Post on 06-May-2015
STEEL & STAINLESS STEEL
PRESENTED BY:ABU TAHSIN AKHTERAMIR QURESHIANIQA SAUDMD ARIF RAZA BHARATISHAFQUAT AIYUBZIA ANWER
INTRODUCTIONMETAL ALLOYS
FERROUS NON- FERROUS
CARBON STEEL
ALLOY STEEL TOOL STEEL STAINLESS
STEEL
STEEL
Steel Pipes
Stainless Steel Pipes
STEEL An alloy of iron and carbon, often with an admixture of other
elements. Other admixtures are manganese, chromium, vanadium and
tungsten. Carbon content is between 0.2% and 2.1%
APPLICATIONS Widely used in the construction of roads, railways, other
infrastructure, appliances, and buildings, transport, Used in a variety of other construction materials, such as
bolts, nails, and screws.
Screwss Nails Bolts
Light in weight, but offers great strength.
It is durable & malleable.
It is ductile, can be moulded easily to form any desired shape.
It starts to corrode, on being exposed to moisture and water.
It is a good conductor of electricity.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CARBON STEELS•0.3 – 0.6% carbon containing steel is used for sheeting and structural forms because of its amenability to welding and tooling. •more than 0.6% carbon containing steel is serviceable for dies and cutting tools because of its great hardness and brittleness.
ALLOY STEELS•Now most widely used, contain one or more other elements to give them specific qualities. •Aluminium steel is smooth and has a high tensile strength.• Chromium steel finds wide use in automobile and airplane parts on account of its hardness, strength, and elasticity.
Fig 1 .carbon steel sheets and dies
Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys; it is nonmagnetic and has the tensile properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness. • tungsten, molybdenum, and high-manganese steel are other alloys.
Fig 2.Alloy Steel motor and power generators
Tool Steels: Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.
Fig 3.Tool steel drilling equipment
Operations: Steel Manufacturing
Iron ore Fluxes Coal
LD 2
Sinter Plant Coke Plant
Blast Furnace
LD 1
Continuous Billet CasterSlab Caster
Billets
Wire Mills Merchant Mill
Slabs
Wire RodsReinforced bars
Cold Roll Mill Hot Strip Mill
Cold Rolled Coils
Hot RolledCoils
STEEL STAINLESS STEELVery Less resistance to corrosion High corrosion resistance . Less resistive nature to fire & heat It is resistant to fire and heat Un hygienic in nature Hygienic, non-porous surface coupled
with the easy cleaning ability
No aesthetic appearance Aesthetic appearanceIts not completely recyclable It is 100% recyclableHigh maintenance is required low maintenance and familiar lustre.
Less expensive Highly expensive
Easy to fabricate & weld Difficult to fabricate & weld
Used in railways, roads, subways, bridges, other huge buildings and modern skyscrapers, ship building, cars, armoured vehicles, and bulldozers
Used in facade treatment, surgical instruments, cutlery, home appliances, cookware, storage tanks, food processing plants, etc
STAINLESS STEEL Stainless steels are family of ferrous alloys of iron containing a minimum of 10.5%
chromium and usually at least 50% iron. Upon exposure to air or water, a thin, stable, chromium-rich oxide film forms on
the surface of these metals. The layer is too thin to be visible, so the metal stays shiny. It is, however,
impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath If it is damaged by abrasion, reforms rapidly Generally, corrosion resistance increases with the chromium content of stainless
steels Application: in construction, cookware, household hardware, surgical
instruments, major appliances, sugar refineries , bridges, sculptures , facade treatment, Storage tanks food processing plants, etc
Chromium: Forms a protective layer
Nickel: content beyond 8-9% further improves both corrosion resistance (especially in acid environments) and workability
Molybdenum: is added to improve high temperature strength.
Nitrogen: increases strength and enhances resistance to localised corrosion.
Copper: increases general corrosion resistance to acids
Carbon: enhances hardenablity
Silicon: improves resistance to oxidation and is also used in special stainless steels
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
It is ductile , malleable & durable. Excellent resistance to corrosion Excellent fire resistance with critical temperature above
1500OC. Easy to clean and suitable for hygienic uses. Totally recyclable. High tensile strength. Retention of strength at elevated temperature.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF STAINLESS STEELS
Plate, sheet, strip, pipe and tube
Bar, rod, wire and special wire sections.
Fasteners, fixings and fittings.
Sheet, strip and plate are commonly used for structural and
cladding components.
