Shaping the Future

Exhaust Emissions & Air

Pollution

What are exhaust emissions and how are they harmful?

What are the global regulatory authorities?

Exhaust Emissions & Air Pollution

Urban Pollution

Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health

London Smog 1952

Urban Pollution

Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health

London2013

Urban Pollution

Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health

Beijing2013

Urban Pollution

Exhaust Gas Pollution

WaterOxygen, OzoneCarbon DioxideCarbon MonoxideNitrogen DioxideNitric OxideMethaneAmmonia Formaldehyde (Methanol Fuelled Vehicles)

Hydrocarbons (Non Methane)BenzeneSulphur DioxideHydrogen SulphideParticulates (PM2.5, PM10) Lead

Urban Pollution from Transportation

Source: Passenger Transport Executive Group. Air Quality in the City Regions: A Transport Toolkit, August 2014

Urban Air Quality

World Health Organisation Guidelines

Airbourne pollution in micrograms per cubic meter over a period of time (usually hours)

Urban Air Quality

Deaths Attributable to Air Pollution in the United Kingdom (2010)

Urban Air Quality – London

Urban Air Quality – London

Nowcast

London NO2 Pollution levels at

4:00 pm, Wednesday 12th February, 2014

Urban Air Quality – London

Episodes

London Particulates Pollution levels at

24th to 26th September 2013

Urban Air Quality – London

Mean Annual NO2 during 2010

Urban Pollution from Transportation

Exhaust Gas Pollution

WaterOxygen, OzoneCarbon DioxideCarbon MonoxideNitrogen DioxideNitric OxideMethaneAmmonia Formaldehyde (HCHO or CH20) Hydrocarbons (Non Methane)Sulphur DioxideHydrogen SulphideParticulates (PM2.5, PM10)

Separate Legislation

Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide produce low level atmospheric Ozone (O3)

Ozone inhaled can “corrode” lung tissue causing respiratory health problems

The orange haze over a city caused by ozone build up

Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide, together are called NOx

Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Monoxide causes blood

poisoning

Formed due to the combustion of a carbon based fuel within a fuel rich (oxygen starved) environment

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons (Non Methane Organic Gases, NMOG)

Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major

component of smog.

Some hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to

cause cancer

Formed due to the partial combustion of a carbon based fuel

Ignored

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major

component of smog.

Maximum Incremental Reactivity Scale (MIR)

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)

A collection of solid largely carbon particles (primary particles or spherule) often ‘stuck’ together with semi liquid matter

Ref Eastwood et al

Big particles are many spherules stuck together,

not bigger spherules

Primary Particle Formation

Transportation & Evolution

Deposition

Destruction

Particulates

Particulates

Urban Pollution

Particulates

Particulate

Soluble (Volatile) Fraction

InSoluble (Non Volatile) Fraction

Sulphates OrganicsInorganics

(Ash)Carbon Nitrates

4-5 Ring Poly Aromatic HC Rings

Urban Pollution

Particulates – PM10 and PM2.5 (fine particles)

Sources:

Road Transport (Exhaust)Road Transport (Road Dust)Power Generation (Gas)Metal RefiningWaste IncineratorsWood CombustionFertilizers Sea Spray Crops EtcEtc

Global Exhaust Pollution Regulation

Three principle regulatory bodies; Californian Air Resource Board (CARB) United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA) European Union

Approaches; Regulation limits mass of specified pollutant per mile or kilometre

travelled per vehicle Type Approval - Verified Testing of Representative Vehicle (EU) Self Certification & Fleet Average – Body of Evidence (CARB & EPA)

California (CARB) - LEV II Standards (Low Emissions Vehicle) to 2019US Federal (EPA) - Tier 2 Standards European Union (EU) – Euro 5 Standards, Euro 6 from 2014

EU Regulated Emissions

www.dieselnet.com

US Federal Regulated Emissions

www.dieselnet.com

Vehicles have to comply with one of the Permanent Bins plus the Fleet Average of 0.07 g/mile for NOx

Californian Regulated Emissions

Low Emission Vehicles (LEV)Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV)Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (SULEV)

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