HandbookBest practice DroppeD oBject ManageMent

www.samarbeidforsikkerhet.no

rev. 02

abbreviations / termsHSE• –Health,safetyandenvironmentDO• –Droppedobject,anuncontrolledmovementofanobjectfromoneleveltoanotherCCTV• –(Closed-circuittelevision)surveillancecamera.Documented training• –trainingwherebypersonsusinganequipmenthavereceiveddocumentablepracticaltrainingandtheoreticaltuitionthathasprovidedthemwithknowledgeof:Structure/composition,operation,propertiesandareasofuse,aswellasmaintenanceandcontrol,allincompliancewiththesafe-useandoperatingrequirementsintheapplicableregulationsandinstructionsforuse.Competent person• –Apersonthatcandocumentpracticalandtheoreticalknowledgeinthedisciplinearea,forexampleintheformofanexaminationcertificateoracertificateofcompetence.SfS• –SamarbeidforSikkerhet(“WorkingTogetherforSafety”)Atripartitecooperationwithinthefieldofhealth,safetyandtheenvironment(HSE)intheoiland-gasindustry.

2 Dropped Object Management

Fallingobjectsrepresentasignificantsafetychallengeinouroperations.

Studieshaveshownthatourgreatestchallengesareconnectedtoworkprocessesandinadequatelysecuredequipment.AsacorrectiveactionWorkingTogetherforSafety(SfS)hasdecidedtopublishthishandbook,whichsummarizesrelevantrequirementsforsecuringfixedandlooseequipment.

ThishandbookwasfirstestablishedbyStatoiltogetherwiththeircontractorsandusers.OuraimbypublishingthishandbookistocommunicateBestPracticetotheindustry.Themainobjectiveistoavoiddroppedobjects.Toachievethisweneedtoknowhowtosecureequipment.Usethishandbookactivelytobetterunderstandandestablishnecessarybarriers.Alsomakesurethatthesebarriersaremaintained.

SfSwouldliketoexpresssincerethankstoStatoilHydrofortheirwillingnesstosheartheirBestPracticewiththerestofourindustry.

ErikWiigLeaderSfS

introduction

Dropped Object Management 3

table of contentsPurpose of the handbook......................................... 6Barriers.......................................................................8Fall energy and fall factor........................................ 10Galvanic corrosion...................................................12Bolted connections..................................................14 -Specialbolts........................................................16 -Boltedconnections.............................................. 18Correct use of cotter pins....................................... 26Securing pins/ safety pins....................................... 28Securing devices...................................................... 30Correct installation of wire clamps......................... 32Securing of personnel.............................................. 34Derrick evacuation equipment................................ 36Securing of tools at hight........................................ 38 -Handtools<5kg............................................... 38 -Tools5-25kg......................................................40 -Securingofotherportableequipment................ 42 -Toolcabinetsforwork......................................... 44Securing of permanently attached equipment..... 46Walkways -Grating.................................................................46 -Pipeworkandequipmentfeedthroughs.............. 48 -Railings............................................................... 50 -Toeboards.......................................................... 52 -Swinggates........................................................ 54 -Ladders............................................................... 56

4 Dropped Object Management

Electroandinstrument -Floodlights........................................................... 58 -Lightingfixtures...................................................60 -Navigationlights................................................. 62 -CCTVcamera.....................................................64 -Craneboomcamera........................................... 68 -Loudspeakers.....................................................70 -Junctionboxesandcabinetsinstalledaloft........ 72 -Cabletraysandcableladders............................ 74Structures -Windwalls..........................................................76 -Signs...................................................................78Otherequipment -Valvehandlesandwheelsinstalledatheight..... 80 -Locksoninsulationcladding.............................. 82 -Temporary/permanentstorageofgascylinders.. 84 -Snatchblocks....................................................86 -Umbilicalrollersheaves..................................... 88 -Loophoses.........................................................90 -Loadcarriers......................................................92 -Correctuseofshackles...................................... 94 -Correctuseofeyebolts/eyenuts....................... 96Racks and storage..................................................... 98Unnecessary equipment aloft.............................. 100Securing of parts, equipment and material during work aloft ...................................................102Post inspection/ final check of the work site...... 104Observation techniques........................................ 106

Dropped Object Management 5

purpose of the handbook Thisdocumentisintendedtohelpeliminatetheriskofdroppedobjects.Itappliesbothtoequipmentprocureandtoequipmentalreadyinusein/onyourownandhiredinstallations.Inmanycases,thefunctionalrequirementsthatareestablishedfortheequipmentinthisdocumentwillsetanewstandardforouractivities.Thedefinitionofbarriersthatpreventdroppedobjects,deployedintheprocurement,useandmaintenanceofequipment,hasbeenanimportantgoal.Whenprocuringnewequipment,wemustendeavourtouseintegratedsolutionsinrespecttobarriers.Inordertominimizethedangerofcollision,wemustalwaysevaluatetheriskassociatedwiththechosenlocationofequipment.Equipmentmustbedesignedandinstalledtoprovidethesafestpossibleaccessformain-tenance,ref.NORSOK,PSA,OLFandtheNorwegianLabourInspectionAuthority.

Thefunctionalrequirementssetforthinthishandbookmustbecompliedwithinthewholevaluechain:- design - procurement - installation- operation - maintenanceBycomplyingwiththeserequirementsyouwillhelpSfSachievethegoalofzerodroppedobjects

Who is responsible? – Everyone in the value chain (see next page).

6 Dropped Object Management

Dropped Object Management 7

Barriersarefunctionsandmeasuresdesignedto•breakaspecifiedundesirablechainsofevents.Inotherwords,theirfunctionistopreventadangerfrommanifestingitselfortolimitthedamagebybreakinganundesirablechainofevents.

Barriers

8 Dropped Object Management

Safetybarriersaretechnical,organizationalorotherplannedandimplementedmeasuresintendedtobreakanundesirablechainofevents.- Man (humanknowledge,experienceandqualities)

- Technicalsolutionsalonecanserveasbarrier functions,buttheyoftenneedtobecombinedwith organizationaland/orhumansolutions- Organizational(procedures,specifications, checklistsetc.)

MandOsolutionscannot fillbarrierfunctions alone;theymustalwaysbecombinedwithatleast oneothersolution.

M

t

o

Dropped Object Management 9

Fall energy and fall factor

Fall factorsthe “fall factor “de-scribes the severity of a fall. it is an expression of the relationship be-tween the length of the fall and the length of rope available to break the fall.

the fall factor is calcu-lated using the formula on next page.

factor0

lanyardwith

lanyardwithoutenergyabsorber

factor1 factor2

10 Dropped Object Management

Fall energy Fallenergy,measuredinJoules(J)asshowninthefiguretotheleft,isonlyusedinconnectionwiththeriskofpersonalinjury(inothercasespotentialfallenergy(Ef)iscalculatedusingtheformulaEf=mghwheremistheweightoftheobjectinkg,histheheightfromwhichtheobjectisdroppedandgisthegravitationalaccelera-tion=9.8m/s).Alimitof40JhasbeendefinedbyOLFandPSANorway,asthecriterionforseriouspersonalinjury.

