKCN &CVC #PCN[UKU D[ ’ZCORNG 8QNWOG 1: 2QKPV 2CVVGTP CPF 3WCPVKVCVKXG &CVC, 9KNG[, 6QTQPVQ 5KPICRQTG $TKUDCPG 0GY ;QTM %JKEJGUVGT 7RVQP, ,. (1996) "*QOG QP VJG )TCUUNCPFU! 6TCFKVKQP /QFGTPKV[ CPF VJG 0GIQVKCVKQP QH +FGPVKV[ $[ 6KDGVCP +PVGNNGEVWCNU KP VJG 24%", +P $TQYP, /. (GF.), 0GIQVKCVKPI ’VJPKEKVKGU KP %JKPC CPF 6CKYCP, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC, $GTMGNG[, RCIGU 98-124 75’, (2000) 6TGGU XU 2GQRNG- 24% 0CVWTCN (QTGUV 2TQVGEVKQP, 75 ’ODCUU[, $GKLKPI 75) (1964) 9+.&’40’55 #%6 (2.. 88-577, 78 5VCV. 890; 16 7.5.%. 1 1 21 (PQVG), 1 1 31-1136)6Q GUVCDNKUJ C 0CVKQPCN 9KNFGTPGUU 2TGUGTXCVKQP 5[UVGO HQT VJG RGTOCPGPV IQQF QH VJG YJQNG RGQRNG, CPF HQT QVJGT RWTRQUGU., , 5GPCVG CPF *QWUG QH 4GRTGUGPVCVKXGU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU QH #OGTKEC (75)) (5GRVGODGT 3, 1964) JVVR://YYY.YKNFGTPGUU.PGV/0925/FQEWOGPVU/RWDNKENCYU/88-577.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 7UJGT, 4. CPF ’FYCTFU, 4. (1994) 2QUVOQFGTPKUO CPF ’FWECVKQP, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP XCP )GPPWR, #. (1960) 6JG 4KVGU QH 2CUUCIG, 4QWVNGFIG CPF −GICP 2CWN, .QPFQP 8CTVCM, 8. CPF )CFIKN, /. (1981) "5VWFKGU QP 5CETGF )TQXGU CNQPI VJG 9GUVGTP )JCVU HTQO /CJCTCUJVTC CPF )QC: 4QNG QH $GNKGHU CPF (QNMNQTG", +P ,CKP, 5. (GF.), )NKORUGU QH +PFKCP ’VJPQDQVCP[, +$* 2WDNKUJKPI %QORCP[, 0GY &GNJK CPF 1ZHQTF, RCIGU 271-278 8GTOCPFG, $. (1997) 6JG ;K'U 1H .KCPIUJCP 2TGHGEVWTG, 6JG 4KEEK $WNNGVKP 1997, 6CKRGK 4KEEK +PUVKVWVG 6CKRGK JVVR://YYY.TKEEKDCUG.EQO/FQEHKNG/GVJ-[K13.JVO (%JKPGUG) CEEGUUGF 1UV 5GRV 2004 8GTOCPFGT, $. (2000) "’PXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP CPF VJG %JKPGUG FGXGNQROGPV OQFGN: 5WRGTHKEKCN VJQWIJVU QH CP QDUGTXGT HTQO #DTQCF", 2TGUGPVGF CV 5#55 %QPHGTGPEG QP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGEVKQP CPF &GXGNQROGPV %QPHGTGPEG , %JGPIFW, 5KEJWCP #ECFGO[ QH 5QEKCN 5EKGPEG CPF 4KEEK KPUVKVWVG 6CKRGK,
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 424
8GTOGGT, ’. (1990) "/CPCIGOGPV QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNNWVKQP KP %JKPC: RTQDNGOU CPF CDCVGOGPV RQNKEKGU", %JKPC +PHQTOCVKQP, 5 (1) RCIGU 34-65 8KIQFC, /. (1989) "4GNKIKQWU CPF 5QEKQ-%WNVWTCN 4GUVTCKPVU QP ’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’FKVKQP), 9 *GHHGT & 5QPU, %CODTKFIG 9CFNG[, 5. (1985) 5JCMVK: 2QYGT KP VJG %QPEGRVWCN 5VTWEVWTG QH −CTKORWT 4GNKIKQP, /WPUJKTCJ /CPQJCTNCN, 0GY &GNJK 9CNNCEG, 2. (1986) 6JG 9JKVG 4QQVU QH 2GCEG. , %JCWPEG[ 2TGUU., 5CTCPCE .CMG, 0;: 9CNUJ, 4. CPF 8CWIJCP, (. (1993) 2CVJU $G[QPF ’IQ, 2GPIWKP 2WVOCP +PE, 0GY ;QTM 9CNVGTU, %. (1986) #FCRVKXG /CPCIGOGPV QH 4GPGYCDNG 4GUQWTEGU, /E)TCY-*KNN, 0GY ;QTM 9CPI *QPIEJCPI, &GHQTGUVCVKQP CPF &GUKEECVKQP KP %JKPC, CV JVVR://YYY.NKDTCT[.WVQTQPVQ.EC/REU/UVCVG/EJKPCGEQ/HQTGUV.JVO , CEEGUUGF 2PF 1EV 2000 9CPIW /CFJW $C\C\, (1993) $WFFJKUO, (CEVU QP (KNG, 0GY ;QTM 1ZHQTF 9CTF, (. (1931) 2NCPV *WPVKPI KP VJG 9KNFU, (KIWTGJGCF, .QPFQP 9CTF, −. CPF %JCWFT[, 2. (2001) 6[RQNQI[ 5VWF[ HQT ;’&2 2KNQV 2TQLGEVU KP ;WPPCP, ;’&2 CPF 59− −WPOKPI CPF .QPFQP 9CTTGP, &. (1992) "+PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP & FGXGNQROGPV (−G[PQVG CFFTGUU)", 2TGUGPVGF CV %QPUGTXCVKQP QH $KQFKXGTUKV[ KP #HTKEC: .QECN +PKVKCVKXGU CPF +PUVKVWVKQPU %QPHGTGPEG, 0CKTQDK 0CVKQPCN /WUGWOU QH −GP[C, 9CTTGP, &., 5NKMMGTXGGT, .. CPF $TQMGPUJC, &. (1995) 6JG %WNVWTCN &KOGPUKQP QH &GXGNQROGPV : +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 5[UVGOU, +PVGTOGFKCVKQP 6GEJPQNQI[ 2WDNKECVKQPU, .QPFQP 9CVCPDG, *. (1974) "6JG EQPEGRVKQP QH PCVWTG KP ,CRCPGUG EWNVWTG", 5EKGPEG, 183 RCIGU 279-282 9CVVGTU, &. (2002) # )TCOOCT QH −JCO, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG 9CVVU, /. (1995) "# 0GY &GCN KP ’OQVKQPU 6JGQT[ CPF 2TCEVKEG CPF VJG %TKUKU QH &GXGNQROGPV", +P %TWUJ, ,. (GF.), 2QYGT QH &GXGNQROGPV, 4QWVNGFIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 44-62 9C[OCP, #. (1967) "5KIPKHKECPEG QH &TGCOU KP +PFKC CPF 6KDGV", *KUVQT[ QH 4GNKIKQPU 7: 1-12, 7 RCIGU 1-12 9C[UWP .KCQ (1990) 6JCK %JK %NCUUKEU, 5JCODJCNC, $GTMGNG[ CPF .QPFQP 9C[UWP .KCQ (1995) 6JG ’UUGPEG QH 6CK %JK, 5JCODJCNC, $GTMGNG[ CPF .QPFQP 9%& (2000) &COU CPF &GXGNQROGPV: # 0GY (TCOGYQTM: 6JG 4GRQTV QH VJG 9QTNF %QOOKUUKQP QP &COU (9%&), ’CTVJUECP 2WDNKECVKQPU .VF, .QPFQP CPF 5VGTNKPI, 8# 9GDGT, /. (1930) 6JG 2TQVGUVCPV ’VJKE CPF VJG 5RKTKV QH %CRKVCNKUO, )GQTIG #NNGP & 7PYKP, .QPFQP 9GDGT, /. (1972) 9KTVUEJCHV 7PF )GUGNNUEJCHV, ,.%.$. /QJT (2CWN 5KGDGEM), 6×DKPIGP 9GKLKG &GPI (2003) "%JCNNGPIKPI VJG 0CVKQPCN .QIIKPI $CP KP %JKPC: #P ’ZRGTKGPEG QH %QOOWPKV[-$CUGF 0CVWTCN (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV KP 5KEJWCP 2TQXKPEG", 2TGUGPVGF CV :++ 9QTNF (QTGUVT[ %QPITGUU %QPHGTGPEG, 3WÃDGE %KV[, %CPCFC ^ 21 - 28 5GRVGODGT 2003, 9GKPGT, &., 9CTPGT, 6., *CTTKU, 6. CPF .GXKP, 4. (1995) "#RCTVJGKF TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU KP C FKIKVCN NCPFUECRG: )+5 4GOQVG 5GPUKPI CPF .QECN −PQYNGFIG KP −KGRGTUQN 5 #HTKEC", %CTVQITCRJ[ & )+5, 22 (1) RCIGU 30-44 9GKT, #. (2002) *GPT[ 8VJ: −KPI CPF %QWTV, 2KONKEQ, .QPFQP 9GNNGPU, −. (2002) "6JG 2TGOK", +P ’ODGT, %., ’ODGT, /. CPF 5MQIICTF, +. (GF.), ’PE[ENQRGFKC QH 9QTNF %WNVWTGU: 5WRRNGOGPV (*WOCP 4GNCVKQPU #TGC (KNGU), /CEOKNNCP, 0GY ;QTM, 9GNNGPU, −. (2003) 2GTUQPCN %QOOWPKECVKQP QP 21UV 0QX 2003 CDQWV 2WOK *CPIWK, CV JVVR://OGODGTU.N[EQU.EQ.WM/LQJPHUVWFNG[/DNQI/YGNNGPU211103.VZV CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 9GNNGT, 4. (1999) #NVGTPCVKXG %KXKNKVKGU: &GOQETCE[ CPF %WNVWTG KP %JKPC CPF 6CKYCP, 9GUVXKGY 2TGUU, $QWNFGT, %QNQTCFQ 9GNNGT, 5 CPF 4QOPG[, #− 1988. 5[UVGOCVKE &CVC %QNNGEVKQP, 0GYDWT[ 2CTM, %#: 5CIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU. 9GP $Q, 5WRRQTVKPI %JKPC'U ’PXKTQPOGPVCN *GTQGU, CV JVVR://YYY.RCEKHKEGPXKTQPOGPV.QTI/EJKPC/KPVTQ.JVO , CEEGUUGF 7VJ #WI 2004 9GP $Q (1996) 4CEKPI VQ UCXG VJG ;WPPCP UPWD-PQUGF OQPMG[, 9QTNF 9KNFNKHG (WPF $GKLKPI 9GP $Q (2000) "%JKPC'U ;QWPI )TGGP 9CTTKQTU", 6KOG #UKC, 156 (16) 9GP, &. CPF 2KOGPVGN, &. (1996) "5GXGPVGGPVJ %GPVWT[ 1TICPKE #ITKEWNVWTG KP %JKPC", +P $CVGU, &. CPF .GGU, 5. (GF.), %CUG 5VWFKGU KP *WOCP ’EQNQI[, 2NGPWO 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM, RCIGU 311-325
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 425
9GPDCP-5OKVJ , , GF., (2001) (QTGUVU QH (GCT: VJG CDWUG QH JWOCP TKIJVU KP HQTGUV EQPHNKEVU, (’40, /QTGVQP KP /CTUJ CV JVVR://YYY.HGTP.QTI/RWDU/TGRQTVU/HGCT.RFH CEEGUUGF 22PF #WIWUV 2005 9GUVQD[, ,. (1987) 6JG 2WTRQUG QH (QTGUVU - (QNNKGU QH &GXGNQROGPV, $CUKN $NCEMYGNN .VF, 1ZHQTF 9JKVG, .. (1967) "6JG JKUVQTKE TQQVU QH QWT GEQNQIKECN ETKUKU", 5EKGPEG, 155 RCIGU 1203-1207 9KGPGT, ,. (1999) "2TQRGTV[ #IGPE[ 6KOG %WNVWTG 5RKTKV", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN & 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[ 2WDNKECVKQPU/7PKVGF 0CVKQP ’PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQITCOOG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 520-524 9KGPGT, /. (1981) ’PINKUJ %WNVWTG CPF VJG &GENKPG QH VJG +PFWUVTKCN 5RKTKV 1850-1980, %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, %CODTKFIG 9KGTUWO, −. (1997) "0QTOCVKXG RNWTKHQTOKV[ KP HQTGUV OCPCIGOGPV: 2TQHGUUKQPCN CPF %QOOWPKV[ RGTURGEVKXGU", 2TGUGPVGF CV 2NWTCNKUO CPF 5WUVCKPCDNG (QTGUVT[ CPF 4WTCN &GXGNQROGPV: 4QOG: &GEGODGT 9-12 1997 %QPHGTGPEG 9KGTUWO, −. (2000) "+PEQTRQTCVKPI +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG KP (QTOCN (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV: #FCRVCVKQP 1T 2CTCFKIO %JCPIG KP 6TQRKECN (QTGUVT[!", +P .CYTGPEG, # GF. (GF.), (QTGUVT[ (QTGUV 7UGTU CPF 4GUGCTEJ: 0GY 9C[U QH .GCTPKPI, ’WTQRGCP 6TQRKECN (QTGUV 4GUGCTEJ 0GVYQTM (’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’NWUKXG %QPEGRV 6JCV +U (KPFKPI C *QOG KP ’EQU[UVGO /CPCIGOGPV", ,QWTPCN QH (QTGUVT[, 96 (5) RCIGU 18-24 CEEGUUGF 6349 5&1 9KNNKCOU, 2. (1989) /CJC[CPC $WFFJKUO, 4QWVNGFIG & −GICP 2CWN, .QPFQP 9KNNKCOU, 4. (1976) −G[YQTFU, (QPVCPC 2TGUU, .QPFQP 9KNNKU, ,. (1995) ’PNKIJVGPGF $GKPIU: .KHG 5VQTKGU (TQO VJG )CPFGP 6TCFKVKQP, 9KUFQO, .QPFQP 9KNOJWTUV, 9. (1980) 6JG /GCPKPI QH /CUQPT[, )TCOGTE[ $QQMU, 0GY ;QTM 9KNUQP, 5. (2001) "9JCV KU CP +PFKIGPQWU TGUGCTEJ OGVJQFQNQI[!", %CPCFKCP ,QWTPCN QH 0CVKXG ’FWECVKQP, 25 RCIGU 175-179 9KODGT, ,. (1985) 2QYGT ’XCPIGNKUO, *QFFGT & 5VQWIJVQP, .QPFQP 9KPMNGT, &. (1998C) "6JG (QTGUVU QH VJG ’CUVGTP 2CTV QH VJG 6KDGVCP 2NCVGCW - # ECUG UVWF[ HTQO ,WK\JCKIQW", 2NCPV 4GUGCTEJ & &GXGNQROGPV, 47/48 RCIGU 184-210 9KPMNGT, &. (1998D) "6JG (QTGUVU QH VJG 6KDGVCP 2NCVGCW", +P %NCTMG, ). (GF.), *WOCP +ORCEV CPF &GHQTGUVCVKQP KP 2CUV CPF 2TGUGPV, 1UVGTTGKEJKUEJG #MCFGOKG FGT 9KUUGPUEJCHVGP, $CPF, RCIGU 79-96 9KVVDGEMGT, #. (1997) "(QTGUV 2TCEVKEGU 4GNCVGF VQ (QTGUV ’EQU[UVGO 2TQFWEVKXKV[", +P &TGPIUQP, #. CPF 6C[NQT, &. (GF.), ’EQHQTGUVT[: 6JG CTV CPF UEKGPEG QH UWUVCKPCDNG HQTGUV WUG, 0GY 5QEKGV[ 2WDNKUJGTU, %CPCFC, RCIGU 42-56 9KVVG, ,. (1992) "&GHQTGUVCVKQP KP <CKTG: .QIIKPI CPF .CPFNGUUPGUU"", 6JG ’EQNQIKUV, 22 (2) RCIGU 58-64 9NGEJ, *. CPF 5GKFGN, #. (1979) (CEGVU QH 6CQKUO, ;CNG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY *CXGP, %QPP 9QGNHGN, ,. (2000C) 6JQWIJV8KGY 2000: 6JG 2TGOKGT 2GTEGRVWCN /CR 8KGYGT, 6JG )CNKNGQ %QORCP[ #OJGTUV 0; 9QGNHGN, ,. (2000D) )CNKNGQ 2000: 5VTCVGIKE 2GTEGRVWCN /CRRKPI 5[UVGO, 6JG )CNKNGQ %QORCP[ #OJGTUV 0; 9QGNHGN, ,. CPF $CTPGVV, ). (1982) "/WNVKFKOGPUKQPCN 5ECNKPI KP 4KGOCPP 5RCEG", 3WCNKV[ & 3WCPVKV[, 16 RCIGU 461-491 9QGNHGN, ,. CPF (KPM, ’. (1980) 6JG /GCUWTGOGPV QH %QOOWPKECVKQP 2TQEGUUGU: )CNKNGQ 6JGQT[ & /GVJQF, #ECFGOKE 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM 9QNH, ’. (1982) ’WTQRG CPF VJG 2GQRNG YKVJQWV *KUVQT[, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, .QPFQP 9QNHG, ,., $GEJCTF, ,., %K\GM, 2. CPF %QNG, &. (1992) +PFKIGPQWU CPF 9GUVGTP −PQYNGFIG CPF 4GUQWTEG /CPCIGOGPV 5[UVGOU 4WTCN 4GRQTVKPIU 0CVKXG %CPCFKCP +UUWGU 5GTKGU 1, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH )WGNRJ, )WGNRJ 1PV 9QNHH, 2. CPF /GFKP, &. (2000) "/GCUWTKPI VJG ’XQNWVKQP CPF &GXQNWVKQP QH (QNMDKQNQIKECN −PQYNGFIG", +P /CHHK, .. (GF.), .CPIWCIG, MPQYNGFIG CPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV: 6JG KPVGTFGRGPFGPEG QH $KQNQIKECN CPF %WNVWTCN &KXGTUKV[, 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVKQP 2TGUU., 9CUJKPIVQP &%, RCIGU 260-278 9QODNG, 9. (1951) "&KHHGTGPVKCVKPI U[UVGOKEU", 5EKGPEG, 114 RCIGU 315-322 9QQFDGTT[, ,. (1989) /WUNKOU CPF %JTKUVKCPU QP VJG ’OOCWU 4QCF, /#4%, /QPTQXKC %# 9QTNF $CPM (1978) (QTGUVT[: 5GEVQT 2QNKE[ 2CRGT, 9QTNF $CPM, 9CUJKPIVQP &% 9QTNF $CPM (1989) 1988 #PPWCN 4GRQTV, 9QTNF $CPM 9CUJKPIVQP 9QTNF $CPM (1990) 9QTNF &GXGNQROGPV 4GRQTV 1990, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM 9QTNF $CPM (1991) 9QTNF &GXGNQROGPV 4GRQTV 1991, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM 9QTNF $CPM (1992) 9QTNF &GXGNQROGPV 4GRQTV 1992, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 426
