Step Up To: Step Up To: Psychology Psychology

John J. Schulte, Psy.D.John J. Schulte, Psy.D.&&

Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABDJason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

Step Up To: Step Up To: Psychology Psychology

John J. Schulte, Psy.D.John J. Schulte, Psy.D.&&

Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABDJason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

From: Hockenbury & From: Hockenbury & HockenburyHockenbury

Discovering Psychology Discovering Psychology 55ee

Worth Publishers (2010)Worth Publishers (2010)

From: Hockenbury & From: Hockenbury & HockenburyHockenbury

Discovering Psychology Discovering Psychology 55ee

Worth Publishers (2010)Worth Publishers (2010)

Chapter 3: Sensation & Chapter 3: Sensation & PerceptionPerception

Chapter 3: Sensation & Chapter 3: Sensation & PerceptionPerception

Vision: From Light to

Sight

Hearing: From Vibration to

Sound

The Chemical and Body Senses: Smell, Taste,

Touch, & Position

Perception

Perceptual Constancy

and Illusions

100

200

300

400

500

Vision: From Light to Sight

100

200

300

400

500

Hearing: From Vibration to

Sound

100

300

400

500

The Chemical and Body Senses: Smell, Taste, Touch,

& Position

200

100

200

300

400

500

Perception

100

200

300

400

500

Perceptual Constancy and

Illusions

1. In its path through the human 1. In its path through the human eye, which of the following is the eye, which of the following is the correct order of structures that correct order of structures that light encounters?light encounters?

1. In its path through the human 1. In its path through the human eye, which of the following is the eye, which of the following is the correct order of structures that correct order of structures that light encounters?light encounters?• A) Lens, pupil, cornea

• B) Cornea, lens, pupil

• C) Pupil, cornea, lens

• D) Cornea, pupil, lens

• A) Lens, pupil, cornea

• B) Cornea, lens, pupil

• C) Pupil, cornea, lens

• D) Cornea, pupil, lens

2. The center of the retina is 2. The center of the retina is the _____ and contains only the _____ and contains only _______._______.

2. The center of the retina is 2. The center of the retina is the _____ and contains only the _____ and contains only _______._______.

• A) fovea; cones

• B) fovea; rods

• C) blind spot; ganglion cells

• D) optic disk; nerves

• A) fovea; cones

• B) fovea; rods

• C) blind spot; ganglion cells

• D) optic disk; nerves

3.3. One commonly seen cause of One commonly seen cause of farsightedness is farsightedness is presbyopiapresbyopia. . Which structure of the eye is Which structure of the eye is affected by this condition that affected by this condition that worsens as we age?worsens as we age?

3.3. One commonly seen cause of One commonly seen cause of farsightedness is farsightedness is presbyopiapresbyopia. . Which structure of the eye is Which structure of the eye is affected by this condition that affected by this condition that worsens as we age?worsens as we age?

• A) the retina.

• B) the sclera

• C) the lens.

• D) the fovea.

• A) the retina.

• B) the sclera

• C) the lens.

• D) the fovea.

4.4.The trichromatic theory of color The trichromatic theory of color vision holds that we have cones vision holds that we have cones that are receptive to all but that are receptive to all but which of the following colors of which of the following colors of light?light?

4.4.The trichromatic theory of color The trichromatic theory of color vision holds that we have cones vision holds that we have cones that are receptive to all but that are receptive to all but which of the following colors of which of the following colors of light?light?

• A) Yellow

• B) Blue

• C) Green

• D) Red

• A) Yellow

• B) Blue

• C) Green

• D) Red

5. Which of the following is not 5. Which of the following is not one of the properties of a light one of the properties of a light wave that influences our wave that influences our perception of color?perception of color?

5. Which of the following is not 5. Which of the following is not one of the properties of a light one of the properties of a light wave that influences our wave that influences our perception of color?perception of color?• A) Saturation

• B) Brightness

• C) Intensity

• D) Hue

• A) Saturation

• B) Brightness

• C) Intensity

• D) Hue

6. Which of the following is not 6. Which of the following is not one of the structures of the one of the structures of the outer ear?outer ear?

