Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

Step Up To: Step Up To: PsychologyPsychology

John J. Schulte, Psy.D.John J. Schulte, Psy.D.&&

Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABDJason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

Step Up To: Step Up To: PsychologyPsychology

John J. Schulte, Psy.D.John J. Schulte, Psy.D.&&

Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABDJason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

From: Hockenbury & From: Hockenbury & HockenburyHockenbury

Discovering Psychology Discovering Psychology 55ee

Worth Publishers (2010)Worth Publishers (2010)

From: Hockenbury & From: Hockenbury & HockenburyHockenbury

Discovering Psychology Discovering Psychology 55ee

Worth Publishers (2010)Worth Publishers (2010)

Chapter 8: Motivation and Chapter 8: Motivation and EmotionEmotion

Chapter 8: Motivation and Chapter 8: Motivation and EmotionEmotion

Motivational Concepts

and Theories

Biological Motivation:

Hunger, Eating, and Human Sexuality

Psychological Needs as

Motivators

Emotion

Theories of Emotion:

Explaining Emotion

100

200

300

400

500

Motivational Concepts and

Theories

100

200

300

400

500

Biological Motivation: Hunger, Eating, and

Human Sexuality

100

200

300

400

500

Psychological Needs as

Motivators

100

200

300

400

500

Emotion

100

200

300

400

500

Theories of Emotion:

Explaining Emotion

1. According to _______, people 1. According to _______, people are motivated to engage in are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming.evolutionary programming.


• A) innate theories

• B) Darwinian theories

• C) instinct theories

• D) activation theories





2. People are often motivated to 2. People are often motivated to do things in an effort to “seek do things in an effort to “seek out” stimulation. This out” stimulation. This observation is explained by the observation is explained by the ________ theory.________ theory.


• A) incentive

• B) drive

• C) attention

• D) arousal

• A) incentive

• B) drive

• C) attention

• D) arousal

3. Drive theories explain 3. Drive theories explain motivation by stressing our motivation by stressing our biological need to establish biological need to establish and maintain: and maintain:


• A) a state of biological need

• B) incentives

• C) fixed action patterns

• D) homeostasis


• B) incentives


• D) homeostasis

4. Which of the major theory of 4. Which of the major theory of motivation draws most heavily from motivation draws most heavily from well-established learning theories, well-established learning theories, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Tolman?Skinner, and Tolman?

4. Which of the major theory of 4. Which of the major theory of motivation draws most heavily from motivation draws most heavily from well-established learning theories, well-established learning theories, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Tolman?Skinner, and Tolman?• A) Drive theory• B) Arousal theory• C) Incentive theory• D) Instinct theory

• A) Drive theory• B) Arousal theory• C) Incentive theory• D) Instinct theory

5. According to the humanistic theory of motivation people are motivated to behave in ways that will:

5. According to the humanistic theory of motivation people are motivated to behave in ways that will:• A) first satisfy their basic

psychological needs

• B) allow them to obtain the realization of their unconscious wishes

• C) allow them to realize their highest personal potential

• D) maximize their homeostasis

• A) first satisfy their basic psychological needs




6. For which of the following 6. For which of the following species of animals is species of animals is “sexual behavior … “sexual behavior … indistinguishable from indistinguishable from social behavior?”social behavior?”


• A) Bonobos

• B) Human beings

• C) Sheep

• D) Rabbits

• A) Bonobos

• B) Human beings

• C) Sheep

• D) Rabbits

7. The rate at which a person’s 7. The rate at which a person’s body uses energy to sustain body uses energy to sustain vital functions when that vital functions when that individual is at rest is called the:individual is at rest is called the:


• A) set point rate (SPR)

• B) basal metabolic rate (BMR)

• C) body mass index (BMI)

• D) critical survival index (CSI)

• A) set point rate (SPR)

• B) basal metabolic rate (BMR)

• C) body mass index (BMI)

• D) critical survival index (CSI)

