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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Confederation
Section 2: A New Constitution
Section 3: Ratifying the Constitution
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
How Are Governments Created?After the American Revolution, the new nation struggled to draw up a plan for government. Americans wanted to make sure the government did not have too much power. Eventually, they came up with a way to balance federal and state powers and to divide federal power into three branches.
• Why do you think the United States scrapped its first constitution?
• Why did many Americans want a system of checks and balances?
Chapter Intro 1
The Confederation
What problems were caused by the Articles of Confederation?
Chapter Intro 2
A New Constitution
What new form of government did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention create?
Chapter Intro 3
Ratifying the Constitution
Why did some people oppose ratification of the Constitution?
Section 1-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Government and Society The Articles of Confederation provided a workable but faulty national government.
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• duty
• recession
Academic Vocabulary
• explicitly
• occupy
Section 1-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• Articles of Confederation
• Northwest Ordinance
• Shays’s Rebellion
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1-Polling Question
Do you think creating a new government is difficult?
A. Extremely difficult
B. Moderately difficult
C. Not difficult at all
A B C
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Section 1
The Achievements of the Confederation Congress
The Articles of Confederation gave the national government few powers.
Section 1
• In November 1777, the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union.
• These Articles established a very weak central government.
The Achievements of the Confederation Congress (cont.)
Section 1
• Congress raised money by selling the land it controlled west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a method for surveying the western lands.
The Achievements of the Confederation Congress (cont.)
Section 1
• Two years later, the Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance, which provided the basis for governing much of the western territory.
• The Confederation Congress successfully promoted trade with nations other than Britain.
The Achievements of the Confederation Congress (cont.)
The Northwest Ordinance, 1787
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Section 1
According the Northwest Ordinance, which of the following rights would be granted to people living in the territory?
A. Freedom of religion
B. Property rights
C. Right to trial by jury
D. No slavery of any kind
E. All of the above A B C D E
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Section 1
The Congress Falters
The first national government could not regulate trade, collect taxes, or enforce treaties, which led to calls for a stronger national government.
Section 1
• Many states restricted British imports, but the states did not all impose the same duties on imported goods.
− This threatened the unity of the United States because the states levied taxes on each other’s goods to raise revenue.
The Congress Falters (cont.)
British Exports to American Colonies
Section 1
• Neither Britain nor the United States carried out the terms of the Treaty of Paris.
− The Congress lacked the power to uphold its side of the treaty.
The Congress Falters (cont.)
British Forts in the United States, 1787
Section 1
• The first major dispute between Spain and the United States involved the border between Spanish territory and the state of Georgia.
− The dispute over this border, as well as navigation on the Mississippi, remained unresolved due to the limited power of the Confederation Congress.
The Congress Falters (cont.)
How Did the Articles of Confederation Affect Foreign Policy?
Section 1
• The end of the Revolutionary War and the decline of trade with Britain had plunged the U.S. into a severe economic recession.
The Congress Falters (cont.)
− Farmers and other people in debt urged the state governments to issue paper money instead of raising taxes.
Revolutionary Debt
Section 1
• Violence erupted in Rhode Island, over the value of paper money teaching two things to many American leaders:
The Congress Falters (cont.)
− Unless a government was properly designed, the people could use the power of government to steal from the wealthy.
− A strong central government was needed to take on the country’s debts and stabilize currency.
Section 1
• Shays’s Rebellion erupted in 1786 as a response to a raise in taxes that fell most heavily on farmers.
The Congress Falters (cont.)
− This rebellion also proved that a stronger central government was needed.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which of the following was not a violation of the Treaty of Paris?
A. The U.S. did not pay back British lenders.
B. The U.S. refused to return confiscatedproperty to the Loyalists.
C. The British continued to impose the Quartering Act.
D. The British refused to completely evacuate American soil.
Section 2-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Government and Society In the new Constitution, the Framers tried to uphold the rights of the states while providing needed national authority.
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• popular sovereignty
• federalism
• separation of powers
• checks and balances
• veto
• amendment
Section 2-Key Terms
Academic Vocabulary
• financier
People and Events to Identify
• James Madison
• Great Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
Do you feel that the Framers created a fair system of government?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
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Section 2
The Constitutional Convention
The delegates to the convention tried to create a stronger national government that gave fair representation to big and small states.