Fall factorThefallfactoristhetotallengthofthefalldividedbythelengthofthesecuringdevicethatabsorbsthefallenergy.Theforceapersonorobjectisexposedto,dependsontheenergy-absorbingpropertiesofthesecuringdevice(abilitytolengthenwithoutbreaking).Whensecuringpersonsagainstfalling,thefallfactormustundernocircumstancesexceedfactor2.Itshouldpreferablybekeptunderfactor1.

reference: petzl technical guideline.

Dropped Object Management 11

galvanic corrosion

Asabasicrule,onlymetalsofthesameoralmostthesamenobilityshouldbecombinedinacorrosiveenvironment.

Anode(lessnobel)

cath

ode

(mor

e no

bel)

Electrochemical series

cathode (protected) more noblegraphitetitanium

silveracid-proof steel a4 – passive stainless steel a2 – passive

iconel – passive nickel – passive

silver solderMonel

copper/nickel alloysBronzecopper

Brassiconel – active nickel – active

TinLead

TinsolderStainlesssteelA4–activeStainlesssteelA2–active

CaststeelSteelandiron

Aluminium2024–T4Cadmium

Aluminium1100Galvanisedsteel

ZincMagnesiumalloys

MagnesiumAnode (corrodes) less noble

12 Dropped Object Management

Galvaniccorrosionoccurswhentwodissimilarmetalswithdifferentvoltagepotentialsareincontactwitheachotherinthepresenceofanelectrolyte(dampfilmorseawater/freshwater).Whenthishappens,thelessnoblemetalbecomestheanodeandthemorenoblemetalthecathode.Ifasteelscrewisfixedintoacopperplate,thescrewwillbetheanodesincecopperisthenoblermetal.Thescrewwillcorroderapidlyasthedifferenceinpotentialisgreat.

Ifthesamesteelscrewisfixedintoalessnobleplate,e.g.azincplate,thescrewwillbethecathodeandwillnotrust.Thezincplatewillcorrode,asitislessnoblethanthescrew.

Forthesereasons,itisimportantthatallsecuringdevicesareofthestainlesssteeltype.Thisappliestocotterpins,safetypins,securingwireandlockingwireforthreadingthroughnutsandboltsetc.

Dropped Object Management 13

steel screwcurrent

Humidity

copper

steel screwcurrent

Humidity

Less noble plate

Bolted connections

14 Dropped Object Management

Atpresent,boltsarebeingproducedtoatleast85differentindustrialstandardsandtherequirementsforboltedconnectionsvaryforthedifferentsectorsdependingonthegivendesign,operationalandmainte-nancerequirements.

Achievingastableboltedconnectionwillthereforerequireaqualifiedevaluationofthefollowingfactors:Loaddesign•Choiceofmaterialswithrespecttomechanical•propertiesandcorrosionresistanceWhereappropriate,useoflubricant•Pre-tensioninganduseofthecorrecttorque•equipment

Locking of bolts to secure against loss of torque and pre-tension, is defined as secondary retention.

Eighty-fivepercentofalldamagetoboltsetc.isduetofatigue: –dynamicloadwithinadequatepre-tensioning –overstrainresultinginreducedpre-tensioning

Dropped Object Management 15

special bolts

BONDURA BOLTwww.boltnorge.no

Bondurahasaconstructionthatcantakeupmovementandovalitybyusingexpandingtaperedsleevesatbothendsofthebolt.Thereareseveralvariantsofthebolt,bothstraight-throughversionstootherthatarefittedfromoneside.Standardscrewsaretightenedtopressinthecones.Theboltisfixeddirectlytothemachineorequipmentwithlockingscrews.Thispreventstheboltfromloosening,fallingoutorrotatinginthebolthole.Bonduraboltsmustbefittedandmaintainedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sspecifications.BonduraiscertifiedincompliancewithAPI8CandF.E.M.regulations.

Areas of use:Forexample,asareplacementforclevisboltsintopdrivesandhingeboltsondollies,pipehandlingequipmentandcranes.

Bondura bolt 6.6 Bondura bolt 6.1

16 Dropped Object Management

SUPERBOLT / SUPERNUT www.superbolt.com

Superbolt/Supernutareconstructedsuchthatstand-ardnutsarereplacedby“stretchnuts”withintegratedjackboltsandwashers.UsecanbeverybeneficialintermsofHSEbecauseonlyhandtoolsareneededforfittinganddismantling.Riggingofheavytorqueequip-mentanduseofsledgehammersduringinstallationanddisassemblyisavoided.Anadditionalbenefitisthattimeissavedduringtheoperations.Boltsmustbefittedandmaintainedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sspecifications.BothSuperboltandSupernutisavailableinaspecialcorrosionresistantoffshoreversion.

Areas of use:Almostunlimited;availableinbothinchandmillimetredimensionsanddiametersfromM20toM160.

Dropped Object Management 17

Bolted connections

nord-Lock bolt securing system

spiralock

18 Dropped Object Management

Dual nuts are not recommended for locking of bolted connections. The following methods are recommended for locking bolted connections.

NORD-LOCk BOLT SECURiNG SySTEM www.nordlock.comWhencorrectlyinstalled,theNord-LockBoltsecuringsystemprovidesaguaranteedsecureboltedconnection.Lockingisachievedbymeansoftwowashersthatensuretheclampingforceismaintainedintheboltedconnection.Nord-LockhasDnV(DetNorskeVeritas)typeapproval.

Areas of use:Particularlysuitableforconnectionsexposedtovibra-tions,e.g.grating,loudspeakers,cabletrays,ladders,guiderailsetc.Butithasanalmostunlimitedrangeofapplications.

SPiRAL LOCkwww.spiralock.comSelf-lockisanall-metallocknut/boltandhasaspeciallydesignedthreadedprofilethatlockswhentightenedanddistributesthetensionoverthewholelengthofthethread.Thisprovidesbetterloaddistribution,whichhelpstoimprovethelockingoftheboltconnection.

Areas of use:Almostunlimited,frequentlyusedforcriticalboltconnections.

Dropped Object Management 19

correct installation of cotter pins in bolts

20 Dropped Object Management

CASTLE NUT WiTH COTTER PiNAdoptedfromtheaviationindustry,Castlenutsprovideavisualandreliablemethodforlockingboltedconnections.Thenuthasradialslotsandislockedbynoncorrosivecotterpinsthatareinsertedthroughaholeinthebolt.

Areas of use:Unlimited,butfrequentlyusedforcriticalboltconnections.

Dropped Object Management 21

nyloc lock nut

Lock nut with split top Lock nut with deformed top

tab washer tab plate

22 Dropped Object Management

NyLOC LOCk NUTNyloclocknutsareextensivelyusedthroughouttheindustry.Nyloclocknutsshouldonlybeusedonce.StandardDin985Nylocnutshaveatemperatureratingfrom-70°Cto+120°C.Areas of use:Thistypeofnutisrecognizedforlockinginconnec-tionswhereacertaindegreeoflostpre-tensioncanbeaccepted.