8. “Oh man” Lizette said. “I can’t 8. “Oh man” Lizette said. “I can’t wait to get to the ice cream parlor. wait to get to the ice cream parlor. I’m going to eat 10 scoops I’m going to eat 10 scoops tonight!” After the first two scoops, tonight!” After the first two scoops, however, the rest of her mammoth however, the rest of her mammoth sundae didn’t look so appetizing. sundae didn’t look so appetizing. This is because of:This is because of:

8. “Oh man” Lizette said. “I can’t 8. “Oh man” Lizette said. “I can’t wait to get to the ice cream parlor. wait to get to the ice cream parlor. I’m going to eat 10 scoops I’m going to eat 10 scoops tonight!” After the first two scoops, tonight!” After the first two scoops, however, the rest of her mammoth however, the rest of her mammoth sundae didn’t look so appetizing. sundae didn’t look so appetizing. This is because of:This is because of:• A) positive incentive value

• B) negative reinforcement

• C) energy homeostasis

• D) sensory-specific satiety

• A) positive incentive value

• B) negative reinforcement

• C) energy homeostasis

• D) sensory-specific satiety

9. 9. In the largest United States In the largest United States cities, approximately one in cities, approximately one in every ______ people consider every ______ people consider themselves gay, lesbian, or themselves gay, lesbian, or bisexual.bisexual.


• A) four

• B) eight

• C) twelve

• D) fifteen

• A) four

• B) eight

• C) twelve

• D) fifteen

10. Your appetite will be 10. Your appetite will be suppressed by increased suppressed by increased levels of all but which of the levels of all but which of the following hormones?following hormones?


• A) Leptin

• B) Cholecystokinin

• C) Neuropeptide Y

• D) Insulin

• A) Leptin



• D) Insulin

11. According to Deci and 11. According to Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Ryan’s Self-Determination theory, which of the following theory, which of the following is not an innate and universal is not an innate and universal psychological need?psychological need?

11. According to Deci and 11. According to Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Ryan’s Self-Determination theory, which of the following theory, which of the following is not an innate and universal is not an innate and universal psychological need?psychological need?• A) autonomy

• B) achievement

• C) competence

• D) relatedness

• A) autonomy

• B) achievement

• C) competence

• D) relatedness

12. In the 1930s, Christiana 12. In the 1930s, Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray Morgan and Henry Murray developed a test to measure developed a test to measure human motives. It is called human motives. It is called the:the:

12. In the 1930s, Christiana 12. In the 1930s, Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray Morgan and Henry Murray developed a test to measure developed a test to measure human motives. It is called human motives. It is called the:the:

• A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

• B) Rorschach Test

• C) Thematic Apperception Test

• D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

• A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

• B) Rorschach Test

• C) Thematic Apperception Test

• D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

13. Mario is taking a class in American 13. Mario is taking a class in American Sign Language. He is not getting a Sign Language. He is not getting a degree, has been out of school for 10 degree, has been out of school for 10 years, and is taking this class purely years, and is taking this class purely out of interest and for enjoyment. out of interest and for enjoyment. What type of motivation best What type of motivation best describes Mario’s reason for taking describes Mario’s reason for taking the ASL class?the ASL class?

13. Mario is taking a class in American 13. Mario is taking a class in American Sign Language. He is not getting a Sign Language. He is not getting a degree, has been out of school for 10 degree, has been out of school for 10 years, and is taking this class purely years, and is taking this class purely out of interest and for enjoyment. out of interest and for enjoyment. What type of motivation best What type of motivation best describes Mario’s reason for taking describes Mario’s reason for taking the ASL class?the ASL class?• A) intrinsic motivation

• B) extrinsic motivation

• C) competence motivation

• D) achievement motivation

• A) intrinsic motivation




14. Which basic 14. Which basic psychological need did psychological need did Abraham Maslow place at Abraham Maslow place at the top of his “hierarchy?”the top of his “hierarchy?”


• A) self-actualization

• B) esteem

• C) belongingness and love

• D) safety


• B) esteem


• D) safety

15. In many Asian countries, it is considered unacceptable to express pride for personal achievement. Instead, pride is experienced when one’s achievements benefit others. Such societies are referred to as __________ cultures.

15. In many Asian countries, it is considered unacceptable to express pride for personal achievement. Instead, pride is experienced when one’s achievements benefit others. Such societies are referred to as __________ cultures.

