Post on 25-May-2015
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Strategic participation for sustainable transportLake Sagaris, MSc., PhD (c) Planning and Community DevelopmentCiudad Viva, Santiago, Chile.Transforming Transportation, Washington 2012Overcoming the challenges of integrating urban transportation systems
The University of Life: It started with a march and...
Ciudad Viva (Living City) was
born in the fight of 25
community organizations
against a major urban highway
concession, Chile’s first, the
Costanera Norte (1996-2000).
We saved our neighbourhoods
from destruction and voted to
continue with new proposals.
...became citizen-led planning.
Citizens and
government celebrating pro-
cycling roundtable,
Santiago 2007-
2010.
Practical, real-world
experience and the reflection
and theoretical development of MSc. and PhD. studies (urban
planning)
What’s at stake?
Sustainable transport matters
Going from this
to some version of this...
New living systems require:
• A new equation: • Citizens x (widespread understanding + articulatedemand) = political will to change.
Academic Academic knowledge: knowledge:
bridging across bridging across silossilos
Experiential Experiential knowledge: knowledge:
Recognition of Recognition of value addedvalue added
Participatory institutions for Participatory institutions for bridging: sustainable transport bridging: sustainable transport
equivalent of Chambers of equivalent of Chambers of Commerce.Commerce.
THE (FATAL) ATTRACTIONS OF AUTOMOBILITY...
•100 years, billions of dollars in advertising…
•Main product (after mortgages) in the financial industry.
•For users, cars (like cigarettes) promise “freedom”: door-to-door service, user-defined timing, ability to
carry cargo (especially children and groceries)
HOW CAN WE CURB THE CAR?
Cycling advocacy exploding worldwide...
•Missing to date:
•Citizens’ movements and advocacy in favour of all sustainable transport, including
public transport and BRT.
•We won’t get more sustainable cities without them...
Practicalities = Policies
Strategic participation1. Fundamental 1: Making PARTICIPATION
strategic
2. Fundamental 2: POLICY STREAMS AND ENTREPRENEURS
3. Fundamental 3: POLICY TRANSPLANTS
4. Planning and implementation: starting from people
5. Putting it together, sustainable transport as part of new systems for living
Fundamental 1: Strategic participation
Well-planned, well-integrated participation builds connections among disparate groups and players, tuning individual voices by providing them with
information and incentives to sing out, but above all connecting them, so they function with all the
power, inspiration and effectiveness of a well-trained choir.
Partners Opponents
FansOutsiders
positive negativeAttitude on the issue
muc
hlit
tleIn
flu
en
ce
Co-operate Involve
Utilise Inform
Mobilizing “ecologies of actors”(or “policy entrepreneurs”)
Source: Tom Godefrooij, I-CE/Brabant
planners, The Netherlands
TIME is an issue: the one-two rule of policy innovation
•20- to 30-year cycle for significant policy change,
•roughly four stages.
1.Small innovations, often erroneous and/or imperfect
2.Contagion: problem-solution-crisis
3. “Sexy city”, crisis, or other catalyst
4.Exponential growth, often from one-city level to national policy
The one-two rule: maintain the movement 2/3
Experts (technical staff, academics, NGOs, operators, others)
The one-two rule: create pro’s, to counter the contras 3/3
CREDIBILITY DEPENDS ON
KnowledgeSkills
ConnectionsIndependence
Individuals are good, organizations better
Continuity beyond government turnover
Independent monitoring and evaluation that other people value, credibility
Instant data, which can replace, supplement or complement expensive studies
Optimal conditions for successful pilots
Accumulate: Skills, knowledge, capacity, relationships, networks.
Fundamental 2: Policy streams and entrepreneurs
Policy not “rational-technical”Reflects framingand agendasetting(Kingdon)
Connecting PROBLEM and POLICY streams
How can we resolve Who’s asking?
Congestion, road safety City and regional governments, citizens
Air pollution Governments at all levels, especially regional (metropolitan), CSOs, health actors
Obesity/sedentarism, non-communicable diseases, social determinants of health
Governments, WHO (urban, transport and education systems highly relevant)
Inclusion: access to the city’s benefits (jobs, culture, education, etc.)
International agencies, policy makers, individuals, families andneighbourhoods
Improvement to public spaces, children Cities, neighbourhoods, people, especially children (nowhere to play), public health especially US)
Social justice -- human, social, economic, environmental rights
Women, disabled, elderly, children, full inclusion -- international agencies, policymakers, citizens.
