STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right

Structural Engineer

Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors.

Structural engineering specialties for buildings include:

• Earthquake engineering• Façade engineering• Fire engineering• Roof engineering• Tower engineering• Wind engineering

Civil engineering structures•Bridges•Dams•Earthworks•Foundations•Offshore structures•Pipelines

•Power stations•Railways•Retaining structures and walls•Roads•Tunnels•Waterways•Water and wastewater infrastructure

Structural elements

Any structure is essentially made up of only a small number of different types of elements:• Columns• Beams• Plates• Arches• Shells• Catenaries

Classification of Structures

One-dimensional Two-dimensional

straight curve plane curve

(predominantly) bending beam continuous arch plate,

concrete slab lamina, dome

(predominant) tensile stress rope Catenary shell

(predominant) compression pier, column Load-bearing wall

A masonry arch

• 1. Keystone 2. Voussoir 3. Extrados 4. Impost 5. Intrados 6. Rise 7. Clear span 8. Abutment

Burj Khalifa, in Dubai, the world's tallest building

Earthquake-proof and massive pyramid El Castillo, Chichen Itza

Sydney Opera House, designed by Ove Arup & Partners

Millennium Dome in London, UK

Truss Bridge

Shell Structure

The 630 foot (192 m) high, stainless-clad (type 304) Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri

Common structural materials:• Iron:• Wrought iron• Cast iron• Steel• Stainless steel• Concrete:• Reinforced concrete• Prestressed concrete• Aluminium• Composites• Alloy• Masonry• Timber• Other structural materials:• Adobe• Bamboo• Carbon fibre• Fiber reinforced plastic• Mudbrick• Roofing materials• Advanced structural materials

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