9QTNF $CPM (1993) 9QTNF &GXGNQROGPV 4GRQTV 1993, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 0GY ;QTM 9QTNF $CPM (2004) +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU, CV JVVR://NPYGD18.YQTNFDCPM.QTI/’55&/UFXGZV.PUH/63$[&QE0COG/−G[%QPEGRVU , CEEGUUGF 3TF /CTEJ 2005 9QTUVGT, &. (1993) 6JG 9GCNVJ QH 0CVWTG: ’PXKTQPOGPVCN *KUVQT[ CPF VJG ’EQNQIKECN +OCIKPCVKQP, 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU, 1ZHQTF 9TKIJV, &., )QQFEJKNF, /. CPF 2TQEVQT, ,. (1997) "&GO[UVKH[KPI VJG RGTUKUVGPV CODKIWKV[ QH )+5 CU '6QQN' XGTUWU '5EKGPEG'", #PPCNU QH VJG #UUQEKCVKQP QH #OGTKECP )GQITCRJGTU, 87 (2) RCIGU 346-362 960 "/CXGTKEM %CPCFKCP %QORCP[ UGGMU VQ OKPG 6KDGV", 9QTNF 6KDGV 0GVYQTM 0GYU (24/10/1997) 9W 0KPI (1998) "+PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG QH [CM DTGGFKPI CPF ETQUU-DTGGFKPI COQPI PQOCFU KP YGUVGTP 5KEJWCP %JKPC", +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG & &GXGNQROGPV /QPKVQT, 6 (1) RCIGU 7-9 9[M, ). CPF XCP ,QJPUQP, 4. (1997) 5JQPC, 4QUGP 2WDNKUJKPI )TQWR :K ;WJWC (2003) "5JW: 0CZK 0CVWTG )QFFGUU #TEJGV[RG", +P −GNMCT, )., 0CVJCP, &. CPF 9CNVGT, 2. (GF.), )GPFGT 4GNCVKQPU KP (QTGUV 5QEKGVKGU KP #UKC: 2CVTKCTEJ[ CV 1FFU, 5CIG, .QPFQP, RCIGU 61-78 :KPJWC (1994) ")QQF JCTXGUV GZRGEVGF FGURKVG FKUCUVGTU", :KPJWC 0GYU #IGPE[ (28/8/1994) :W ,KCPEJW, /C ’T\K, 6CUJK &WQLKG, (W ;QPIUJQW, .W <JK CPF /GNKEM, &. (2004) "+PVGITCVKPI 5CETGF −PQYNGFIG HQT %QPUGTXCVKQP: %WNVWTGU CPF .CPFUECRGU KP 59 %JKPC", 2TGUGPVGF CV $TKFIKPI UECNGU CPF GRKUVGOQNQIKGU: .KPMKPI NQECN MPQYNGFIG CPF INQDCN UEKGPEG KP OWNVK-UECNG CUUGUU 17-20 /CTEJ %QPHGTGPEG , #NGZCPFTKC ’I[RV, /’#, JVVR://YYY.EDKM.QTI/EDKM-GP/EDKM/QWTAYQTM/KPFKIGPQWU/’EQNQI[%20CPF%205QEKGV[%202CRGT.RFH :W, ,. CPF 5CNCU, /., (2003) /QXKPI VJG RGTKRJGT[ VQ VJG EGPVTG: KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG EWNVWTG CPF MPQYNGFIG KP C EJCPIKPI ;WPPCP , CV JVVR://YYY.TQEMOGMQPI.QTI/RWDU/;GCT2003/UQEKCN/05AZW.2&( , CEEGUUGF 19VJ ,WPG 2004 ;CPI (WSWCP (2003) "/GPVQTUJKR QH +PFKIGPQWU %WNVWTCN 5RGEKCNKUVU: # %CUG 5VWF[ QH 6TCKPKPI QH &QPIDC 0CZK 2TKGUVU", +P :W ,KCPEJW (GF.), .CPFUECRGU QH &KXGTUKV[: +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 5WUVCKPCDNG .KXGNKJQQFU CPF 4GUQWTEG )QXGTPCPEG KP /QPVCPG 5QWVJGCUV #UKC, ;WPPCP 5EKGPEG CPF 6GEJPQNQI[ 2TGUU, −WPOKPI, RCIGU 479-485 ;CPI (WSWCP CPF :K ;WJWC (2003) "0CZK 9QOGP: 2TQVGEVKQP CPF /CPCIGOGPV QH (QTGUVU KP .KLKCPI, %JKPC", +P −GNMCT, −., 0CVJCP, &. CPF 9CNVGT, 2. (GF.), )GPFGT 4GNCVKQPU KP (QTGUV 5QEKGVKGU KP #UKC: 2CVTKCTEJ[ CV 1FFU, 5CIG 2WDNKECVKQPU, 0GY &GNJK, 6JQWUCPF 1CMU, .QPFQP, RCIGU 177-200 ;CPI, ;. (1986) "+ORQTVCPEG QH ’EQNQIKECN $CNCPEG KP 6JG 5WDCNRKPG (QTGUV 1H 9GUVGTP 5KEJWCP", +PVGTEQN $WNNGVKP, 13 RCIGU 41-44 ;CPI, ;. (1987) #NRKPG (QTGUVU KP 9GUVGTP 5KEJWCP %JKPC CPF VJG ’HHGEVU QH (QTGUV /CPCIGOGPV KP *WOCP +ORCEVU CPF /CPCIGOGPV QH /QWPVCKP (QTGUVU, +PVGTPCVKQPCN 7PKQP QH (QTGUV 4GUGCTEJ 1TICPK\CVKQPU, ,CRCP ;CRC, .. (1989) "9J[ )+5 0GGFU 2QUV-OQFGTP 5QEKCN 6JGQT[ CPF 8KEG 8GTUC", +P 6C[NQT, &. (GF.), 2QNKE[ +UUWGU KP OQFGTP ECTVQITCRJ[, 2GTICOQP, 1ZHQTF, RCIGU 249-269 ;CRC, .. (1991) "+U )+5 CRRTQRTKCVG VGEJPQNQI[!", +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,QWTPCN QH )+5, 5 RCIGU 41-58 ;KP 5JCQVKPI (2001) 2GQRNG CPF (QTGUVU: ;WPPCP 5YKFFGP #ITKEWNVWTG KP *WOCP-’EQNQIKECN 2GTURGEVKXG, ;WPPCP ’FWECVKQP 2WDNKUJKPI *QWUG, −WPOKPI ;KRKPI .K CPF *KPEJ, 6. (1998) "’VJPKE 6QWTKUO #VVTCEVKQPU & 6JGKT 2TQURGEV HQT 5WUVCKPCDNG &GXGNQROGPV CV 2 5KVGU KP %JKPC & %CPCFC KP #UKC 2CEKHKE ,QWTPCN QH 6QWTKUO 4GUGCTEJ 2(1)5-18", +P ;QPI −CPI <JGP (1981) "# $TKNNKCPV (WVWTG HQT VJG &GXGNQROGPV QH VJG .CPIWCIGU QH VJG 0CVKQPCN /KPQTKVKGU", +P 2QWNKP, 4. (GF.), .C RQNKVKSWG FG UKPKUCVKQP KP 2NWTKGN, RCIG 65 ;QWPI, &., +PITCO, ). CPF 5YCTV\, .. (1989) %T[ QH VJG ’CING: ’PEQWPVGTU YKVJ C %TGG *GCNGT, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 6QTQPVQ 2TGUU, 6QTQPVQ ;QWPI, /. (1993) (QT 1WT %JKNFTGP'U %JKNFTGP: 5QOG 2TCEVKECN +ORNKECVKQPU QH +PVGT-)GPGTCVKQPCN ’SWKV[ CPF VJG 2TGECWVKQPCT[ 2TKPEKRNG, 4GUQWTEG #UUGUUOGPV %QOOKUUKQP 1EECUKQPCN 2WDNKECVKQP 0WODGT 6, 0QXGODGT 1993, #WUVTCNKCP )QXGTPOGPV 5GGF CPF 2NCPV )GPGVKE 4GUQWTEGU 5GTXKEG (#)25), %CPDGTTC ;QWPI, 0. (1996) #PCN[UKU: 0QVGU QP GPXKTQPOGPV CPF &GXGNQROGPV, %JKPC KP %JKPC &GXGNQROGPV $TKGHKPIU /C[ 96, %QORCTCVKXG ’FWECVKQP 4GUGCTEJ %GPVTG (%’4%), *QPI −QPI 7PKXGTUKV[ *QPI −QPI JVVR://YYY.JMW.JM/EGTE/EJKPC/EFD/2-3.JVO CEEGUUGF 15VJ 0QX 2004 ;QWPI, 6., (1994) (WPFCVGF) 2CTCFKIO 6JGQT[: (QWPFCVKQPU HQT 2QUV-OQFGTP 5EKGPEG, 4GF (GCVJGT +PUVKVWVG HQT #FXCPEGF UVWFKGU KP 5QEKQNQI[, 9GKFOCP /KEJKICP, 48893 CV JVVR://ETKVETKO.QTI/TGFHGCVJGT/EJCQU/004RCTCFKIO.JVON , CEEGUUGF 27VJ #RTKN 1999 <GPV, 5. (2001 ) "#EEWNVWTCVKQP CPF ’VJPQDQVCPKECN −PQYNGFIG .QUU #OQPI VJG 2KCTQC QH 8GPG\WGNC: &GOQPUVTCVKQP QH C 3WCPVKVCVKXG /GVJQF HQT VJG ’ORKTKECN 5VWF[ QH 6’− %JCPIG", +P /CHHK, .. (GF.), 1P $KQEWNVWTCN &KXGTUKV[ .KPMKPI .CPIWCIG, −PQYNGFIG, CPF VJG ’PXKTQPOGPV, 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVG, 9CUJKPIVQP &%, <GPV, 5. (1999) "6JG 3WCPFCT[ QH %QPUGTXKPI ’VJPQDQVCPKECN −PQYNGFIG: # 2KCTQC ’ZCORNG", +P (GFU.), +.6. (GF.), ’VJPQGEQNQI[: −PQYNGFIG, 4GUQWTEGU, 4KIJVU, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH )GQTIKC 2TGUU, #VJGPU, RCIGU 90-124
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
$KDNKQITCRJ[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 427
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’PXKTQPOGPVCN GVJKEU, 10 RCIGU 3-30 <KOOGTOCP, /. (1994) %QPVGUVKPI ’CTVJ'U (WVWTG: 4CFKECN ’EQNQI[ CPF 2QUV OQFGTPKV[, 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU, $GTMGNG[, %# <QWPFLKJGMRQP, ,. CPF &QUUQW-)NGJQWGPQW, $. (1999) "%WNVWTCN CPF 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[ KP 9GUV #HTKEC: 6JG %CUG QH $GPKP CPF %QVG &'KXQKTG", +P 2QUG[, &. (GF.), %WNVWTCN CPF 5RKTKVWCN 8CNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[, +PVGTOGFKCVG 6GEJPQNQI[/70’2, .QPFQP, RCIGU 370-371
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 428
+0&’: #DFWEVKQP, 47 #DQTKIKPCN ITQWRU, 71 #EEWOWNCVKQP, 9, 27, 28, 36, 43, 56, 66 #EVKXKV[, GEQPQOKE, 28, 153 #EVQTU, 14, 38, 43, 60, 63, 90, 141, 205, 419 #&, 18, 137, 157, 159, 189, 216, 218, 314 #FCOU, 38, 40, 41, 42, 381 #FCRVKXG OCPCIGOGPV, 47, 418 #FFKPUQHV, 120, 125, 127, 381 #FJGTGPVU, 41, 45 #GIKU, 21, 22, 100, 238, 345 #HHGEVKQP, DQPFU QH, 53, 54, 97 #HHQTGUVCVKQP, 201, 205 #HTKEC, 70, 83, 222, 254, 337, 338, 393, 398, 403,
409, 414, 423, 426 #IG, 16, 20, 26, 27, 30, 55, 56, 73, 137, 156, 163,
177, 240, 245, 361, 382, 394, 399, 405, 420, 437 #IGPFC, 39, 40, 68, 129, 134, 155, 157, 194, 239,
255, 293, 328, 386, 401, 417, 422 #ITCYCN, 3, 16, 33, 60, 61, 63, 65, 94, 381 #ITGGOGPV, 39, 130, 154, 339 #ITKEWNVWTG, 67, 71, 73, 74, 75, 80, 107, 152, 202,
205, 221, 257, 335, 349, 388, 391, 408, 410, 412, 414, 415, 417, 419, 422, 423, 424, 425
#ITQ-HQTGUVT[, 204, 207, 208, 382 #NKGP, 15, 34, 64, 70, 73, 76, 86, 105, 162, 237, 254,
318, 330, 351, 352, 355, 402 #NVGTPCVKXG FGXGNQROGPV, 31� 32 #OFQ, 163, 185, 186, 216, 396 #OGTKECP 9GUV, 155, 195, 405 #OGTKECU, 60, 349, 391 #PCIPQUV, 155, 157, 381 #PCN[UKU
DQWPFCT[, 100, 102, 103, 110, 111, 112, 113, 124, 125, 362, 363, 375, 400
EQTTGNQITCO, 108, 109 URCVKCN, KX, 103, 108, 124, 273, 274, 282, 291
#PEKGPV, 18, 25, 39, 133, 138, 149, 151, 166, 175, 190, 210, 240, 256, 311, 317, 348, 389, 390, 406, 408, 409
#PFGTUQP, 45, 51, 53, 102, 134, 139, 176, 331, 381, 382, 387
#PKOCNU, 43, 51, 74, 142, 149, 152, 181, 189, 206, 235, 236, 239, 240, 257, 258, 311, 316, 317, 320, 326, 333, 342, 343, 382
#PKOKUO, 63, 123, 320 #PKOKUVKE, 4, 67, 123, 145, 150, 156, 162, 258, 419 #PKOKUVKE/UJCOCPKUVKE, 54, 78, 148, 159, 162, 164,
167, 235, 256, 257, 259 #PKOKUVU, 258 #PPKXGTUCTKGU, 165, 168 #PQOCNKGU, 15, 17, 108, 165, 204 #PVJTQRQEGPVTKE, 21, 41, 42, 44, 65, 81, 87, 254,
255, 342
#PVJTQRQEGPVTKUO, 34, 142 #PVJTQRQNQIKUVU, 138, 144, 343 #PVJTQRQNQI[, 10, 12, 35, 78, 82, 141, 152 #PVKVJGUKU, 157, 207 #RRGCUG, 257, 258, 343 #RRNKECVKQP, 13, 39, 71, 82, 92, 96, 134, 373 #RRQUKVG, 33, 47, 54, 118, 321 #RRTQCEJGU, 31, 35, 37, 43, 59, 61, 65, 79, 82, 88,
95, 96, 103, 147, 154, 372 DQVVQO-WR, 93, 373 FGRGPFGPE[, 31 GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[, 95� 96 HQTGUV XCNWG, 95 HQTGUV XCNWGU, 96 JQNKUVKE, 304 KPFKIGPQWU, 78 OCKPUVTGCO, KK, 3, 46, 48, 381, 400 PGQ-RQRWNKUV, 3, 31, 79 RGQRNG-EGPVTGF, 47 RQUV-OQFGTP, 31, 34, 35, 43, 47, 92 RQUVUVTWEVWCNKUV, 381
#RRTQRTKCVKQP, 28, 136, 163 #TEJKVGEVWTG, 11, 17, 21, 145, 147, 412 #TEJKXG, 61, 143, 402, 405, 420 #TGCU, 39, 54, 61, 75, 85, 87, 107, 110, 132, 155,
173, 192, 203, 205, 207, 208, 219, 221, 223, 236, 249, 314, 318, 319, 320, 328, 329, 330, 346 DQTFGT, 128 EQPUGTXCVKQP, 315 HQTGUVGF, 199, 203, 221, 316, 318, 319 OKPQTKV[, 171, 176, 190, 195, 255 OQWPVCKP, 176, 201 PQOCFKE, 163 RTQVGEVGF, 202, 330 TGOQVG, 160, 190 UCETGF, 234, 236, 257 YKNFGTPGUU, 329
#TTGUV, 161, 179, 182, 185 #UKC, 6, 50, 60, 70, 131, 132, 137, 144, 150, 162,
183, 200, 209, 213, 216, 223, 233, 348, 355, 381, 383, 384, 386, 388, 398, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404, 407, 408, 412, 415, 416, 419, 422, 423, 425
#URKTCVKQPU, 15, 70, 96, 158, 337, 351 #UUGVU, 45, 336, 356, 390 #UUKOKNCVKQP, 11, 68, 72, 75, 76, 129, 152, 153, 154,
193, 276, 279, 280, 281, 350 HQTEGF, 75
#VTCP, 73, 357, 382 #VVGPVKQP, KKK, 1, 2, 3, 36, 58, 88, 90, 97, 140, 141,
153, 201, 210, 218, 317 #VVKVWFGU, 11, 36, 51, 87, 96, 103, 105, 106, 145,
170, 172, 234, 313, 320, 332, 374, 385, 400 F[UHWPEVKQPCN, 149, 209
#WUVTCNKC, 71, 78, 222, 337, 391, 399, 412, 414, 419
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 429
#WVJQTKVKGU, 88, 132, 136, 157, 167, 176, 181, 182, 188, 190, 196, 210, 332, 355 %JKPGUG, 163, 168
#WVQEQTTGNCVKQP, 109 PGICVKXG, 277, 278 RQUKVKXG, 277, 278 URCVKCN, 109, 274, 297, 362
#WVQPQOQWU 4GIKQP, 5 #WVQPQO[, 57, 129, 154, 155, 170, 211, 218, 219,
325 OKPQTKV[, 155 RQNKVKECN, 54
$CEMYCTF, 130, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 203 FGUETKRVKQP, 1
$CEQP, 20, 22, 24, 26, 305, 382, 383, 395 $CJWICPC, KK, 78 $CK[W, 122, 181, 186 $CNCPEG, 55, 74, 138, 149, 159, 207, 209, 311, 370
GEQNQIKECN, 55, 189 UCETGF, 65
$CPINCFGUJ, 91, 195, 223 $CPM
#UKCP &GXGNQROGPV, 350, 381 $CTKPIU, 23 QH ’PINCPF, 23 9QTNF, 32, 78, 88, 89, 340, 350, 351
$CPPKPI, 156, 167, 197 $CPWTK, KK, 9, 10, 27, 30, 60, 78, 81, 86, 150, 154,
234, 383, 397 $CTDWLCPK, 110, 111, 293, 348, 383 $CTHKGNF, 35, 56, 131, 383 $CTPGVV, 105, 106, 167, 168, 214, 383, 401, 416, 424 $CUKU
EQPEGRVWCN, 9, 10 GEQNQIKECN, 178 NGICN, 175, 197, 210 UWUVCKPCDNG, 5, 98, 200, 360, 375
$CVCPI, 215, 269, 284, 286, 291, 296 $CVGUQP, 47, 372, 383 $CVVNG, 22, 84, 161, 165, 393 $$% 0GYU, 156, 182, 183, 185, 383, 384 $%, 18, 189, 348, 421 $GCWV[, 121, 122, 159, 190, 192, 315, 322 $GKLKPI, 161, 171, 174, 178, 182, 195, 196, 198, 200,
218, 388, 392, 402, 404, 422, 423, 426 $GNKGHU, 1, 4, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 46, 56, 75, 105, 106,
133, 139, 150, 156, 160, 163, 167, 177, 215, 235, 236, 238, 259, 261, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 326, 342, 360, 391 HQNM, 159, 160 TGNKIKQWU, 57, 85, 87, 167, 259, 300, 321
$GPIFC, 235, 237, 345, 419 $GTPDCWO, 384 $GUV RTCEVKEGU, 96, 210, 351 $JCICXCF )KVC, 87 $KDNG, 29 DKOQ, 236, 258
$KQEGPVTKE, 207, 210, 254, 255, 328, 342, 343 $KQFKXGTUKV[, 1, 6, 64, 67, 68, 73, 137, 201, 202, 203,
204, 207, 208, 212, 255, 259, 306, 309, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 324, 328, 340, 341, 344, 350, 357, 358, 368, 376, 389, 390, 395, 399, 400, 423
$KQNQI[, 12, 80, 102, 143, 383 $KQRJ[UKECN, 103, 110, 232, 283 $KQRKTCE[, 69, 72 $KQRTQURGEVKPI, 68, 72 $KTFU, 54, 181, 191, 206 $KTVJ, 21, 56, 135, 179, 188, 314 $KUJPQKU 8CKUJPCXKVG, 133, 209 $NCEM 0QDKNKV[, 21 $NGUUKPI, 121, 123, 124, 141, 162, 234, 235, 239,
240, 257, 315 $NKPF, 37, 48, 97 $NQPFGCW, 149, 159, 236, 254, 256, 343, 385, 401,
413 $QFKGU, 18, 37, 95, 304, 357 $QP (DQP EJQU), 50, 53, 122, 124, 213, 217, 235,
401, 413, 415 OQFGTP, 53
$QTICVVK, 105, 127, 385 $QVVQO-WR, 3, 60, 90, 93, 373 $QWPFCTKGU, 57, 62, 110, 111, 203, 236, 284, 291,
293, 303, 343, 348, 370, 383, 400, 407 HW\\[, 110
