Post on 23-Mar-2020
P R O V I D I N G A N E W L E V E L O F R E A L I S M
I N T E S T I N G A N D E V A L U A T I O N O F
A D V A N C E D R A D A R A N D E L E C T R O N I C
Solving Tomorrow’s Test Challenges
A D V A N C E D R A D A R A N D E L E C T R O N I C
W A R F A R E S Y S T E M S
LIZ RUETSCH
APPLICATIONS MARKETING & PLANNING
MICROWAVE & COMMUNICATIONS DIVISION
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Tomorrow’s Challenge:
“What is changing in the environment?
Overall spectrum is getting crowded (ex. cellular systems interfering with military)
Battlefield is moving to dense urban environments,
Problem:
“What is the impact on test requirements?”
Solution:
“Solving tomorrow's test challenges today”
Agenda
1
2 dense urban environments, smaller, low mobility targets
Military is looking for slower moving targets
Government is asking to build systems with increased complexity during a time when budgets are tight and global economic situation is uncertain
2
3
4
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 20112
Challenge #1: Spectrum is Getting Crowded
Tomorrow’s Challenge:
“What is changing in the environment?
Problem:
“What is the impact on test requirements?”
Solution:
“Solving tomorrow's test challenges today”
1Overall spectrum is getting crowded (ex. cellular systems interfering with military)
Moving to higher frequencies (ie. X-Band to Ka/Ku-Band)
PXA to 50 GHz/325 GHz
3
Questions to be answered:• Why is the spectrum getting crowded?• What are the key signal characteristics?• How will we solve this problem?
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Why is the Spectrum Getting Crowded?
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4
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Unprecedented signal insight with the
Key signal characteristics
• Harmonics (2nd, 5th, 10th)
• Spurious response (at extremely low levels)
• Phase noise (close to carrier)
• Wider bandwidths
New front end converter
New pre-selector w/YIG tuned filter
New band select switch w/pre-amp
What are the Key Signal Characteristics?
Unprecedented signal insight with the PXA signal analyzer
• Unmatched sensitivity to 50 GHz
(DANL: –172 dBm at 2 GHz)
• 160 MHz of analysis bandwidth
• Highest third-order dynamic range (TOI)(+21 dBm at 2 GHz)
• Superior close-in phase noise performance (–130 dBc/Hz at 1 GHz (@10 kHz offset)
• The industry’s most accurate analyzer
• Standard
• With LNP
• With NFE
5
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Extend to 325 GHz and beyond
Supported measurements
• Spectrum analysis
• PowerSuite one-button automated
power measurements
• N9068A phase noise
measurement application
Supported external mixers
Extend Unmatched Performance WithExternal Mixing
Better close-in phase noise
performance than internally-
mixed 67 GHz analyzers!
Supported external mixers
• NEW family: M1970V and M1970W
• 11970 Series
• OML Inc. and other third-parties
(VDI)
LO/IF SMA connector
Waveguide input
USB connector
6
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
New mixer family• M1970V (50 to 80 GHz)
• M1970W (75 to 110 GHz)
Mixer smart features• USB plug and play
• Auto-transfer of conversion loss data
• Auto LO power adjust to compensate for
cable loss (better amplitude accuracy)
M1970V/W Waveguide Harmonic Mixers
Improved DANL and TOI• Using higher LO frequency, better
conversion loss
(> 10 dB better than 11970x)
• Excellent amplitude accuracy, ±2.2 dB
7
PXA and smart mixer combination shows
-146 dBm sensitivity at 67 GHz
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Challenge #2: Battlefield is Now Urban
October 2011
Agilent EMEA Press Event
Tomorrow’s Challenge:
“What is changing in the environment?
Battlefield is moving to dense urban environments, smaller, low mobility targets
Problem:
“What is the impact on test requirements?”
Solution:
“Solving tomorrow's test challenges today”
• Moving to wider bandwidths
• Moving to higher frequencies
• PXA: 160 MHz/900 MHz BW
• PXA to 50/325 GHz
• PSG: only 1GHz BW to 44GHz
2
Questions to be answered:• How are urban environments challenging for radar systems?• What do we mean by wideband? Why do we need it?• How is Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) being used?• How will we solve this problem?
8
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
What Do We Mean By “Wideband?”