Section 2
• People who supported a stronger central government became known as “nationalists.”
• One of the most influential nationalists was James Madison.
• Alexander Hamilton recommended that Congress call for a convention, later known as the Constitutional Convention. Every state except Rhode Island attended.
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)
Section 2
• The 55 delegates who attended the convention in Philadelphia included some of the shrewdest and most distinguished leaders in the United States.
• George Washington was chosen as the presiding officer.
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)
Section 2
• The Virginia Plan, mostly the work of James Madison, proposed the following:
− The legislature be divided into two houses
− Scrapping the Articles of Confederation and creating a new national government
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)
• The plan was accepted.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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Which state did not attend the Constitutional Convention?
A. Pennsylvania
B. Massachusetts
C. Rhode Island
D. North Carolina
Section 2
A Union Built on Compromise
American leaders created a new constitution based on compromise.
Section 2
• The Great Compromise proposed the following:
− In the House of Representatives, the states would be represented according to the size of their population.
− In the Senate, each state would have equal representation.
A Union Built on Compromise (cont.)
Section 2
• In order to appease both the North and South, the Three-Fifths Compromise was proposed.
− Every five enslaved people would count as three free people for determining both representation and taxes.
A Union Built on Compromise (cont.)
• The delegates also agreed that the new Congress could not tax exports, ban slave trade until 1808, or impose high taxes on the importation of slaves.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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How many of the 13 states had to ratify the Constitution for it to take effect?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 9
D. 11
Section 2
A Framework for Limited Government
The Framers created a federal system that provided for a separation of powers along with checks and balances to keep any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.
Section 2
• The new constitution that the states were considering was based on the idea of popular sovereignty.
− The new constitution established a federal system.
− It also provided for a separation of powers among the three branches of federal government—executive, judicial, and legislative.
A Framework for Limited Government (cont.)
Section 2
• The delegates created a system of checks and balances to prevent any of the three branches from becoming too powerful.
• The president would hold the following powers:
A Framework for Limited Government (cont.)
− Propose legislation
− Appoint judges
− Veto acts of Congress
− Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces
Section 2
• The delegates created a clear system for making amendments to the constitution, but they made it a difficult process with two steps—proposal and ratification.
A Framework for Limited Government (cont.)
Comparing Constitutions
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2
Which branch of the government implements and enforces the laws passed by Congress?
A. Executive
B. Judicial
C. Legislative
A B C
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Section 3-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Government and Society Ratification of the Constitution moved to the states, where Federalists and Anti-Federalists argued their opposing views.
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• bill of rights
Academic Vocabulary
• framework
• specifically
Section 3-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• Federalist
• Anti-Federalist
• John Hancock
• Patrick Henry
A. A
B. B
Section 3-Polling Question
Have you ever tried to persuade someone to change his or her mind about a belief?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
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Section 3
A Great Debate
Federalists supported the Constitution, but Anti-Federalists thought it endangered states’ independence and gave the national government too much power.
Section 3
• Supporters of the Constitution called themselves Federalists.
• Federalists believed that power should be divided between a central government and regional governments.
A Great Debate (cont.)
Section 3
• Supporters of the Constitution:
− Large landowners
− Merchants and artisans living in large coastal cities
− Many farmers who lived near the coast or along rivers
− Farmers who shipped goods across state borders
A Great Debate (cont.)
Section 3
• Opponents of the Constitution were called Anti-Federalists.
• Anti-Federalists accepted the need for a national government but were concerned about whether the national government or the state governments would be supreme.
A Great Debate (cont.)
Section 3
• Anti-Federalists included:
A Great Debate (cont.)
− John Hancock
− Patrick Henry
− Richard Henry Lee of Virginia
− George Clinton
− Edmund Randolph
− George Mason
− Sam Adams
− Western farmers living far from the coast
Section 3
• Factors that worked against the Anti-Federalists:
− Their campaign was a negative one.
− The Federalists were better organized.
− Most of the nation’s newspapers supported the Federalists.
