Post on 19-May-2018
Available on: www.bahria.edu.pk/bukc/burjes2016 Bahria University Research Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 2, Issue 1, June 2017
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Structural Delineation Followed by Hydrocarbon Imprints of Dhodak
Gas Field, Central Indus basin, Pakistan
Urooj Shakir1, Muyassar Hussain2, M. Asif 1, Mumtaz Ali Khan1, M. Fahad Mehmood1, M. Khubaib A.1, Masood Anwer1
1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2LMK Resources, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Corresponding Author Email: mhuroojshakir@gmail.com
Abstract – Dhodak field is located in eastern Sulaiman
Range, Central Indus Basin, characterized by North most
culmination of the Safed Koh anticlinorium. The objective of
study is to portray the petroleum geology by studying
subsurface structures with help of reflection data and to
delineate the characteristics of reservoir through Petrophysical
analysis. This article highlights the hydrocarbon presence and
potential of Dhodak-05 which is found in the structural trap
provided by the faults. The research is carried out using seismic
lines and the well log data of Dhodak-05 and other available
literature. Two-way time and depth contour maps obtained as
a result of interpretation have confirmed the presence of
Anticlinal pop-up structures. Studies have revealed Pab
Sandstone of Cretaceous and lower Ranikot of Paleocene age
acting as a reservoir rock. Ghazij shale of Eocene age is acting
as a regional seal. The lower Ranikot and Pab Sandstone were
evaluated in order to obtain results for hydrocarbon potential.
There were two Zones identified in lower Ranikot and Pab
Sandstone. Zones in Lower Ranikot have depths ranges from
2019-2029 m and 2035-2060 m respectively. Zone 1 in Pab
Sandstone ranges from 2142-2151 m having thickness of 9 m
whereas Zone 2 has thickness of 5 m. On the basis of high
effective porosity and low Volume of shale, Pab Sandstone is
considered potentially valuable. In the context of well
interpretation it should be noted that there are small Zones
available for Hydrocarbon perspective in both lower Ranikot
and Pab Sandstone.
Keywords – Dhodak field, Tight reservoir, Seismic,
Zindapir, Anticlinorium.
INTRODUCTION
Dhodak Field is situated on the eastern margin of
Sulaiman Range and it is the North most culmination of the
Sufaid koh anticlinorium, (Humayon et al., 2012), about 80
km north of Dera Ghazi khan city. Field is positioned
between 30°59/3.26//N,70°24'26.25"E to 30°51/46.84//N,
70°20'9.23" E as shown in Figures 1& 2. The first part of the
paper describes exploration history, the structural features by
means of seismic interpretation and literature review. Second
part summarizes the hydrocarbon potential of Ranikot
(Paleocene) Formation and Pab (Cretaceous) Sandstone by
petrophysical analysis of selected Zones.
Exploration History
The area has been under active exploration since early
seventies. This field was discovered in May 1976 by Oil and
Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL) and was
brought on regular production in December 1994 (With this
discovery, Pab sandstone of cretaceous age was established
as gas/condensate reservoir in the Sulamain Range (Anwar
et al., 2012). To date, 08 wells have been drilled and 07 wells
are gas/condensate producers. Exploration activities in the
eastern Sulaiman range date back to 1925 when Burmah Oil
Company started some geological studies. Then in the late
fifties Pakistan Shell oil company and joint venture of PPL
and POL conducted geological surveys. OGDC started its
exploration activities in Dhodak and surrounding areas in
1968. A further detailed geological mapping was again
conducted over Dhodak structure in1973 and Dhodak well-1
was proposed on the basis of this surface geological
information (Humayon et al., 2012).
METHODOLOGY
Seismic data is a substantial source for the
understanding of subsurface structural trends. For this
purpose 2D Seismic lines have been interpreted to get
stratigraphic and structural insight of subsurface. Nature of
the seismic lines along with the well point is shown in the
base map (Figure 5).In order to interpret the structure; first
step is to tie well with seismic section which acts as a bridge
between seismic and geological markers. This task is
completed with the help of existing well data of Dhodak-05,
a time-depth(T-D) chart was generated using time velocity
information of well from which depth of each reflector is
taken. Then using the formula S = VT/2, depth of the
reflectors are calculated and correlated with the well depth.
Three horizons are marked on the given seismic section on
the base of continuity and strong character of the reflectors.
After correlation of the data i.e. from seismic to well tie, the
three reflectors are named as:
1. Upper Ranikot
2. Lower Ranikot
3. Pab sandstone
Fig. 1 Location on Pakistan provincial map (GSP, 2003).
Dhodak area highlighted on google earth.
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Database
The research is carried out using 2D seismic lines 805-
SK-20, 805-SK-18, 795-SK-05R, 805-SK-19, 805-SK-5R,
795-SK-07 and the well log data of Dhodak-05 as shown in
Figure 5.
GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS
The varied geodynamic settings in Indus Basin through
geological time resulted in widespread deposition of Infra
Cambrian-Eocene source and reservoir rocks of both
carbonate and clastic origin along with different stratigraphic
and structural traps as a result of different episodes of
transtensional-transpressional regimes and salt tectonics
(Khan et al., 1986, Malik et al., 1988, Raza et al., 1989, Raza
et al., 1990, Soulsby & Raza et al., 1989, Ahmed and
Ali,1991, Bannert et al.,1992, Ali et al., 1995, Iqbal et al.,
2008, Afzal et al., 2009). The left and right lateral
transpressional regime related to wrench tectonics in the east
and west gave rise to the development of Sulaiman Fold Belt
in Late Tertiary (Ali et al., 1995). In the east, the left lateral
en echelon folds and associated thrust faults manifests the
wrench related thick-skinned tectonic features on surface,
while the west is dominated by the right lateral en echelon
folds and positive flower structures in the sub-surface.
Wrench related positive flower structures and en echelon
folds having hydrocarbon pools have been reported in the
eastern part of Sulaiman Fold Belt by Ali et al., 1995,
Bannert et al., 1995, Iqbal et al., 2008, Peresson and Daud,
2009. According to Iqbal et.al., 2008 the Sulaiman Foredeep
acts as a kitchen for the anticlines in the area and the Fold
Belt has fast uplift rate in the Late Tertiary giving rise to the
barren and under filled structures. The rocks exposed in the
Sulaiman Fold Belt are ranging in age from Triassic to
Tertiary (Raza et al., 1989; Hunting Survey Corporation,
1960, Baker and Jackson, 1964, Kazmi and Jan, 1997, Shah,
2009, Bannert et.al., 1989). In Zindapir anticlinorium
Triassic Alozai Formation has also been drilled (OGDCL,
1989). In Hinterland older rocks are exposed while the
Foreland has progressively younger. The total thickness of
sediments ranging from 5000-10000 meters (Kamel et al.,
1982) with almost 7000 meters thickness of Mesozoic and
early Tertiary rocks (Raza et al., 1989). According to (Raza
et al., 1989) the Paleozoic rocks covering the basement are
not exposed and have been drilled in the adjoining region of
Punjab Platform. The Precambrian-Permian stratas are
assumed to be present in the subsurface (Humayon et al.,
1991, Jadoon, 1992, Jadoon et al., 1994).
The boundaries of Zindapir Anticlinorium are marked
by Sulaiman depression and Barthi Syncline in the east and
west respectively. Approximate area of 6000 sq. km is
covered by ZindaPir anticlinorium exposing Eocene age
rocks in the core of Afiband, Dhodak and Rodho anticlines
whereas Paleocene rocks in the Zindapir Anticline. The
proven reservoir rocks of Zindapir anticlinorium comprises
of i.e., Chiltan Formation (Jurassic), Lower Goru (Early
Cretaceous) and Pab Formations of Late Cretaceous, Ranikot
Formation and Dunghun Limestone of Paleocene age.
(Nazeer et al., 2013)
Fig. 2 Tectonic map showing tectonic features, location
of study area and divisions of Indus Basin (Modified after
Kadri, 1995
Dhodak field is located on the eastern margin of
Suleiman Fold and thrust belt where rocks of Cambrian to
Oligocene are present. The basement gets deeper towards the
Fold Belt, wells drilled on the eastern portion (Figure 2b) of
the fold belt have not penetrated below the Triassic sequence.
In Dhodak, Cretaceous is represented by Parh, Mughalkot,
and Pab formations (Humayon et al., 2012). Cretaceous
shales of Sembar, Goru and Mughal Kot Formations are
widespread, thick and contain abundant organic matter and
are acting as a source rock in the area of Dhodak owing their
deposition to the slope environment providing anoxic
conditions for the preservation of organic material. Sembar
has been identified as the primary source rock for much of
the Indus Basin and mainly contains type-III kerogen,
capable of generating gas, although the presence of type-II
kerogen has also been noted (Wandrey et al., 2004). In
Central Indus Basin (Sulaiman sub Basin) Pab Sadstone of
Upper Cretaceous age is acting as a reservoir in Dhodak
gas/condensate field. Seal rock intervals are available for all
reservoir horizons of the Sulaiman Fold belt. Ghazij Shale is
acting as a seal rock in the study area. The general
stratigraphy has been shown in Figure 4.
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
Data quality of the seismic sections was very poor and
Fault correlation and horizon identification was difficult on
some sections. Constant misties have been observed in data
and were removed prior to interpretation using interactive
way because bulk misties analysis is unable to remove it due
to large misties in different seismic sections.
Three horizons were marked named as top Upper
Ranikot, top Lower Ranikot and top Pab Sandstone. Top
Lower Goru and Top Chiltan were not delineated because
Dhodak-05 well was not penetrated deep up to that level.
However Dhodak-Deep-01 well which is drilled relatively
deeper was not provided for this research. Moreover, the low
resolution of seismic data at deeper level is another obstacle
for the demarcation of Lower Goru and Chiltan Limestone.
Upper Ranikot Formation is of Paleocene age and it is
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represented by green color on seismic section. Lower
Ranikot is marked as second horizon on seismic section and
it is colored blue. Pab Sandstone of Cretaceous age is marked
and represented in Golden colored reflector. The
discontinuity in the reflector represents the faults. The slight
movement in the strata is clearly observed with very less
throw in the faults. Two faults, F1 (frontal thrust) and F2
(back thrust) dipping in the NE and SW directions develop
the popup structure (Figures 6a & 6b).
Time and Depth Structural Mapping
For making the contour maps, time and depth values are
plotted against the latitude, longitude in the software
kingdom. Average velocities taken from the velocity
functions are used for depth conversion. Time and depth
contour maps of lower Ranikot and Pab Sandstone are shown
in Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d respectively. The shallow portion
bounded within the thrust faults marks the popup structure
delineated through subsurface seismic. The upthrown blocks
of the both formations in the depth contours have the value
in the range of the depths encountered in the borehole. The
structure encountered in Lower Ranikot Formation is
approximately at 1470 m while it is approximately at 1615
m in Pab Sandstone.
Petrophysical interpretation of Dhodak-05
The objective of Well interpretation is to get the
petrophysical attribute of well Dhodak-05 at reservoir level.
Following methodology is adopted to get the required
results.
Raw Logs Data
The raw log data was acquired from Directorate General
of Petroleum Companies (DGPC). The data comprised the
raw log curves. The wire line log of Dhodak-05 well has been
evaluated. Suite of logs includes gamma-ray log (GR),
Neutron log, Sonic and resistivity log.
Fig. 3 Raw Logs Data
Average parameters for the well have been computed
and based on these parameters Zones were ranked according
to their Hydrocarbon Potential. The general stratigraphy
encountered in well Dhodak -05 has been shown in Figure 3.
Zone of Interest
First of all the clean Zones were marked using the
Gamma Ray Log. Then the log trends of Neutron and
Density logs have been recognized at clean Zones. Cross-
overs are observed between Neutron and Density log curves.
These crossovers are sign of hydrocarbons in the particular
Zone. Resistivity curves also have shown the presence of
hydrocarbons. The depth of investigations for the Zones of
interest has been shown in Table -01.
Table I. Zone of Interest
Fig. 4 Generalized stratigraphic column of central Indus
basin (Kadri, 1995)
Lithology Confirmation
Gamma ray log was used to differentiate between clean
and dirty Zones. High Gamma ray Values depicts dirty Zone
whereas low Gamma ray values gives the indication of clean
lithology.
Formations Depth(m) Thickness(m)
Drazinda 0 210
Pirkoh Limestone 210 10
Sirki-Domanda 220 265
Habib Rahi Limestone 485 319
Rubbly Limestone 695 319
Ghazij Shale 1014 829
Dunghan 1843 14
Upper Ranikot 1857 109
Lower Ranikot 1966 159
Pab Sandstone 2125 318
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Fig. 5 Base map showing seismic lines and well point.
Fig. 6(a) Interpreted section of line GO-795-SK-06.
Fig. 6 (b) Interpreted section of line GO-795-SK-07
Calculation of Shale Volume (Vsh)
Volume of shale is calculated by using the Gamma Ray
Log. As in the quantitative assessment of the shale content,
it is assumed that the radioactive minerals are absent in clean
rocks and are compared to the shaly rocks. To calculate the
volume of shale we have used the following formula:
Volume of shale (VSH) = GR log - GR max/ GR max - GR min
Where,
GR log = Gamma ray log reading.
GRmax =Maximum Gamma ray deflection.
GR min = Minimum Gamma ray deflection.
Using the above-mentioned formula volume of shale of
four marked Zones is calculated. Gamma ray lies in
correlation track as shown in figures 8a and 8b.
Fig. 7(a) Time contour map of Lower Ranikot Formation
Fig. 7(b) Depth contour map of Lower Ranikot Formation
Porosity Calculation
Porosity in Pab Sandstone is mostly secondary and is
preserved in selective stratigraphic horizons. Porosity
appears to have been influenced mainly by cementation and
clay/shale content of the sands (Moghal et al., 2012).