ALL-METAL LOCk NUTSAll-metallocknutscanbeusedonallboltdimensions.Thenutlocksbythethreadedsectionortopofthenutdeforms/splits,orthroughthenuthavingatoothedringunderthecollar.Thisprovidesgreaterfrictionbetweenthebolt/underlayandnut,providingasecurecon-nection.Therearemanyvarietiesandsuppliersonthemarket.Areas of use:Thesenutshaveanalmostunlimitedareaofuse.

TAB WASHER / TAB PLATE DiN 93/463 Tabwasherscanbeusedonalldimensionsandinanyplacedesignedfortheuseoftabwashers.Thereareseveraltypeswithdifferentareasofuseforlockingeithernutsorbolts.Itisimportanttousetherighttypeforeachpurpose.Areas of use:Typicallyinuseonmachinerywhereitisimportanttopreventtheboltfromrotating.

Dropped Object Management 23

Lock-wiring of bolts

paLnUt (Din 7967) lock nut

24 Dropped Object Management

PALNUTPalnutlocknut(DIN7967)hasbeenonthemarketforseveraldecadesasanalternativeforlockingofboltedconnections.Palnutlocksby“cutting”itselfintothethreadsontheboltwhenitistightened.Intheoffshorecontexttheyarenormallyusedforlockingontopofstandardnuts.Areas of use: Onthrough-boltsinfixedequipmentanddrillingequip-ment.Easytoinstallwheresecondaryretentionarenotinplace.

LOCk-WiRiNGLock-wiringofboltsisalockingmethodadoptedfromtheaviationindustry.Inbrief,themethodinvolvesthreadingaspecialstainlesswirethroughaholeinthebolthead,twistedandlockedtothenextboltorstruc-ture,thuspreventingthebolttorotateandloosen.Thewirecanbeusedtolockamaximumofthreeboltsinarow,asshownintheillustration.(Forinfoonthesizeoftheholeinthebolthead,seeISO7378).Areas of use: Usedextensivelyforlockingexternalboltedconnec-tionsondrillingandpipe-handlingequipment.Oftenusedwheretherearenothrough-boltsand/orthereisaneedforeasyvisualcontrolofthelocking.

Dropped Object Management 25

correct use of cotter pins

cotter pin in a shacklebolt

correct installation of cotter pins in bolts

26 Dropped Object Management

Theindustryhasexperiencedproblemswiththecorrectuseofcotterpinsandthechoiceofmaterials.

Best practiceCotterpinsmustbebenttopreventthemfrombeing•knockedout-Wherethereisadangerofpersonnelexposed,thecotterpinmustbebentasshownintheillustrationWhenhoistingpersonsandloads,alwaysuseshack-•leswithtwobarriers.Preferably:nutandcotterpinLinchpins,springtypesplitpinsoranyothertypeof•safetypinsthatcanbeknockedoutmustnotbeusedforliftingoperations•Cotterpinsshouldbemadeofstainlesssteel•Forstaticloads,shackleswithtwobarriersarerec-•ommendedItisarequirementthatcotterpinsasdescribed•aboveareinspectedregularlyandreplacedwhenrequired.

references: norsoK r-003, norsoK r-005 and Din-en-iso 1234

Dropped Object Management 27

securing pins/ safety pins

28 Dropped Object Management

Withintheindustryvarioustypesofinappropriatesecur-ingpinsareused.Theseareunsafebecausetheycaneasilybeknockedout,forexample;springtypesplitpin.

Best practiceNB!Securingpinsofthetypeshowninthepictures•must never be usedinliftingappliancesSecuringpinsshallprovidesecondaryretention•Securingpinsshallbeofthepropersizeandquality•Securingpinsshallbesecuredbywire(wherethisis•appropriate)topreventdropItisarequirementthatsecuringpinsasdescribed•aboveareinspectedregularlyandreplacedwhenrequired.

Areas of use:Scaffoldingbolts,securityboltsonremovablerailings,clawcouplingsandsecuringbracketsongascylinderracksetc.

references: norsoK r-003 and norsoK r-005

Dropped Object Management 29

securing devices (wires, chains and couplings)

Whereverpossible,equipmentinstalledatheightshallhaveintegratedsecondaryretention.Ifnotpossible,orwhereequipmentisexposedtotheriskofcollision,theequipmentmustbeequippedwithsecondaryretentionsecurelyattachedtothestructure.

30 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceSecuringdevicesmustbedimensionedinaccord-•ancewiththeequipmentsupplier’scalculations.Thequalityofmaterialsusedmustbeconsistentthrough-outtheentireassemblyOnlyacid-proofsecuringwire(AISI316,type7x19•IWRC)shallbeused.Wiresmustbelockedwithdoublepresslocks(forexampleTaluritlocks).ThelocksmustbemadeofcopperandtheminimumdistancebetweenthelocksmustbeapproximatelyequaltothelengthofafullycrimpedlockAllconnectors/snaphooksmustbemadeofacid•proofsteel(AISI316)andbeequippedwithlocks.SnaphooksattachedtoshacklesshouldhaveeyeletsChainmustbemadeofacid-proof(AISI316)or•galvanizedsteelShacklesforusewithsecuringdevicesshouldhave•rotatingboltwithnutandcotterpin,markedwith“CE”,“WLL”andtraceability,atleastintheformofbatchmarkingThechainorsecuringwiremustbeasshortas•possibletominimizethepotentialfallenergySecuringdevicesmustbeinstalled,maintained•andinspectedinaccordancewiththeinstructionsprovidedintheusermanualormaintenanceinstructions.

references: sfs recommendation 024/2008 and page 10 and 11 in this handbook.

Dropped Object Management 31

correct installation of wire clamps

correct installation of iron grip wire clamps.

WireropeØMinimumnumberofwireclamps

mm perpiece

3-9 3

10-16 4

17-20 5

21-26 6

27-37 7

32 Dropped Object Management

Corrosionandincorrectinstallationofwireclampsarechallengesintheindustry.

Best practiceWireclampsmustbeofthecorrectnumberandsized•tothedimensionofthewireItisarequirementthatwireclampsareassembled,•inspectedandmaintainedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’susermanual/maintenanceinstruc-tions.

Note: Wire clamps of the U-bolt type must not be used in connection with lifting operations.

reference: norsoK r-003 and norsoK r-005

Dropped Object Management 33

securing of personnelDocumentedtrainingisamandatoryrequirementforallpersonnelusingfallarrests.