6. Which of the following is not 6. Which of the following is not one of the structures of the one of the structures of the outer ear?outer ear?• A) Eardrum

• B) Oval window

• C) Pinna

• D) Ear canal

• A) Eardrum

• B) Oval window

• C) Pinna

• D) Ear canal

7. Frequency is to _____ as 7. Frequency is to _____ as amplitude is to ______. amplitude is to ______.

7. Frequency is to _____ as 7. Frequency is to _____ as amplitude is to ______. amplitude is to ______.

• A) pitch; loudness

• B) loudness; pitch

• C) pitch; timbre

• D) decibels; hertz

• A) pitch; loudness

• B) loudness; pitch

• C) pitch; timbre

• D) decibels; hertz

8. The _______ has tiny hair-like 8. The _______ has tiny hair-like fibers that are the sensory fibers that are the sensory receptors for sound.receptors for sound.

8. The _______ has tiny hair-like 8. The _______ has tiny hair-like fibers that are the sensory fibers that are the sensory receptors for sound.receptors for sound.

• A) ear canal

• B) stirrup

• C) basilar membrane

• D) tympanic membrane

• A) ear canal

• B) stirrup

• C) basilar membrane

• D) tympanic membrane

9. Which major theory of how 9. Which major theory of how we hear is unable to account we hear is unable to account for our perception of higher for our perception of higher frequency sounds?frequency sounds?

9. Which major theory of how 9. Which major theory of how we hear is unable to account we hear is unable to account for our perception of higher for our perception of higher frequency sounds?frequency sounds?

• A) Place theory

• B) Frequency theory

• C) Opponent process theory

• D) Cochleo-static theory

• A) Place theory

• B) Frequency theory

• C) Opponent process theory

• D) Cochleo-static theory

10. Nerve deafness:10. Nerve deafness:10. Nerve deafness:10. Nerve deafness:

• A) is a condition that a person is born with.

• B) is caused by damage to the structures of the middle ear.

• C) is more likely the result of heavy traffic than a rock concert.

• D) cannot be corrected by a hearing aid.

• A) is a condition that a person is born with.

• B) is caused by damage to the structures of the middle ear.

• C) is more likely the result of heavy traffic than a rock concert.

• D) cannot be corrected by a hearing aid.

11. Which of the following is 11. Which of the following is not one of the five basic not one of the five basic human sensory systems?human sensory systems?

11. Which of the following is 11. Which of the following is not one of the five basic not one of the five basic human sensory systems?human sensory systems?• A) gustation

• B) olfaction

• C) proprioception

• D) vision

• A) gustation

• B) olfaction

• C) proprioception

• D) vision

12. Receptor cells have been 12. Receptor cells have been identified for five tastes identified for five tastes including, sweet, salty, sour, including, sweet, salty, sour, _______ and ________._______ and ________.

12. Receptor cells have been 12. Receptor cells have been identified for five tastes identified for five tastes including, sweet, salty, sour, including, sweet, salty, sour, _______ and ________._______ and ________.

• A) wet; rough

• B) hot; bitter

• C) spicy; acrid

• D) bitter; umami

• A) wet; rough

• B) hot; bitter

• C) spicy; acrid

• D) bitter; umami

13. The kinesthetic sense 13. The kinesthetic sense involves:involves:13. The kinesthetic sense 13. The kinesthetic sense involves:involves:• A) a sense of balance or equilibrium.

• B) the sensation of pain.

• C) the location and position of body parts in relation to each other.

• D) hair like receptor cells in the semicircular canals.

• A) a sense of balance or equilibrium.

• B) the sensation of pain.

• C) the location and position of body parts in relation to each other.

• D) hair like receptor cells in the semicircular canals.

14. Nociceptors are 14. Nociceptors are responsible for receiving responsible for receiving messages about:messages about:

14. Nociceptors are 14. Nociceptors are responsible for receiving responsible for receiving messages about:messages about:

• A) pain.

• B) temperature.

• C) scent.

• D) taste.

• A) pain.

• B) temperature.

• C) scent.

• D) taste.

15. The vestibular sacs and 15. The vestibular sacs and semicircular canals, located in semicircular canals, located in the ears, work together to aid in the ears, work together to aid in which of the following?which of the following?

15. The vestibular sacs and 15. The vestibular sacs and semicircular canals, located in semicircular canals, located in the ears, work together to aid in the ears, work together to aid in which of the following?which of the following?

