Succeeding with Technology Chapter 3

Succeeding with Technology 4th ed> Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >

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Software from Conception to Installation and Beyond

System Software Application Software Smart Software: Artificial Intelligence

Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain

Chapter 3

Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >

Trends There is a shift from a hardware view of

computing to software & services

"Ten years out, in terms of actual hardware costs you can almost think of hardware as being free -- I'm not saying it will be absolutely free -- but in terms of the power of the servers, the power of the network will not be a limiting factor," Gates said, referring to networked computers and advances in the speed of the Internet.

Trends Software has become more expensive than hardware

for several reasons:Technology has resulted in reduced hardware costs.Software requires more time to develop.Developers’ salaries have increased.

Key Terms System software Application software Programming language Web service Copyright Software license

Software from Conception to Installation and Beyond

Single-user license Open-source software Creative Commons license Shareware Software bugs & patches

Two Types of Software

• controls the hardware• runs the computer system• operating system• disk management tools

System Software

• provides services for people• programs written to perform

tasks• word processor,

spreadsheets and database

Application Software

How Software Works Software consists of a

number of files, at least one of which is “executable”

Executable File: stores computer instructions in binary machine language

http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/

Programming Languages A programming language is the primary tool of

computer programmers, providing English-like commands for writing software that is translated into the detailed step-by-step instructions executed by the processor.

Syntax: a set of rules that describe how programming statements and commands should be written.

A Programming Statement in C++

cout << "\nPlease Enter The Password:";

Programming Languages

The evolution of programming languages can be thought of in terms of generations of languages.

Evolution of Programming Languages Although programming languages have

evolved beyond four generations, most software is developed using variations of third-level languages.

Visual Programming Visual programming uses a

graphical or “visual” interface for software development combined with programming language text-based commands.

Integrated Development Environment Software today is

created using an integrated development environment.

An IDE combines all the tools required for software engineering into one package.

Object-oriented Programming Object-oriented programming

languages are based on the creation and interaction of reusable programming objects.

Web Service Web service is a software system that

automates tasks by controlling communication between computers over the Internet.

Application Programming Interface The use of an API opens up a system or device

so that others besides the manufacturer can develop software to run on the system or device.

Software Copyrights and Licenses

Copyright: defines exclusive rights legally granted to the owner.

Software License: Defines permissions, rights, and restrictions provided to the person who purchases a copy of the software. Single User/Multi-

userMost PC software will not allow the user to install the software without first clicking “I acceptthe terms in the License Agreement.”

Freeware Freeware is software that is made available to the public

for free. Reasons include:build customer interest and name recognitionwish to make a valuable donation to societyothers believe that all software should be free

(www.fsf.org)

Open Source Open-source software

evolves from the combined contribution of its users.

The Free Software Directory (http://directory.fsf.org) lists over 5000 software titles in 22 categories licensed under the GPL.

Creative Commons License Creative Commons license is designed to

allow the creators of intellectual property to specify the terms of the license in order to grant certain freedoms to users, while still providing the owner with some control of the property and the ability to profit from the distribution of the work.

(http://creativecommons.org).

Off-the-shelf Software

Off-the-shelf software is mass-produced software designed for use by the general public.

SharewareMarketed under a

"try before you buy" philosophy

Subscription Model With a software subscription

you pay an annual fee for as long as you wish to use the software.

This model is ideal for software such as virus protection that requires continuous updates.

Rich Internet Applications Rich Internet

applications are delivered using a Web interface.

Rich Internet Applications Examples

Custom-designed software

Custom Designed software, either in-house developed or contracted, is software designed to solve a unique and specific problem.

Companies will sometimes market their custom software to others in the industry.

Installing Software Software for personal computers

typically comes on CDs or is downloaded as a compressed file.

System Software Key Terms

Operating system Command-based

user interface Graphical User

Interface Boot process Multitasking

Device driver Utility programs Microsoft Windows Mac OS Linux

The Operating System The software that controls the computer’s use

of its hardware. Acts as an interface between application

software and hardware.