• A) individualistic

• B) mutual

• C) cooperative

• D) collectivist


• B) mutual

• C) cooperative

• D) collectivist

16. Which of the following is not generally accepted by most theorists as being one of the “basic” emotions that all humans experience, regardless of culture?

16. Which of the following is not generally accepted by most theorists as being one of the “basic” emotions that all humans experience, regardless of culture?• A) fear

• B) disgust

• C) hunger

• D) anger

• A) fear

• B) disgust

• C) hunger

• D) anger

17. Which psychologist has studied the facial expression of emotions and has concluded that the human face is capable of over 7,000 different expressions?

17. Which psychologist has studied the facial expression of emotions and has concluded that the human face is capable of over 7,000 different expressions?

• A) Charles Darwin

• B) Richard Lazarus

• C) Paul Ekman

• D) Robert Levenson



• C) Paul Ekman


18. Which of the following is not monitored during a polygraph test?


• A) respiration

• B) heart rate

• C) skin temperature

• D) blood pressure

• A) respiration

• B) heart rate



19. 19. Research into the relationship between emotions and the brain has found widespread support for the conclusion that different emotions:


• A) are all controlled by the amygdala• B) are controlled by different parts of the

brain• C) can be evoked by the same stimulus• D) have the exact same neurochemical

roots

• A) are all controlled by the amygdala• B) are controlled by different parts of the

brain• C) can be evoked by the same stimulus• D) have the exact same neurochemical

roots

20. When you are faced with a threatening stimulus there is a “shortcut” neural pathway from the:

20. When you are faced with a threatening stimulus there is a “shortcut” neural pathway from the:

• A) thalamus to the amygdala

• B) medulla to the cerebral cortex

• C) hypothalamus to the medulla

• D) hypothalamus to the amygdala

• A) thalamus to the amygdala

• B) medulla to the cerebral cortex

• C) hypothalamus to the medulla

• D) hypothalamus to the amygdala

21. “Turn that frown upside down!” Perhaps you’ve heard that smiling can, in fact, make you feel happy. Which theory of emotions supports this claim?


• A) The two-factory theory

• B) The cognitive appraisal theory

• C) The Cannon theory

• D) The facial feedback hypothesis.




• D) The facial feedback hypothesis.

22. Emotion is a complex 22. Emotion is a complex psychological response that psychological response that involves which of the following involves which of the following three distinct components:three distinct components:


• A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response

• B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis

• C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation

• D) arousal, action, and reflection

• A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response

• B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis

• C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation

• D) arousal, action, and reflection

23. “I am very happy because I am 23. “I am very happy because I am laughing.” This statement is laughing.” This statement is most consistent with which most consistent with which theory of emotions?theory of emotions?


• A) The cognitive appraisal theory

• B) The Two-factory theory

• C) The James-Lange theory

• D) The basic emotions theory





24. According to Schachter and Singer emotions are the result of two factors - the physiological arousal we experience and:

24. According to Schachter and Singer emotions are the result of two factors - the physiological arousal we experience and:

• A) the cognitive label we use to explain our physiological arousal

• B) the particular part of the brain that is activated by the stimulus

• C) the facial muscles that are stimulated by the stimulus

• D) the level of disruption of our homeostasis

• A) the cognitive label we use to explain our physiological arousal

• B) the particular part of the brain that is activated by the stimulus

• C) the facial muscles that are stimulated by the stimulus

• D) the level of disruption of our homeostasis

25. According to the cognitive 25. According to the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion:appraisal theory of emotion:


• A) our emotional response is determined by the stimulus’s personal meaning to us

• B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label

• C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes

• D) none of the above

• A) our emotional response is determined by the stimulus’s personal meaning to us

• B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label

• C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes

• D) none of the above

Stop here, or continue as a review



• A) incentive

• B) drive

• C) attention

• D) arousal

• A) incentive

• B) drive

• C) attention

• D) arousal




• B) incentives


• D) homeostasis


• B) incentives


• D) homeostasis

4. Which of the major theory of 4. Which of the major theory of motivation draws most heavily from motivation draws most heavily from well-established learning theories, well-established learning theories, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Tolman?Skinner, and Tolman?