Fall strap reel with shock absorber

saLa trauma strap

34 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceTheestablishedcontrolprocedures,bothbeforeand•afteruse,mustbefollowedNobodyshallworkaloneorunattended,whenusing•fallarrestequipmentPersonalusingfallprotectionequipmentmusthave•documentedtrainingthatincludesrescuemethods.(Ref.page2)Necessaryrescueequipmentmustalwaysbeavail-•ableattheworksitePersonalprotectiveequipmentagainstfallsmustbe•CEmarkedTheequipmentmustbecheckedatleastevery12•monthsbyacompetentpersonandshallbemarkedwiththedateforthenextinspectionAbuddycheckofriggingandequipmentmustbe•carriedoutChoiceofsecuringequipment,shallbedecidedafter•evaluationoftheworksiteTheanchorpointforsuspensionshallbeabletosup-•portatleast10kN(seerequirementinNS-EN795)Theharnessshouldpreferablybeequippedwitha•safetystrap.(E.g.:SALAtraumastrap,whichallowsyoutorestonyourfeetafterafall,inordertoensurebloodcirculationtothelegs).

references: the norwegian Working environment act, the norwegian Labour inspectorate’s regulation - including; nos. 500, 523, 524 and 555. Module o-2.2 training plan for documented safety training; Fall arrestequipment and basic lifting appliances. oLF guidelines for construction of scaffolding (no. 105), oLF guidelines for fall arrest and rescue (no. 113) and sfs recomandation 023/2008

Dropped Object Management 35

Derrick evacuation equipment

36 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceEquipmentmustbeprotectedfromwearandharsh•environmentEquipmentshouldbestoredincabinet/lockerto•protecteditfromUVradiationandweatherEvacuationblocksmustbeCE-marked•Theridingbeltorharnessmustbeattachedtothe•evacuationblockortotheguidelinewhereappro-priateEvacuationblock,guideline,attachmentpoint,•couplingsandshacklesaredefinedasevacuationequipment/antifallingdevicesandmustbechecked,certifiedandmarkedaccordinglyAnchorpointsforsuspensionmustbeabletosupport•atleast10kNTheequipmentmustbecheckedatleastevery12•monthsbyacompetentpersonandshallbemarkedwiththenextinspectiondateSafeaccesstoanduseoftheequipmentmustbe•ensured.

references: norsoK D-001, norwegian Labour inspectorate’s regulations no. 555, ns en 341 (evacuation Blocks), ns en 362 (connectors) ns en 795 (anchor points) and ns en 813 or 1497 (riding belts)

Dropped Object Management 37

securing of tools at height (<5kg)

internal securing loops

safety wires and connectors securing of tools

tool belt for scaffolder

Weaklink

38 Dropped Object Management

Thereisasignificantpotentialofdroppedobjectswhenusingtoolsatheight.

Best practiceUseoftoolsatheightmustberisk-assessed•Wiresandconnectorsmustbeusedbetweenthe•tools,beltorbagSwivelswithsetscrewsshouldnotbeused•Weaklinkshallbeinstalledbetweenthebag/belt•andsafetywireAtoolbagwithinternalloopsshouldbeusedwhen•varioustoolsaredeployedatheightWriststrapsmustnotbeusedbecauseofpotential•personalinjuryIfanattachmentpointotherthanthebeltorbagis•required,useanappropriatepartofthesurroundingstructure,preferablyabovetheworklevelInlimitedareas,forexamplethederrick,flareboom•andcranes,toolsusedatheightmustbeloggedoutandintoensurethatnothingisleftbehind.

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 39

securing of tools at height (5-25kg)

40 Dropped Object Management

Methodsforsecuringheavytoolsandhand-heldmachineryforuseatheighthavenotbeenadequatelydefined.Inviewofthemajorpotentialforseriousdamageifsuchtoolsormachineryaredropped,itisimportanttohaveclearguidelines. Best practiceAlluseofheavytoolsandhand-heldmachineryat•heightmustberisk-assessedAllheavytoolsandhand-heldmachineryusedat•heightmustbesecuredagainstdropbothwheninuseandwhilebeingtransportedSecuringdevicesmustbedimensionedinaccord-•ancewithverifiablecalculationsanddocumenteddroptests(seethesectiononsecuringdevices)Securingpointsfortoolsandmachinerymustbein•placeabovetheworksiteandthesecuringdevicemustbeastautaspossibleInlimitedareas,forexamplethederrick,flareboom•andcranes,toolsusedatheightmustbeloggedoutandintoensurethatnothingisleftbehind.

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 41

securing of other portable equipment at height

42 Dropped Object Management

Severalofreporteddroppedobjectincidentsarerelatedtoradios,pagersandgasdetectors.Best practiceAllportableequipmentusedatheightmustbese-•curedagainstbeingdroppedCarryingpouchesmustalwaysbeusedforradios•andanyotherportableequipmentthatdon’thavecertifiedsecuringpoints-LocksonthepouchesmusthaveadoublesecuringmechanismtopreventunintentionalopeningBeltclipswhichallowequipmenttobecomedetached•whenturned180ºshouldnotbeusedBeltswithsnapfastenersarenotrecommendedfor•securingofequipmentatheight.

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 43

tool cabinets for work at height

Toolcabinets/lockersforworkatheighthavenowbeeninstalledatmanyfacilities,offshoreinmostcasesnearthedrillfloor.Unfortunately,anumberofirregularitieshavebeenobservedregardingsecuring,controlandregistrationoftools..

44 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceEachcabinet/lockershallbeequippedwithalistof•contentsandbekeptlockedAdesignatedpersonmustberesponsibleforthecab-•inettoensurethatalltoolstakenfromandreturnedtothecabinetareloggedThecontentsofthetoolcabinetforworkatheight•anditsaccompanyinglogbookmustbecheckedattheendofeveryshiftAlltoolsmustbeadequatelyequippedforsecuringat•heightandmusthavedocumentedattachmentpointsInadditiontothenecessarytools,cabinetsshouldbe•equippedwithasufficientnumberof:-correctlydimensionedsafetywireswithapprovedswagelocks-connectors/snaphookswithlocking-toolbagswithinternalfasteningdevices-specialbeltsforfasteningoftoolsandbag-weaklinksforfasteningbetweentheharness/beltandsafetywire.

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 45

securing of permanently attached equipment grating

Atpresentthereareanumberofdifferentwaysoffasteninggratingtounderlyingstructuresorframes.Asaresultofvibrationsanddefectivelockingoffastening,thereareincidentsofloosegratingandlooseormissingfasteningclips.

46 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceGratingmustbeadequatelyfixedtounderlying•structurestopreventlooseningduetovibrationsorloadsGratingshouldbesecuredagainstmajorsideways•displacementinalldirectionsThrough-boltsorthreadedconnectionswithlocknut,•arerecommendedforsecuringtostructureOpeningsinthegratingmustnotexceed20mm•wherepersonnelmaytraffictheareabelow,andshouldotherwisenotexceed35mm.

reference: norsoK c-002, norsoK s-002, en-iso 14122-2 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 170 with guidelines.

Dropped Object Management 47

piping and equipment feedthroughs

Significantshortcominginpipingandequipmentfeed-throughandmissingholecoveringarefoundthroughouttheindustry.