$QWPFCT[5GGT, KK, 110, 125, 127, 400 $2 ENWUVGT, 187, 238, 291, 341, 381, 396, 420 $2 .VF, 183, 186 $TCOCRWVTC, 6, 216, 223 $TC\KN, 195, 337 $TGEMGPTKFIG 4GUQWTEGU, 186 $TKDGT[, 178, 211 $TKFIG, 165, 166, 307, 320, 321, 369 $TKVKUJ ’ORKTG, 22, 23 $TQYP, KK, 67, 104, 386 $TQYP CPF 4GGF, 95, 104, 335, 386 $TWPFVNCPF, 38, 39, 42, 323, 386 $TWWP, 130, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 150,
386, 411 $T[CPV, 2, 17, 38, 70, 83, 84, 88, 92, 386 $WFFJC-PCVWTG, 52 $WFFJCU, 165, 396 $WFFJKUO, 18, 50, 51, 52, 53, 121, 124, 137, 143,
146, 147, 148, 156, 160, 161, 217, 219, 234, 235, 238, 256, 259, 314, 321, 354, 390, 392, 393, 395, 396, 402, 404, 405, 408, 412, 415, 421, 423, 424
$WFFJKUV VGCEJKPIU GEQNQIKECN KPVGTRTGVCVKQP, 133, 209
$WFFJKUVU, 44, 52, 128, 161, 386 $WNCI, 129, 155, 158, 176, 387 $WTOC, 83, 88, 166, 198, 386, 396 $WUKPGUU, 12, 38, 71, 138, 186, 193, 196, 357 %CNNKEQVV, 33, 46, 133, 140, 144, 234, 259, 300, 311,
387, 397 %CORCKIPU, 139, 156, 157, 217, 326
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 430
%CRCEKV[, 30, 40, 45, 52, 63, 83, 90, 155, 190, 193, 197, 207, 357 JWOCP, 145, 205
%CRKVCN, 26, 29, 36, 42, 43, 63, 183, 184, 204, 216, 276, 279, 297, 342, 356, 383 UQEKCN, 45, 177, 178
%CRKVCNKUO, 1, 16, 17, 20, 25, 27, 29, 36, 84, 85, 97, 342, 404
%#46#.+0: 8 1.2, 125, 127, 397 %CTVGUKCP
UEKGPEG, 1, 97 YQTNFXKGY, 16, 17, 20, 46
%CVGIQTKGU FKCNGEV, 291, 297 YCVGTUJGF, 290, 297
%GPVTCNKV[, 178, 218 %GPVTG, 21, 39, 165, 166, 174, 183, 215, 276, 279,
280, 281, 293, 371, 425 %JCODGTU, 3, 12, 15, 18, 58, 60, 65, 66, 88, 115, 388,
399 %JCOFQ, 214, 215, 222 %JCPIG
ENKOCVG, 131, 136, 169, 344, 345 UGC, 48, 78 UQEKCN, 159, 175 UQEKQGEQPQOKE, 193, 203
%JKPC, 4, 5, 6, 7, 39, 50, 51, 52, 98, 100, 118, 121, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 237, 240, 249, 255, 259, 260, 306, 308, 316, 317, 321, 331, 333, 334, 337, 350, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 425, 426 EQPVGORQTCT[, 139, 178, 190 RTQITGUUKXG, 156, 157 UQWVJYGUV, 129, 191, 194
%JKPGUG, 6, 7, 17, 18, 35, 51, 52, 70, 79, 106, 118, 121, 124, 125, 128, 130, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 201, 204, 210, 215, 216, 218, 223, 234, 237, 238, 240, 249, 255, 259, 260, 293, 311, 315, 322, 325, 328, 343, 344, 348, 353, 383, 387, 388, 392, 393, 394, 395, 399, 400, 403, 404, 406, 408, 411, 415, 416, 422, 423 GPXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG, 132� 75 GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNKEKGU, 188� 91 GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNKE[ EJCNNGPIGU, 191� 94
GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUV, 175� 79 GVJPKE PCVKQPCNKVKGU, 151� 53 JKUVQT[, 135, 175, 210 OKPQTKV[ RQNKEKGU, 153� 55 XKGYU QH UWRGTUVKVKQP, 156� 59
%JKPGUG UVCVG, 163, 164, 168, 184, 249 %JKRMQ, 4, 43, 78, 84, 86, 87, 133, 209, 325, 344,
397, 417 %KXKNK\CVKQP, 25, 35, 85, 87, 138, 148, 152, 153, 188,
325, 329, 392, 421 YGUVGTP, 16, 30
%NCUUGU, 42, 50, 75, 109, 189 OKFFNG, 200 TWNKPI, 18
%NKOCVG, 121, 136, 140, 169, 201, 221, 344, 345 %NQUWTG, 7, 173, 196
OQWPVCKP, 201 %QFGU, 71, 236, 316
GVJKECN, 39, 186 %QGHHKEKGPVU, 109, 274 %QIPKVKQP, 11, 13, 15, 22, 25, 105, 106, 305, 333,
408 GRKUVGOKE, 15, 95
%QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI, KKK, 101, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 212, 224, 225, 226, 227, 232, 237, 238, 240, 245, 253, 255, 265, 266, 267, 269, 273, 274, 283, 285, 286, 288, 289, 293, 297, 298, 309, 360, 361, 374
%QJGUKQP, 32, 332 UQEKCN, 3, 48, 56, 76, 131, 154, 203, 350
%QNQPKCNKUO, 30, 70, 136, 155, 171, 255, 328, 407 YGUVGTP, 87, 135
%Q-OCPCIGOGPV, 1, 94, 155 %QOOQPU, 27, 29, 84, 85, 90, 397 %QOOWPKUV RCTV[, 153, 156, 157, 158 %QOOWPKVKGU, 10, 12, 44, 60, 64, 65, 69, 70, 73, 74,
86, 96, 104, 110, 113, 114, 115, 146, 150, 154, 195, 303, 319, 339, 340, 353, 354, 361, 414 NQECN, 58, 64, 90, 92, 95, 96, 154, 197, 199, 318,
340, 351 XKNNCIG, 85, 86
%QORGPUCVKQP, 70, 71, 173, 174, 196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206
%QORGVKVKQP, 90, 125, 139, 195, 217, 420 %QPEGRVU, 3, 13, 14, 37, 42, 51, 65, 88, 105, 107,
140, 142, 261, 322, 328, 330, 333, 360 GEQNQIKECN, 140
%QPHNKEVU, 42, 43, 57, 84, 150, 158, 164, 338, 356, 388, 417, 424
%QPHWEKCPKUO, 17, 18, 50, 51, 52, 53, 141, 142, 145, 152, 321, 325, 354, 388, 398, 399, 421
%QPUEKQWUPGUU, 1, 10, 25, 44, 97, 133, 135, 161, 218, 236, 305, 306, 313, 326, 358, 374 EQOOQFKV[, 131, 154 GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 131, 134, 169, 170, 171, 210,
238, 385
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 431
%QPUGTXCVKQP, 1, 3, 7, 40, 41, 44, 51, 52, 53, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 82, 85, 94, 95, 97, 107, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129, 130, 139, 145, 149, 150, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 198, 200, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 249, 256, 311, 313, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 326, 332, 335, 341, 350, 351, 357, 368, 369, 374, 389, 393, 395, 399, 405, 423 DKQFKXGTUKV[, 58, 315, 317, 338, 357, 358 GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 38, 50, 52, 318, 404 KP UKVW, 62, 63, 155 TGUQWTEG, 40 UQKN, 201, 208 YCVGT, 188
%QPUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV, 41, 44 KPVGTPCVKQPCN, 40
%QPVGZV, 10, 12, 15, 25, 36, 43, 58, 59, 60, 62, 66, 67, 89, 114, 115, 135, 147, 152, 164, 165, 177, 260, 309, 343, 346, 357, 389, 408 EWNVWTCN, 45, 175, 391, 408 PQTOCVKXG, 92, 94, 95 UQEKQ-EWNVWTCN, 2, 92
%QPVTCFKEVKQPU, 15, 17, 130, 135, 164, 190, 193, 308, 365, 368
%QPVTQN, 14, 21, 22, 23, 37, 51, 52, 53, 61, 62, 73, 75, 80, 91, 94, 97, 107, 136, 137, 145, 157, 158, 164, 168, 170, 178, 179, 184, 188, 191, 193, 199, 203, 218, 315, 317, 318, 328, 332, 352, 353, 355, 394, 417
%QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[, 58, 68, 358, 392, 422
%QPXGTUKQP, 74, 146, 204, 205, 340, 392 WRNCPF, 194, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206
%QRKPI UVTCVGIKGU, 132, 159, 179 %QTRQTCVKQPU, 69, 80, 187, 341, 394
VTCPUPCVKQPCN, 32, 187 %QTTGNCVKQP, 54, 73, 102, 103, 107, 109, 110, 221,
275, 276, 279, 281, 292, 293, 349, 350 CPIWNCT, 279 FGETGCUKPI, 108, 109
%QTTGNQITCOU, 108, 109, 274, 277, 418 CPIWNCT, 108, 109, 279 DGCTKPI, 108, 109, 278 YKPFTQUG, 277
%QUOKE EGNGUVKCN RCTCFKIO, 52, 145 %QUOQNQIKGU, 141, 144, 152, 386
KPFKIGPQWU, 54, 139, 141, 344, 414 %QWPVKGU, 6, 196, 201, 202, 223, 226, 249, 260, 283,
284, 361 %QWPVTKGU, 35, 36, 51, 54, 57, 71, 88, 136, 161, 166,
191, 197, 199, 200, 204, 330, 338, 339, 345, 346, 355, 390, 409
%QXGT UPQY, 221 VTGG, 294, 346
%TGCVKQP, 16, 21, 22, 23, 26, 54, 63, 66, 70, 130, 138, 142, 146, 152, 195, 259, 320, 333
%TKUKU, 17, 30, 31, 42, 43, 59, 395, 402, 410, 412 GEQNQIKECN, 42, 87, 424 GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 36, 134, 174, 210, 389, 416 KFGPVKV[, 153, 159
%TKVKSWG, KK, 12, 19, 33, 34, 46, 78, 79, 100, 114, 135, 160, 336, 390
%TQRU, 70, 73, 74, 172, 175, 206, 221 ECUJ, 73
%WDKE OGVTGU, 199 %WNVKXCVKQP, 55, 74, 76, 148, 204, 234, 236, 316
UJKHVKPI, 59, 84 %WNVWTG
DCEMYCTF, 133, 209 FQOKPCPV, 5, 70, 75 KPFKIGPQWU, 3, 68, 70, 213, 328 OKPQTKV[, 153, 155 VTCFKVKQPCN, 154, 167, 190 YGUVGTP, 21, 305, 329
&CNCK .COC, 160, 163, 166, 167, 182, 187, 188, 382, 390
&COCIG, 169, 179, 180, 181, 182, 203, 221, 223, 340
&CPIGTU, 33, 37, 46, 60, 67, 68, 76, 94, 98, 112, 129, 130, 135, 136, 152, 158, 175, 177, 189, 306, 319, 321, 349, 368
&GHQTGUVCVKQP, 51, 89, 130, 142, 144, 179, 182, 189, 191, 195, 197, 220, 221, 223, 291, 326, 338, 344, 345, 391, 395
&GKVKGU, 76, 146, 157, 162, 163, 167, 168, 177, 316, 317, 319
&GOQETCE[, 25, 44, 113, 177, 178, 405 &GRGPFGPE[, 73 &GUVTWEVKQP, 30, 36, 65, 87, 130, 131, 142, 144, 179,
182, 185, 186, 199, 211, 219, 220, 221, 223, 303, 306, 337, 381, 412
&GXGNQROGPV, KKK, 1, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 50, 51, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 78, 82, 88, 89, 91, 92, 96, 97, 113, 114, 130, 131, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 163, 170, 171, 172, 179, 184, 187, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 205, 207, 211, 237, 246, 249, 306, 307, 318, 324, 334, 335, 338, 339, 341, 345, 350, 351, 355, 358, 367, 368, 371, 374, 381, 386, 388, 390, 391, 393, 396, 399, 400, 404, 408, 414, 422, 423 ENCUUKECN, 31 KFGQNQIKGU, 1, 97 OCKPUVTGCO, 3, 7, 9, 31, 32, 76, 98, 366, 368 OQFGNU, 195, 358, 371, 422 RQUV-EQNQPKCN, 32 RQUVFGXGNQROGPV, 3, 31, 33� 34 RQUV-OQFGTP, 3, 83 RTQLGEVU, 5, 71, 179, 351 UQEKCN, 31, 32, 339 VGEJPQNQI[, 20, 154 YGUVGTP, 33, 34, 304
&GXGNQROGPV CV VJG GPF QH OQFGTPKV[, 30� 31
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 432
&GXGNQROGPV RTQLGEVU, 96 &KUEQWTUG
FGXGNQROGPV, 2, 19, 20, 34, 38, 40, 61, 398, 411, 412
GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 41� 42 KPFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, 58� 63 PCVWTG, 42� 43 UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[ UETKRVU, 82� 84
&KUEQXGT[, 69, 70, 184, 405 &KUUKOKNCTKV[, 102, 106, 111, 125 &KUVCPEG, 106, 109, 111, 129, 238, 274, 275, 278,
279, 283, 297, 312, 341, 349 &KUVKPEVKQPU, 67, 150, 307 &KXGTUKV[, 37, 40, 48, 54, 64, 65, 97, 130, 137, 154,
204, 213, 235, 306, 307, 312, 324, 376, 384, 391, 406, 409, 415 DKQNQIKECN, 54, 64, 103, 328, 358 EWNVWTCN, 54, 65, 72, 132, 194, 306, 312, 335, 385,
409 GVJPKE, 350 HQNMNQTKE, 158, 209
&KXKPKVKGU, 146, 148, 162, 235, 254, 256, 325, 343 VGTTKVQTKCN, 123, 161, 343
&QOCKPU, 11, 92, 257, 324, 357, 385 &QOKPKQP, 27 &WVHKGNF, 18, 54, 55, 58, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 114,
382, 392, 394, 405, 412, 420 ’CTVJ, 3, 26, 29, 30, 42, 45, 46, 52, 68, 73, 93, 114,
128, 132, 134, 137, 138, 145, 147, 148, 167, 212, 216, 221, 259, 300, 320, 321, 324, 328, 357, 365, 420
’CUVGTP −JCO, KK, 5, 6, 50, 52, 98, 113, 126, 161, 194, 213, 214, 226, 233, 235, 236, 237, 240, 254, 259, 260, 291, 293, 308, 311, 313, 315, 328, 334, 343, 344, 360, 375 ENKOCVG EJCPIG, 221� 22 GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP, 219� 20 KORCEV QH PGY HQTGUV RQNKEKGU, 194� 208 MJCO JKUVQT[, 216� 17
’EMGTUNG[, 17, 27, 28, 33, 37, 40, 41, 134, 392 ’EQNQI[, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388,
389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 404, 405, 407, 408, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 421, 422, 423, 426 RQNKVKECN, KKK, 2, 83, 386
’EQPQOKE ITQYVJ, 39, 169, 170, 399 ’EQPQOKEU, 16, 17, 18, 26, 31, 41, 42, 48, 97, 133,
209, 322, 350, 412 ’EQPQOKGU, 55, 56, 68, 74, 83, 144, 223, 345 ’EQU[UVGOU, 6, 40, 64, 69, 80, 82, 88, 181, 310, 311,
317, 318, 337, 400 ’EQVQWTKUO, 7, 132, 188, 190, 193, 203, 207, 210,
249 ’FOQPFU, 144, 171, 172, 189, 191, 194, 392 ’FWECVKQP, 11, 43, 66, 71, 72, 95, 96, 154, 157, 187,
191, 192, 197, 219, 245, 246, 257, 259, 304, 351, 355, 391
’NGOGPVU DQWPFCT[, 111, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291,
294, 296 EWNVWTCN, 75
’ORQYGTOGPV, 60, 90, 113, 353 ’PENQUWTG, 28, 30, 84, 407 ’PINCPF, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 85, 383, 404,
405, 407, 414 ’PNKIJVGPOGPV, 19, 20, 22, 31, 52, 136 ’PXKTQPOGPV, 1, 2, 11, 12, 18, 19, 29, 32, 36, 37, 39,
41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 55, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 82, 83, 87, 91, 93, 97, 104, 123, 130, 132, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 169, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181, 187, 188, 189, 192, 193, 195, 199, 207, 208, 212
’PXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP, 36, 144, 170, 174, 178, 181, 191, 258
’PXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGEVKQP, 46, 54, 171, 173, 175, 181, 187, 189, 210
’PXKTQPOGPVCNKUO, 9, 35, 40, 41, 48, 50, 54, 62, 97, 136, 169, 367
’RKUVGOQNQIKECN DTKFIKPI, KKK, 2, 307, 310 ’RKUVGOQNQIKECN ECTVGN, 20, 21, 22 ’RKUVGOQNQIKGU, 153, 211, 256, 303, 304, 307, 308,
309, 310, 349, 384, 414, 425 ’RKUVGOQNQIKGU QH PCVWTG, 96, 153, 211, 256, 308,
349 ’TQUKQP, 3, 52, 69, 144, 150, 180, 188, 189, 193,
204, 344, 349 EWNVWTCN, 158, 209
’VJKEU, 36, 48, 54, 64, 72, 130, 136, 137, 140, 186, 311, 367, 420, 426
’VJPKE OKPQTKVKGU, 71, 128, 129, 152, 153, 155, 173, 176, 197, 245, 350
’VJPKE RGTEGRVKQP, 243, 250, 349 ’VJPKEKV[, 151, 152, 155, 158, 175, 250, 349, 350,
351, 420 ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[, 4, 7, 9, 54, 77, 79, 89, 93, 95, 96, 98,
107, 109, 113, 115, 300, 367 ’WTQRG, 21, 27, 30, 35, 79, 80, 84, 177, 200, 221,
321, 341, 349, 383, 399, 414, 421, 424 ’7'U DCP QP DCD[ UGCN RGNVU, 137 ’XQNWVKQP, 25, 26, 28, 35, 47, 158, 329, 372, 373,
388, 406, 417 ’ZGORNCTU, KKK, 2, 3, 13, 15, 55, 129, 133, 141, 195,
209, 235, 367 ’ZRNQKVCVKQP, 28, 29, 36, 43, 51, 53, 69, 70, 81, 97,
130, 143, 144, 155, 179, 186, 320, 329, 338, 340 ’ZVTCEVKQP, 21, 58, 59, 71, 84, 88, 184, 187, 219,
335 (CTOGTU, 26, 27, 28, 29, 50, 85, 89, 135, 173, 175,
184, 196, 197, 198, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 219, 235, 347, 391
(GNNKPI, 7, 43, 87, 132, 139, 143, 191, 195, 196, 200, 201, 219, 220, 249, 317, 344, 352 ENGCT, 132, 220
(GNNKPI DCP, 7, 87, 132, 195, 196, 201, 249
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 433
(GPIUJWK, 129, 133, 137� 41, 142, 143, 209 (KGNF VGUVKPI
%JKPC, 121� 24 7−, 118� 21
(NQQFU, 7, 162, 182, 194, 195, 201, 223, 344 (QTGUV OCPCIGOGPV, KKK, 2, 80, 83, 86, 93, 96, 100,
103, 107, 198, 207, 208, 245, 318, 323, 335, 336, 337, 355, 356, 369, 388, 395, 412, 414, 424 LQKPV, 78, 89, 91, 92
(QTGUV RQNKEKGU, 194, 195, 206, 207, 208, 237, 416 (QTGUV RTQFWEVU
PQP-VKODGT, 121, 197, 237, 257, 381, 393, 402 (QTGUV RTQVGEVKQP, 1, 132, 194, 196, 198, 201 (QTGUV XCNWG UECNKPI (%JKPGUG), 440 (QTGUV XCNWG UECNKPI (’PINKUJ), 439 (QTGUV XCNWGU, 7, 89, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 100, 103,
104, 105, 109, 113, 115, 118, 225, 237, 240, 243, 245, 254, 260, 274, 275, 278, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 300, 308, 313, 324, 332, 335, 336, 337, 352, 362, 367, 373, 376, 384, 386, 393, 408, 415, 416, 420, 421
(QTGUVCVKQP KPFWUVTKCN, 104, 122, 124, 237, 248, 249, 337,
374 (QTGUVGTU, KKK, 1, 2, 12, 78, 79, 83, 91, 92, 100, 235,
340, 373 (QTGUVT[
EQOOGTEKCN, 81, 84, 87 EQOOWPKV[, 4, 78, 89, 90, 91, 182, 203, 207, 208,
210, 400, 417 KPFKIGPQWU, KKK, 1, 2, 4, 95, 97 PGQ-RQRWNKUV, 88� 92 RCTCFKIOU, KKK, 2, 4, 12, 77, 79, 93, 94, 96, 98,
300, 367 RQUV-OQFGTP, 92� 93 UQEKCN, 78, 89, 90, 96, 207, 391, 393, 396, 404,
416 (QTGUVT[ CPF OQFGTPKV[, 81� 82 (QTGUVT[ CPF RTQVGUV, 84� 88 (QTGUVT[ CPF VJG EQNQPKCN NGICE[, 88 (QTGUVU, 27, 36, 39, 43, 68, 73, 79, 80, 84, 89, 91, 93,
104, 106, 115, 119, 121, 132, 138, 143, 169, 189, 190, 191, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 208, 219, 220, 233, 235, 236, 254, 257, 259, 260, 283, 311, 313, 315, 316, 317, 319, 323, 324, 326, 331, 335, 336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 346, 351, 353, 354, 355, 356, 361, 374, 386, 395, 396, 402, 403, 408, 410, 411, 415, 421
(TCOGYQTMU, KX, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 32, 34, 37, 38, 42, 48, 61, 65, 90, 91, 94, 95, 105, 301, 305, 307, 308, 313, 321, 322, 325, 336, 357, 364, 376, 411
(TGGOCUQP, 20, 22, 23 KNNWOKPCVGF, 23
)CP\K, 181, 214, 225, 240, 286, 287, 291, 294, 295 )GPFGT, 3, 12, 25, 56, 74, 90, 92, 158, 175, 210, 245,
352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 371, 399
)QFU, 26, 76, 146, 147, 148, 149, 159, 160, 161, 167, 215, 236, 240, 256, 316, 317, 342, 343, 370
)QXGTPOGPVU, 57, 58, 69, 72, 74, 80, 88, 91, 114, 182, 184, 185, 193, 195, 196, 197, 200, 201, 329, 341, 350, 358
)TGGP IQXGTPOGPVCNKV[, 35, 37� 38, 169, 405 )TQWRU
GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 44, 172, 200, 340 GVJPKE, 75, 129, 152, 158, 165, 331, 349, 350,
352, 417 JWOCP TKIJVU, 179, 185, 186, 211
)5+ 8 7, 108, 125, 127, 395 )WJC, 43, 70, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, 150, 255,
328, 344, 395, 397 *CP %JKPGUG, 6, 52, 70, 128, 129, 131, 137, 142,
151, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 159, 161, 170, 176, 180, 183, 184, 187, 189, 195, 196, 210, 211, 218, 237, 238, 240, 293, 325, 331, 348, 353
*CTOQP[, 21, 51, 52, 53, 59, 64, 67, 68, 130, 138, 139, 145, 149, 162, 209, 257, 258, 352, 367
*KPFWKUO, 50, 52, 135, 143, 259, 354, 388, 400, 401 *WPVKPI, 55, 67, 74, 84, 122, 124, 139, 149, 162,
189, 191, 192, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 256, 258, 316, 342, 343
+FGPVKV[, 5, 18, 48, 57, 64, 94, 104, 132, 141, 149, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167, 168, 179, 195, 218, 240, 249, 254, 256, 306, 314, 324, 325, 331, 332, 333, 357, 385, 394, 410, 412, 413 EWNVWTCN, 141, 158, 159, 160, 161, 209, 240, 331 PCVKQPCN, 160, 162, 163, 165
+FGQNQIKGU, 31, 41, 45, 46, 85, 130, 154, 165, 177, 190
+&4+5+ −KNKOCPLCTQ, 125, 127, 392 KPFKIGPQWU HQTGUVT[, 76, 94, 95 +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG, 1, 2, 3, 12, 16, 18, 19, 34, 50,
54, 58, 64, 65, 129, 388, 395, 407 +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG U[UVGOU, 65, 129, 388 +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNGU, 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 18, 46, 50, 54� 58,
59, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 114, 141, 158, 195, 207, 209, 234, 240, 254, 259, 260, 303, 304, 308, 311, 313, 326, 329, 330, 344, 345, 346, 350, 351, 355, 360, 368, 370, 375, 382, 388
+PHGTKQT, 1, 51, 81, 149, 158, 209 +PUVKVWVKQPU, 19, 31, 37, 38, 43, 47, 48, 55, 83, 85,
106, 129, 152, 158, 166, 193, 209, 303, 334, 352, 355, 372
+PVGITCVKQP, 47, 55, 67, 91, 125, 205 ,CRCP, 51, 52, 156, 171, 198 −JCO ITC\KPI NCPF, 5, 6, 7, 132, 196, 201 −JCO URGCMGTU, 291 −JCODC KFGPVKV[, 218, 219 −KPI )GUCT, 161, 163, 217, 218 −KPUJKR, 55, 57, 175, 176, 177, 178, 210, 353 −PQYNGFIG, 9
UEKGPVKHKE, 12, 66, 94, 113, 381 YGUVGTP, 3, 50, 58, 60, 72
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 434
−PQYNGFIG U[UVGO ENCUUKECN PQP-YGUVGTP, 18, 50� 54 FKEJQVQO[, 2, 46, 60, 65, 76, 95, 114, 150, 303 HKV, 3, 7, 46 KPFKIGPQWU, 18� 19, 63� 77 OQFGTP, 16� 17
−PQYNGFIG U[UVGO DTKFIKPI, KKK, 2, 16, 60, 62, 76, 94, 98, 351, 368
−PQYNGFIG U[UVGO KPVGITCVKQP, 1, 15, 48, 73, 94, 97 −PQYNGFIG U[UVGOU, 1, 5, 16, 18, 26, 33, 49, 50, 51,
53, 54, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 76, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 360, 375
.CPFUECRG, 43, 58, 67, 132 UCETGF, 96, 129, 130, 145, 214
.CPIWCIG, 3, 18, 19, 48, 57, 72, 73, 83
.CYU, 19, 27, 66, 71, 92, 170 GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 36
.GG, 403 NJC, 162 .KXGNKJQQFU, 57, 60, 88, 143, 195, 206, 338, 340 .KXGUVQEM, 74, 203, 222, 223 .QEMG, 20, 22, 26, 28, 29, 23� 30, 35, 39, 40, 81, 195,
234, 305, 382, 396, 405, 407, 409, 420 .QEMGCP, 24, 26, 39, 40, 42, 66, 81, 85, 94, 131, 154,
255, 311, 320 .QIIKPI, 103, 172, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200,
203, 208, 223, 318, 339, 344, 386, 408 .QIIKPI DCP, 172, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200,
208, 344, 408 .WIW .CMG, 233, 235, 236, 237, 254, 256, 257, 258,
259, 260, 308, 334, 335, 345, 419 /CKPUVTGCO UWUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV, 38� 41 /CPCIGOGPV, 37, 41, 47, 48, 61, 72, 79, 80, 85, 86,
88, 91, 94, 154, 168, 185, 192, 193, 198, 202, 205, 206, 207, 211, 307, 320, 323, 324, 328, 332, 333, 335, 336, 350, 351, 352, 356, 357, 358, 372, 374, 390, 399, 401, 415 CFCRVKXG, 47, 93, 373 GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 18, 129, 130, 140, 149 TGUQWTEG, 3, 41, 42, 47, 48, 58, 63, 65, 67, 92, 93,
96, 106, 143, 155, 193, 307, 312, 333, 351, 356, 357, 372
UEKGPVKHKE, 69 /CRU, 104, 107, 113, 114, 125, 216, 291, 292, 293,
315 OGPVCN, 76, 79, 92, 104
/CTMGVU, 25, 173, 185, 205, 330, 339, 356 /&5, 105, 106, 107, 110, 113, 118, 121, 125, 127,
230, 232, 233, 234, 237, 239, 243, 245, 248, 254, 271, 291, 352
/&5 RNQVU, 125, 230, 239, 243, 245, 248, 271 /GP, 21, 26, 28, 74, 75, 106, 119, 216, 235, 239,
260, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357 /GVCRJQTU, 16, 26, 150 /GVTKEU, 111 OK EJQU, 123, 160, 161, 235 /KPQTKVKGU, 75, 128, 129, 155, 201, 203
/KPQTKV[ ITQWRU, 160, 193, 203, 210, 293 /KPQTKV[ RGQRNGU, 131, 153, 157, 158, 179, 193, 237 /QFGN, 13, 32, 52, 58, 80, 88, 93, 108, 125, 130,
153, 171, 193, 255, 267, 317, 319, 328 /QFGTPKV[, 16, 17, 19, 20, 30, 32, 34, 37, 48, 58, 78,
157, 161, 246, 331, 354, 384, 410, 426 /QPMU, 106, 161, 166, 167, 215, 235, 238, 239 /QWPVCKPU, 51, 52, 116, 145, 146, 147, 148, 159,
162, 189, 190, 199, 203, 214, 254, 257, 316, 317, 325 UCETGF, 235, 258, 315, 316
/QXGOGPVU, 25, 64, 147, 163, 169, 170, 171, 176, 184, 210, 211, 218, 219, 350 GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 171, 172 UQEKCN, 33, 37, 170, 175, 176, 210, 411
/WNVKFKOGPUKQPCN UECNKPI, 102, 105, 106, 120, 124, 125, 390, 409
0CVKQPCNKV[, 129, 151, 153, 154, 160, 177, 214, 325, 326, 395
0CVWTCN TGUQWTEGU, 19, 36, 41, 54, 55, 68, 93, 113, 135, 143, 144, 153, 159, 179, 184, 187, 188, 203, 211, 314, 332, 334, 350, 370
0CVWTG, 9, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 63, 64, 65, 78, 81, 85, 87, 96, 97, 103, 111, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 162, 167, 170, 171, 172, 174, 182, 188, 189, 197, 199, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 214, 217, 233, 234, 235, 238, 249, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 309, 310, 311, 315, 317, 320, 322, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 334, 344, 346, 347, 351, 354, 357, 389, 395, 404 GPXKTQPOGPVCN XCNWGU CPF DGJCXKQWT, 149� 50 KP %JKPGUG CTV, NKVGTCVWTG CPF TGCNKV[, 142� 43 KVU TG-QTFGTKPI CPF VCOKPI KP 6KDGV, 145� 49,
145� 49 0CVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP, 64, 123, 132, 144, 162, 170,
171, 172, 214, 238, 249, 257, 258, 328, 419 GZRNKEKV, 96, 129, 167, 259
0CVWTG TGUGTXGU, 171, 188, 189, 197, 199, 206, 210, 255, 315, 317, 328, 351, 404
0%55 2000, 125, 127, 398 0’( 0CVWTCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN HWPEVKQP, 124, 233 PGTK OQWPVCKPU, 146, 147, 313 0*( 0CVWTCN J[FTQNQIKECN HWPEVKQP, 124, 233 0QOCFU, 55, 149, 164, 216, 217, 240, 256 0WOKPC, 146, 159, 160, 162, 214, 235, 257, 385 1YPGTUJKR, 26, 28, 29, 55, 56, 57, 58, 93, 165, 192,
193, 312 2CTCFKIO
J[RGTVGZV, 371, 404 RQUV-4KQ HQTGUVT[, 93� 96 TGNKIKQWU-GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 43� 46 UEKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[, 79� 81
2CTCFKIO UJKHV, 1, 15, 21, 22, 79, 91, 92, 94, 96, 103 2CTCFKIOU, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12� 15, 17, 18, 21, 22,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50,
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 435
51, 54, 61, 62, 68, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 113, 115, 129, 130, 132, 136, 144, 145, 155, 162, 238, 254, 255, 258, 300, 360, 367, 368, 373, 375 EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[, 78, 91
2CTVKEKRCVQT[, 1, 2, 47, 60, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 115, 149, 155, 195, 205, 206, 208, 343
2CUUCIG, 148, 258, 329, 422 2#55#)’ 8 1.1, 127, 415 2GCUCPVU, 29, 84, 86, 87, 143, 153, 172, 176 2GQRNG-EGPVTGF CRRTQCEJ, 47� 48 2GTEGRVKQP, 7, 11, 13, 46, 52, 59, 76, 96, 102, 103,
105, 106, 130, 142, 214, 305, 310, 330, 343, 353, 361, 381, 415, 419
2GTURGEVKXGU, 17, 41, 49, 82, 87, 134, 149, 209, 390, 405, 415, 424
2JGPQOGPC, 15, 17, 46, 63, 91, 92, 135, 136, 161, 162, 203, 211, 408
2JKNQUQRJ[, 17, 25, 26, 27, 51, 130, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 145, 151, 152, 321, 397, 406
2KGVGTUG, 12, 15, 16, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 412 2NCEG, 9, 11, 19, 20, 35, 39, 52, 56, 58, 60, 62, 66,
75, 76, 78, 84, 89, 91, 104, 109, 132, 137, 139, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 166, 175, 176, 179, 203, 218, 225, 233, 236, 239, 240, 245, 256, 292, 303, 308, 317, 331, 332, 333, 334, 342, 346, 352, 354, 361, 370, 386, 395, 400, 406, 407, 410, 414
2NCEG CVVCEJOGPV, 109, 132, 159, 179, 240, 245, 331, 332, 333, 334, 407
2NCVHQTO, 3, 78, 161, 358 2QNKEKGU, 37, 40, 58, 62, 72, 94, 95, 153, 154, 176,
184, 185, 190, 194, 195, 200, 203, 208, 210, 237, 333, 334, 341, 350, 356, 385, 399, 423
2QNKVKEU, KKK, 2, 12, 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 31, 32, 34, 41, 43, 48, 64, 78, 97, 165, 311, 382, 386, 389, 394, 398, 401, 405
2QNNWVKQP, 51, 80, 137, 139, 144, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 178, 191, 193, 210, 395, 423
2QUG[, 382, 384, 390, 392, 393, 394 2QUVOQFGTPKV[, 33� 35 2QYGT, 2, 3, 14, 21, 23, 26, 27, 37, 38, 62, 63, 74, 75,
83, 88, 90, 140, 146, 147, 150, 157, 158, 164, 166, 193, 218
2TGUUWTG, 39, 71, 76, 171, 174, 175, 184, 186, 187, 189, 192, 197, 200, 205, 219, 221
2TQDNGOU, 3, 11, 15, 39, 52, 56, 61, 63, 80, 81, 82, 88, 90, 135, 136, 144, 164, 173, 189, 191, 192
2TQEGUU, KKK, 2, 9, 11, 38, 42, 43, 47, 59, 75, 76, 110, 133, 137, 146, 148, 155, 157, 158, 162, 163, 167, 177, 184, 193, 196, 209, 218, 307, 308, 310, 311, 326, 334, 337, 390, 404, 413, 422
2TQITCOOGU, 72, 94, 124, 125, 204, 208 2TQLGEVU, KKK, 1, 16, 30, 37, 71, 90, 95, 97, 135, 180,
184, 185 2TQRGTV[, 3, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 48, 69, 84, 86, 175
RTKXCVG, 26, 28, 29, 57 2TQRGTV[ TKIJVU, 27, 28, 29, 48, 69, 175, 198, 205,
208 2TQVGEVKQP, 50, 53, 54, 58, 65, 68, 70, 97, 114, 135,
149, 152, 172, 187, 189, 191, 195, 198, 201, 207, 342
2TQVGUVU, 89, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 178, 179, 183 GPXKTQPOGPVCN, 131, 169, 175, 210 RQRWNCT, 170
2TQXKPEG, 214, 220, 222 2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVCNU, 296 2TQZKOKV[, 104, 119, 122 3KCPIKE URGCMGTU, 214, 238, 276, 284, 291, 293, 299,
361 4CEG, 25, 30, 35 4CODNG, 382 4GCNKVKGU, 14, 17, 33, 39, 59 4GEQIPKVKQP, 43, 58, 68, 69, 93, 95, 373 4GHQTO, 41 4GNCVKQPUJKR, 5, 12, 14, 36, 47, 56, 64 4GNKIKQP, 43, 44, 46, 50, 86
HQNM, 86, 148 RQRWNCT, 168, 170, 175, 176, 177, 178
4GNKIKQWU, 21, 27, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 54, 55, 56, 57, 85, 86, 87
4GNKIKQWU RTCEVKEGU, 76 4GRTGUGPVCVKQP, 51, 53, 63 TGU PWNNKWU, 30, 69 4GUGCTEJ OGVJQFU
$QWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU, 110� 13 )GQUVCVKUVKEU, 107� 9 )+5 CPF )25, 113� 15 /&5, 104� 7
4GUGTXGU, 56 4GUKUVCPEG, 33, 43, 84, 86, 87 4GUQPCVGU, 11, 16 4GUQWTEGU, 2, 3, 9, 29, 30, 45, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57,
62, 63, 65, 97 4GURQPUG, 3, 4, 53, 62 4GUWNVU
DQWPFCT[ CPCN[UKU, 297 4JGVQTKE, 31, 32, 33, 38, 41, 48, 59, 60, 64, 76, 91,
94, 97, 98, 368 4KIJVU, 27, 28, 29, 30, 47, 56, 62, 69, 71, 74, 84, 85,
87, 93, 94, 155, 158, 187, 201, 204, 209, 210, 255, 339, 351 JWOCP, 179, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 211, 351,
352, 353, 356, 358 4KVWCNU, 54, 55, 132, 146, 149, 163, 165, 166, 177,
179, 209, 256, 324, 325, 342, 355, 413, 414 4KXGTU, 6, 73, 190, 199, 213, 223, 290, 316, 317 4QQVU, 20, 21, 41, 42, 82, 86, 87, 167, 171, 178, 190,
195, 201, 314, 316, 424 4QUKETWEKCP, 20, 21, 22, 23 4WNGU, 13, 85, 185, 189, 352 5CORNG UKVGU, 112
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 436
5COWGN, 50, 53, 123, 124, 147, 148, 161, 162, 163, 168, 214, 217, 219, 235, 415
5CTRK, 21, 22, 24, 26 5EKGPEGU, 1, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 79, 83, 87, 92, 93, 94, 97, 107, 133, 138, 139, 140, 154, 209, 303, 305, 306, 308, 312, 344, 386, 406, 412, 414, 417, 424, 425 PCVWTCN, 12, 22, 46, 82, 392 YGUVGTP, 27, 61, 66, 67
5EKGPVKHKE HQTGUVT[, KK, 4, 17, 27, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 255, 397
5GNH, 3, 14, 32, 44, 53, 56, 66, 73, 85, 87, 106, 114, 122, 123, 124, 141, 154, 159, 160, 161, 163, 168, 170, 203, 233, 304, 329, 331, 342, 393, 398, 409, 412, 413
5JCOCP, 76, 162, 168, 236, 256, 257, 311, 343, 354, 370
5JKXC, KK, 3, 4, 16, 26, 27, 30, 33, 72, 78, 84, 92, 145, 345, 346, 349, 417
5KEJWCP, 6, 181, 192, 195, 208, 213, 214, 219, 220, 236, 276, 279, 291, 293, 385, 392, 413, 422, 423, 425, 426
5KOKNCTKV[, 106, 111, 214 5QEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI, 130, 154, 203 5QEKCNKUO, 1, 16, 17, 31, 41, 97, 122, 124, 154, 161,
170, 190, 237, 238, 341, 370 FJCOOKE, 341, 370, 386
5QEKGVKGU, 3, 10, 18, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 34, 35, 37, 41, 45, 46, 55, 56, 57, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 87, 88, 114, 115, 124, 129, 130, 132, 137, 138, 139, 144, 147, 149, 154, 157, 158, 171, 174, 176, 186, 193, 195, 209, 210, 219, 233, 238, 246, 306, 311, 324, 329, 331, 332, 334, 344, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357, 370, 374, 384, 392, 394, 398, 408, 412, 417 EKXKN, 25, 26, 28, 177 JWOCP, 21, 45, 65, 143, 306, 311, 320, 370 PCVKQPCN, 57, 70, 71, 74, 75, 98, 152, 159, 179,
193, 326 5QHVYCTG, KK, 100, 105, 106, 110, 119, 120, 121, 124,
125, 126, 390, 396, 402, 419 5RCEG, 2, 3, 13, 16, 25, 42, 43, 58, 60, 61, 63, 79, 85,
93, 94, 105, 106, 111, 121, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 162, 218, 221, 240, 303, 307, 332, 333, 347, 352, 354, 361, 373, 393, 402, 407, 410
5RCVKCN FGRGPFGPE[, 102, 107, 125 5RCVKCN UVWFKGU, 113 5RCVKCN VTGPFU, 273 5RGEKGU, 6, 40, 80, 83, 87, 89, 116, 172, 189, 191,
203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 212, 240, 255, 258, 295, 312, 315, 316, 317, 318, 324, 339, 340, 343, 356, 369, 392
5RKTKVWCN, 12, 14, 19, 25, 39, 51, 52, 54, 56, 63, 64, 69, 76, 121, 134, 163, 165, 234, 235, 254, 258, 259, 303, 304, 305, 310, 314, 319, 320, 321, 322, 325, 326, 333, 343, 352, 354, 355, 357, 390, 402
5VWFNG[, 4, 39, 52, 72, 91, 95, 114, 181, 214, 216, 220, 221, 235, 236, 237, 245, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 308, 344, 351, 352, 415, 419
5WDUKUVGPEG, 29, 55, 57, 59, 71, 73, 74, 75, 88, 89, 91, 152, 154, 196, 202, 206, 207, 208, 210, 232, 237, 329, 336, 343, 345, 346, 347, 356, 370
5WRGTUVKVKQP, 129, 131, 133, 137, 138, 140, 151, 154, 155, 156, 157, 168, 176, 209, 236, 326, 413
5WRRQTV, 23, 25, 40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 52, 53, 86, 92, 94, 97, 121, 122, 129, 144, 155, 172, 204, 233, 253, 311, 313, 324, 330, 335, 346, 350, 355, 357, 374, 410
574(’4 8 8, 125, 127, 396 5WUVCKPCDKNKV[, KKK, KX, 2, 32, 36, 41, 42, 48, 49, 65, 68,
76, 93, 95, 97, 98, 131, 154, 204, 302, 312, 323, 329, 330, 358, 367, 368, 376, 382, 394, 396, 418, 420
5WUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV, 18, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 49, 58, 64, 65, 97, 140, 155, 203, 399, 404, 413, 420, 422
5[ODQNKUO, 51, 52, 53, 86, 132, 143, 145, 155, 159, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 324, 414
5[PGTIKUVKE DTKFIKPI, 49, 93, 94, 96, 307, 320, 321, 369
5[UVGOU, KK, KKK, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 26, 30, 40, 42, 45, 47, 48, 50, 53, 54, 57, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 76, 78, 81, 83, 85, 88, 91, 93, 97, 98, 104, 124, 129, 130, 134, 139, 140, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 207, 209, 210, 221, 240, 304, 306, 310, 319, 320, 325, 330, 350, 351, 357, 358, 360, 368, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 391, 392, 399, 410, 415
6CKYCP, 70, 131, 169, 170, 171, 177, 178, 200, 388, 393, 399, 422, 423
6GEJPQNQI[, 22, 28, 31, 43, 59, 87, 183, 187, 205, 341, 356, 402, 425
VGTTC PWNNKWU, 30 6JCK OQPMU, 132, 209, 390 6JGOGU, 25, 105, 106, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 164,
167, 168, 176, 230, 239 6JTGCVU, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 368 6KDGV, 4, 5, 6, 50, 53, 79, 114, 124, 125, 129, 131,
145, 146, 147, 148, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 173, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 196, 214, 216, 218, 219, 221, 223, 249, 256, 314, 332, 354, 381, 383, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 401, 402, 403, 405, 406, 409, 411, 413, 414, 415, 416, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 425
6KDGVCP $WFFJKUO, 52, 53, 124, 129, 160, 166, 213, 235, 238, 240, 314, 343, 353, 354, 418
6KDGVCP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUV CPF EQRKPI UVTCVGIKGU, 179� 88
6KDGVCP RGQRNGU, 79, 148, 162 6KDGVCPU, 4, 6, 53, 54, 79, 104, 106, 123, 128, 131,
132, 141, 149, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188,
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
+PFGZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 437
211, 214, 217, 234, 235, 238, 240, 246, 249, 256, 260, 291, 313, 314, 342, 343, 348, 353, 381, 392, 393, 399, 421
6+0, 7, 155, 181, 182, 183, 184, 195, 202, 203, 222, 406, 421
6QQNU, 32, 34, 42, 56, 79, 100, 103, 107, 111, 113, 125, 197, 310, 356, 389, 390, 405
6QWTKUO, 72, 121, 154, 155, 176, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 206, 207, 236, 260, 334, 335, 404, 407 GVJPKE, 193, 410, 420
6TCFKVKQPU, 17, 18, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 59, 96, 140, 145, 147, 149, 152, 154, 156, 165, 167, 213, 236, 303, 319, 351, 352, 395, 397, 402 EWNVWTCN, 75, 149, 209 TGNKIKQWU, 124, 133, 165, 176, 177, 235
6TCLGEVQTKGU, 7, 12, 16, 31, 32, 34, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54, 82, 91, 94, 95, 169, 306, 307, 319, 341, 366, 367, 370
6TGG RNCPVKPI, 188, 198, 205, 220, 325, 326 6TGGU, 5, 78, 79, 80, 87, 98, 115, 116, 132, 135, 193,
197, 198, 202, 203, 205, 207, 223, 235, 236, 257, 258, 316, 317, 319, 320, 326, 340, 344, 347, 352, 353, 360, 375, 381, 392, 395, 403, 411
6TWVJ, 66, 83, 150, 152, 164, 170, 303, 322, 340 7−, 23, 29, 39, 78, 84, 89, 118, 119, 121, 183, 233,
234, 254, 259, 304, 328, 395, 396, 398, 403, 407, 411, 413, 417
8CNWGU D[ CIG, 245� 46, 245� 46 D[ GVJPKEKV[, 347� 52 D[ IGPFGT, 352� 58 EQOOGTEKCN, 39, 253� 54, 302� 37 EQPUGTXCVKQP, 233� 34, 310� 13, 310� 13 EWNVWTCN, 69, 89, 140, 159, 209, 254
VTCFKVKQPCN, 130, 153 HWVWTG, 260, 322� 24, 322� 24 JWPVKPI, 238� 40 KPFWUVTKCN HQTGUVCVKQP, 237, 337� 41, 337� 41 KPVTKPUKE, 259, 321� 22 NGCTPKPI, 256, 309, 310 NKHG UWRRQTV, 233, 343� 45
RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV, 240, 331� 34 TGETGCVKQP CPF VQWTKUO, 334� 35 UQEKCNKUO, 237� 38, 237� 38, 341� 42 URKTKVWCN CPF UCETGF, 234, 313� 21 UWDUKUVGPEG, 237, 345� 47 YKNFGTPGUU, 254� 55, 326� 30
8CTKCDNGU, 111, 410 8GPGVKCP QNKICTEJ[, 21, 20� 23 8KNNCIGU, 196, 202, 208, 216, 256, 353, 401 8KUKQP, 13, 45, 53, 59, 61, 134, 139, 140, 154, 156,
207, 218, 304, 398 9CVGTUJGFU, 283, 288, 290 9GCNVJ, 1, 14, 28, 37, 56, 88, 142, 159, 190, 195,
209, 338 9KNFGTPGUU, 64, 104, 121, 254, 255 9KNFNKHG, 36, 51, 114, 124, 132, 189, 206, 207, 234,
315, 324, 329, 343 9KNNKCOU, 17, 42, 50, 92, 96, 104, 326, 333, 373,
392, 399, 404, 421, 424 9QOGP, 26, 52, 73, 74, 75, 87, 89, 106, 119, 122,
124, 157, 176, 260, 334, 340, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 361, 399, 403
914&5/+6* 611.5 8 4, 127, 416 9QTM, KK, 5, 9, 22, 24, 44, 56, 61, 63, 70, 74, 75, 78,
79, 81, 82, 100, 102, 105, 126, 134, 140, 141, 144, 149, 153, 157, 158, 161, 189, 200, 327, 328, 334, 347, 409
9QTNFXKGY, 4, 10� 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 45, 47, 48, 65, 67, 91, 100, 129, 130, 135, 136, 142, 258, 259, 367 YGUVGTP, 48, 49, 97
:.56#6 8 5.1, 125, 127, 381 ;CLKCPI, 248, 269, 284, 286, 290, 296, 361 [WN-NJC, 123, 124, 146, 147, 148, 149, 159, 160, 161,
162, 234, 235, 239, 254, 256, 313, 342 [WN-NJC NQECNGU, 145 ;WPPCP, 4, 172, 196, 201, 202, 206, 207, 214, 220,
245, 249, 315, 316, 348, 388, 389, 390, 398 <JQPIFKCP, 207, 248, 249, 269, 285, 287, 288, 291,
292, 294, 295, 296, 353 <QPGU, 11, 18, 208, 218 <QPGU QH TCRKF EJCPIG, 103, 269, 283, 383
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#RRGPFKZ 1 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UKVGU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 438
#22’0&+: 1 : %1)0+6+8’ /#22+0) 5+6’5 (%JKPC)
+& ’ %QWPV[ 8KNNCIG )GPFGT #IG ’VJPKEKV[ %CVEJOGPV .CV .QPI
1 06/05/2002 ;CLKCPI 1TNQPI (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.057 101.28
2 06/06/2002 ;CLKCPI 2COCNKPI /CNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.1026 101.187
3 06/06/2002 ;CLKCPI 2COCNKPI2 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.10264 101.187
4 06/07/2002 ;CLKCPI /GGTC (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.075 101.145
5 06/07/2002 ;CLKCPI /GGTC2 (GOCNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.07503 101.145
6 06/08/2002 ;CLKCPI 4CMWVK /CNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.83 101.072
7 06/08/2002 ;CLKCPI ,CEMW1 (GOCNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.83003 101.072
8 06/08/2002 ;CLKCPI ,CEMW2 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.83006 101.072
9 06/08/2002 ;CLKCPI ,CEMW3 (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.83008 101.072
10 06/08/2002 ;CLKCPI ,CEMW4 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.83011 101.072
11 13/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP &CDCQ /CNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 27.96 99.99
12 13/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP &CDCQ1 (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 27.96003 99.9900
13 13/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP &CNC /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 27.98 99.98
14 14/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP $GPFKPI /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.01 99.48
15 14/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP 5JCPEJQWVCQ (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.1 99.43
16 14/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP 6QPFW /CNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 27.93 99.49
17 14/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP %JQPIQT /CNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.096 99.78
18 14/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP %JQPIQT1 (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.09603 99.7800
19 15/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP 2WUJCP /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.173 99.74
20 15/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP 2WUJCP1 /CNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.17303 99.7400
21 15/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP )QTPQT (GOCNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 27.57 99.71
22 15/12/2001 <JQPIFKCP )QTPQT1 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 27.57003 99.7100
23 08/01/1999 5JKSW *QP\G /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.665 97.5152
24 08/01/1999 5JKSW *QP\G2 (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.66503 97.5153
25 08/01/1999 5JKSW *QP\G3 (GOCNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.66506 97.5153
26 08/01/1999 5JKSW $CK[W (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.67 97.5055
27 08/01/1999 5JKSW $CK[W2 (GOCNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.67003 97.5055
28 08/01/1999 5JKSW 4C\JK (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.69 97.5
29 08/01/1999 5JKSW 4C\JK2 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.69003 97.5000
30 08/01/1999 5JKSW 4C\JK3 /CNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.69006 97.5000
31 08/02/1999 5JKSW 4C\JK4 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.69008 97.5000
32 08/02/1999 5JKSW 4C\JK5 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 32.69011 97.5001
33 08/11/2003 −CPFKPI )CDC /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.95244 101.574
34 08/11/2003 −CPFKPI )CDC 2 (GOCNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.95087 101.577
35 08/11/2003 −CPFKPI )CDC 3 /CNG 1NF 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.95888 101.572
36 09/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,C\C[ /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.91803 101.585
37 09/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,C\C[ 2 (GOCNG 1NF 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.91818 101.583
38 09/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,C\C[ 3 /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.91921 101.593
39 10/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,CIGPDC /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.84446 101.554
40 10/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,CIGPDC 2 /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.84316 101.553
41 10/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,CIGPDC 3 (GOCNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.84256 101.569
42 11/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,CIC[EJC /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.80013 101.525
43 11/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,CIQPI (GOCNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 29.78215 101.518
44 11/11/2003 −CPFKPI ,CODCMC /CNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.80222 101.529
45 12/11/2003 −CPFKPI 0C #UJC[ /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.08761 101.695
46 12/11/2003 −CPFKPI 0C #JC[ 2 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.09182 101.695
47 12/11/2003 −CPFKPI 0C #UJC[ 3 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.08761 101.685
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#RRGPFKZ 1 %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI UKVGU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 439
48 05/04/2004 >QPI %JWF\C /CNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.33715 99.2333
49 05/04/2004 >QPI ;CIW (GOCNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.76892 99.2941
50 04/05/1944 >QPI 5JKGRC[ /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.84453 99.2888
51 05/06/2004 $CVCPI .JCFC /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 30.17893 99.2027
52 05/06/2004 $CVCPI ;CYCJ /CNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 30.15156 99.1874
53 05/06/2004 $CVCPI .Q[CYC (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 30.14751 99.1840
54 05/06/2004 $CVCPI &CDC /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 30.11314 99.1724
55 05/06/2004 $CVCPI )CTNQY /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 30.06078 99.1480
56 05/08/2004 .KVCPI ,CYC (GOCNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.76498 100.371
57 05/08/2004 .KVCPI )QQFGG (GOCNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.75555 100.380
58 05/08/2004 .KVCPI ’GLW /CNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 29.70964 100.392
59 05/09/2004 &CQEJGPI 0[CFGG /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.45515 100.346
60 05/09/2004 &CQEJGPI ;CFKPI1 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.45595 100.337
61 05/09/2004 &CQEJGPI ;CFKPI2 /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.45396 100.343
62 05/09/2004 &CQEJGPI .QNQDC (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.45189 100.347
63 05/10/2004 :KCPIEJGPI −QTC (GOCNG 1NF 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.9673 99.8347
64 05/10/2004 :KCPIEJGPI <CUJC /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 28.99308 99.8430
65 05/10/2004 :KCPIEJGPI ’UJCTG /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CPIV\G 29.01696 99.0169
66 25/01/2005 :KPNQPI *CTFC[ /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.89159 100.223
67 25/01/2005 :KPNQPI 0CPLC /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.91215 100.279
68 25/01/2005 :KPNQPI %JCM[ (GOCNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 30.92843 100.291
69 26/01/2005 )CP\K ,WFC[ (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 31.60405 100.022
70 26/01/2005 )CP\K 6CUJC[ /CNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 31.57817 100.102
71 26/01/2005 )CP\K .QIQVUC[ /CNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 31.59472 100.145
72 29/01/2005 &GIG 6QQIQPIFC /CNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 31.81307 99.4202
73 29/01/2005 &GIG 4QPIEJKPIUC[ (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 31.86572 99.3310
74 29/01/2005 &GIG /CPKICPIQ (GOCNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 31.93146 99.2035
75 30/01/2005 .WJWQ −JCUC /CNG ;QWPI 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 31.64766 100.268
76 30/01/2005 .WJWQ &TWYQ (GOCNG /KFFNG 6KDGVCP ;CLKCPI 31.52111 100.475
77 30/01/2005 .WJWQ #EJW /CNG 1NF 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 31.30746 100.740
78 31/01/2005 &CQYW 5JQYIQEJQY /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 31.13925 100.934
79 31/01/2005 &CQYW 6CKEWRQ /CNG ;QWPI 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 31.04162 101.051
80 31/01/2005 &CQYW −JCP[C (GOCNG ;QWPI 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 30.94501 101.174
81 02/02/2005 ,KWNQPI &C\JCT (GOCNG ;QWPI 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 28.91551 101.540
82 02/02/2005 ,KWNQPI 5KTIQPRKP /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 28.79633 101.661
83 02/02/2005 ,KWNQPI 5TKFCDC /CNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 28.72144 101.678
84 03/02/2005 /WNK .WF\CIQ (GOCNG ;QWPI 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 27.97447 101.252
85 03/02/2005 /WNK .KPUJC (GOCNG ;QWPI 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 27.96973 101.238
86 03/02/2005 /WNK .GGF\CRKPI (GOCNG /KFFNG 3KCPI ;CLKCPI 27.97505 101.230
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#RRGPFKZ 2 (QTGUV 8CNWG 5ECNKPI
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 440
#22’0&+: 2C : (14’56 8#.7’ 5%#.+0) +V KU PGEGUUCT[ CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG UECNKPI VCUM VQ GZRNCKP WPCODKIWQWUN[ VQ VJG TGURQPFGPVU VJCV C TCVKQ TWNG KU YJCV KU TGSWGUVGF QH VJGO. +P VJKU ECUG VJG HQNNQYKPI GZRNCPCVKQP YCU IKXGP RTKQT VQ VJG VCUM (KP VJG NQECN NCPIWCIG). "9G YCPV VQ WPFGTUVCPF JQY [QW UGG CPF VJKPM CDQWV [QWT GPXKTQPOGPV, GURGEKCNN[ VJG HQTGUV. 6JKU HQTO WUGU UQOG YQTFU VJCV UGGO VQ DG KORQTVCPV KP VJKU CTGC CPF YG CTG LWUV KPVGTGUVGF KP [QWT XKGYU, CPF JQY [QW UGG VJKPIU. 6JGTG CTG PQ TKIJV QT YTQPI CPUYGTU. 9G YCPV [QW VQ KOCIKPG VJCV VJG FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP YJKVG & DNCEM KU 5 WPKVU CRCTV (UJQY YKVJ QPG JCPF). 9G VJGP YCPV [QW VQ WUG VJCV FKUVCPEG NKMG C TWNGT, VQ OGCUWTG VJG FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP UWEJ VGTOU CU "HQTGUV" & "HQTGUV RTQFWEVU", "HQTGUV" & "EQPUGTXCVKQP".