4. Which of the major theory of 4. Which of the major theory of motivation draws most heavily from motivation draws most heavily from well-established learning theories, well-established learning theories, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Tolman?Skinner, and Tolman?• A) Drive theory• B) Arousal theory• C) Incentive theory• D) Instinct theory

• A) Drive theory• B) Arousal theory• C) Incentive theory• D) Instinct theory

5. According to the humanistic theory of motivation, people are motivated to behave in ways that will:

5. According to the humanistic theory of motivation, people are motivated to behave in ways that will:• A) first satisfy their basic

psychological needs




• A) first satisfy their basic psychological needs






• A) Bonobos

• B) Human beings

• C) Sheep

• D) Rabbits

• A) Bonobos

• B) Human beings

• C) Sheep

• D) Rabbits



• A) set point rate (SPR).

• B) basal metabolic rate (BMR).

• C) body mass index (BMI).

• D) critical survival index (CSI).

• A) set point rate (SPR).

• B) basal metabolic rate (BMR).

• C) body mass index (BMI).

• D) critical survival index (CSI).

8. “Oh man,” Lizette said. “I can’t 8. “Oh man,” Lizette said. “I can’t wait to get to the ice cream parlor. wait to get to the ice cream parlor. I’m going to eat 10 scoops I’m going to eat 10 scoops tonight!” After the first two scoops, tonight!” After the first two scoops, however, the rest of her mammoth however, the rest of her mammoth sundae didn’t look so appetizing. sundae didn’t look so appetizing. This is because of:This is because of:

8. “Oh man,” Lizette said. “I can’t 8. “Oh man,” Lizette said. “I can’t wait to get to the ice cream parlor. wait to get to the ice cream parlor. I’m going to eat 10 scoops I’m going to eat 10 scoops tonight!” After the first two scoops, tonight!” After the first two scoops, however, the rest of her mammoth however, the rest of her mammoth sundae didn’t look so appetizing. sundae didn’t look so appetizing. This is because of:This is because of:• A) positive incentive value.

• B) negative reinforcement.

• C) energy homeostasis.

• D) sensory-specific satiety.

• A) positive incentive value.

• B) negative reinforcement.

• C) energy homeostasis.

• D) sensory-specific satiety.



• A) four

• B) eight

• C) twelve

• D) fifteen

• A) four

• B) eight

• C) twelve

• D) fifteen



• A) Leptin



• D) Insulin

• A) Leptin



• D) Insulin

11. According to Deci and 11. According to Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Ryan’s Self-Determination theory, which of the following theory, which of the following is not an innate and universal is not an innate and universal psychological need?psychological need?

11. According to Deci and 11. According to Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Ryan’s Self-Determination theory, which of the following theory, which of the following is not an innate and universal is not an innate and universal psychological need?psychological need?• A) autonomy

• B) achievement

• C) competence

• D) relatedness

• A) autonomy

• B) achievement

• C) competence

• D) relatedness

12. In the 1930s, Christiana 12. In the 1930s, Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray Morgan and Henry Murray developed a test to measure developed a test to measure human motives. It is called human motives. It is called the :the :

12. In the 1930s, Christiana 12. In the 1930s, Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray Morgan and Henry Murray developed a test to measure developed a test to measure human motives. It is called human motives. It is called the :the :

• A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.

• B) Rorschach Test.

• C) Thematic Apperception Test.

• D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

• A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.

• B) Rorschach Test.

• C) Thematic Apperception Test.

• D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

13. Mario is taking a class in American 13. Mario is taking a class in American Sign Language. He is not getting a Sign Language. He is not getting a degree, has been out of school for 10 degree, has been out of school for 10 years, and is taking this class purely years, and is taking this class purely out of interest and for enjoyment. out of interest and for enjoyment. What type of motivation best What type of motivation best describes Mario’s reason for taking describes Mario’s reason for taking the ASL class?the ASL class?