SHEET
COIL WIRE BAR
TUBESSCREW & BOLTS
RODS FITTINGS
TYPES
FERRITICMARTENSITIC AUSTENTIC DUPLEX
Contains very little carbon chromium (typically 12.5% to 17%) and iron. are essentially nickel-free.exhibit s superior corrosion resistance to martensitic stainless steels They are magnetic
consist of carbon (0.2-1.0%), chromium (10.5-12%) and iron.
their corrosion performance is poorer than others
They are magnetic
consists of chromium (17-18%), nickel (8-11%) and iron. exhibits superior corrosion resistance to both ferritic and martensitic stainless steels.Better toughness at all temperatures.They are non-magnetic
chromium(22-23%) nickel (4-7%), molybdenum (0.4%), nitrogen and iron. has generally better corrosion resistance than the standard austenitic stainless steelsTheir thermal expansion lies between that of austentic and ferritic stainless steelsThey are magnetic
GRADES
300 SERIESAUSTENTIC chromium
NICKEL ALLOYS
200 SERIESAUSTENTIC chromium
NICKEL ALLOYS
400 SERIESFERRITIC & MARSTENSTIC chromium ALLOYS
600 SERIESMARSTENSTIC PRECIPITION HARDENING
ALLOYS
500 SERIESHEAT
RESISTING chromium
ALLOYS
GRADE: 301
Metro Springs Conveyor belt Air crafts
ductile and hardens rapidly during mechanical working.
Application: Trains, aircraft, conveyors belts, vehicles, bolt, springs
Type 304- the most common; the classic 18/8 (18% chromium & 8%nickel) stainless steel.
It has good corrosion resistance, thermal resistance, low temperature strength and usable temperature range 196 C to 800 C
Application: sink, water tank, interior piping, hot water machine, bathtub, boiler, automobile parts, building materials, textile industry, dairy industry, and vessel parts.
Pipes Sink Rods Cladding
Type 316- the second most common
Application: for food and surgical stainless steel uses;Also known as "marine grade" stainless steel due to its increased ability to resist saltwater corrosion SS 316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
Surgical instruments
Type 408- (11% chromium, 8% nickel) heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance
Type 409-cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts
Type 420- "Cutlery Grade"
Type 430- decorative
Type 440- a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it
500 Series-heat resisting chromium alloys
cutlery Car Exhaust
The first major architectural application of stainless steel was probably the cladding on the top of the Chrysler building in New York in 1929
SS claddingGrade used 316
FRONT FACADE
• Grade : 304• Good visual appearance• Can be used over longer length
& complex geometry• minimal maintenance cost and
virtually unlimited durability• Form: profiled sheeting, panels,
or curtain walling, • minimise the weight with
subsequent beneficial effect on structural steelwork and foundation costs
Reflection of surrounding give good visual appearance
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ,LILLE
• Stainless steel cladding panels 900x500mm.• thickness 1.5mm• Fixed to galvanised steel channel sections
HORST CORBER SPORTS COMPLEX ,BERLIN ,GERMANY.
1.5 mm electrolytically coloured stainless steel sheets.Colour tone changes according to the incidence of light
Museum of technology ,saint dennis france
Stainless steel convex sheeting on the facade
LA GEODE, PARIS, FRANCE
The cladding is a mosaic of 6433 doubly-curved triangular plates ingrade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel. The plates are 1.5 mm thick and1.2 m along their edges.
Cross-section through roofconstruction
Triangles created by theprimary tubular steel frame
View showing aluminium frame
Erection of stainless steelskin
MESH CLADDING
Grade: 316 (1.4401)
Why?•Aesthetics•Resistance to harsh weather•Maintainance –free
Can be used in parking garage
GLASS FACADE ‘SPIDERS’ Roof Glazing suspended by Sstainless
steel casting• Grade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel machined
conical collar• Why ?• Good mechanical property• Low maintainance• aesthetic
• Grade 1.4401 (316)
stainless steel machined conical collar
SUN SHADE & LOUVERS
• sun screen
grade 1.4401 (316) pressedstainless steel louvres
DOOR HANDLE
Grade:304 (1.4301)
Why ?•Aesthetic •Smooth touch•Feeling of sturdiness
GUARDRAIL CABLES
Grade:316 (1.4401) and 302 (1.4310 ).
Why?• Aesthetics• Good mechanical properties.Fabrication process:Wire rod is drawn into high strength wire, then twisted into cables.