1 2 3 4 5
1=ENQUG 5=FKUVCPV 5QOG VJKPIU NKMG "HQTGUV" CPF "HQTGUV RTQFWEVU" OKIJV UGGO SWKVG ENQUG CPF [QW OKIJV IKXG VJGO C 2 CPF QVJGTU UWEJ CU "EQPUGTXCVKQP" CPF "JWPVKPI" OKIJV UGGO FKUVCPV CPF [QW OKIJV IKXG VJGO C 4. 6Q WUG CP GZCORNG HTQO JGCNVJ YG OKIJV HKPF VJG HQNNQYKPI FKUVCPEGU *GCNVJ - )QQF FKGV 2 *GCNVJ - .KUVGPKPI VQ VJG TCFKQ HQT 10 OKPU C FC[ 3 *GCNVJ - 5OQMKPI 100 EKICTGVVGU C FC[ 4 *GCNVJ - &TKPMKPI UGXGTCN DQVVNGU QH URKTKVU C FC[ 4 4GOGODGT VJGTG CTG PQ TKIJV CPF YTQPI CPUYGTU, YG CTG XGT[ KPVGTGUVGF KP [QWT VJQWIJVU CPF XKGYU CPF VJG FKUVCPEG [QW FGEKFG DGVYGGP VJG YQTFU QP VJKU HQTO &Q [QW WPFGTUVCPF YJCV KU TGSWKTGF (TGRGCV KH PQV) 6JCPM [QW
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#RRGPFKZ 2 (QTGUV 8CNWG 5ECNKPI
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 441
#22’0&+: 2D: (14’56 8#.7’/6*’/’ 5%#.+0) (%JKPGUG)
环境认识调查环境认识调查环境认识调查环境认识调查 我们想知道你是怎样理解和感知你生存的自然环境的,特别是对于森林的认识。在这里给出了一些对这个地区来说很重要词句,我们想知道村民对这些词句所涉及到的问题和现象是怎样认识的、是怎样看这些问题和现象的。回答这些问题不存在对与错。我们想让你们设想在白与黑之间相隔 5格的距离概念。因此我们想让你把这个距离的概念看成一把尺子,并且来思考 "森林" 与 "林副产品"、"森林" 与"水资源" 的规定之间的距离等问题。 (1=接近 5=距离)
1 2 3 4 5
比如像 "森林" 与 "林副产品" 十分接近(几乎 2格内) ,有的像 "森林" 与 "水资源保护" 看上去不那么接近,(大概是 4格) 。 下面我们以健康为例,我们可能会找到如下的距离: 1) 健康 2) 好的饮食 --2-- 3) 每天听 10 分钟的收音机 --3-- 4) 一天抽 100 支烟 --4-- 5) 一天喝许多瓶饮料 --4-- 请记住我们只是想知道你的想法、观点和你对所给词句所作出的距离上的判断,对问题的回答没有对与错。
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#RRGPFKZ 3 %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI 5WTXG[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 442
#22’0&+: 3 : %1)0+6+8’ /#22+0) 5748’;
+&
(14’56 森林森林森林森林 [QWTUGNH 自己 48
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 95
YKNFNKHG 野生动物 1 VKD DWFFJKUO 藏传佛教 49 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 96
EQPUGTXCVKQP 人类自然保护 2 VJKU RNCEG 这个地方 50
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 97
DNGUUKPI 天赐 3 [WN-NJC 神山 51 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 98
OGP 男人 4 JWPVKPI 狩猎 52 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 99
YQOGP 女人 5
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 53 )CP\K 甘孜市 100
[QWTUGNH 自己 6 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 54 6*+5 2.#%’ 这这这这个地方个地方个地方个地方
VKD DWFFJKUO 藏传佛教 7
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 55 [WN-NJC 神山 101
VJKU RNCEG 这个地方 8 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 56 JWPVKPI 狩猎 102
[WN-NJC 神山 9 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 57
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 103
JWPVKPI 狩猎 10 )CP\K 甘孜市 58 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 104 0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 11 /’0 男人男人男人男人
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 105
HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 12 91/’0 女人 59 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 106 0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 13 [QWTUGNH 自己 60 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 107
KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 14 VKD DWFFJKUO 藏传佛教 61 )CP\K 甘孜市 108
UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 15 VJKU RNCEG 这个地方 62 ;7.-.*# 神山神山神山神山
)CP\K 甘孜市 16 [WN-NJC 神山 63 JWPVKPI 狩猎 109
9+.&.+(’ 野生动物野生动物野生动物野生动物 JWPVKPI 狩猎 64
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 110
EQPUGTXCVKQP人类自然保护 17
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 65 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 111
DNGUUKPI 天赐 18 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 66
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 112
OGP 男人 19
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 67 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 113
YQOGP 女人 20 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 68 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 114
[QWTUGNH 自己 21 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 69 )CP\K 甘孜市 115
VKD DWF 藏传佛教 22 )CP\K 甘孜市 70 *706+0) 狩猎狩猎狩猎狩猎
VJKU RNCEG 这个地方 23 91/’0 女人女人女人女人
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 116
[WN-NJC 神山 24 [QWTUGNH 自己 71 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 117
JWPVKPI 狩猎 25 VKD DWFFJKUO 藏传佛教 72
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 118
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 26 VJKU RNCEG 这个地方 73 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 119
HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 27 [WN-NJC 神山 74 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 120 0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 28 JWPVKPI 狩猎 75 )CP\K 甘孜市 121
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#RRGPFKZ 3 %QIPKVKXG /CRRKPI 5WTXG[
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 443
KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 29
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 76
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN
(WPEVKQP 森林的自然功森林的自然功森林的自然功森林的自然功效效效效
UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 30 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 77 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 122
)CP\K 甘孜市 31
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 78
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 123
%105’48#6+10人类自然保护 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 79 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 124
DNGUUKPI 天赐 32 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 80 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 125
OGP 男人 33 )CP\K 甘孜市 81 )CP\K 甘孜市 126
YQOGP 女人 34 ;1745’.( 自己自己自己自己
(14’56 241& 森林产品
[QWTUGNH 自己 35 VKD DWFFJKUO 藏传佛教 82
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 127
VKD DWFFJKUO 藏传佛教 36 VJKU RNCEG 这个地方 83 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 128
VJKU RNCEG 这个地方 37 [WN-NJC 神山 84 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 129
[WN-NJC 神山 38 JWPVKPI 狩猎 85 )CP\K 甘孜市 130
JWPVKPI 狩猎 39
0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 86
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN
(WPEVKQP 水力的自然功水力的自然功水力的自然功水力的自然功效效效效 0CVWTCN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN (WPEVKQP 森林的自然功效 40 HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 87 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 131
HQTGUV RTQFWEVU 森林产品 41
0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 88 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 132 0CVWTCN *[FTQNQIKECN (WPEVKQP 水力的自然功效 42 KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 89 )CP\K 甘孜市 133
KPF HQTGUVCVKQP 经济造林 43 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 90
+0& (14’56#6+10 经经经经济造林济造林济造林济造林
UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 44 )CP\K 甘孜市 91 UQEKCNKUO 社会主义 134
)CP\K 甘孜市 45 6+$ $7& 藏传佛教藏传佛教藏传佛教藏传佛教 )CP\K 甘孜市 135
$.’55+0) 天赐 VJKU RNCEG 这个地方 92 51%+#.+5/ 社会主义社会主义社会主义社会主义
OGP 男人 46 [WN-NJC 神山 93 )CP\K 甘孜市 136
YQOGP 女人 47 JWPVKPI 狩猎 94
%TGCVGF D[ 0GGXKC 2GTUQPCN %QPXGTVGT VTKCN XGTUKQP JVVR://YYY.PGGXKC.EQO
#RRGPFKZ 4 %QPVCEVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 444
#22’0&+: 4 : %106#%65
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 445
$TWIIGP, 4WF[ 8CP TXCPDTWIIGP"JQVOCKN.EQO (QTGUVT[ KP −JCO $T[CPV, 4C[OQPF TC[OQPF.DT[CPV"MEN.CE.WM 2QNKVKECN GEQNQI[ $WGNN, 2CWN RDWGNN"UGCPGV.EQO 6KDGVCP GPXKTQPOGPV $WHHGVTKNNG, −CVKC MCVKC.DWHHGVTKNNG"GRJG.UQTDQPPG.HT 6GTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC KP 6KDGV $WTEJ, 9KNNKCO YKNNKCO.DWTEJ"[CNG.GFW 5QEKCN CPF EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ $WTNG[, ,GHH LGHH.DWTNG["RNCPV-UEKGPEGU.QZHQTF.CE.WM ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP %CF[, $TKCP DECF["UJC[UPGV.EQO (QTGUVU QH %JKPC, /WUM &GGT %CPPQP, 6. ). 6.).%CPPQP"ITG.CE.WM %JKPC IGQITCRJ[ CPF FGXGNQROGPV %CPVGT, &CXKF ECPVGT"NKXGTRQQN.CE.WM 6KDGVCP HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP %CTTWU, )KWUGRRG IKWUGRRG.ECTTWU"WPKTQOC1.KV ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP %CTVGT, &QPCNF ECTVGT"LJW.GFW #PVJTQRQNQI[ QH UVCVG, RQNKVKEU, TCEG, TGNKIKQP, FKCURQTC %CVQP, 5VGXGP ECVQP"YLJ.JCTXCTF.GFW 5KPQ-6KDGVCP 4GNCVKQPU FWTKPI VJG ’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’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP %QZ, /KMG /KMG.%QZ"PGYECUVNG.CE.WM /&5 %QZQP, #PVJQP[ 2. / CEQZQP"UVCHHOCKN.GF.CE.WM /&5 %TQNN, ’NK\CDGVJ GE2"UQCU.CE.WM %JKPC %TWFFCEG, 2CWN 2%TWFFCEG"QTFUX[.IQX.WM /CR KPHQTOCVKQP %WGXCU, ;NGCPC %CORQU [NG13"[CJQQ.EQO ’EQVQWTKUO KP %JKPC &CJQTVUCPI, 4CRVGP TCRVGP.FCJQTVUCPI"DNWGYKP.EJ 5YKV\GTNCPF, [WN NJC &CTNKPIVQP, 5WUCP UFCTNKPIVQP"JCORUJKTG.GFW 6JCK GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV OQPMU
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#RRGPFKZ 4 %QPVCEVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 446
&GDGPJCO, $KTIKVVC DKTIKVVC.FGDGPJCO"HTGGPGV.EQ.WM ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ KP %JKPC &GMJCPI, 62 GEQFGUM"FKKT.IQX.VKDGV.PGV 6KDGVCP DKQFKXGTUKV[ &GPYQQF, 2JKNKR 6. 2F2"UQCU.CE.WM −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’FOQPFU, 4KEJCTF .QWKU 4KEJCTF.QWKU’&/10&5"COGTKVGEJ.PGV %JKPC'U GPXKTQPOGPV CPF FGXGNQROGPV ’OGTVQP, .WE[ NCG"KWEPUN.QTI (QTGUV 8CNWGU ’RUVGKP, .CYTGPEG NGRUVGKP"W.YCUJKPIVQP.GFW 6GTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC KP −JCO (CDT[, ’TKE GTKE.HCDT["EGE.GW.KPV 6KDGVCP NKVGTCVWTG (CJO[, 6 HCJO["ZNUVCV.EQO :.56#6 WUG (CKTNKG, 4QDGTV THCKTNKG"M[NGDCPM.EQO )TCRJKU WUG (CNEQPGT, ,WNKC ,HCNEQPGT"YQTNFDCPM.QTI (QTGUV XCNWG V[RQNQIKGU (CP .QPISKPI HCPNQPISKPI"UKPC.EQO 5QEKCN HQTGUVT[ KP %JKPC (CTLQP, #NLQU C.HCTLQP"TDIMGY.QTI.WM 6JG HNQTC QH 6KDGV (KUMGULQ, / PH42"EQTPGNN.GFW 2GQRNG CPF HQTGUVU (QNMG, %CTN ECTN"DGKLGT.MXC.UG +− HQT DKQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP (QPV, :CXKGT Z.HQPV"NGGFUOGV.CE.WM ’EQVQWTKUO (QTEG, ,Q ’NNGP LQGNNGP"WKFCJQ.GFW (QTGUV RNCEGU QH VJG JGCTV (QTGUVT[ %QOOKUUKQP GPSWKTKGU"HQTGUVT[.IUK.IQX.WM 2GTOKUUKQP HQT /&5 UVWF[ KP VJG 0GY (QTGUV (QTVKP, /CTKG-,QUGG OLHQTVKP"\QQ.WVQTQPVQ.EC 9QODNKPI (QTVOCPP, .QWKUG HQTVOCPP"PCVWTG.DGTMGNG[.GFW +&, RNCEG CPF HQTGUV TGUQWTEGU (QWTPKGT, .QWKUG NQWKUG"VKDGVKPHQ.PGV 6KDGVCP EQRKPI UVTCVGIKGU
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 447
)GTOCPQ, &CXKF FHI9Y"XKTIKPKC.GFW 5GTVC +PUVKVWVG, 6KDGVCP UQHVYCTG )GTXCKU, /CTKG-%NCWFG O.E.IGTXCKU"NUG.CE.WM ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP )KDDQP, *WIJ *WIJ.)KDDQP"VJG04ITQWR.PGV 5QEKCN CPF EQOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ )KGUEJ, %JTKUVKPC IKGUEJ"HQYK.GVJ\.EJ 0GRCN 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQP )KGUEJ, %JTKUVKPC IKGUEJ"YCJQ.GVJ\.EJ 0GRCN 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQP )QFFG, 2CO RIQFFG"OQWPVCKP.QTI %QOOWPKV[ DCUGF OQWPVCKP VQWTKUO )QNF, # ) CIIQNF"OCKNDQZ.U[T.GFW 5CETGF NCPFUECRG )QNF, −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’VJPKE ITQWRU CPF OCRU QH 59 %JKPC *G 2KMWP HEEFRJ"RWDNKE.MO.[P.EP (QTGUVT[ CPF OKPQTKVKGU KP %JKPC, 5QEKCN HQTGUVT[ *G 2KMWP JGRKNWP"RWDNKE.MO.[P.EP (QTGUVT[ CPF OKPQTKVKGU KP %JKPC, 5QEKCN HQTGUVT[ *G 5JCQ ;KPI UJCQ[KPIAJG"JQVOCKN.EQO (QTGUVT[ COQPI OKPQTKV[ RGQRNGU KP ;WPPCP *GWEJ, ,QP LQP.JGWEJ"PTK.QTI %QPVCEVU KP %JKPC *KPV\G, ,GTT[ UWRRQTV"PEUU.EQO 0%55 WUG *QDNG[, /CT[ OCT["OCT[JQDNG[.EQ.WM (QTGUVT[ 2CTCFKIOU *QNEQODG, #TVJWT CTVJWT"VRCH.QTI ’EQVQWTKUO KP 6KDGV *QPINCFCTQO, −TKUCFCYCP JMGUCPI"[CJQQ.EQO .KPIWKUVKEU KP 59 %JKPC *QQF, ). ).*11&"%)+#4.14) /CPVGN VGUVU
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 448