Mechanical compaction, authigenic cements like calcite and
quartz reduced the primary porosity of the sandstones,
whereas, dissolution of feldspar and volcanic grains have
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enhanced and produced secondary porosity up to 15.53%
(average 2.77 to 10.61%) (Memon, 2011). Ranikot
Formation also exhibits good porosities. In this Research,
porosity values at different depths were computed by using
Neutron and Density Logs. Then average porosities were
calculated by combining Neutron and Density values.
Porosity was calculated by using following formula.
Effective Porosity= Vsand * Porosity avg
Avg. Porosity = (Density porosity + Neutron porosity) /2
Fig. 7(c) Time contour map of Pab Sandstone
Fig. 7(d) Depth contour map of Pab Sandstone
Saturation of Water (SW)
The fraction of pore space containing water is and it is
denoted by “Sw”.
Archie Water Saturation
Saturation of water calculated is shown in last track in
Figures 8(a) and 8(b).
Saturation of Hydrocarbons (SH)
Calculation of the saturation of hydrocarbon is a very
significant step, because the reservoir potential to yield
hydrocarbons is checked. The Formula for the calculation of
hydrocarbon saturation is,
Sh = 1-Sw
Saturation of Hydrocarbon is shown in last track along with
saturation of water as shown in figures 8a and 8b.
Fig. 8(a) Well interpretation of Dhodak-05.
Zone 1 and Zone 2 of Lower are shown highlighting
the Hydrocarbon Potential of Lower Ranikot
Fig. 8(b) Well interpretation of Dhodak-05.
Zone 1 and Zone 2 are shown highlighting
the Hydrocarbon Potential of Pab Sandston
RESULTS
Two ways time and depth contour maps obtained as a
result of interpretation have confirmed the presence of
Anticlinal pop-up structures. In Lower Ranikot Formation
Zone 1 range from 2019m to 2029m in depth, having total
thickness of 10 meters whereas in Zone 2 Lower Ranikot
thickness is 25 meters. Zone 1 in Pab Sandstone ranges from
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2142-2151m having thickness of 9 meters whereas Zone 2 in
Pab Sandstone thickness is 5 meters.
Average Volume of shale in Zone 1 and Zone 2 of
Lower Ranikot is 24% and 22% respectively whereas in Pab
Sandstone Zones Volume of Shale is 9% and 4% which
decrease in Volume of shale as we move from lower Ranikot
to Pab Sandstone. Average Effective Porosity of Zone 1 and
Zone 2 in Lower Ranikot is 6% and 10% while in Pab
Sandstone, effective Porosity is 9% and 7% in Zone 1 and
Zone 2 respectively. Average Saturation of water and
saturation of gas in Zone 1 of Lower Ranikot is 35% and 65%
and in Zone 2 it is 26% and 74% respectively. In case of Pab
sandstone, average water saturation and gas saturation is
27% and 73 % for Zone 1 and 22% and 78% for Zone 2
respectively.
DISCUSSION
The present research work in Dhodak area exhibits the
hydrocarbon presence and potential of Dhodak-05 which is
found in the structural trap provided by the faults. Two-way
time and depth contour maps obtained as a result of
interpretation have confirmed the presence of Anticlinal pop-
up structures. Studies have revealed that the main source
rock in the study area is Sembar shale of Cretaceous age
whereas Pab Sandstone of Cretaceous and lower Ranikot of
Paleocene age act as reservoir rocks.
The study is conducted with the aid of seismic and
wireline log data. The structure studied through geology and
literature review, clearly delineated on the seismic data with
two Faults, at the level of Paleocene and Late Cretaceous
age.
CONCLUSIONS
The study reveals that the project area being so old, still
shows positive signs of presence of Gas reserves.
The Dhodak structure is an asymmetrical anticline with
a steeper eastern limb which is disturbed by a west
verging back thrust.
Well interpretation carried out at lower Ranikot level
and at Pab level is showing the fair potential but only
few Zones have shown good porosities and hydrocarbon
results.
Time and Depth structure maps confirm the presence of
valid structure at Paleocene and late Cretaceous level.
Well interpretation of Zones reveals that reservoirs of
Paleocene and Late Cretaceous are tight reservoirs.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Full suite of Well logs data and high resolution seismic
data is recommended in order to reveal more about the
structure. 3D seismic data is highly desirable in order to
delineate structures correctly.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are quite obliged to Department of Earth
and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad,
for the merciful conduct, capable direction and scholastics
feedback throughout the whole study. We are also thankful
to DGPC for providing data for this research.
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_____________________________________________________
Received : 22nd September, 2016
Revised : 25th March, 2017
Accepted : 20th May, 2017
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