Study GuideSpanish 1 Fall Semester

Practice questions

Vocab lists and practice questions can be found at:

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/realidades/program_page.html

Select Realidades 1 (Purple) book

Review Part 1 of 3Part 1 covers Para Empezar and Unit 1.

InfinitivesP. 32

Realidades 1

Infinitives

Verbs are words that are most often used to name actions.

Verbs in English have different forms depending on who is doing the action or when the action is occurring:

I walk, she walks, we walked, etc.

Infinitives

The most basic form of a verb is called the INFINITIVE.

In English, you can spot infinitives because they always have the word “TO” in front of them:

to swim, to read, to write

Infinitives

Infinitives in Spanish, though, don’t have a separate word like “to” in front of them.

Spanish infinitives are only one word, and always end in -ar, -er, or -ir:

NadarLeerEscribir

NegativesP. 36

Realidades 1

Negatives

To make a sentence negative in Spanish, you usually put “no” in front of the verb or expression.

In English you usually use the word “not.”

No me gusta cantar.I do not like to sing.

Negatives

To answer a question negatively, in Spanish you often use “no” twice.

The first “no” answers the question.

The second “no” says, I do not … (don’t).”

Negatives

This is similar to the way you answer a question in English.

¿Te gusta escribir cuentos?Do you like to write stories?No, no me gusta.No, I don’t.

Negatives

In Spanish, you might use one or more negatives after answering “no.”

¿Te gusta cantar?Do you like to sing?No, no me gusta nada.No, I don’t like it at all.

NegativesIf you want to say that you do not like

either of two choices, use ni…ni:No me gusta ni nadar ni dibujar.I don’t like either swimming or

drawing.I like neither swimming nor drawing.

AdjectivesP. 55

Realidades 1

Adjectives

Words that describe people and things are called adjectives (adjetivos).

In Spanish, most adjectives have both masculine and feminine forms.

The masculine form usually ends in the letter -o and the feminine form usually ends in the letter -a.

Adjectives

Masculine adjectives are used to describe masculine nouns.

Marcos es ordenado y simpatico.

Marcos is organized and nice.

Adjectives

Feminine adjectives are used to describe feminine nouns.

Marta es ordenada y simpática.

Marta is organized and nice.

Adjectives

Adjectives that end in -e describe both masculine and feminine nouns.

Take a look

Adjectives

Anita es inteligente.Anita is smart.Pedro es inteligente también.

Pedro is also smart.

Adjectives

Masculine

ordenadotrabajadorpaciente

deportista

Feminine

ordenadatraqbajadora

pacientedeportista

Adjectives

When an adjective ends in -or, an -a is added to describe a feminine noun.

Juan es trabajador.Luz es trabajadora

Adjectives

Some adjectives that end in -a, such as deportista, describe both masculine and feminine nouns.

You will need to learn which adjectives follow this pattern.

Adjectives

Tomás es deportista.Tomás is sports-minded.Marta es deportista también.Marta is also sports-minded.

Definite and Indefinite Articles

P. 60Realidades 1

Definite Articles

El , La , Los and Las are called definite articles.

Definite Articles

In English they mean “the”

Definite Articles

We use El and Los with masculine nouns and La and Las with feminine nouns.

Indefinite Articles

Un, Una, Unos, and Unas are indefinite articles.

Indefinite Articles

Un and Una mean

“a or an” in English.

Indefinite Articles

Unos and Unas mean “some” in English.

Indefinite Articles

Un and Unos are masculine and Una and Unas are feminine.

Word Order: Placement of

AdjectivesP. 62

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Placement of Adjectives

In Spanish, adjectives usually come after the noun they describe.

Margarita es una chica artistica.

noun adjective

Placement of Adjectives

In English sentences the adjective comes before the noun, but in Spanish adjectives mostly come after the noun.

Memorize this pattern

Placement of Adjectives

Subject + Verb + Noun + AdjectiveMargarita es una chica muy

artistica.Pablo es un estudiante inteligente.La Sra. Ortiz es una profesora muy

buena.

