Post on 03-Sep-2020
Introduction to Bioenergy
Dr Nawshad Haque
Web: www.users.tpg.com.au/nawshadul
3rd July 2016 – Presentation 1
Source: US DOE Nov 10
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 1
About Me• A Forestry Graduate from Chittagong
University
• MSc from University of Wales
• PhD in Chemical Engineering from University of Sydney
• 3 Years work at NZ Forest Research
• Since 2005, at CSIRO Australia
• Leads a Team on technology evaluation and LCA research, co-supervises PhD students, offers workshop, courses for universities and industries
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 2
With Dr Steve Schuck, Manager Bioenergy Australia who I met first in 1997
Structure of this courseLecture Topic
1 Overview of bioenergy system – issues and challenges
2 Feedstock for bioenergy
3 Processing of feedstock
4 Fuel comparison – fossil and non-fossil energy
5 Properties of biomass as fuel, physical and chemical
6 Size reduction of biomass fuel – chipping equipment and issues
7 Biomass fuel processing including drying
8 Biomass conversion to energy – mechanical, thermal, chemical, biological, electrical
9 Plant size, design and flowsheeting
10 Techno-economic evaluation of bioenergy plant
11 Life cycle assessment of bioenergy plant
12 Design of a typical bioenergy system
13 Case study plants study
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
3
Learning Objectives
• What are various types and forms of energy?
• What is biomass and what is bioenergy?
• Why do we need it?
• How much do you need?
• Where do you need it?
• What are the equipment and technologies?
• What are key challenges?
• What should we do?
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 4
Source: IBI Survey May 2011
Two Energy we are interested in
• Thermal energy (heat): A form of kinetic energy due to the random motion of the atoms or molecules (the building blocks) of solids, gases or liquids. The faster the atoms or molecules move, the greater the thermal energy of the object, usually described as the hotter the object is.
• Electrical energy: Most familiar in the form of electricity, which is the organised flow of electrons (one of the building blocks of an atom) in a material, usually a metal wire.
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 5
Bioenergy
• Biomass energy: any material of plant or animal origin such as:
• woody biomass (stems, branches, twigs)
• non-woody biomass (stalks, leaves, grass)
• agricultural residues (rice husk, wheat straw, coconut shell), and
• animal and human excrement
• The energy can be converted through a variety of processes to produce:
• solid, liquid or gaseous fuel.
• Processing stage prior to conversion - chopping, mixing, drying or densification
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 6
Biomass
• Forest based
• Biomass crops
• Agriculture crop residue
• Bagasse
• Municipal solid waste
• Green waste
• Sewerage treatment based solid waste - biosolid
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 7
Biomass Energy Conversion
Source: Dr Steve Schuck, Bioenergy Australia, Submission to Garnaut Climate Change Rivew April 2008
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 8
Fuel wood process
Source: RWEDP Report 29 Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 9
CO2 conc. measurement by CSIRO/BOM
Source: State of the Climate - CSIRO and The Bureau of Meteorology, Australia - http://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/.