Doors
FEATURES:• Simple installation• High tensile strength• Weather & rust
resistance
STAINLESS STEEL USED IN CANOPY
SCULPTURES
An art deco sculpture on the Niagara Mohawk Power building in Syracuse, New York
STAINLESS STEEL USED IN ROOFING
• Grade : 304• Surface finish : 2B
• Maximum life expectation
• Minimum Maintenance• Low weight• Lower cost of the
supporting structure
• Excellent heat reflecting properties
• Electric Conductivity - can eliminate the
need for extra lightning.
- electromagnetic shielding to house sensitive electronic equipment.
• Fire resistanceThe melting point of stainless steel is around 1500°C, which is much higher than for most other roofing materials, e.g. Al 660° C, Zn 419° C, Cu 1083° C.
GREEN ROOFS
ROOF DRAINAGE
•high durability•asthetic reason•Do not contaminate rain water, hence can be used for flowering ,gardening .•chromium -nickel –molybdenum stainless steel is used•grade 1.4436
FLOORPLATE AND OPEN GRID FLOORING
• Used where corrosion resistance, hygiene, durability and slip resistance are essential.
• This flooring is suitable for a wide variety of industries:including chemical, marine engineering,catering and pharmaceutical.
TUNNEL CLADDING ANCHORGrade : 316L (1.4404)
Why?Fire resistanceMaintain support function for 2 hr at 1000degree celcius
STAINLESS STEEL USED IN STRUCTURE
Tension System : available in carbon and stainless steel. The latter is recommendedfor applications demanding corrosionresistance, a maintenance-free life and wherea highly polished finish is required.
Roof trussesStainless steel structure can be erected safely and in less time
Stainless steel hanger and struts supporting the mezzanine
STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS
Only stain less steel fasteners must be used on stainless steel panels to avoid galvanic corrosion
• Water tank• Grade : 304• stainless steel as a
strong, durable and hygienic material
• very long lasting material and the tank has an expected service life of about 60 years
• Stainless Steel tanks do not bulge or stretch when full
APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL
CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL -Corrode when chloride ion -Do not corrode penetrates the concrete.- Corrosion products are expansionary -No expansion &crack and cause the concrete to crack repair then becomes necessary-Tolerate chloride levels of 0 – 0.4%. - Tolerate chloride levels up to 7 %
STAINLESS STEEL IN REINFORCEMENT
-Improves the durability of the structure, and reduces ongoing maintenance and repair costs-A reduction in depth of concrete cover to 30 mm.
-Carbon steel can be used for the nil corrosion risk elements.
-Elimination of concrete sealants such as Silane.
WHEN TO USE STAINLESS STEEL
• When structures are exposed to high chloride environments and/or corrosive industrial environments
• In roads and bridges where de-icing salts are applied
• When non-magnetic reinforcement is necessary or desirable
STAINLESS STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION
coastal structureshistoric buildings underpasses
highway bridges roadways Bridges piers
STAINLESS STEEL IN PIERS
CASE STUDY
•High energy-absorption at impact•A greater level of fire-resistance•Less likely than carbon steel to be weakened by corrosion.•To create railcars increases the sustainability lightweight yet durable profile of the rail industry
BENEFITS: IN METRO
Fig 4 .Delhi Metro
railcars of stainless steel
Poles
seats
Escalators & lifts
Fig 6. inside railcarFig 5. inside metro station
PEDESTIAL BRIDGES IN STAINLESS STEEL
Stainless steel tube grade 1.4401 (316)
Bridge frame ;High strength duplex steel grade 1.4462 (340)
COST ANALYSIS
STAINLESS STEEL COIL
Grade 202 Rs 111/kg (min) Rs 118/kg (max)Grade 304 Rs 185/kg (min) Rs 200/kg(max)
STEEL
Rs 335 per metre (2.77mm thick )Rs 54735 per metre (35.71mm thick)
BIBLIOGRAPHY Book:- Engineering materials by Rangwala
Internet sources: http://www.lenntech.com/stainless-steel.htm#ixzz2IK1uvqUD http://crimsafe.com.au/304-stainless-steel-vs-316-stainless-steel http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=965 http://
www.falcon-metals.com/stainlessandalloys/stainlesssteel/meta-physical-properties-stainless-steel.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-steel-and-stainle
ss-steel/
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/compositions-steel-d_1494.html http://www.engineersedge.com/stainless_steel.htm