• A) hearing high and low pitched sounds

• B) balance and equilibrium

• C) interpreting pain messages

• D) recognizing familiar voices

• A) hearing high and low pitched sounds

• B) balance and equilibrium

• C) interpreting pain messages

• D) recognizing familiar voices

16. The Gestalt principle that 16. The Gestalt principle that suggests human beings suggests human beings interpret visual stimuli according interpret visual stimuli according to the simplest possible pattern to the simplest possible pattern of the elements is called the law of the elements is called the law of __________.of __________.

16. The Gestalt principle that 16. The Gestalt principle that suggests human beings suggests human beings interpret visual stimuli according interpret visual stimuli according to the simplest possible pattern to the simplest possible pattern of the elements is called the law of the elements is called the law of __________.of __________.

• A) Wertheimer

• B) Prägnanz

• C) Good Continuation

• D) Parallax

• A) Wertheimer

• B) Prägnanz

• C) Good Continuation

• D) Parallax

17. 17. When viewing a scene, we When viewing a scene, we automatically separate the automatically separate the elements into the main image elements into the main image and the backdrop, called the and the backdrop, called the __________ relationship.__________ relationship.

17. 17. When viewing a scene, we When viewing a scene, we automatically separate the automatically separate the elements into the main image elements into the main image and the backdrop, called the and the backdrop, called the __________ relationship.__________ relationship.

• A) object-scenery

• B) bottom-up

• C) perceptual grouping

• D) figure-ground

• A) object-scenery

• B) bottom-up

• C) perceptual grouping

• D) figure-ground

18. 18. All of the following are All of the following are monocular cues of depth monocular cues of depth perception perception except:except:

18. 18. All of the following are All of the following are monocular cues of depth monocular cues of depth perception perception except:except:

• A) motion parallax.

• B) linear perspective.

• C) binocular disparity.

• D) relative size.

• E) texture gradient.

• A) motion parallax.

• B) linear perspective.

• C) binocular disparity.

• D) relative size.

• E) texture gradient.

19. 8-year old Marques is trying to put 19. 8-year old Marques is trying to put together a jigsaw puzzle, but is having together a jigsaw puzzle, but is having a hard time because he lost the box a hard time because he lost the box that it came in. Because he doesn’t that it came in. Because he doesn’t know what the final picture will look know what the final picture will look like, Marques will have to use _________ like, Marques will have to use _________ processing to finish the puzzle.processing to finish the puzzle.

19. 8-year old Marques is trying to put 19. 8-year old Marques is trying to put together a jigsaw puzzle, but is having together a jigsaw puzzle, but is having a hard time because he lost the box a hard time because he lost the box that it came in. Because he doesn’t that it came in. Because he doesn’t know what the final picture will look know what the final picture will look like, Marques will have to use _________ like, Marques will have to use _________ processing to finish the puzzle.processing to finish the puzzle.

• A) bottom-up• B) irregular• C) retinal disparity• D) top-down

• A) bottom-up• B) irregular• C) retinal disparity• D) top-down

20. Which of the following 20. Which of the following phenomenon explains why phenomenon explains why Christmas lights appear to ‘crawl’ Christmas lights appear to ‘crawl’ instead of flicker back and forth?instead of flicker back and forth?

20. Which of the following 20. Which of the following phenomenon explains why phenomenon explains why Christmas lights appear to ‘crawl’ Christmas lights appear to ‘crawl’ instead of flicker back and forth?instead of flicker back and forth?

• A) Induced motion

• B) The Phi phenomenon

• C) Stroboscopic motion

• D) Subliminal perception

• A) Induced motion

• B) The Phi phenomenon

• C) Stroboscopic motion

• D) Subliminal perception

21. We perceive the moon on 21. We perceive the moon on the horizon as being larger the horizon as being larger than when it is overhead than when it is overhead because:because:

21. We perceive the moon on 21. We perceive the moon on the horizon as being larger the horizon as being larger than when it is overhead than when it is overhead because:because:

• A) it seems farther away on the horizon.

• B) it seems closer on the horizon.

• C) it seems brighter high in the sky.

• D) it seems brighter on the horizon.

• A) it seems farther away on the horizon.

• B) it seems closer on the horizon.

• C) it seems brighter high in the sky.

• D) it seems brighter on the horizon.