How does one define a wideband signal?• Wideband is a relative term
• In communications, wideband is used when message bandwidth >> channel’s bandwidth
• In radar, wideband is used when the signal bandwidth >> 1/PW
Defining wideband signal from a test and measurement point of view• When the signal’s information bandwidth is greater than typical resolution bandwidths offered in
conventional signal analyzers
• Signals that require some form of channel compensation to ensure data or signal fidelity
• Generally, information bandwidth > 5 MHz
Signal Type Carrier Frequency BW BW/Carrier Frequency
AM radio signal 1.00E+06 1.00E+04 1.000
Narrowband FM comms 1.50E+08 3.00E+03 0.002
Stereo FM broadcast 1.00E+08 2.00E+05 0.200
GSM 9.00E+08 3.00E+05 0.033
W-CDMA 2.00E+09 5.00E+06 0.250
Wi-FI 2.40E+09 3.60E+07 1.500
Satellite Comms 5.60E+09 3.60E+07 0.643
Microwave link (OC3) 6.00E+09 1.95E+08 3.250
SAR Radar 1.00E+10 1.00E+09 10.000
9
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
The German Aerospace Center (DLR), located in Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling
Germany, is developing both airborne and satellite-based Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) systems for ground mapping and environmental monitoring
applications
High-resolution SAR image of a city center
DLR F-SAR onboard DLR’s
Dornier DO228-212 aircraft
How are SARs Being Used Today for Imaging?
SOURCE: DLR Web Site
10
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Parameter X-Band C-Band S-Band L-Band P-Band
RF (GHz) 9.6 5.3 3.25 1.325 0.35
BW (MHz) 800 400 300 150 100
PRF (kHz) 5 5 5 10 12
P (kW) 2.5 2.2 2.2 0.7 0.7
What are the Characteristics of this SAR?
P (kW) 2.5 2.2 2.2 0.7 0.7
Rg Res. (m) 0.3 0.6 0.75 1.5 2.25
Az Res. (m) 0.2 0.3 0.35 0.4 1.5
Range cov 12.5 km (at maximum bandwidth)
Sampling 8 bit real; 1 Gsa/500 Msa selectable
Data rate 247 Mbytes/s per channel
SOURCE: DLR Web Site
11
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Agilent recently announced up to 900 MHz bandwidth
for the PXA signal analyzer IF output
Addresses increasing bandwidth requirements of next generation radar, electronic warfare, and communications systems
How Will We Measure These Wideband Signals?
• The signal analyzer's IF output is digitized by
an Agilent Infiniium oscilloscope running the
Agilent 89600 VSA software
• The 89600 VSA software is then used to
analyze complex radar or communications
signals
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Analysis of a
900 MHz linear
FM chirp by the
89600 VSA
software with the
PXA wideband
IF output
The SAR
Spectrum Phase vs. time
What are the Characteristics We Care About?
The SAR
example shown
here is with a
carrier frequency
at X-Band (10
GHz)
Frequency vs. time
Power vs. time
13
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Challenge #3: Detecting Slower Moving Targets
October 2011
Agilent EMEA Press Event
Tomorrow’s Challenge:
“What is changing in the environment?
Military is looking for slower moving targets
Problem:
“What is the impact on test requirements?”
Solution:
“Solving tomorrow's test challenges today”
Phase noise is a key system requirement
• PXA: phase noise (standard)
• PSG: phase noise (Option UNY)
3
14
Questions to be answered:
• Why is low phase noise important?• What is important in detecting new threats (ie. IED)• How will we solve this problem?
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Why is Low Phase Noise Important?
Improved detection of slow-moving targets with Doppler Radar• Radar systems detect target velocity by measuring Doppler shift in
frequency – Slow-moving targets exhibit very small frequency shift
– Return pulses are very low in amplitude & masked by clutter
COHO
STALO
Tx
15
Water
Mountains
RxDSP
Transmitter signal, f0 Clutter signal
Reflection
from targetPhase noise
f0 f0+ fD
2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
PSG: Setting the Bar Higher in Signal Generation
Performance• Lowest phase noise
– Maximize signal stability
• Superior level accuracy– Minimize test uncertainty
• High output power– Eliminate the need for an external amplifier
Measurement Innovations• First and only integrated vector signal generator with I/Q modulation to 44 GHz
• First analog signal generator to 67 GHz
E8257D PSG analog signal generator
E8267D PSG vector signal generator
• First analog signal generator to 67 GHz
• First to break the 1 Watt output power barrier
Solutions: PSG now offers three levels of phase noise performance• Standard, Option UNX, and new Option UNY
• Option UNY provides improved pedestal phase noise– ~ 10dB better @ 10 - 100 kHz offset than Option UNX
• Option UNY also has an improved reference oscillator
– ~ 5 dB better close-in phase noise than Option UNX
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
PXA: Setting the Bar Higher in Signal Analysis
Unprecedented signal insight
• Superior close-in phase noise performance: –130 dBc/Hz at 1 GHz, 10 kHz offset
• Unmatched sensitivity to 50 GHz: DANL = –172 dBm at 2 GHz
• Highest third-order dynamic range (TOI): +21 dBm at 2 GHz
PXA’s close-in phase noise
performance for offsets < 300 Hz is
over 20 dB improved relative to PSA
PXA’s ultra close-in phase noise
performance for 10 Hz offsets is over
23 dB improved relative to PSA
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Challenge #4: Complex Systems within Budget
Tomorrow’s Challenge:
“What is changing in the environment?