48 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceAllpipingandequipmentfeedthroughsindecksand•gratingmusthaveatoeboardandmustbecoveredtothegreatestextentpossibleCanvasoracladdingmaterialcanbeused.Thisis•especiallyimportantinareaswherethereisequip-mentrequiringperiodicmaintenance.Doneproperlyandpreferablypermanently,itwillbeanefficientmeasureagainstdroppedobjects.

references: norsok D-001, norsoK c-002 and norsoK s-002

Dropped Object Management 49

railings

Majordefectsinrailingshavebeenobservedintheindustry,andparticularlyincollapsible,movableandaluminiumrailings.

50 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceRailingmustbe1100mmhighasaminimumand•haveintegratedtoeboardsthatareatleast100mmhigh•Railingmusthaveafunctionaldesignfortheareaitisintendedtosecure,e.g.wiremeshmustbeinstalledasrequired(lockedareas)Railingsshallnothavedeformationsorcracksthat•affectsthefunctionalityorstrengthItmustalwaysbepossibletoinsertmovablerailings•intothefasteningsandinsertasecuringthrough-boltThesafetyboltmustbeadequatelylockedusinga•securingpin,snaphook(witheyelet)oracotterpin(seealsothesectiononsecuringpins)Boththesafetyboltandlockingmustbesecuredin•theimmediatevicinityoftheattachmentAllconnectionsbetweenelementsintherailingmust•besecuredwiththrough-boltandlocknutUseofsetscrewsarenotrecommendedin•permanentrailingsRailingsandattachmentpointsforcollapsibleand•movablerailingsmustbeinspectedonaregularbasistomaintainadequatesecuringandfunctionality.

reference: en iso 14122-3, norsoK D-001, norsoK c-002, norsoK s-002 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 170 with guidelines

Dropped Object Management 51

toe boards

52 Dropped Object Management

Shortageofandincorrectlyinstalledtoeboardsareobservedthroughouttheindustry.Commonlythegapbetweenthetoeboardanddeckareexceedingrequirements.

Best practiceDecks,gangwaysandplatformsmusthavetoe•boardswithaminimumheightof100mmOnstairways,everystepmusthaveatoeboardwith•aminimumheightof50mmAlllandingsinstairwaysmusthavetoeboardswitha•minimumheightof100mmThegapbetweenthedeckorgratingandtoeboard•mustnotexceed10mm.

references: en-iso 14122-3, norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002, norsoK c-002 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 170 with guidelines

Dropped Object Management 53

swing gates

54 Dropped Object Management

Onmanyswinggatesthehingesarefittedwithouttherequiredmaterialqualityordesignstrengthtoservetheintendedfunction.Manyoldergatesalsolackintegratedtoeboards.

Best practiceGatesmustbeofthesamestrengthasthe•surroundingrailingsGatesmustbesecuredinordertoprevent•disengaging.Gatesmustopen/swinginwardstotheplatform•ordeckGatesmustbedesignedtoautomaticallyreturn•toandremaininclosedposition.Onfloatingrigs/installationsitisrecommended•tofitalatchtosecuredthegateinclosedposition.Toeboardsmustbeintegratedingates•Whereverpossible,thehingesshouldbeanintegral•partofthegateSwinggatesmustbeinspectedandmaintainedon•aregularbasistoensureadequatefunction.

references: norsoK D-001, norsoK c-002, norsoK s-002 and

en-iso 14122-3

Dropped Object Management 55

LaddersDamagedladdersandsafetycageshavebeenobservedintheindustry.Crackshavebeenfoundinbothladdersandcages,especiallyinderricksandareasarulecausedbycollisionwithmovingequipment/objects.

56 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceLaddershigherthan9mmusthaveincorporateda•restplatformevery6thmorbeequippedwithafixedfallarrestdevice(ref.NORSOK)Laddershigherthan6mshouldhavearestplatform,•incompliancewithTheNorwegianLabourInspectionAuthority’srecommendationsSafetycagesmustbeinstalledonladdersofmore•than3mandonshorterladderswherethereisariskoffallingtoalowerlevelThesafetycagemuststartatamaximumof2.2m•abovethedeck/floor.Minimizethedistancebetweentheupperpartoftherailingandthelowerpartofthecage,byusingextraprotectionasappropriatewherethereisariskoffallingtoalowerlevelThesafetycagemustextendtoatleast1.1mabove•thetoplevelThediameterofthesafetycagemustbeatleast•70-80cmAlldamageanddeformationmustbereportedand•correctedassoonaspossibleLaddersandsafetycagesmustbeinspectedona•regularbasistouncovercracksordamage.

reference: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002, en-iso 14122-1,en-iso 14122-4 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 170 with guidelines

Dropped Object Management 57

Floodlights

58 Dropped Object Management

Floodlightsarerarelyadequatelysecuredagainstdropcausedbyhitsfrommovingequipment.

Best practiceFloodlightsmustbepositionedtopreventbeinghitby•equipment/loadsIfthereisapotentialofthefloodlightsbeinghitby•mobileequipment/loads,theymusteitherbeprotec-tedwithreinforcedcagesorbefittedwithsafetywiresFloodlightsmustbeequippedwithtwoindependent•barriers.Theattachmentpointsshouldbeintegrated,forexamplewitheyeboltsthreadedintothefloodlighthousingCalculationsmustbeavailableforattachmentpoints•andsecuringdevicesrelatedtotherelevantfallener-giesFasteningdevicesforsecuringofequipmentto•bracketorstructureshouldbefittedwithsecondaryretentionHatchesforreplacementoflightbulbsmustbe•hingedorsecuredwithwiretothefloodlighthousing/frameFornewinstallationsorforinstallingsecuringdevices•onexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.

references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 59

Lighting fixtures

60 Dropped Object Management

Therehavebeenseveralseriousincidentswhereboththecoverandthecasinghavedropped.

Best practiceLightingfixturesmustbepositionedtopreventbeing•hitbymobileequipment/loadsLightingfixturesandbracketsshouldbefittedwith•secondaryretentionSafetywiresattachmentpointsshouldbeintegrated•inbothendsofthefixtureBatterypacksmustbefittedwithsecondaryretention•Theearthingwireshouldbeattachedinternallyto•functionasasecondaryretentionAbovewalkwaysandothertraffickedareasfixtures•withpowercableinfromonesideonly,requiresthattheoppositeendissecuredwithasafetywireThecovershouldhavehingesthatcanbefittedon•eithersideThecomponentrailshouldbehingedandmustallow•foradequatesecuringintheclosedpositionStrengthofattachmentpointsandsecuringdevices,•relatedtotherelevantfallenergiesmustbeeva-luatedFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingfixtures,usermanuals/main-tenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsmustalsocoversecuringdevices.

references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 61

navigation lights

62 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceTheboltsusedtoattachnavigationlightstobrackets•andstructuresshouldbeequippedwithsecondaryretentionAttachmentbracketsmusthaveholesforattachment•ofsafetywiresCoverforelectricalconnectionsmustbehingedor•securedwithwireStrengthofattachmentpointsandsecuringdevices,•relatedtotherelevantfallenergimustbeeva-luatedNavigationlightswithslidinggroovesforboltatta-•chmenttothestructure,arenotrecommendedFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/main-tenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsmustalsocoversecuringdevices.

references: norsoK D-001 and sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 63

cctV camera

64 Dropped Object Management

Withintheindustry,itisidentifiedthatCCTVcamerashavebeeninadequatelysecured.