A Great Debate (cont.)
Section 3
• The arguments for ratification of the Constitution were summarized in The Federalist—a collection of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.
• The essays explained how the new Constitution worked and why it was needed.
A Great Debate (cont.)
The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–1790
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Section 3
Farmers, merchants, and artisans who lived near the coast supported the Federalists because a strong central government could take which actions?
A. Regulate trade consistently.
B. Impose taxes on foreign goods.
C. Prohibit the British from stealing goods.
D. A and B
E. B and C A B C D E
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Section 3
Battle for Ratification
The promise of a Bill of Rights paved the way for the ratification of the Constitution.
Section 3
• In Massachusetts opponents of the Constitution held a clear majority when the convention met in January 1788.
• In response to Samuel Adams, the Federalists promised to attach a bill of rights to the Constitution once it was ratified.
• They also promised to reserve for the states all powers not specifically granted to the federal government.
Battle for Ratification (cont.)
Section 3
• Upon hearing the proposal for the bill of rights, Virginia governor Edmund Randolph agreed to support the new Constitution.
• The Virginia convention voted narrowly for the new Constitution, 89 in favor and 79 against.
• The vote in favor of the Constitution was also very close in New York—30 to 27.
Battle for Ratification (cont.)
Section 3
• In September 1788, the Confederation Congress established a timetable for the election of the new government.
Battle for Ratification (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
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The last two states to ratify the Constitution were which of the following?
A. North Carolina and South Carolina
B. Rhode Island and North Carolina
C. South Carolina and Pennsylvania
D. Maryland and New Jersey
VS 1
The Articles of Confederation
Weaknesses
• No power to regulate commerce
• No power to compel states to obey international treaties signed by the Congress
• No military forces
• No power to tax
• No power to print or coin money
VS 1a
The Articles of Confederation
Effects
• States impose trade restrictions and tariffs on each other’s goods
• States restrict Britain’s ability to collect debts from Americans; Congress cannot reach a financial settlement with Britain; Britain refuses to evacuate forts on American soil
• Spain denies Americans permission to deposit goods at mouth of Mississippi; Congress has no leverage to force Spain to negotiate
• States issue money, inflation makes the currency worthless; debt problems lead to rebellion in Massachusetts and riots in Rhode Island
VS 2
The Federal Constitution
Decisions at the Constitutional Convention
• New Jersey Plan to amend the Articles of Confederation is rejected
• Virginia Plan to create a federal Constitution is approved
• Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) gets both small and large states to support the Constitution: Congress will have a House of Representatives, elected by the people, and a Senate, whose members are chosen by the states
• Three-Fifths Compromise gets Southern and Northern states to support the Constitution: enslaved people will count as three-fifths of a free person for determining representation in Congress and taxes owed
VS 2
The Federal Constitution
Checks and Balances of the Federal Constitution
• Federal government has three branches: executive (headed by a president), legislative (Congress), and judicial
• President can veto laws but Congress can override a veto
• President commands the military; Congress votes all funds and taxes
• President selects his cabinet and nominates judges, but the Senate must approve the nominations
• Congress can impeach the president and judges and remove them from office
• To get the Constitution ratified, supporters also promised to add a bill of rights (Amendments 1–10) to further limit federal power
Figure 1
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Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
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Vocab1
duty
a tax on imports
Vocab2
recession
an economic slowdown
Vocab3
explicitly
fully revealed or expressed and leaving no question as to meaning
Vocab4
occupy
to take control or possession of a location
Vocab5
popular sovereignty
government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there
Vocab6
federalism
political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
Vocab7
separation of powers
government principle in which power is divided among different branches
Vocab8
checks and balances
the system in which each branch of government has the ability to limit the power of the other branches to prevent any from becoming too powerful
Vocab9
veto
power of the chief executive to reject laws passed by the legislature
Vocab10
amendment
a change to the Constitution
Vocab11
financier
one who deals with finance and investment on a large scale
Vocab12
bill of rights
a summary of fundamental rights and privileges guaranteed to a people against violation by the state
Vocab13
framework
a set of guidelines to be followed
Vocab14
specific
restricted to a particular individual, situation, relation, or effect
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