Government is asking to build systems with increased complexity during a time when budgets are tight and global economic situation is uncertain
Problem:
“What is the impact on test requirements?”
Solution:
“Solving tomorrow's test challenges today”
• COTS vs. custom systems
• Platform solutions that can be reused vs. program specific solutions
• Complex pulse generation and analysis in an economical
• Signal Studio for pulse building
• Pulse analysis software
• 89600 VSA software
• X-Series signal analyzers
• PSG signal generator
4
Questions to be answered:• Why simulate radar testing?• What are the signal characteristics of interest?• How will we solve this problem?
economical • PSG signal generator
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Why Simulate Radar Testing?
Traditional methodTurn on the actual radar or develop in-house/custom
radar simulator
But…• Cannot test until very late in the development process
• Expensive: full fly-by test can cost millions of Euros
Real world challengesReal world challenges• All radar systems depend on antennas to operate
• Pulse building can simulate real-world antenna
behavior
• In practice, real signals are never perfect
SolutionAdd selected impairments to test signal
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Features• Create pulse libraries• Build pattern libraries• Apply baseband pre-distortion
N7620A Signal Studio for Pulse Building First introduced in 2003
Value• Simplify single-emitter test pattern generation• Eliminate complicated mathematics• Set high-level pulse parameters
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Advanced Features: Antenna Parameters
Antenna properties
• Azimuth: 3 dB beam width
• Elevation: 3 dB beam width
• Null depth: –40 dB
Antenna radiation pattern
• Blackman, Hamming, Hanning, rectangular,
3 term, cosine 1-5, programmable
Antenna scanning modesAntenna scanning modes
• None, custom, circular, conical, bidirection
al sector, unidirectional
sector, bidirectional
raster, unidirectional raster
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Pulse width patterns
• Constant
• Gaussian jitter
• Uniform jitter
• Linear ramp
• Stepped
Pulse repetition interval (PRI) patterns• Constant (none)
• Gaussian jitter
• Uniform jitter
• Sinusoidal wobulation
• Saw tooth wobulation
Advanced Features: Pulse Timing Pattern Parameters
• Stepped • Saw tooth wobulation
• Triangle wobulation
• U shaped jitter
• Linear ramp
• Stepped
• Staggered
• Bursted
N7620A Signal Studio
Standard features
Advanced features • Option 205 – PSG/ESG BBG
• Option 206 – External AWG
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
N9051A Pulse Measurement Software
Product overview
• Analyze up to 1000 continuous pulses
• Pulse analysis measurements
– Period, width, PRI/PRF, droop, overshoot, rise/fall
time, average power, peak power, PDF, CDF, CCDF and
more
• Supports X-Series analyzers, PSA spectrum
analyzer, and Infiniium oscilloscopesPhase and frequency measurements
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011
Phase and frequency measurements• Pulse to pulse change in phase
• Phase mean and standard deviation
• Chirp signal measurements
Extended analysis and statistics• Mean, max, min, standard deviation, RMS, trend
and autocorrelation of data selected
• Plots and histograms of selected data
SummaryTomorrow’s Challenge:
“What is changing in the environment?
Overall spectrum is getting crowded (ex. cellular systems interfering with military)
Battlefield is moving to dense urban environments, smaller, low
Problem:
“What is the impact on test requirements?”
Solution:
“Solving tomorrow's test challenges today”
Moving to higher frequencies (ex. from X-Band to Ka/Ku Band)
• Moving to wider bandwidths
• Moving to higher
PXA to 50 GHz/325 GHz
• PXA: 160 MHz/900 MHz
• PSG: industry’s only 1-GHz bandwidth to 44 GHz
1
2 environments, smaller, low mobility targets
Military is looking for slower moving targets
Government is asking to build systems with increased complexity during a time when budgets are tight and global economic situation is uncertain
• Moving to higher frequencies
Phase noise is a key system requirement
• Platform solutions that can be reused vs. program specific solutions
• Complex pulse generation and analysis in an economical way
bandwidth to 44 GHz
• PXA: phase noise (std)
• PSG: phase noise (UNY)
• Signal Studio for pulse building
• 89600 VSA software
• X-Series signal analyzers (PXA/MXA/EXA/CXA)
• PSG signal generators
2
3
4
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2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)
October 2011