Best practice (integrated solution)CCTVcameralocationmustbeevaluatedtoprevent•riskofbeinghitbymovingequipment/loadsInareaswherethereiscraneactivity,cameras•shouldbeshieldedbyprotectivecagesThecameracasingmustbefastenedtothebracket•andstructurewithadequatelockingofattachmentboltsTheattachmentpointforsecuringdevicesshould•formanintegratedpartofthecameracasingandbracketStrengthofattachmentpointsandsecuringdevices,•relatedtotherelevantfallenergiesmustbeeva-luatedFornewinstallationorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.

references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation

024/2008

Dropped Object Management 65

66 Dropped Object Management

Best practice (non-integrated solution)CCTVcameralocationmustbeevaluatedtoprevent•riskofbeinghitbymovingequipment/loadsWherethereisdangerofthecamerabeingstruckby•mobileequipment/loads,itmusteitherbeprotectedbyareinforcedcageorbefittedwithsafetywiretostructureThecamerashouldbefittedwithtwoindependent•barriersonthecameracasing,themotorizedpan-tiltzoomunit,thewipermotorandthelenscoverThecameracasingandmotorizedpan-tilt-zoomunit•shouldbeattachedtothebracketandstructurewithadequatelylockedattachmentboltsTheattachmentpointforthesecuringdevicesshould•beintegratedintothecameraparts.AlternativelyspecialclampscanbeusedasattachmentpointsCalculationsmustbeavailableforattachmentpoints•andsecuringdevices,relatedtotherelevantfallenergiesFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.

references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation

024/2008

Dropped Object Management 67

crane boom camera

68 Dropped Object Management

Withintheindustrytherehavebeenseveralincidentswhereacranecamerahasbeenstruckduringliftingoperations.

Best practiceCraneboomcamerasmusthavetwoindependent•barriersBoltsusedforattachingthecraneboomcamerato•bracketsandstructuresshouldbefittedwithsecon-daryretentionAttachmentpointsforthesafetywireshouldbe•integratedaspartofthecameracasing.Alternatively,specialclampscanbefittedroundthecameracasingThesafetywiremustrunfromthecameracasing•throughthecamerabracketandthenthroughtheattachmentbracketbeforebeingattachedsecurelytothestructureofthecraneboomCalculationsmustbeavailableforattachmentpoints•andsecuringdevices,relatedtotherelevantfallenergiesFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 69

Loudspeakers

70 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceLoudspeakerslocationmustbeevaluatedtoprevent•riskofbeinghitbymovingequipment/loadsIfthereisariskofbeinghitbymobileequipment•/loads,loudspeakersmusteitherbeprotectedbyreinforcedbracesorequippedwithasafetywireBoltsusedtofastenloudspeakerstobracketsand•thestructureshouldbefittedwithsecondaryreten-tion,asanalternativeasafetywirecanbeattachedbetweenbracketandstructureStrengthofattachmentpointsandsecuringdevices,•relatedtotherelevantfallenergimustbeeva-luatedFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsmustbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.

references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation

024/2008

Dropped Object Management 71

junction boxes and cabinets

installed at hight

72 Dropped Object Management

Withintheindustryitisrevealedincorrectpositioningofjunctionboxesandcabinets,defectivesuspension/fasteningandinadequatesecuringofhatches,doorsandcovers.

Best practiceJunctionboxesandcabinetsmustbelocatedwhere•theydonotobstructpassageways,evacuationroutesormovingequipmentThetypeanddesignofattachmentandsafety•devicesmustbeinaccordancewithcalculatedloadsandknownpotentialexternalstressfactorsFasteningdevisesforsecuringofequipmentto•bracketorstructureshallbefittedwithsecondaryretentionWherethereisdangeroftheequipmentbeingstruck•bymovingequipment/loads,itmustbeprotectedbyareinforcedcageorbefittedwithasafetywireCoversmustbesecuredbyfastenersthataresecu-•redandlockedtopreventloosening,andmustbesecuredwithwireorchainHingedhatches/doorsshouldbesecuredagainst•unintendedunhookingandlockingdevicesshouldbefittedwithbarrieragainstopeningAsaminimum,themanufacturer’sinstructionsfor•installationandmaintenance(usermanual)mustbecompliedwith.

references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 73

cable trays and cable ladders

74 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceOnlyapprovedboltconnectionsshallbeusedfor•fasteningandcouplingsCablefixingclampswithscrewconnectionsareused•forsafeandfunctionalsecuringofinstrumentcablesWhenattachingthecablesupportsystemtoastruc-•ture,theriskofgalvaniccorrosionmustbeassessedandinsulationconsideredwhereappropriateTheusermanual/instructionsforusemustalso•provideguidelinesforcorrectinstallation,bothinthejointsandtheattachmentInaddition,theusermanual/instructionsforuse•mustprovideguidelinesfornecessarymaintenance/retighteningandinspectionofbothelectro-steelandboltandscrewconnections.

references: norsoK s-002, sfs recommendation 001/2001 and sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 75

Wind walls

76 Dropped Object Management

Withintheindustrymanydamagedandlooseplateshavebeenrevealedinwindwalls.Thisisduebothtofaultyinstallationandtoexternalfactors(collisionswithmobileequipmentandharshenvironment).Best practiceWind-wallpanelsmustbefastenedtoaseparate•support/structureandnevertothemainstructureWind-wallpanelsmustalwaysbereinforcedusing•horizontalsteelbeamsinaccordancewiththedesignloadsAreasthatareexposedtocollisionriskmusthave•strongercornermountingssecuredbythrough-boltsandlocknutsThepreferredattachmentsolutionisthrough-bolts•withwashersandlocknutsTheusermanual/instructionsmustalsoprovide•guidelinesforcorrectinstallationofbothjointsandattachmentpointsGuidelinesmustbeavailableonessentialmainte-•nanceandinspectionofwind-wallpanelsandtheirattachmentpoints.

reference: norsoK c-002

Dropped Object Management 77

signs

78 Dropped Object Management

Signinstallationmethodshaveinmanycasesbeenfoundinadequate.

Best practiceTherequirementsoftheNorwegianLabourInspec-•tionAuthorityinrespecttopostingofsignsmustbefollowedSigns,bracketsandframesforsignsmustalwaysbe•securelyattachedandtheframesshouldbeofmetalWheretheunderlyingmaterialpermits,signframes•shouldbeattachedusingthrough-boltswithlocknutsFastenersusedforattachmenttobracketsandstruc-•turesshouldbefittedwithsecondaryretentionIdentificationtagsthatarepaintedorgluedare•recommendedforidentificationofpipingsystems.Onhotsurfaces,identificationtagsshouldbeattachedwithplastic-coatedsteelbands.

references: norsoK D-001 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 526 -chapter 3 - §§ 10 and 11.