Global warming/climate change, especially heat island, transport energy
International agencies, lead cities, environmental and other citizens’ groups
Peak oil Public policy makers, leading edge academics and thinkers (business, media)
Loss of biodiversity International agencies, environmental groups, biologists
Water quality International agencies, policy makers, lead cities, environmental and other citizens’ groups
Fundamental 3: Getting the most out of policy transplants
Leverage points
Where change happens
Level of action Formal relations Informal practices
Constitutional level (ground rules)
Legal systems Value orientations
Policy area level (relations between governmental bodies)
Formal regulations Informal codes
Operation level (daily activities)
Procedures
De Jong et al. The Theory and Practice of Institutional Transformation
Roles
Who does the leveraging? Our policy entrepreneurs (Kingdon), mavens, connectors (Gladwell and others), “owners”
Passive recipients vs...
Active policyentrepreneurs
A specific kind of communication needed
You have all these allies sitting out there on your buses, walking or riding alongside on their bikes, how to bring them on-board?
Communication
FORMAL SPACES
LARGE AND SMALL
LARGE FORMAL SPACES
SMALL GROUPS, FORMAL
AND INFORMAL SPACES
Communication-participation spectrum
4. Planning and implementation: starting with the right people (the choir director)
Bringing people together: deliberationSmall groups and large
Ongoing and one-off
Multiple feedback mechanisms
Genuine integration: of people into processes, of walking and cycling into public transport, of different transport layers within the city, with respect for public spaces.
Don’t call a vet when you need a doctor...Not communications, marketing, sociology...
We need experts in URBAN SYSTEMS (the spatial dimension) and PEOPLE. INTERACTIONS and RELATIONSHIPS. DIVERSITY. INCLUSION. EMPOWERMENT.
Wholistic, bridge-builders, strong participatory skills. Most common in NGOs and CSOs (civil society organizations), adult education, some health, urban planners (north), anthropologists, human geographers, mediation (law, women’s studies).
Civil society actors KEYExtensive networking, diverse relationships (internal, external), multiple skills.
Horizontal relationships: governments set rules and
give orders, the private sector sells, civil society educates and invites people to change.
Low-risk experimentation, small-scale to mid- to large.
CREDIBLE, autonomous, transparent, communicate
Outsiders, effective innovators (Jane Jacobs: innovation comes from outside the system).
All over the world...
Global CSOs sowing grassroots change: bottom up, but also middle out, and reaching through the top, down. Interface for Cycling Expertise, ITDP, Embarq...
5. Putting it together...by focusing on people
Remember that sustainable transportis the answer: what if the question is how to live happier, healthier, more socially inclusive lives?
WHO - Public health: new priorities everywhere
Social determinants of health
Obesity epidemic, under- and over-nutrition
Mainstreaming health into every policy area
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, HEALTH NGOS AND HEALTH AUTHORITIES, EG. KENYA, CHILE,
INDIA, US, CANADA.
Obesity epidemic, under-and over-nutrition
The main challenge in public health for the 21st century, in both developed and developing countries
Associated with high-calorie, low-nutrient foods
And car-based urban (not only transport) systems.
EG. THE ACTIVE LIVING CENTER, US, FINANCING CIVIL SOCIETY AND RESEARCH, PUBLISHING URBAN DESIGN
AND OTHER MANUALS TO FIGHT THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC.
ACTIVE LIVING
RESOURCE CENTER
OVERWEIGHT & OBESE ADULTS
HEALTHY ADULTS
62 %
38%
ACTIVE LIVING
RESOURCE CENTER
OBESITY RATES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1989
LESS THAN 10% OBESE
10-14% OBESE
15-20% OBESE
MORE THAN 20% OBESE
NO DATA
ACTIVE LIVING
RESOURCE CENTER
OBESITY RATES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1993
LESS THAN 10% OBESE
10-14% OBESE
15-20% OBESE
MORE THAN 20% OBESE
NO DATA
ACTIVE LIVING
RESOURCE CENTER
OBESITY RATES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1997
LESS THAN 10% OBESE
10-14% OBESE
15-20% OBESE
MORE THAN 20% OBESE
ACTIVE LIVING
RESOURCE CENTER
OBESITY RATES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2000
LESS THAN 10% OBESE
10-14% OBESE
15-20% OBESE
MORE THAN 20% OBESE
ACTIVE LIVING
RESOURCE CENTER
OBESITY RATES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2001
LESS THAN 10% OBESE
10-14% OBESE
15-20% OBESE
MORE THAN 20% OBESE
MORE THAN 25% OBESE
Developing countries too
Sedentarismo en Chile
SOBREPESO, OBESIDAD SOBREPESO, OBESIDAD Y Y
OBESIDAD MOBESIDAD MÓÓRBIDARBIDA
Sobrepeso 43%Sobrepeso 43% > en Hombres> en Hombres
Obesidad 25%Obesidad 25% > en Mujeres> en Mujeres
Ob.MOb.Móórbida 2.3%rbida 2.3% > en Mujeres> en MujeresFUENTE : ENCUESTA NACIONAL DE SALUD 2003FUENTE : ENCUESTA NACIONAL DE SALUD 2003
NACIONAL: 89.4% NACIONAL: 89.4%
HOMBRES: 87.9%HOMBRES: 87.9%
MUJERES: 90.8%MUJERES: 90.8%
What about healthytransport?