Review Part 2 of 3Unidad 2

Subject PronounsP. 82

Realidades 1

Subject Pronouns

The subject of a sentence tells who is doing the action.

You often use people’s names as the subject:

Gregorio escucha música.Ana canta y baila.

Subject PronounsYou also use subject pronouns

(I, you, he, she, we, they) to tell who is doing an action.

The subject pronouns replace people’s names.

Here are all the subject pronouns.

Subject Pronouns (Singular)

YoTúUsted (Ud.)ÉlElla

IYou (informal)You (formal)HeShe

Subject Pronouns (Plural)NosotrosNosotrasVosotrosVosotrasUstedes (Uds.)EllosEllas

We (males)We (females)You All (informal)You All (informal)You All (formal)They (males)They (females)

Subject Pronouns

Tú, usted, ustedes, and vosotros(as) all mean “you.”

Use tú with family, friends, people your age or younger, and anyone you call by his or her first name.

Subject Pronouns

Use usted with adults you address with a title, such as señor, señora, profesor(a), etc. Usted is usually written as Ud.

Subject Pronouns

In Latin America, use ustedes when speaking to two or more people, regardless of age. Ustedes is usually written as Uds.

Subject PronounsIn Spain, use vosotros(as)

when speaking to two or more people you call tú individually:

Tú + tú = vosotros(as)Use ustedes when talking to

two or more people you call usted individually.

Subject Pronouns

If a group is made up of males only or of both males and females together, use the masculine forms: nosotros, vosotros, ellos.

Subject Pronouns

You can combine a subject pronoun and a name to form a subject.

Subject Pronouns

Alejandro y yo = nosotros

Carlos y ella = ellosPepe y tú = ustedesLola y ella = ellas

Present Tense of -ar Verbs

P. 84Realidades 1

VERBS

A verb usually names the action in a sentence.

We call the verb that ends in -r the INFINITIVE

VERBS

The INFINITIVE is the form you would find in a Spanish dictionary.

In English it means “to + (verb)”

These are some INFINITIVES you already know:

EnseñarEstudiarHablarBailarCantarDibujarEscuchar

EsquiarEsquiar JugarJugar MontarMontar NadarNadar Pasar tiempoPasar tiempo PatinarPatinar And several And several

more!more!

IN SPANISH:

The last letter or letters of the verb tell you who does the action.

IN SPANISH:

To change an INFINITIVE to a form that tells who is doing the action, remove the -ar and add the appropriate ending.

IN SPANISH:

This action is called CONJUGATION

TO STUDY (English)

I study

You study

HeShe

studiesit

We study

They study

ESTUDIAR (Spanish)

Yo estudio

Tú estudias

Ud.Él estudiaElla

Nosotros estudiamos

NosotrasVosotros estudáisVosotrasUds.Ellos estudianEllas

STEM / ENDING

For every INFINITIVE in Spanish there is a STEM and an ENDING.

STEM / ENDING

For example, for “estudiar,”…”estudi” is the stem.

“ar” is the ending.

STEM / ENDING

So, the endings for -ar verbs are:

o, as, a, amos, áis, an

THE VOSOTROS

Verb forms ending in áis, such as estudiáis, are used mainly in the country of Spain only.

Let’s CONJUGATESome more -ar verbs!

TOCAR

Yo toco

Tú tocas

Ud.Él tocaElla

Nosotros tocamos

nosotrasVosotros tocáisvosotrasUds.Ellos tocanEllas

Enseñar

Yo enseño

Tú enseñas

Ud.Él enseñaElla

Nosotros enseñamos

Vosotros enseñáis

Uds.Ellos enseñanEllas

NEGATING A SENTENCE

When you want to say that you do not do something, use no before the verb form

NEGATING A SENTENCE

Yo no cocino en la clase de educación física.

ASKING A QUESTION

When we ask a question in Spanish, we usually put the subject after the verb or sometimes at the end of the sentence.

ASKING A QUESTION

Cocina Juan en la clase de ciencias?

