Sudan

Map Link: Geographic Zones of Africa:

<http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2013/03/dezeen_Africa-is-an-extraordinary-opportunity-at-the-moment-David-Adjaye_04.jpg>

610 First revelation to Muhammad

c. 615 Some Muslims flee to Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

Late 7th/early 8th c. Muslims take N. Africa

8th c. First Muslim records of W. Africa

Map Link: Africa in 1453:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/africa_ad1453.jpg>

Role of trade

“Silent trade”?

Muslims buying gold, slaves, ivory, indigoleather, beeswax. Selling horses, dates,wheat, dried grapes, nuts, textiles,copper and silver goods

Role of trade

African rulers controlling trade

Rulers in W. Sudan finding it useful toconvert to Islam

Mansa Musa of Mali (r. c. 1307-36)

Great Mosque of Jenné (bt. 13th c., rebuilt 1907)

Sankoré Mosque, Timbuktu (bt. 15th c., rebuilt 16th c., 18th c., 19th c.)

In E. Sudan

Trade also playing prominent role

Role of immigration of Arabs and others

Harar, Ethiopia, as intellectual centre

Conversion of rulers in Western Sudan, morewidely in Eastern Sudan

Impact of local religions on African Islam

Ibn Battuta (1304-btw. 1368 and 1377)

Late 16th c./early 17th c. Fragmentationof Sudanese states

Weakening of Islam in cities

Strengthening of Islam in rural areas

Map Link: Africa in 1648:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/africa_ad1648.jpg>

1725 Fula/Fulani/Fulbe rebellion/jihad

1750 Fula take control of Futa Jalon

Map Link: Africa in 1789:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/africa_ad1789.jpg>

Slave trade

Prisoners of war, criminals

Muslim states as new market

Portuguese in 15th c., other Europeanpowers in 16th c.

Slave trade

17th c. Establishment of plantations inAmericas

By 1750: c. 70,000 slaves taken every yearto Americas

Slave trade

Depopulation in parts of Africa

Muslim slaves

African slaves as workforce to replacenative Americans, essential toEuropean economies

Muhammad ibn Battuta (b. Tangier 1304,d. Morocco btw. 1368 and 1377)

Shams al-Din Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammadibn ‘Abd Allah al-Tanji

Trained as qadi, then in 1325 set out toperform hajj and find teachers. By timereturned to Morocco in 1349 hadcovered over 60,000 miles and donehajj three times

Muhammad ibn Battuta (b. Tangier 1304,d. Morocco btw. 1368 and 1377)

Travelled through most of Muslim world.Met Ottoman sultan Orhan (r. 1326-62),Il-Khan Abu Sa‘id (r. 1316-35) andUzbeg, Khan of Golden Horde (r. 1313-41)Served sultan of Delhi for 7 years as qadi,and spent several months in Maldives insame role. Visit to China may have beenadded to his travelogue (rihla) by his editor

Later visited Mali and Granada