Bans on pro-car advertising
Health warnings on cars: “Driving causes cancer, obesity, heart attacks, diabetes 2 and other disabling and fatal conditions.”
Ban on cars in “sensitive” areas:
• congested, polluted, vulnerable population (residential, commercial)
• needy population, especially children, desperate for places to play and move,
• low-income and high-density living spaces...
Healthy transport-only roads and districts: Imagine the savings in infrastructure if ST has its own roads!
Health measures:
Not as crazy as you might think
After all, as Peñalosa reminds us, we’re building our cities for a hundred years
Some cities have already started, and
They are succeeding with cigarettes...
Take short trips OFF buses and metros and improve comfort
Limit space on roads, discourage car use for short journeys, give whole roads to buses and active transport, improve
walking and cycling access as part of projects
Improve quality, expand catchment area: walking 1 km in 15 minutes, cycling or cycling-rickshaw-taxi 5 km, added comfort
(loads), reduced costs (stations more spaced out)
Add green: to corridors, bus-ways, access ways, roofs of stops and service buildings. Think water.
Transport/land use/public space
We are already seeing (relatively) isolatedexamples of these shifts.
We need to mobilize them more often, more
coherently, in more diverse spaces...
Arguments for reduced car use
Increasingly cars are used for short trips (under 5 km) – from 41% (Santiago) to as much as 75% (New York-Manhattan).
Drivers at high risk for heart attacks, road rage and other physical and mental health problems
Children spend long hours being shunted from one place to another by car, limiting their physical, mental and social development
For “road diets” and “complete streets”
Arguments for Women
Trip-chaining makes public transit expensive
Multiple roles, particularly shopping and children, make public transit very uncomfortable for tasks involving cargo
Double duties leave little time for health-related activities.
To foster cycle use
Public transit as “back-up” for bad weather, ill health, cycle breakdown, getting over physical barriers (hills, highways).
Saves money – makes car ownership unnecessary and can save on feeder services and station costs
Multiple health benefits from both cycling and public transit use.
FOTO JOSÉ IGNACIO MOLINA
For Social Justice and Inclusion
Learning to see the whole picture: Fitting the pieces together
Walking and cycling: short distances from 0-
7 km, including transport ingress and
egress trips
Public transport: medium to long
distances, medium to high density, concentrated destinations
Car: Long Car: Long distances, low distances, low
densitydensity
concept: Tom Godefrooij, I-CE.
Modal share local trips in Selected Cities (%)
City
Sustainable Transport
(PT + W + C)
Pub. Tr.
(PT)
Walking
(W)
Cycling
(C)
Car/ mot,
cycle
Hong Kong 84 46 38 0 16
Santiago 73 33 37 3 27
Amsterdam 67 15 26 26 34
Sao Paulo 66 29 37 0 34
New York 62 54 8 0.4 32
Berlin 61 25 26 10 39
Delhi 57 42 n.d. 15 29
Copenhagen 51 12 19 20 49
London 50 19 30 1 50
Toronto 44 35 9 55
Stuttgart 40 15 21 4 59
Chicago 12 6 5 1 88
•A Powerful Alliance is possible
……and and necessarynecessary
When will we see these kinds of movements advocating for public transport too?
When we work together!
Walking, cycling, public transit are complementary modes.
Better conditions for all three offer potential for strong, complementary effects – and better reviews from the public.
Campaigning and design information from walking- and cycling-inclusive planners can significantly improve public transit’s image and facilities.
Participation by active, well organized citizens and their organizations is a STRATEGIC NECESSITY
We live the city of our dreams, from the first moment we
dare to dream and build it, together.