Station at Cape Grim, TasmaniaCourtesy: Google Maps
10 |Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
Biomass in Iron & Steel IndustryBiomass in Iron & Steel IndustryBiomass in Iron & Steel IndustryBiomass in Iron & Steel Industry
2.2 t/t steel
11 |Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
Biocarbon Plant Flowsheet (100,000 t/y)
PYROLYSIS UNITWATER VAPOUR
CHIPPINGUNIT
COLD AIR OUT HEATINGZONE
CONVEYOR ENTRY EXITSCREENS
PYROLYSISZONE
BED DRYER515,785 t/y 50,000 t/y
WOODY BIOMASS HOPPER HOT AIR IN LIQUID CONDENSATE
OVERSIZEBIN
WASTE CHARCOALUNWANTED MATERIAL 100,000 t/y
12 |Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
CSIRO Technology
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 13
Source: J. Sustain. Metall. (2015) 1:94–114
Bioenergy System Bioenergy System Bioenergy System Bioenergy System –––– Current stateCurrent stateCurrent stateCurrent state
Feedstock
stockpile
Feed
preparation
Heat plant/
ReactorHeat
ElectricityAsh
Boiler
Turbine
Process
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 14
Equipment
Feed preparation
Feedstock stockpile Growing, harvesting, collection, transport, stockpile
Feed preparation Feeder, chipping, screening, conveying, materials handling, stockpile
Furnace Heating chamber, firing chamber, gas cleaning stage
Boiler Flue gas supply, fire tube or water tube, temperature control, water control, blow
down
Heat related Heat exchanger, finned tube, shell and tube, plate type
Steam system Steam supply pipes, steam traps, pressure controllers
Ash/waste disposal Ash collection pan, stack, electrostatic precipitator
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 15
Feedstock preparation
Source: US DOE Nov 10
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 16
Forestry product flow
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 17
Production chain
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 18
Tree to Cellulose – Macro to Nano
Source: U of Canterbury (J Harrington)Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 19
Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, Lignin
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 20
Wood composition
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 21
Oil chemicalsBiomass or “Bio-Oils”
chemical
Source: Oregon State University - http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lectures
Hydrocarbon Oil vs Biomass
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 22
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
Biomass from treesBiomass from treesBiomass from treesBiomass from trees
• Hardwood (≈ 3 to 6 t dry)
• Radiata pine (≈ 1.2 t dry)
23
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
Processing stages• Felling
• Residue collection – Forwarder and log Grabber (with log grapple head)
• Bundler/baler
• Bark separation
• Size reduction (chipping, ripping, shredding)
• Cleaning - washing
• Screening
• Drying
• Transport
• Storage
24
Biomass collection
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 25
Mobile chipper and screens
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 26
Mobile harvester and chipper
Loading and transport
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 28
Bed dryer
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 29
Rotary dryer
Rotary dryer
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 30
Steam and Drying Plant
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 31
Burner for steam system
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 32
Gas flows in two chambers
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 33
Secondary chamber
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 34
Boiler plant
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 35
Wood gasifier
Gasifier based on biomass
Electricity load types
Source: World Nuclear Association: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-
environment/renewable-energy-and-electricity.aspxDr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 38
Calculations, unitsA boiler consumes half a cubic metre of natural
gas in one hour. What is the power input?
The heat energy content of natural gas is 38
MJ per cubic metre. Therefore in one hour the
boiler has converted 19 MJ of heat energy
power = energy/time
= 19/3,600
= 5,300 joules per second
= 5.3 kW
Thermal boiler efficiency = 75 to 85%, say 80% or
0.8 , then actual output
= 5.3 x 0.8 = 4.24 kW
If this boiler you run over 350 days
= 350 days x 24 hours = 8,400 hours
Total energy you will get from this
boiler = 4.24 x 8,400 = 35,616 kWh or
35 MWh (thermal)
If you make electricity using a steam
turbine, efficiency say 33% or 0.33
Your electricity output = 35 x 0.33 =
11.8 MWh electrical
Assume transmission loss = 10%
Nett sent-out electricity = 11.8 x 0.9 =
10.6 MWhDr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
39
More calculationsAssuming electricity use for an Average Australian
home (≈ 6 MWh/year) – this 10.6 MWh will give
about two households for 1 year
Assuming 0.3 MWh/person/a or roughly 1
MWh/household for Bangladesh, it will give over 10
years supply of electricity.
In India, it could be 4 years etc.
How much wood do we need to
produce this electricity?