Operating System Functions Operating systems are designed to support a variety of

computer platforms and uses, such as the following:

Single computer Single User

•personal computer (desktop, notebook, or smart phone) that supports one user at a time

Single computer Multiple Users

•larger mainframe or server computers that can accommodate hundreds or thousands of people

Multiple computers •large computer network with thousands of computers attached around the world or a home network with several computers

Special-purpose computers

•embedded systems that control sophisticated military aircraft, the space shuttle, some home appliances, and a variety of other special-purpose computers

User Interface-Command-based

User Interface-Graphical User Interface

Multi-Tasking

Multitasking is the ability of the OS to run several programs or tasks at the same time.

Device Driver Any device that

connects to a computer includes associated software called the device driver that must be installed in order for the operating system to recognize and communicate with the device.

Managing Files

Windows users make use of a program named Documents to manage their files, while Mac users use Finder.

Utility Programs (the other system software)

Programs designed to assist the machine in running smoothly, securely, and efficiently: Virus Detection Spam and Pop-up blockers Adware & Spyware protection Defragmentation Windows Cleaners

Programs that assist us in maintaining and manipulating system resources: File Compression (WinZip) File and Disk Management &

Backup CD/DVD Burners

Key Terms Word Processing Spreadsheet Software Optimization Presentation Software Database management Personal Information management Software Suites

Application Software

Productivity Software Word Processing: Document

production Spreadsheet: Numeric

analysis software often used for carrying out “what if” scenarios.

Database: For managing and querying data records

Presentation: For developing supportive visual aides to accompany a presentation.

Personal Information Management PIM software helps

individuals store useful information, such as to-do lists, appointment calendars, and contact lists. In addition, information in a PIM can be linked.

Software Suite A software suite is a collection of application

software packages sold together.

Additional Applications Software

Applications Software for Businesses and Organizations Application software

can be used to process routine transactions, provide information to help people make better decisions, and perform a number of specialized functions to handle unique but important tasks.

Call center employees use order entry software to access product information and place orders.

Software for Information, Decision Support, & Specialized Purposes

Physicians also use software to make better decisions.

Sophisticated software is now being used to increase the cure rate.

Key Terms Artificial Intelligence Turing Test Conventional AI Computational Intelligence Expert System Neural Network Fuzzy Logic Genetic Algorithm

Smart Software: AI

Robotics Computer vision Natural language processing Speech recognition Intelligent Agent Virtual reality

Artificial Intelligence AI refers to the science and engineering of

creating computer systems that simulate human thought and behavior.

Turing Test

“A human judge engages in a natural language conversation with two other parties, one human, the other a machine; if the judge cannot reliably tell which is which, then the machine is said to pass the test.”

Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

Computational Intelligence

Neural Networks

Fuzzy Systems

Evolutionary Computation

Conventional AI

Expert Systems

Case-based Reasoning

Bayesian Networks

Behavior-based AI

Conventional Intelligence Relies on the

programmer to instill the software with logical functionality to solve problems.

Artificial Intelligence

Conventional AI

Expert Systems

Case-based Reasoning

Bayesian Networks

Behavior-based AI

Expert Systems Expert systems

are created with the assistance of a human expert who provides subject-specific knowledge.

Case-based Reasoning AI software maintains a library of problem

cases and solutions when confronted by a new problem

adjusts and applies a relevant previous solution to the new problem.

Retrieve Reuse Revise Retain

Bayesian network Is a graphical model that represents a set of

variables and their relationships and dependencies.

Behavior-based Is a methodology that

simulates intelligence by combining many semiautonomous modules. Each module has a

specific activity for which it is responsible.

Computational Intelligence Sets up a system

whereby the software can develop intelligence through an iterative process.

Neural Network A neural network simulates

the functioning of the neurons in a human brain in software.

A neural network is loaded with a random program, and the output is measured against a desired output, which positively or negatively affects the pathways between neurons.

Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy logic is derived from

fuzzy set theory, which deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than precise.

Genetic Algorithm A genetic algorithm is a form of evolutionary

computation that is used to solve large, complex problems where a number of algorithms or models change and evolve until the best one emerges.

AI Applications Robotics Computer Vision Natural Language

ProcessingSpeech Recognition

Handwriting Recognition Face Recognition Intelligent Agents Artificial Creativity

Virtual Reality Virtual reality is often

linked to artificial intelligence because it leans on AI technologies.

Immersive virtual reality refers to a simulation in which the user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer.

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