22. Even though a door may 22. Even though a door may reflect quite a different reflect quite a different retinal image when it is open retinal image when it is open than when closed, we still than when closed, we still see it as rectangular see it as rectangular because of:because of:

22. Even though a door may 22. Even though a door may reflect quite a different reflect quite a different retinal image when it is open retinal image when it is open than when closed, we still than when closed, we still see it as rectangular see it as rectangular because of:because of:• A) illusory contours.

• B) shape constancy.

• C) retinal disparity.

• D) perceptual closure.

• A) illusory contours.

• B) shape constancy.

• C) retinal disparity.

• D) perceptual closure.

23. The __________ 23. The __________ refers to a tendency refers to a tendency to perceive objects or to perceive objects or situations from a situations from a particular frame of particular frame of reference.reference.

23. The __________ 23. The __________ refers to a tendency refers to a tendency to perceive objects or to perceive objects or situations from a situations from a particular frame of particular frame of reference.reference.

• A) perceptual set

• B) top-down illusion

• C) monocular gradient

• D) expectancy heuristic

• A) perceptual set

• B) top-down illusion

• C) monocular gradient

• D) expectancy heuristic

24. When the Müller-Lyer 24. When the Müller-Lyer Illusion was tested in an Illusion was tested in an noncarpentered world:noncarpentered world:

24. When the Müller-Lyer 24. When the Müller-Lyer Illusion was tested in an Illusion was tested in an noncarpentered world:noncarpentered world:

• A) subjects saw but could not understand the illusion.

• B) subjects saw the illusion regardless of culture.

• C) subjects saw curved lines instead of angled ones.

• D) subjects were not fooled into seeing this illusion.

• A) subjects saw but could not understand the illusion.

• B) subjects saw the illusion regardless of culture.

• C) subjects saw curved lines instead of angled ones.

• D) subjects were not fooled into seeing this illusion.

25. What perceptual mistake is 25. What perceptual mistake is responsible for the error that responsible for the error that most people make when viewing most people make when viewing the the Shepard TablesShepard Tables illusion? illusion?

25. What perceptual mistake is 25. What perceptual mistake is responsible for the error that responsible for the error that most people make when viewing most people make when viewing the the Shepard TablesShepard Tables illusion? illusion?

• A) failing to distinguish figure from ground

• B) perceiving a two-dimensional figure as three-dimensional

• C) failing to account for the influence of context

• D) assuming that each table has four legs when one, in fact, has five legs

• A) failing to distinguish figure from ground

• B) perceiving a two-dimensional figure as three-dimensional

• C) failing to account for the influence of context

• D) assuming that each table has four legs when one, in fact, has five legs

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. In its path through the human 1. In its path through the human eye, which of the following is the eye, which of the following is the correct order of structures that correct order of structures that light encounters?light encounters?

1. In its path through the human 1. In its path through the human eye, which of the following is the eye, which of the following is the correct order of structures that correct order of structures that light encounters?light encounters?• A) Lens, pupil, cornea

• B) Cornea, lens, pupil

• C) Pupil, cornea, lens

• D) Cornea, pupil, lens

• A) Lens, pupil, cornea

• B) Cornea, lens, pupil

• C) Pupil, cornea, lens

• D) Cornea, pupil, lens

2. The center of the retina is 2. The center of the retina is the _____ and contains only the _____ and contains only _______._______.

2. The center of the retina is 2. The center of the retina is the _____ and contains only the _____ and contains only _______._______.

• A) fovea; cones

• B) fovea; rods

• C) blind spot; ganglion cells

• D) optic disk; nerves

• A) fovea; cones

• B) fovea; rods

• C) blind spot; ganglion cells

• D) optic disk; nerves

3.3. One commonly seen cause of One commonly seen cause of farsightedness is farsightedness is presbyopiapresbyopia. . Which structure of the eye is Which structure of the eye is affected by this condition that affected by this condition that worsens as we age?worsens as we age?

3.3. One commonly seen cause of One commonly seen cause of farsightedness is farsightedness is presbyopiapresbyopia. . Which structure of the eye is Which structure of the eye is affected by this condition that affected by this condition that worsens as we age?worsens as we age?