Dropped Object Management 79

Valve handles and valve wheels installed at height

80 Dropped Object Management

Manycaseshaveoccurredwherevalvewheelsandvalvehandlesformanualvalvesarenotadequatelysecured.

Best practiceValvewheelsandhandlesmustbefittedwithsecond-•aryretentionWherepossible,nutsandcotterpinsshouldbeused•inthevalvestemonstationaryvalvehandlesandwheels(NordlockandNylocnutscanalsobeusedwhereappropriate)-Onlargehandlesandwheels,boltsandlocknutsshouldbeusedinsteadofcotterpinsWhenmobilehandlesorwheelsareused,they•shouldbesecured-Whennotinuse,handlesandwheelsshouldbestoredinasuitableandsafelocationIfSeegerringsareusedforlocking/securing,•frequentinspections/maintenanceshouldbecarriedouttocheckforcorrosionand/ormechanicaldam-ageOnwheelsthataresecuredbyasetscrewonly,•replacethesetscrewwithathrough-boltandlocknutSafetywirewithalockablesnaphookmaybean•alternativeifthesecuringmethodsmentionedabovecannotbeused.

references: sfs recommendations 001/2001 and

sfs recommendations 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 81

Locks on insulation cladding

82 Dropped Object Management

Therehavebeenmanyinstanceswithintheindustrywherepiecesofinsulationcladdinghavedroppedfromheightsduetovibrations,corrosionorstrongwinds.

Best practiceInsulationcladdingmustbesecurelyfastenedto•preventlocksfromlooseningunintentionallyThelocksshouldbesecuredwithsecondaryreten-•tion,eitherbyusingaboltandlocknutorbyinsertingastainlesscotterpinthroughthesecuringholesinthelocksorsimilar.Maintenanceroutinesmustincludeinspectionofthe•claddingtoensurethatitisingoodcondition.

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 83

temporary / permanent storage of gas cylinders

storage rack with bolted cylinder brackets

temporary storage, secured with chain

84 Dropped Object Management

Gascylinderstemporarilystoredareoftenpoorlysecuredwithropeorcargostraps.

Best practiceStoringofgascylindersmustnotobstructpassage•Gascylindersmustbestoredandsecuredsafely•Storingofgascylindersmustberiskassessed•Temporarilystoredgascylindersmustbesecured•withachainPermanentstorageracksmustbeequippedwith•securingbrackets/chains.

references: norsoK s-001 and norsoK s-002

Dropped Object Management 85

snatch blocks

nord lock a set-screw is installed through the nut and into the stem

a set-screw is installed through the nut and into the bearing bolt

86 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceBlocksmusthavetwobarriersbothinthesuspen-•sionandtheshaftAmaintenanceprogrammustbeestablishedin•accordancewiththeusermanual,includingrequire-mentforinspectioneverytwelvemonthsofblocks,shacklesandliftinglugsbyacompetentperson-Blocksmustbedismantledattherequestofthecompetentpersonorinaccordancewiththemanu-facturer’srecommendationsor,inanycase,atleasteveryfifthyearSnatchblocksandsuspensionshacklesshouldpref-•erablybemarkedwithcolouredtiewrapsusingthedesignatedcolourcodeoftheyear.

AcompetencematrixmustbedrawnupinaccordancewithNORSOKforpersonnelwhomaintainandoperatesnatchblocks.

references: norsoK r-003, norsoK r-005 and sfs recommendation 014/2004 (snatch blocks).

Dropped Object Management 87

Umbilical roller sheaves (Banana sheaves)

88 Dropped Object Management

Asaresultofinadequatesecuringofrollersinumbilicalrollersheaves,therehavebeenseveralseriousincidents.

Best practiceAnumbilicalrollersheavemusthavemaintenance•programandbesubjectedtotestingandinspectioneverytwelvemonthsinaccordancewiththemanu-facturer’sinstructionsRollersmustbesecuredwithtwoindependentbar-•riers,forexample,through-boltswithlocknutsorcotterpinsAnumbilicalrollersheavemustbeusedexclusively•forthepurposeforwhichitwasdelivered,i.e.itisnotpermittedtouseitforsuspendingwiresTheumbilicalmustbeinstalledondeckandthesup-•portrollersreinstalledandsecuredAusermanual/maintenanceinstructionsforthe•equipmentmustbeavailableTheinstructionsmustcoverinstallation,inspectionandmaintenance.InstructionmustalsoincludesecuringdevicesSheavesandsuspensiondevicesshouldpreferably•bemarkedwithcolouredtiewrapsusingthedesig-natedcolourcodeoftheyear.

references: norsoK r-003 and sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 89

Loop hoses

Faultyinstallationorinadequatemaintenanceofloophoses,andespeciallyhigh-pressurehoses,isapotentialsafetyrisk.

90 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceTheequipmentmanufacturer’sinstructionsforinstal-•lationandtechnicaldescriptionmustbefollowedClampsmustbeattachedandsecurelyfastened•wherethehoseismarkedwith;“Attachsafetyclamphere”Safetychainsmustbeasshortaspossible-and•installedasclosetotheverticalaspossible,topreventfallenergyandpendulumeffectSecuringdevicesforhosesmustbedesignedtosup-•portthemaximumloadsgeneratedbyabursthose.ThedesignbasismustbedocumentedTherequiredresistancetowearandtear,chemicals,•heatandUVradiationmustalsobedocumentedThesecuringsystemforhosesmustbecertifiedand•traceableThesecuringdevicesmustbecheckedandmarked•inaccordancewiththenormforliftingappliancesInadditiontocorrectinstructionsforinstallation,•theusermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldcontainguidelinesfornecessarymaintenanceandinspectionofthehosesecuringsystem.

Dropped Object Management 91

Load carrier Units (LcU)

Severalseriousincidentsrelatedtotheuse-anddispatchofloadcarriershavebeenrevealed.

Forklift pockets and roof

Forklift pockets, frame, tank and tank top

Forklift pockets and frame

92 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceChainslingsmusthavethenecessarycertification,be•intactandwithouttwists.ShacklesmustbeequippedwithnutsandcotterpinsLCU`smusthavethenecessaryidentificationand•certifiedliftinglugsLiftinglugs,doors,hingesandlocksmustnotbe•deformedordamagedPermittedloadsincontainersandbasketsmustbe•welldistributedandadequatelysecuredbystamping,useoflashingandnets(baskets).Lashingmustnotcomeincontactwithsharpedges.Paddingshouldbeusedwhereappropriate.HeavyobjectsmustbeplacedatthebottomOnLCU`swithattachedequipmentsuchaspumps,•tanks,winchesetc.,checkandensurethatnoequipmentprotrudesfromtheframeTanksmusthavesecuredandsealedmanholes/•valves.Allattachedequipment(grids,covers,platesetc.)mustbeadequatelysecured.Thepermittedloadmustnotbeexceeded-ItmustbeensuredthattherearenolooseobjectsintheforkliftpocketsorontopoftheLCU`sorinloads-Checkofequipmentmustbedocumentedbyasignaturebeforetransporttoorfromalocation.

references: DnV 2.7.1, ns-en 12079, norsoK r-003, norsoK r-005, sfs recommendation 024/2008 and oLF guideline no. 116

Dropped Object Management 93

correct use of shackles

safe use of shackles.Limitations.

illustration for shackles > WLL 8.5 t.on small shackles, the load must be distributed across the whole bolt.example: if a load of WLL 10.5 t is distributed across only 40 per cent of the shackle bolt’s length, WLL is reduced to 10.5 x 0.8 = 8.4 t.