Estudia mucho Paulina?Verb Subject

Page 107Realidades 1

ESTAR

The Verb Estar

Estar is an IRREGULAR verb.

It means “to be” in English.

The Verb ESTAR

It does NOT follow the pattern of REGULAR

-AR VERBS.

The Verb ESTAR

In writing, be sure to use the accent mark on all forms except the “yo” and “nosotros” forms.

TO BE (In English)

I am

You are

HeShe isIt

We are

They are

ESTAR

Yo estoy

Tú estás

Ud.Él estáElla

Nosotros estamos

Uds.Ellos estánEllas

USE OF ESTAR

Estar is used to tell “location” of a person or a thing.

USE OF ESTAR

For example:

El libro está en la mesa.

The book is on the table.

USE OF ESTAR

Maria y Carlos están en clase.

Maria and Carlos are in class.

USE OF ESTAR

Estar is also used to tell the condition of something or someone.

USE OF ESTAR

For example:

Maria está enferma.

Maria is sick.

USE OF ESTAR

Elisa y tú están ocupados.

Elisa and you are busy.

Page 110Realidades 1

Nouns

NOUNS

Nouns refer to people, animals, places, and things.

NOUNS

In Spanish, nouns have gender. They are either masculine or feminine.

Masculine / Feminine

Most nouns that end in -o are masculine.

Masculine / Feminine

Most nouns that end in -a are feminine.

Masculine / Feminine

For example:

el libro

la calculadora An exception: el día

Other Spanish Nouns

Other Spanish nouns end in -e or a consonant.

Other Spanish Nouns

For example:

el cine el marcador

la clase la televisión

Other Spanish Nouns

Some can be both masculine and feminine: el/la estudiante

Making Nouns Plural

To make nouns plural you usually add -s to words ending in a vowel and -es to words ending in a consonant.

silla sillas teclado teclados cartel carteles

Making Nouns Plural

Singular nouns that end in z change the z to c in the plural.

El lápiz los lápices

Definite Articles

El , La , Los and Las are called definite articles.

In English they mean “the”

Definite Articles

We use El and Los with masculine nouns and La and Las with feminine nouns.

Indefinite Articles

Un, Una, Unos, and Unas are indefinite articles.

Indefinite Articles

Un and Una mean

“a or an” in English.

Indefinite Articles

Unos and Unas mean “some” in English.

Indefinite Articles

Un and Unos are masculine and Una and Unas are feminine.

It’s a good idea to learn a noun with itsdefinite article, el or la, because that will usually tell you the gender.

Review Part 3 of 3Chapter 3a

COMERYo como

Tú comes

Ud.Él comeElla

Nosotros comemos

Vosotros coméis

Uds. Ellos comen Ellas

BEBERYo bebo

Tú bebes

Ud.Él bebeElla

Nosotros bebemos

Vosotros bebéis

Uds.Ellos bebenEllas

LEERYo leo

Tú lees

Ud.Él leeElla

Nosotros leemos

Vosotros leéis

Uds.Ellos leenEllas

To SEE or To WATCHI see

You see

HeShe seesIt

We see

Theysee

VERYo veo

Tú ves

Ud.Él veElla

Nosotrosvemos

Vosotros veís

Uds. Ellos ven Ellas

TO SHAREI share

You share

He

She shares

It

We share

They share

COMPARTIRYo comparto

Tú compartes

Ud.

Él comparte

Ella

Nosotros compartimos

Vosotros compartís

Uds.

Ellos comparten

Ellas

Me gustan, me encantan

P. 135Realidades 1

Me gustan, Me encantan

Use me gusta and me encanta to talk about a singular noun.

Me gusta el té pero me encanta el té helado.

Me gustan, Me encantan

Use me gustan and me encantan to talk about plural nouns.

Me encantan las fresas pero no me gustan mucho los plátanos.

Me gustan, Me encantan

When you use me gusta(n) and me encanta(n) to talk about a noun, include el, la, los, or las.

Me gustan, Me encantan

Me encanta el jugo de naranja pero no me gusta la leche.

¿Qué te gustan más, las hamburguesas o los perritos calientes?