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 40
Wood properties - density
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
She-oak Forest redgum
River redgum Bluegum Cypress pine Shining gum
Bas
ic d
ensi
ty (
kg/m
3 )
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 41
Moisture content
• Oven dry-basis
• Wet basis
• Dry ash free basis
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 42
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Wood moisture content ((%) oven-dry basis)
Wo
od
mo
istu
re c
on
ten
t ((
%)
wet
bas
is)
Wood green moisture content
Local name Scientific name Green moisture content (%) oven-dry basis (or dry denominator)
Radiata pine (mainly from NZ but Australian data is similar) Pinus radiata 150 (Kinninmonth and Whitehouse,
1991)
Blackbutt (Northern NSW) Eucalyptus pilularis 60 (Haque, 2002)
River red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis 69 (Theoretical estimate)
Forest red gum Eucalyptus citriodora 63 (Theoretical estimate)
Blue gum Eucalyptus globulus 75 (Theoretical estimate)
Shining gum (Tasmania, NSW) Eucalyptus nitens 112, 70-170 (from plantations (Innes, 2007)
She-oak (Northern NSW) Casuarina cunninghamiana 54 (Theoretical estimate)
Cypress pine (Central NSW) Callitris columellaris 94 (Theoretical estimate)
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy43
MC vs Density
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Basic density (kg/m3)
Max
imum
gre
en m
oist
ure
(%)
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 44
Energy content
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Oven-dry density (kg/m3)
Cal
orifi
c va
lue
(MJ/
kg)
Cotton tree
Eucalypus
MangrovesWattles
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 45
Calculations (cont..)Assuming electricity use for an
Average Australian home – this
10.6 MWh will give about two
households for 1 year assuming 6
MWh/household/per year
Assuming 0.3 MWh/person/a or
roughly 1 MWh/household for
Bangladesh, it will give over 10
years supply of electricity.
In India, it could be 4 years etc.
How much wood do we need to produce this
electricity?
• 19 MJ/kg oven-dry wood
• 15% loss in boiler
• 16 MJ (thermal)/kg
• 66% loss in steam turbine
• 5.32 MJ (electrical)/kg
• 10% loss in power plant and transmission
• 4.8 MJ (electrical sent out)/kg
• 3.6 MJ/kWh electricity (unit conversion)
• 1.3 kWh/kg oven-dry wood
• or 1.3 MWh/t oven-dry wood
• You need: 8.2 tonne (OD) wood
• More if it is wet wood
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 46
MC vs Heating Value
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Hea
tin
g v
alu
e (M
J/kg
)
Moisture content dry-basis (%)
Heating value = -0.1 x MC_db (%) + 17.5
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 47
How much electricity required in Bangladesh?
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy48
Pulp Mill
Source: Oregon State University - http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lecturesDr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 49
Pulping
Source: Oregon State University - http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lecturesDr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 50
Mechanical and Biochemical process
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 51
Source: Oregon State University - http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lectures
Anaerobic digester with solid waste
Biogas based power generators
Biogas cleaning & power generation
Biogas from waste stream
Biogas engine for electricity generation
Solar kiln designs – bio-heat can be used to dry stuff, solar can be used to dry biomass
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 57
Solar kiln designs
Solar kiln at Boral
Timber’s Herons
Creek site, NSW,
AUSTRALIA
Recent design of solar kiln
by Solar Dryers Australia,
Bellingen, NSW
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy58
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass LCA and economicsLCA and economicsLCA and economicsLCA and economics
59
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy
LCA Model for LCA Model for LCA Model for LCA Model for Biomass preparationBiomass preparationBiomass preparationBiomass preparationDry biomass
Plantation Harvesting Collection Transport Chipping Drying
60
Recap for the day
• Biomass is plenty and all around us
• Potential sources of heat and electricity
• Various processing required
• Why, how much, where and other questions answered
• Equipment and technology (established and to be developed) involved
• Techno-economic evaluation important
• Sustainability using life cycle assessment (LCA) and social considerations
• We should promote it at various level Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 61
Further reading
• http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lectures
• www.bioeneregyaustralia.org
• www.iea.org
Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 62
MINERAL RESOURCES FLAGSHIP
Thank you
Dr Nawshad HaqueTeam Leader
t +61 3 9545 8931e Nawshad.Haque@csiro.auW http://people.csiro.au/H/N/Nawshad-Haque.aspx
Energy
Dr Nawshad Haque
t +61 434 141506e nhaque.geo@yahoo.comW www.users.tpg.com.au/nawshadul Thank you