• A) the retina

• B) the sclera

• C) the lens

• D) the fovea

• A) the retina

• B) the sclera

• C) the lens

• D) the fovea

4.4.The trichromatic theory of color The trichromatic theory of color vision holds that we have cones vision holds that we have cones that are receptive to all but that are receptive to all but which of the following colors of which of the following colors of light?light?

4.4.The trichromatic theory of color The trichromatic theory of color vision holds that we have cones vision holds that we have cones that are receptive to all but that are receptive to all but which of the following colors of which of the following colors of light?light?• A) Yellow

• B) Blue

• C) Green

• D) Red

• A) Yellow

• B) Blue

• C) Green

• D) Red

5. Which of the following is not 5. Which of the following is not one of the properties of a light one of the properties of a light wave that influences our wave that influences our perception of color?perception of color?

5. Which of the following is not 5. Which of the following is not one of the properties of a light one of the properties of a light wave that influences our wave that influences our perception of color?perception of color?

• A) Saturation

• B) Brightness

• C) Intensity

• D) Hue

• A) Saturation

• B) Brightness

• C) Intensity

• D) Hue

6. Which of the following is not 6. Which of the following is not one of the structures of the one of the structures of the outer ear?outer ear?

6. Which of the following is not 6. Which of the following is not one of the structures of the one of the structures of the outer ear?outer ear?

• A) Eardrum

• B) Oval window

• C) Pinna

• D) Ear canal

• A) Eardrum

• B) Oval window

• C) Pinna

• D) Ear canal

7. Frequency is to _____ as 7. Frequency is to _____ as amplitude is to ______. amplitude is to ______.

7. Frequency is to _____ as 7. Frequency is to _____ as amplitude is to ______. amplitude is to ______.

• A) pitch; loudness

• B) loudness; pitch

• C) pitch; timbre

• D) decibels; hertz

• A) pitch; loudness

• B) loudness; pitch

• C) pitch; timbre

• D) decibels; hertz

8. The _______ has tiny hair-like 8. The _______ has tiny hair-like fibersfibersthat are the sensory receptors that are the sensory receptors for sound.for sound.

8. The _______ has tiny hair-like 8. The _______ has tiny hair-like fibersfibersthat are the sensory receptors that are the sensory receptors for sound.for sound.

• A) ear canal

• B) stirrup

• C) basilar membrane

• D) tympanic membrane

• A) ear canal

• B) stirrup

• C) basilar membrane

• D) tympanic membrane

9. Which major theory of how 9. Which major theory of how we hear is unable to account we hear is unable to account for our perception of higher for our perception of higher frequency sounds?frequency sounds?

9. Which major theory of how 9. Which major theory of how we hear is unable to account we hear is unable to account for our perception of higher for our perception of higher frequency sounds?frequency sounds?

• A) Place theory

• B) Frequency theory

• C) Opponent process theory

• D) Cochleo-static theory

• A) Place theory

• B) Frequency theory

• C) Opponent process theory

• D) Cochleo-static theory

10. Nerve deafness:10. Nerve deafness:10. Nerve deafness:10. Nerve deafness:

• A) is a condition that a person is born with.

• B) is caused by damage to the structures of the middle ear.

• C) is more likely the result of heavy traffic than a rock concert.

• D) cannot be corrected by a hearing aid.

• A) is a condition that a person is born with.

• B) is caused by damage to the structures of the middle ear.

• C) is more likely the result of heavy traffic than a rock concert.

• D) cannot be corrected by a hearing aid.

11. Which of the following is 11. Which of the following is not one of the five basic not one of the five basic human sensory systems?human sensory systems?

11. Which of the following is 11. Which of the following is not one of the five basic not one of the five basic human sensory systems?human sensory systems?

• A) gustation

• B) olfaction

• C) proprioception

• D) vision

• A) gustation

• B) olfaction

• C) proprioception

• D) vision

12. Receptor cells have been 12. Receptor cells have been identified for five tastes identified for five tastes including, sweet, salty, sour, including, sweet, salty, sour, _______ and ________._______ and ________.

12. Receptor cells have been 12. Receptor cells have been identified for five tastes identified for five tastes including, sweet, salty, sour, including, sweet, salty, sour, _______ and ________._______ and ________.