Load direction on a shackle

Load on shackle bolt

WLL x factor = Lifting capacity

94 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceShacklesmustbecertified,CE-markedandapproved,•i.e.bemarkedwiththedesignatedcolourcodeoftheyear(preferablybyusingcolouredtiewraps).Shacklesmustbeequippedwithtwobarriers:nutand•cotterpinShacklesmustonlybeusedfortheirintendedpur-•poseandmannerTheusermustbefamiliarwiththeapplicablelimita-•tionsandguidelinesforuseShacklesaredesignedtosupporttheloadatthebot-•tomofthehollowtorusandevenlyacrosstheshacklebolt•Ifshacklesareexposedtoloadsinotherplaces,thismustbetakenintoaccountduringuseasitwillreducecapacityPointloadsontheshackleboltshouldbekepttoa•minimumasitwillreducecapacityOnshackleswithacapacityofmorethan8.5t,or•havelargeopenings,thereductionfactorshownatthebottomofthefiguremaybeusedtopreventdeforma-tionoftheshacklebolt.

references: norsoK r-cr-002, norsoK r-003, and norsoK r-005

Dropped Object Management 95

correct use of eye bolts /eye nuts

Before use of grade 80 eye bolts, see designated lifting table

45°

45°

stated WLL

right Wrong

Figure showing correctly and incorrectly installed eye bolts. note: only grade 80 (or better) eye bolts shall be used offshore.

96 Dropped Object Management

Best practiceEyebolts/eyenutsmustbecertified,CE-markedand•approved,i.e.bemarkedwiththedesignatedcolourcodeoftheyear(preferablybyusingcolouredtiewraps)Eyebolts/nutsmustonlybeusedfortheirintended•purposeandmannerTheusermustbefamiliarwiththeapplicablelimita-•tionsandguidelinesforuseEyebolts/nutsforuseoffshoreshallbeatleast•grade80Eyebolts/nutsforuseonshoreshouldbeatleastgrade80Grade80eyebolts/nutsarelabelledwiththepermit-•tedloadintheleastadvantageousdirection,i.e.90degreesonthefasteningboltEyebolts/nutsmustbeadequatelytightenedprior•touseManufacturerinstalledeyebolts/nutsarenormally•appropriateforuseduringinstallation/removaloftheunitstheyareinstalledon,e.g.gearboxes,pumps,motorsandvalvesEyebolts/nutsmustberemovedafteruse,andthe•threadsintheequipmentonwhichtheyhavebeenusedmustbepreservedbyforexample;greaseandaplasticplug.

references: norsoK r-cr-002, norsoK s-002, norsoK r-003 and

norsoK r-005

Dropped Object Management 97

racks and storage

98 Dropped Object Management

Thedesignofracksforstorageofmaterialandequipmentisoftennotappropriatetoensuresafestorage.

Best practiceEnsurethattemporarystorageinmodulesisper-•mittedinacontrolledmannerwithrespecttotypeofgoods,duration,storageareaandhousekeepingStoragemustnotobstructaccessibilityorevacuation•ofthemoduleEnsurethatthestoredmaterialsdonotobstruct•accesstoemergencyequipmentStorageracksandstorageareasmustbedesigned•toensurethatequipmentcannotaccidentallydroptolowerlevelsTheheaviestequipmentshouldbestoredlowest•Onmobileunits,temporarystoragespace/racks•mustbeseafastenedandshelvesshallbeequippedwithbaffleplates.

references: norsoK s-001 and norsoK s-002

Dropped Object Management 99

Unnecessary equipment

at height

100 Dropped Object Management

Obsoleteequipmentisoftenfoundatheight.Thisequipmentisoftenexcludedfromestablishedinspectionandmaintenanceprocedures,andintroducesaconsiderableriskpotential.

Best practiceItismandatoryonregularbasistoevaluatewhat•equipmentisrequiredorshouldberemoved.Theassessmentshouldestablishwhetherequipment•shouldberelocatedtoreducetheriskofcollisionwithmobileequipmentInspectionandmaintenanceproceduresshouldbe•revisedregularly,toensureinspectionandmainte-nanceofallequipmentinstalledatheight.

Finalchecksmustbecarriedoutconsistentlytoensurethatnoequipment/materialsareforgottenatheight.

references: sfs recommendation 01/2001 and sfs recommendation

024/2008

Dropped Object Management 101

securing of parts, equipment and material during work at height

102 Dropped Object Management

Thepotentialfordroppedobjectsduringrepairandinstallationworkatheightissevereandisreflectedinasignificantproportionofreportedincidents.

Best practiceAllrepairandmaintenanceworkatheightmustbe•riskassessedAllparts,equipmentandmaterialusedatheightmust•besecuredagainstdropSmallpartsmustbestoredinsuitablestorage•containersorsimilarInlimitedareas,forexamplethederrick,flareboom•andcranes,toolsusedatheightmustbeloggedoutandintoensurethatnothingisleftbehind.Whentheworkiscomplete,afinalcheckmustbe•carriedout,toensurethatnomaterialorequipmenthavebeenleftatheight.

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 103

post inspection/final check of the work site

104 Dropped Object Management

Alwayskeepyourworksitetidy.

Best practiceTools,equipmentandmaterialmustbesecured•inasafelocation,attheendofeachshiftWhentheworkisfinished,afinalcheckand•inventorycountmustbecarriedouttoensurethatnotools,equipmentormaterialisnotleftbehindatheightTheworksitemustbeleftinatidyandcleanstate,•andalltools,equipmentandmaterialmustbereturnedtotheirdesignatedstorageplace.

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

Dropped Object Management 105

observation techniqueInordertoidentifyPotentiallyDroppedObjects(DO),itisimportanttobetrainedinDOobservationtechniques,suchasDROPSorsimilar.Thetrainingmustincludemethodsforreliablesecuringofequipment.

Best practiceinspection:Ampletime•Limitsizeofthearea•Concentrateonasmallnumberofcategories•andinspectinastructuredwaytomaintainanoverviewLimitnumberofpersonnelineacharea,•tokeepanoverviewFindingsnotinconformitywiththeestablished•standardorchecklistarephotographed,givenanaccuratedescriptionandsitereferenceInspection,identificationandcategorizationof•findingsarethefirststepsinminimizingthepotentialfordroppedobjectsFollow-upandcorrectionoffindingsaredecisive•factorsinpreventingdroppedobjects

reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008

106 Dropped Object Management

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