*QYCTF, 2CV JQYCTF"UHW.EC 5QEKCN GPIKPGGTKPI KP %JKPC *UKCQ, *. *. /KEJCGN OKEJCGN"ICVG.UKPKEC.GFW.VY ’PXKTQPOGPVCN FKUEQWTUG KP 6CKYCP *WDGT, 6QP[ UEJTGORH"\GFCV.HW-DGTNKP.FG 6GTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC KP 6KDGV *WDGT, 6QP[ VQPK.JWDGT"UVCHH.JW-DGTNKP.FG 6GTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC KP 6KDGV *WDWFKP, &KPC F.JWDWFKP"EIKCT.QTI %QPUGTXCVKQP KPFKECVQTU *WIIGVV, 4 , TKEJCTF-LQJP.JWIIGVV"XKTIKP.PGV ’RKUVGOQNQIKECN HTCOGYQTMU *WORJTG[, %CTQNKPG EJ10001"ECO.CE.WM 5JCOCPKUO KP /QPIQNKC *WPP, ’WIGPG JWPP"CPVGSWGTC.CPVGSWGTC.EQO %QIPKVKXG GVJPQDKQNQI[ *WTNGU, /CVV OGJ"UCPIGT.CE.WM 9QODNKPI ++’& OCKNDQZ"KKGF.QTI 24# KPHQTOCVKQP ++’& RNCPQVGU"KKGF.QTI 24# KPHQTOCVKQP +−&/ +−"KKTT.QTI +PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG +6( KPHQ"KPVGTPCVKQPCNVTGGHQWPFCVKQP.QTI ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ +XGU, ,CEM LCEMKXGU"RKIGQP.ECTNGVQP.EC /QWPVCKP +− +XGU, 2CWNKPG KXGU"OCIOC.EC /QWPVCKP +− ,CEMUQP, 4QF TQFLCEMUQP"OQWPVCKP.QTI 5PQY NGQRCTF FKGV ,CPGV, 5VGRJCPKG. UVGRJCPKG.LCPGV"RQUV.JCTXCTF.GFW /KPQTKV[ EQOOWPKVKGU ,GCPTGPCWF, 5CNN[ UCNN[.LGCPTGPCWF"KWEP.QTI 24# ,QMKPGP, /KMMQ OKMMQ.LQMKPGP"OGVNC.HK (QTGUV RGTEGRVKQP ,QTIGPUGP, $TCF D.LQTIGPUGP"OCKNDQZ.WS.GFW.CW ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP −CKOQYKV\, &CXKF F.MCKOQYKV\"EIKCT.QTI 7RNCPF EQPXGTUKQP RQNKE[ KP %JKPC −CORRKPGP, /CVVK OCVVK.MCORRKPGP"WVW.HK %QIPKVKXG CPVJTQRQNQI[ −GNNGTV, 5VGRJGP UVGRJGP.MGNNGTV"[CNG.GFW %QPEGRVU QH PCVWTG −KPF, /CTKGVVC MKPF"XO\.WPK\J.EJ 6JG $QPRQ TGNKIKQP −KPUG[, %CTQN UGGFVTGG"OKPV.PGV %QOOWPKV[ HQTGUVT[ KP 6KDGV −KVEJKP, 4QD. TQD.MKVEJKP"OC[.KG 5RCVKCN CPCN[UKU −KVQUUC, 6COCTK VMKVQUUC"YCVCTVU.WYCVGTNQQ.EC $KQEGPVTKUO −KVVK, *GKFK JGKFK.MKVVK"OGVNC.HK 5CCOK +− −NQQUVGT, &CPKGN FMNQQUVG"ICTPGV.CEPU.HUW.GFW *WOCP-GPXKTQPOGPV TGNCVKQPU; 2QNKVKECN ’EQNQI[
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#RRGPFKZ 4 %QPVCEVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 449
−QUGM, ,CMG LCMG"WPO.GFW +& RNCEG CPF HQTGUVT[ −QVJCTK, #UJKUJ CUJKUJ"PFC.XUPN.PGV.KP #PKOKUO CPF PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP −TWIGT, .KPFC NMTWIGT"HU.HGF.WU +& CPF RNCEG −X¿TPG, 2GT RGT.MXCTPG"KMQU.WKQ.PQ $QPRQ URKTKVWCN GEQNQI[ .CHKVVG, )CDTKGN INCHKVVG"VGEJKPHQ.EQO.CW 6JG HCKNGF 9$ RTQLGEV KP 6KDGV .C2QNNC, 4CPF[ T.NCRQNNC"NCVTQDG.GFW.CW 2GQRNG ITQWRU KP ;WPPCP .CYTGPEG, #PPC CPPC.NCYTGPEG"GEK.QZ.CE.WM (QTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU .GCEJ, /GNKUUC /..GCEJ"KFU.CE.WM ’RKUVGOKE EQIPKVKQP CPF HQTGUVT[ FKUEQWTUG .GG, 4QDGTV DQDNGG"W.YCUJKPIVQP.GFW /&5 .GG, 6GTGPEG VTN"UV-CPF.CE.WM (QTGUV RGTEGRVKQP KP 7− .K 9GKEJCPI NKYGKEJ"RWDNKE3.DVC.PGV.EP ’EQVQWTKUO KP %JKPC .K, <JQPINKCP \JQPINKCPN"[CJQQ.EQO.EP (QTGUVT[ KP ;WPPCP .KPI .KP NKPINKP"OCKN.UE.EPKPHQ.PGV 5QEKCN HQTGUVT[ KP %JKPC .KV\KPIGT, 4CNRJ TNKV\"FWMG.GFW /GOQT[ YQTM CPF OKPQTKV[ RGQRNG .QICP, 2CO RCONQICP"CNWOPK.ECNVGEJ.GFW +PHQTOCVKQP QP −JCO .QPFQP, ,QPCVJCP LQPCVJCPMANQPFQP"[CJQQ.EQO (QTGUV, RNCEG CPF +& .QPI %JWP .KP NQPIEN"[PRW.EFPGV.GFW.EP +− KP %JKPC .QYG, ,WUVKP VRRGK"GCTVJKUNCPF.QTI 6KDGVCP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP /CEMGP\KG, (KQPC CHFOCEMGP\KG"CDFP.CE.WM +FGPVKV[ CPF RNCEG /CEMGP\KG, (KQPC CTM040"CDFP.CE.WM +FGPVKV[ CPF RNCEG /CHHK, .WKUC OCHHK"VGTTCNKPIWC.QTI .CPIWCIG CPF DKQFKXGTUKV[ /CMNG[, %JCTNGPG. EJCTNGPG.OCMNG["TGGF.GFW )GPFGT, GVJPKEKV[, PCVKQPCNKUO, TGNKIKQP CPF TKVWCN, HGOKPKPG
VJGQT[, NKPIWKUVKE CPVJTQRQNQI[, %JKPC, 6KDGV, ’CUV #UKC. /CPPK, (TCP\ OCPPK"OPJP.HT $CTTKGT CPCN[UKU /CTECVQ, % KJCXGCFTGCOEV"[CJQQ.EQO ’EQVQWTKUO KP %JKPC /CTVKP, )CT[ )/CTVKP)&("CQN.EQO ’VJPQDQVCP[ /EEC[, $ OEEC["#’512.476)’45.’&7 2QUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[ /EEQOKUMG[, 5 OEEQOKUMG[01"EQOECUV.PGV /KPQTKV[ EQOOWPKVKGU /GFKP, &QWINCU OGFKP"PYW.GFW ’XQNWVKQP CPF &GXQNWVKQP QH −PQYNGFIG
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#RRGPFKZ 4 %QPVCEVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 450
/GTEJCPV, %CTQN[P OGTEJCPV"PCVWTG.DGTMGNG[.GFW ,QJP .QEMG /GUEJ, )WUVCXQ )WUVCXQ"UQE.JCKHC.CE.KN ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP /GUUGTUEJOKFV, &QP FQPOZZ"[CJQQ.EQO (QTGUVT[ KP $JWVCP /KGJG, )GQTIG & 5CDKPG OKGJG"OCKNGT.WPK-OCTDWTI.FG 5CETGF HQTGUVU KP 6KDGV, ,WPKRGTU /KNNU, 4QIGT TQIGT.OKNNU"QWNU.QZ.CE.WM (QTGUVT[ FKUEQWTUGU /QPVGNNQ, &CPKGN OQPVGNNQ"IGQI.WEUD.GFW 5RCVKCN CPCN[UKU QH HQTGUV RGTEGRVKQP /QQTG, 6QO VOQQTG"URCVKCN.EC (QTGUV OQFGNNKPI /QWPVCKP (QTWO OHOQF"OVPHQTWO.QTI −PQYNGFIG U[UVGOU /WGJNKWU, .QTGP NQTGP"IOK.QTI ’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’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ 2CPFG[, &GGR 0CTC[CP FGGR"KKHO.QTI ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ 2CVVGTUQP, )GQTIG 2CVNCOGINC"DVQRGPYQTNF.EQO −JCO 2CVVGTUQP, −CVG .QWKUG VKDGVUWRRQTV"IP.CRE.QTI /GFKEKPCN RNCPVU KP 6KDGV 2GFNG[, %JTKU E.RGFNG["JG[VJTQR.CE.WM +PHQTOCVKQP QP 6KDGV 2GGV, %TGKIJVQP ERGGV"GCTVJYCVEJ.QTI +PFKIGPQWU −PQYNGFIG 2GK 5JGPILK RGKUL"RWDNKE.MO.[P.EP +− KP %JKPC 2GNMG[, ,COKP ,COKPA2GNMG["UKN.QTI 6C'GT RGQRNG 2JKNKR, /KEJCGN RJKNKRHQT"CDQ[PG93.HUPGV.EQ.WM ’VJPQ-HQTGUVT[ KP 6KDGV 2NQWXKGT, &QOKPKGM FQOKPKGM.RNQWXKGT"YYH.DG &GXGNQROGPV YKVJ *WOCP 4KIJVU EQORNKCPEG 2QGN, 2KGV 8CP > RKRQGN"FTWMPGV.DV (QTGUVT[ KP $JWVCP
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#RRGPFKZ 4 %QPVCEVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 451
2QGN, 2KGV 8CP > RKRQGN"JGVPGV.PN (QTGUVT[ KP $JWVCP 2QHHGPDGTIGT, /CTM ORQHHGP"CQN.EQO (QTGUV UVGYCTFUJKR 2QUG[, &CTTGNN # IEEGRW"XCZ.QZ.CE.WM 5RKTKVWCN XCNWGU QH $KQFKXGTUKV[ 2QVVKPIGT, #NCP CNCP.RQVVKPIGT"EHC-KPVGTPCVKQPCN.QTI ’PXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP KP %JKPC 2QWNUQP, %JTKUVKPG ERQWNUQP"OQWPVCKP.QTI −PQYNGFIG U[UVGOU 2TCOQF, & RTCOQFR"RFZ.GFW 4KVWCNU QH TGUKUVCPEG 2TCVV, ,CPG FRTCVV"KIE.CRE.QTI %QOOWPKV[-DCUGF OQWPVCKP VQWTKUO 2TGUU, $QD LTR"PJO.CE.WM 6KDGVCP HNQTC 2TKGUV, 9CTTGP YCTTGPRTKGUV"JQVOCKN.EQO 9QTO ITCUU (%QTF[EGRU UKPGPUKU) 3WCTVGTN[ ,QWTPCN QH (QTGUVT[ SLH"CPEGUVQTUWM.EQO 2QUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[ 3WKPP, ) JKUVQTKECN"HEQ.IQX.WM *KUVQT[ QH −JCO 3WKPP, )GTT[. IGTT[.SWKPP"FGCMKP.GFW.CW #PCN[UKU QH FKUUKOKNCTKV[ 4CEQXKVGCPW, # CATCEQXKVGCPW"[CJQQ.EQO 5CETGF IGQITCRJ[ CPF )+5 4CG, ’WIGPG G.TCG"TIU.QTI *KUVQT[ CPF )GQITCRJ[ QH −JCO 4CODNG, %JCTNGU. EJCTNGU.TCODNG"QTKPUV.QZ.CE.WM 6TGG QTFKPCVKQP, [WN NJC, DQP, JWPVKPI 4GEJNKP, /KMG OCT"RTKP.GFW 5WUVCKPCDNG HQTGUVT[ KP 6KDGV 4GFENKHV, /KEJCGN OKEJCGN.T.TGFENKHV"MEN.CE.WM 5WUVCKPCDNG FGXGNQROGPV 4GGF, 2CVTKEM RTGGF01"HU.HGF.WU (QTGUV 8CNWGU 4GKEJGN, ’NK\CDGVJ GTGKEJGN"QRGPYC[.EQO.EQ 5WUVCKPCDKNKV[, 5JCOCPKUVKE /QFGU HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEEQWPVKPI 4GVJKPMKPI 6QWTKUO 2TQLGEV 462TQLGEV"CQN.EQO ’EQVQWTKUO 4QKJWXWQ, .GGPC .GGPC.4QKJWXWQ"GHK.HK (QTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU 4QNUVQPG, *QNOGU TQNUVQP"NCOCT.EQNQUVCVG.GFW (QTGUV 8CNWGU 4QUG, %CTQN ECTQN.TQUG"[CNG.GFW ,QJP .QEMG 4QUGPDGTI, /KEJCGN OUT"CUW.GFW 2CUUCIG WUG 4QUU, 0QTDGTV PQTDGTV.Q.TQUU"XCPFGTDKNV.GFW ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP 4Q[CN (QTGUVT[ 5QEKGV[ THUJS"THU.QTI.WM 2QUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[ 4WFGN, 6QO TWFGN"CGUQR.TWVIGTU.GFW 6KDGVCP EQRKPI UVTCVGIKGU 4WF[ XCP $TWIIGP 4WF[XCP$TWIIGP"\QPPGV.PN (QTGUVT[ KP −JCO
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#RRGPFKZ 4 %QPVCEVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 452
4[CXGE, −CTN. −CTN.4[CXGE"WYUR.GFW )+5 GZRQTV 5CCTKOCC, 4KKMMC TKKMMC.UCCTKOCC"VWMMM.HK (QTGUV RGTEGRVKQP 5COFWR, %CTQN %UCOFWR"+EJTFF.EC /KPKPI KP 6KDGV 5COFWR, 6JWDVGP (5CO) ECPVKDGV"VKDGV.EC 6TCPUNCVKQP 5COVGP −CTOC[ MCTOC["OCG.W-RCTKU10.HT $QP UVWFKGU 5COWGN, )GQHHTG[ UCOWGNI"ECTFKHH.CE.WM ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP, JWPVKPI, 6KDGVCP TGNKIKQP, −KPI )GUCT 5CVVGTHKGNF, 6JGTGUC UCVVGTHF"KPVGTEJCPIG.WDE.EC (QTGUV XCNWG V[RQNQIKGU 5CVVQWV, ’NUC ,. GU13"CWD.GFW.ND 6’8 QH HQTGUV XCNWGU 5CWPFGTU, −CVG MCVGU"UCXGVKDGV.QTI &GHQTGUVCVKQP KP 6KDGV 5CZQP, ’CTN GUCZQP"60%.14) 6KDGVCP WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP 5C[GTU, ,CPG L.UC[GTU"RITCF.WPKOGND.GFW.CW /GVCRJQT CPF UVTCVGIKE FKUEQWTUG 5EJGNJCU, , LUEJGNJCU"HU.HGF.WU 2QUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[ 5EJKGUUGT, /CTMWU OCUEJKGUUGTAEP"[CJQQ.EQO 6JG 2WOK RGQRNG 5EJTGEMGPDGTI, −CVG HQTGUVT["QFK.QTI.WM %QPUGTXCVKQP VJTQWIJ VTGGU QP HCTOU 5EJTQGFGT, * JUEJTQGFGT"HU.HGF.WU +&, RNCEG CPF HQTGUVT[ 5GGNCPF, −NCWU MNCWUUGGNCPF"JQVOCKN.EQO 2GTEGRVKQP QH PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP 5GGNCPF, −NCWU UGGNCPF"HQYK.GVJ\.EJ 2GTEGRVKQP QH PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP 5JCNNQP, &CPKGN FCPKGN.UJCNNQP"HCQ.QTI 06(2 5JCYG, −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’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP
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#RRGPFKZ 4 %QPVCEVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 453
5RGTNKPI, ’NNKQV URGTNKP"KPFKCPC.GFW 5KPQ-6KDGVCP TGNCVKQPU CPF 6KDGVCP *KUVQT[ 5VGXGPU, 5VCP UUVGXGPU"IGQ.WOCUU.GFW 6JG 5JGTRCU 5VGYCTV, 4QDGTV UVGYCTVT1"QTPN.IQX 5#&#� WUG 5VWCTV, −GXKP MQMPQT"JQVOCKN.EQO 6GTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC KP 6KDGV 5[FGPUVTKEMGT, , LOU56"EQTPGNN.GFW %QIPKVKXG OCRRKPI QH HQTGUV XCNWGU 6CNDQV, −KTM M.VCNDQVV"EQPUGTXCVKQP.QTI $KQFKXGTUKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP 6CUJK, 0[KOC VCCCU"RWDNKE.NU.Z\.EP 6GTTKVQTKCN PWOKPC KP 6KDGV 6GKUEJ, ,GUUKEC LVGKUEJ"PCVWTG.DGTMGNG[.GFW ,QJP .QEMG 6GTTCUGGT 5WRRQTV UWRRQTV"VGTTCUGGT.EQO $QWPFCT[5GGT WUG 6JQOCU, ;KNFK\ [KNFK\"KUGO.KUGO.WPKX-OQPVR2.HT ’VJPQDQVCP[ 6KCPK, #PPG /CTKG C.VKCPK"EIKCT.QTI %QPUGTXCVKQP KPFKECVQTU 6QNGFCPQ, ,COGU LVQNGFCPQ"ENCTMW.GFW +&4+5+ WUG CPF 6KDGVCP VGZV NC[GTU 6TCEG (QWPFCVKQP KPHQ"VTCEG.QTI 6KDGVCP UQHVYCTG 6TGPV, ,QCP LQCPAVTGPV"DNO.IQX (QTGUV 8CNWGU 6TQRGPDQU (QWPFCVKQP VTQRGPDQU"VTQRGPDQU.QTI 06(2 6UGTKPI & )QPMCVUCPI VFIQPMCVUCPI1"VKUECNK.EQ.WM 6KDGVCP VTCPUNCVKQP 6UGTKPI & )QPMCVUCPI VUGTKPI.IQPMCVUCPI"QTKGPVCN-KPUVKVWVG.QZHQTF.CE.WM 6KDGVCP VTCPUNCVKQP 6UGTKPI, &CNJC FCNJCVUGTKPI"[CJQQ.EQ.WM 6KDGVCP VTCPUNCVKQP 6WEMGT, /CT[ ’XGN[P OVWEMGT"DWEMPGNN.GFW #PKOKUO, %QPHWEKCPKUO CPF PCVWTG EQPUGTXCVKQP 6WEMGT, 4KEJCTF TRVWEMGT"WOKEJ.GFW 0CVWTG CPF VJG 1TKGPV 7OCPU, .CWTGPV HVRR-HCQ"CNDCVTQU.EPD.PGV (QTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU 7OCPU, .CWTGPV NCWTGPV.WOCPU"OKPDW\C.PN (QTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU 7PICT, 5KOQP U.WPICT"UWTTG[.CE.WM ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP 7\\GNN, &CXKF F.W\\GNN"UWTTG[.CE.WM ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RU[EJQNQI[ 8QWVCU, 6QP[ VQP["CRCFGXGNQROGPV.EQO )GPFGT OCKPUVTGCOKPI 9CFNG[, 4GGF YCFNG[T"OKUUQWTK.GFW 2GQRNGU QH 5QWVJGCUV #UKC 9CNNPGT, #UVTKF. CUVTKF.YCNNPGT"EFG.WPKDG.EJ $KQURJGTG TGUGTXGU 9CPI[CN, 2JWPVUQI GPSWKTKGU"VKDGV-HQWPFCVKQP.QTI 6KDGVCP VTCPUNCVKQP 9CTTGP, %CTQN EAYCTTGP"EGPVTCN.OWTFQEJ.GFW.CW /GVCRJQT CPF UVTCVGIKE FKUEQWTUG
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#RRGPFKZ 4 %QPVCEVU
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2CIG 454
9%/% (,GTT[ *CTTKUQP) LGTT[.JCTTKUQP"YEOE.QTI.WM &KIKVCN OCRU 9GGTUVTC, *CPU 103121.2610"EQORWUGTXG.EQO 0QOCFU 9GNNGPU, −QGP MQGPTCCF.YGNNGPU"WD.WKQ.PQ 6JG 2WOK JCPIWK 9GNNGT, 4 2 TRYGNNGT"DW.GFW 4GNKIKQ-GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQVGUV 9KGPGT, ,QJP & ,QJP.9KGPGT"%QNQTCFQ.’&7 ’PXKTQPOGPV CPF $GJCXKQWT 9KGTUWO, (TGGTM (TGGTM.9KGTUWO"YWT.PN 0QTOCVKXG RNWTKHQTOKV[, HQTGUVT[ RCTCFKIOU 9KNMGU, #PFTGCU CPF["EDKM.CE.EP ’VJPQ-NKPIWKUVKE OCRU QH ;WPPCP 9KNMGU, #PFTGCU CLY5"WME.CE.WM ’VJPQ-NKPIWKUVKE OCRU QH ;WPPCP 9KNNKCOU, &CPKGN FTYKNNKCOU"HU.HGF.WU 2QUV-OQFGTP HQTGUVT[, RNCEG CVVCEJOGPV 9KPMNGT, &CPKGN &CP9KPM"EU.EQO (QTGUVT[ KP −JCO 9KUUKPI, & &9KUUKPI"CQN.EQO &T 5JGNVQP CPF $CVCPI 9QGNHGN, ,QUGRJ LYQGNHGN"OUP.EQO )CNKNGQ /&5 WUG 9QQF, 4 YQQF"ECOFGP.TWVIGTU.GFW 6KDGVCP EQRKPI UVTCVGIKGU :KQPI 2KPI ECNODGCT"UKPC.EQO 6TCPUNCVKQP :W ,KCPEJW LZW"KEKOQF.QTI.PR +− CPF GVJPQ-HQTGUVT[ KP %JKPC, (QTGUV 2QNKE[ ;CP <JCQNK \JCQNK["OCKN.EKD.CE.EP )GPFGT, ,KCTQPI +− ;QPI, 4C[OQPF FG TFG[QWPI"WOKEJ.GFW ’PXKTQPOGPVCN RGTEGRVKQP
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