• A) wet; rough

• B) hot; bitter

• C) spicy; acrid

• D) bitter; umami

• A) wet; rough

• B) hot; bitter

• C) spicy; acrid

• D) bitter; umami

13. The kinesthetic sense 13. The kinesthetic sense involves:involves:13. The kinesthetic sense 13. The kinesthetic sense involves:involves:• A) a sense of balance or equilibrium.

• B) the sensation of pain.

• C) the location and position of body parts in relation to each other.

• D) hair like receptor cells in the semicircular canals.

• A) a sense of balance or equilibrium.

• B) the sensation of pain.

• C) the location and position of body parts in relation to each other.

• D) hair like receptor cells in the semicircular canals.

14. Nociceptors are responsible for 14. Nociceptors are responsible for receiving messages about:receiving messages about:

14. Nociceptors are responsible for 14. Nociceptors are responsible for receiving messages about:receiving messages about:

• A) pain.

• B) temperature.

• C) scent.

• D) taste.

• A) pain.

• B) temperature.

• C) scent.

• D) taste.

15. The vestibular sacs and 15. The vestibular sacs and semicircular canals, located in semicircular canals, located in the ears, work together to aid in the ears, work together to aid in which of the following?which of the following?

15. The vestibular sacs and 15. The vestibular sacs and semicircular canals, located in semicircular canals, located in the ears, work together to aid in the ears, work together to aid in which of the following?which of the following?

• A) hearing high and low pitched sounds

• B) balance and equilibrium

• C) interpreting pain messages

• D) recognizing familiar voices

• A) hearing high and low pitched sounds

• B) balance and equilibrium

• C) interpreting pain messages

• D) recognizing familiar voices

16. The Gestalt principle that 16. The Gestalt principle that suggests human beings suggests human beings interpret visual stimuli according interpret visual stimuli according to the simplest possible pattern to the simplest possible pattern of the elements is called the law of the elements is called the law of __________.of __________.

16. The Gestalt principle that 16. The Gestalt principle that suggests human beings suggests human beings interpret visual stimuli according interpret visual stimuli according to the simplest possible pattern to the simplest possible pattern of the elements is called the law of the elements is called the law of __________.of __________.

• A) Wertheimer

• B) Prägnanz

• C) Good Continuation

• D) Parallax

• A) Wertheimer

• B) Prägnanz

• C) Good Continuation

• D) Parallax

17. 17. When viewing a scene, we When viewing a scene, we automatically separate the automatically separate the elements into the main image elements into the main image and the backdrop, called the and the backdrop, called the __________ relationship.__________ relationship.

17. 17. When viewing a scene, we When viewing a scene, we automatically separate the automatically separate the elements into the main image elements into the main image and the backdrop, called the and the backdrop, called the __________ relationship.__________ relationship.

• A) object-scenery

• B) bottom-up

• C) perceptual grouping

• D) figure-ground

• A) object-scenery

• B) bottom-up

• C) perceptual grouping

• D) figure-ground

18. 18. All of the following are All of the following are monocular cues of depth monocular cues of depth perception perception except:except:

18. 18. All of the following are All of the following are monocular cues of depth monocular cues of depth perception perception except:except:

• A) motion parallax.

• B) linear perspective.

• C) binocular disparity.

• D) relative size.

• E) texture gradient.

• A) motion parallax.

• B) linear perspective.

• C) binocular disparity.

• D) relative size.

• E) texture gradient.

19. 8-year old Marques is trying to put 19. 8-year old Marques is trying to put together a jigsaw puzzle, but is having together a jigsaw puzzle, but is having a hard time because he lost the box a hard time because he lost the box that it came in. Because he doesn’t that it came in. Because he doesn’t know what the final picture will look know what the final picture will look like, Marques will have to use _________ like, Marques will have to use _________ processing to finish the puzzle.processing to finish the puzzle.

19. 8-year old Marques is trying to put 19. 8-year old Marques is trying to put together a jigsaw puzzle, but is having together a jigsaw puzzle, but is having a hard time because he lost the box a hard time because he lost the box that it came in. Because he doesn’t that it came in. Because he doesn’t know what the final picture will look know what the final picture will look like, Marques will have to use _________ like, Marques will have to use _________ processing to finish the puzzle.processing to finish the puzzle.

• A) bottom-up• B) irregular• C) retinal disparity• D) top-down

• A) bottom-up• B) irregular• C) retinal disparity• D) top-down

20. Which of the following 20. Which of the following phenomenon explains why phenomenon explains why Christmas lights appear to ‘crawl’ Christmas lights appear to ‘crawl’ instead of flicker back and forth?instead of flicker back and forth?