13. Mario is taking a class in American 13. Mario is taking a class in American Sign Language. He is not getting a Sign Language. He is not getting a degree, has been out of school for 10 degree, has been out of school for 10 years, and is taking this class purely years, and is taking this class purely out of interest and for enjoyment. out of interest and for enjoyment. What type of motivation best What type of motivation best describes Mario’s reason for taking describes Mario’s reason for taking the ASL class?the ASL class?• A) intrinsic motivation




• A) intrinsic motivation







• B) esteem


• D) safety


• B) esteem


• D) safety

15. In many Asian countries, it is considered unacceptable to express pride for personal achievement. Instead, price is experienced when ones achievements benefit others. Such societies are referred to as __________ cultures.

15. In many Asian countries, it is considered unacceptable to express pride for personal achievement. Instead, price is experienced when ones achievements benefit others. Such societies are referred to as __________ cultures.


• B) mutual

• C) cooperative

• D) collectivist


• B) mutual

• C) cooperative

• D) collectivist

16. Which of the following is not generally accepted by most theorists as being one of the “basic” emotions that all humans experience, regardless of culture?

16. Which of the following is not generally accepted by most theorists as being one of the “basic” emotions that all humans experience, regardless of culture?• A) fear

• B) disgust

• C) hunger

• D) anger

• A) fear

• B) disgust

• C) hunger

• D) anger

17. Working for over four decades, which psychologist has studied facial expression of emotions and has concluded that the human face is capable of over 7,000 different expressions?

17. Working for over four decades, which psychologist has studied facial expression of emotions and has concluded that the human face is capable of over 7,000 different expressions?



• C) Paul Ekman




• C) Paul Ekman




• A) respiration

• B) heart rate



• A) respiration

• B) heart rate





• A) are all controlled by the amygdala.

• B) are controlled by different parts of the brain.

• C) can be evoked by the same stimulus.

• D) have the exact same neurochemical roots.

• A) are all controlled by the amygdala.

• B) are controlled by different parts of the brain.

• C) can be evoked by the same stimulus.

• D) have the exact same neurochemical roots.

20. When you are faced with a threatening stimulus, there is a “shortcut” neural pathway from the:

20. When you are faced with a threatening stimulus, there is a “shortcut” neural pathway from the:

• A) thalamus to the amygdala.

• B) medulla to the cerebral cortex.

• C) hypothalamus to the medulla.

• D) hypothalamus to the amygdala.

• A) thalamus to the amygdala.

• B) medulla to the cerebral cortex.

• C) hypothalamus to the medulla.

• D) hypothalamus to the amygdala.






• D) The facial feedback hypothesis




• D) The facial feedback hypothesis



• A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response.

• B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis.

• C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation.

• D) arousal, action, and reflection.

• A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response.

• B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis.

• C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation.

• D) arousal, action, and reflection.

24. According to Schachter and Singer, emotions are the result of two factors - the physiological arousal we experience and:

24. According to Schachter and Singer, emotions are the result of two factors - the physiological arousal we experience and:

• A) the cognitive label we use to explain our physiological arousal.

• B) the particular part of the brain that is activated by the stimulus.

• C) the facial muscles that are stimulated by the stimulus.

• D) the level of disruption of our homeostasis.

• A) the cognitive label we use to explain our physiological arousal.

• B) the particular part of the brain that is activated by the stimulus.

• C) the facial muscles that are stimulated by the stimulus.

• D) the level of disruption of our homeostasis.



• A) our emotional response is determined by the stimulus’s personal meaning to us.

• B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label.

• C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes.

• D) none of the above.

• A) our emotional response is determined by the stimulus’s personal meaning to us.

• B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label.

• C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes.

• D) none of the above.

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

• Step Up Created by:John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Questions written by:Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

• Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

• Step Up Created by:John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Questions written by:Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

• Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

Answers—Chapter 8Answers—Chapter 8Answers—Chapter 8Answers—Chapter 8

1. C

2. D

3. D

4. C

5. C

6. A

7. B

8. D

9. B

10. C

11. B

12. C

13. A

14. A

15. D

16. C

17. C

18. C

19. B

20. A

21. D

22. A

23. C

24. A

25. A

Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

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Transcript of Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD