LCMSsLCMSs

Allard Strijker

HistoryHistory

• 1997 Faculty wide implementation1997 Faculty wide implementation• 1999 Royal dutch Navy1999 Royal dutch Navy

– Interest Royal airforce (SCORM)Interest Royal airforce (SCORM)• 2000 University wide implementation2000 University wide implementation

– 1600 courses / 10000 users, 50-300 objects a course / 1600 courses / 10000 users, 50-300 objects a course / avg 75 / avg 75 / 120000120000

• 2001 Shell Open University2001 Shell Open University• 2001 Royal airforce Webmentor LMS2001 Royal airforce Webmentor LMS• 2002 LCMS research dutch army2002 LCMS research dutch army• 2002 Commercial version2002 Commercial version

Larger Scale of Reuse Larger Scale of Reuse

• ExchangeabilityExchangeability– Knowledge management systemsKnowledge management systems– Other systemsOther systems

• InteroperabilityInteroperability– SystemsSystems– ServicesServices– DepartmentsDepartments– AvailabilityAvailability– PublishersPublishers– Other UniversitiesOther Universities

ObjectsObjects

• LO (Learning Objects)LO (Learning Objects)• RLO (Reusable RLO (Reusable

Learning Objects)Learning Objects)• KO (Knowledge KO (Knowledge

Objects)Objects)• SCO (Sharable Content SCO (Sharable Content

Object)Object)• Bit-Size learningBit-Size learning• IO (Information Object)IO (Information Object)

• RIO (Reusable RIO (Reusable Information Object)Information Object)

• Item Item • ResourceResource• Component Component • Chunk Chunk • Basic large object Basic large object

(BLOB) (BLOB) • Assignable Unit (AU)Assignable Unit (AU)

SCORM SCORM (Sharable Content (Sharable Content Object ReferenceObject Reference

Model)Model)

Standards for Reusing ObjectsStandards for Reusing Objects

AICC Tracking /Tracing IMS

Packaging

LOMMetadata

IMS

ARIADNE

Size and shape of ObjectsSize and shape of Objects

• A learning object is defined as any entity, A learning object is defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for digital or non-digital, that may be used for learning, education or training. (LOM V6.1)learning, education or training. (LOM V6.1)

• The size and shape of an "object" is open to The size and shape of an "object" is open to each organization to define. This decision is each organization to define. This decision is based upon the needs, tools, processes, and based upon the needs, tools, processes, and business goals of the organization (Cisco business goals of the organization (Cisco 2001)2001)

Aggregation LevelsAggregation Levels

1.1. The smallest level of aggregation e.g. raw media The smallest level of aggregation e.g. raw media data or fragments.data or fragments.

2.2. A collection of atoms e.g. an HTML document with A collection of atoms e.g. an HTML document with some embedded pictures or a lesson.some embedded pictures or a lesson.

3.3. A collection of level 2 learning resources e.g. a web A collection of level 2 learning resources e.g. a web of HTML documents with an index page that links of HTML documents with an index page that links the pages together or a course.the pages together or a course.

4.4. The largest level of granularity e.g. a set of courses The largest level of granularity e.g. a set of courses that lead to a certificate.that lead to a certificate.

Aggregation LevelsAggregation Levels

Course Management System (CMS)Course Management System (CMS)

CMSResourceResourceObject

Subject

Description

Weblink

Attachments

Resources

Category

Metadata

Creating Objects Creating Objects

Object

Subject

Description

Weblink

Attachments

Resources

Category

Metadata

Metadata RepositoryMetadata Repository

content

metadatacontent

Material Metadata CreationMaterial Metadata Creation

Learning Content Management Learning Content Management System (LCMS)System (LCMS)

Object

metadataObject

Object

Selecting ResourcesSelecting Resources

Experiences With Reuse and User-Experiences With Reuse and User-support Toolssupport Tools

Experiences With Reuse and User-Experiences With Reuse and User-support Tools Results (1)support Tools Results (1)

• Own and other materialOwn and other material• Motivations for reuseMotivations for reuse

– TargetgroupTargetgroup• Reusing material of othersReusing material of others

– Already available in booksAlready available in books– Copyrights / Intellectual propertyCopyrights / Intellectual property– MasteringMastering– "impoverished" education"impoverished" education – Creators intentions?Creators intentions?

Experiences With Reuse and User-Experiences With Reuse and User-support Tools Results (2)support Tools Results (2)

• Controlling reuseControlling reuse• Reuse whatReuse what

– Partly reuse of old coursesPartly reuse of old courses– Shell, exchange small scaleShell, exchange small scale

• Selecting material for reuseSelecting material for reuse• Giving the opportunity for reuseGiving the opportunity for reuse

– Rewards Rewards • MetadataMetadata

Experiences With Reuse and User-Experiences With Reuse and User-support Tools Results (3)support Tools Results (3)

• Structuring materialStructuring material– OwnOwn

• CoursenameCoursename• YearYear• AgeAge

– OtherOther• KeywordsKeywords• AuthorsAuthors• Reused before?Reused before?

Target groupTarget group

• This research is intended for those in This research is intended for those in education management and education management and consultancy, course design and consultancy, course design and development involved in the reuse of development involved in the reuse of digital educational material. digital educational material.

Learning ObjectsLearning Objects

• Learning Learning objectsobjects are defined as digital are defined as digital entities, available for use or reuse in different entities, available for use or reuse in different learning settings. learning settings.

• These objects themselves may or may not These objects themselves may or may not have been originally created as learning have been originally created as learning objects; it is their use for learning purposes objects; it is their use for learning purposes that makes them learning objects. that makes them learning objects.

• Definition used in the research: A learning Definition used in the research: A learning object is any digital entity that may be used object is any digital entity that may be used for learning, education, or training.for learning, education, or training.

Lifecycle for reuse of learning objectsLifecycle for reuse of learning objects

• Obtaining, Obtaining, • Labeling, Labeling, • Offering, Offering, • Selecting, Selecting, • Using, Using, • Retaining.Retaining.

Obtaining

Labeling

Offering

Selecting

Using

Retaining

Editing

ContextsContexts

• The research describes issues related to the The research describes issues related to the reuse of learning objects and the reuse of learning objects and the implementation of learning technology implementation of learning technology standards for reuse of these learning objects standards for reuse of these learning objects in different contexts and the human and in different contexts and the human and technical aspects involved:technical aspects involved:

• University, University, • Military, Military, • Corporate Learning.Corporate Learning.

Human aspectsHuman aspects

• Human aspects relate to motivation for reuse, Human aspects relate to motivation for reuse, organizational incentives, and applied organizational incentives, and applied learning scenarios.learning scenarios.

• RQ1: Human perspective – What human RQ1: Human perspective – What human aspects are important to support the different aspects are important to support the different stages of the lifecycle of a learning object?stages of the lifecycle of a learning object?

• Human aspects: Human aspects: – Why takes reuse place, Why takes reuse place, – Who is involved.Who is involved.

Technical AspectsTechnical Aspects

• Technical aspects related to reuse of learning objects Technical aspects related to reuse of learning objects include the development of objects, repositories, include the development of objects, repositories, services of repositories, and technology to exchange services of repositories, and technology to exchange learning objects. learning objects.

• RQ2: Technical perspective - What tools and RQ2: Technical perspective - What tools and technologies are important to support thetechnologies are important to support the

• different stages of the lifecycle of a learning object?different stages of the lifecycle of a learning object?• Technical aspects: Technical aspects:

– What's reused, What's reused, – How is reuse supported, and How is reuse supported, and – Where are learning objects stored.Where are learning objects stored.

Overall Research QuestionOverall Research Question

• RQ3. Combining human and technical RQ3. Combining human and technical perspectives - What are key dimensions perspectives - What are key dimensions to guide the selection of tools, to guide the selection of tools, technologies, and human procedures to technologies, and human procedures to support the different stages of the support the different stages of the lifecycle of a learning object for users in lifecycle of a learning object for users in different usage contexts, particularly different usage contexts, particularly university, corporate learning, and university, corporate learning, and military training?military training?

Context OrientationsContext Orientations

• Personal orientedPersonal oriented– Personal orientation is related to human Personal orientation is related to human

interaction, personal needs, personal interaction, personal needs, personal incentives, and personal values. incentives, and personal values.

• Systems orientedSystems oriented– The Systems orientation focuses on The Systems orientation focuses on

technical specifications, rules, policy, and technical specifications, rules, policy, and procedures.procedures.

Dimensions for ReuseDimensions for Reuse

• The research identified dimensions The research identified dimensions related to use of learning technology related to use of learning technology standards for reuse such as:standards for reuse such as:– Cultures within the context, Cultures within the context, – Learning scenarios, Learning scenarios, – Incentives for reuse, Incentives for reuse, – Work processes, Work processes, – How learning objects are stored.How learning objects are stored.

Dimensions for ReuseDimensions for ReuseSystems Systems OrientedOriented

Personal Personal OrientedOriented

Cultures Cultures within thewithin thecontextcontext

The industrial The industrial worldworld

The The Domestic Domestic worldworld

The Civic The Civic worldworld

The world of The world of OpinionOpinion

The Merchant The Merchant worldworld

The world of The world of inspirationinspiration

Learning Learning scenariosscenarios

AcquisitionAcquisition ParticipationParticipation

Incentives for Incentives for reusereuse

Formal Formal workflowworkflow

Personal habitsPersonal habits

Work Work processesprocesses

OrganizationalOrganizational PersonalPersonal

How learning How learning objects are objects are storedstored

RepositoryRepository LocallyLocally

ResultsResults

• The results of the research show that The results of the research show that reuse in practice may not so much be reuse in practice may not so much be focused on a wide exchange of all focused on a wide exchange of all available material but rather on local available material but rather on local level sharing within departments and level sharing within departments and even primarily on the reuse of one’s even primarily on the reuse of one’s own course material. own course material.

ResultsResults

• The use of specifications for learning The use of specifications for learning technology may not have the expected technology may not have the expected impact on adaptive learning and impact on adaptive learning and building courses based on learning building courses based on learning objects from large repositories as objects from large repositories as expected by many.expected by many.

ResultsResults

• Instead, new developments for Instead, new developments for specifications may focus on support for specifications may focus on support for more-personal reuse strategies.more-personal reuse strategies.

SummarySummary

• OrganizationalOrganizational– RewardsRewards– CopyrightsCopyrights– CostsCosts– TimeTime– Strict Taxonomy, Strict Taxonomy, – Standard objects, Standard objects, – Predefined set of keywordsPredefined set of keywords

More InformationMore Information

• Strijker@edte.utwente.nlStrijker@edte.utwente.nl• www.teletop.nlwww.teletop.nl