20. Which of the following 20. Which of the following phenomenon explains why phenomenon explains why Christmas lights appear to ‘crawl’ Christmas lights appear to ‘crawl’ instead of flicker back and forth?instead of flicker back and forth?

• A) Induced motion

• B) The Phi phenomenon

• C) Stroboscopic motion

• D) Subliminal perception

• A) Induced motion

• B) The Phi phenomenon

• C) Stroboscopic motion

• D) Subliminal perception

21. We perceive the moon on 21. We perceive the moon on the horizon as being larger the horizon as being larger than when it is overhead than when it is overhead because:because:

21. We perceive the moon on 21. We perceive the moon on the horizon as being larger the horizon as being larger than when it is overhead than when it is overhead because:because:

• A) it seems farther away on the horizon.

• B) it seems closer on the horizon.

• C) it seems brighter high in the sky.

• D) it seems brighter on the horizon.

• A) it seems farther away on the horizon.

• B) it seems closer on the horizon.

• C) it seems brighter high in the sky.

• D) it seems brighter on the horizon.

22. Even though a door may 22. Even though a door may reflect quite a different reflect quite a different retinal image when it is open retinal image when it is open than when closed, we still than when closed, we still see it as rectangular see it as rectangular because of:because of:

22. Even though a door may 22. Even though a door may reflect quite a different reflect quite a different retinal image when it is open retinal image when it is open than when closed, we still than when closed, we still see it as rectangular see it as rectangular because of:because of:• A) illusory contours.

• B) shape constancy.

• C) retinal disparity.

• D) perceptual closure.

• A) illusory contours.

• B) shape constancy.

• C) retinal disparity.

• D) perceptual closure.

23. The __________ 23. The __________ refers to a tendency refers to a tendency to perceive objects or to perceive objects or situations from a situations from a particular frame of particular frame of reference.reference.

23. The __________ 23. The __________ refers to a tendency refers to a tendency to perceive objects or to perceive objects or situations from a situations from a particular frame of particular frame of reference.reference.

• A) perceptual set

• B) top-down illusion

• C) monocular gradient

• D) expectancy heuristic

• A) perceptual set

• B) top-down illusion

• C) monocular gradient

• D) expectancy heuristic

24. When the Müller-Lyer 24. When the Müller-Lyer Illusion was tested in an Illusion was tested in an noncarpentered world:noncarpentered world:

24. When the Müller-Lyer 24. When the Müller-Lyer Illusion was tested in an Illusion was tested in an noncarpentered world:noncarpentered world:

• A) subjects saw but could not understand the illusion.

• B) subjects saw the illusion regardless of culture.

• C) subjects saw curved lines instead of angled ones.

• D) subjects were not fooled into seeing this illusion.

• A) subjects saw but could not understand the illusion.

• B) subjects saw the illusion regardless of culture.

• C) subjects saw curved lines instead of angled ones.

• D) subjects were not fooled into seeing this illusion.

25. What perceptual mistake is 25. What perceptual mistake is responsible for the error that responsible for the error that most people make when most people make when viewing the viewing the Shepard TablesShepard Tables illusion?illusion?

25. What perceptual mistake is 25. What perceptual mistake is responsible for the error that responsible for the error that most people make when most people make when viewing the viewing the Shepard TablesShepard Tables illusion?illusion?

• A) failing to distinguish figure from ground• B) perceiving a two-dimensional figure as

three-dimensional• C) failing to account for the influence of

context• D) assuming that each table has four legs

when one, in fact, has five legs

• A) failing to distinguish figure from ground• B) perceiving a two-dimensional figure as

three-dimensional• C) failing to account for the influence of

context• D) assuming that each table has four legs

when one, in fact, has five legs

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

• Step Up Created by:John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Questions written by:Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

• Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

• Step Up Created by:John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Questions written by:Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

• Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

AnswersAnswersAnswersAnswers

1. D

2. A

3. C

4. A

5. C

6. B

7. A

8. C

9. B

10. D

11. C

12. D

13. C

14. A

15. B

16. B

17. D

18. C

19. A

20. C

21. A

22. B

23. A

24. D

25. B