Seminar SevenIntroduction to Chemistry

Importance of Chemicals

Chemicals are responsible for directing virtually all of our bodily functions.

It is important to understand the basic chemical reactions that occur in the body.

It is important to understand the basic concepts of biochemistry.

Atoms and their components

Protons Electrons Neutrons

Atom = a unit of matter that makes up a chemical element.

Terms

Nucleus= at the core of each atom

Atomic number = # of protons in nucleus of atom

Atomic mass = # of protons and neutrons combined.

Elements

An element is a substance that is composed of only one kind of atom.

Elements are represented by symbols. (i.e. periodic table) Do an internet search for the periodic table

Question?

Which elements are important to our bodies?

Which elements are important to our bodies? Carbon = C Nitrogen = N Oxygen = O Phosphorus = P Sodium = Na

Hydrogen = H Iodine = I Chlorine = Cl Calcium = Ca

From simple to complex

Elements = a pure substance

Molecules = a group of atoms bound together

Compound = substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom

Question?

What are the two different ways compounds are formed?

Bonding

Ionic bonding occurs when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Pg. 24

i.e. NaCL = sodium chloride

Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons. Pg. 25

i.e. H2

Bonding

ionic covalent

A question for you!

What is the primary difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Answer !

Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds.

[water and some acids, bases, and salts]

Organic compounds contain carbon and include carbon-carbon bonds and/or carbon-hydrogen bonds.

The human body has both types of compounds!

Inorganic compounds

Water Water is a solvent (liquid into which solutes

are dissolved), forming aqueous solutions in the body

Water is involved in chemical reactions Dehydration synthesis (water removed) Hydrolysis ( water added)

Inorganic compounds

Acids, bases, and salts Water molecules dissociate to form equal

amounts of H+ (hydrogen ion) and OH– (hydroxide ion)

Acid—substance that shifts the H+/OH– balance in favor of H+; opposite of base

Base—substance that shifts the H+/OH– balance against H+; also known as an alkaline; opposite of acid

Acid-Base Balance

pH

number that indicates the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a fluid

pH 7.0 = neutral higher than 7.0 = alkalinity less than 7.0 = acidity

7

Neutral

0 14

Acids Alkalines(Bases)

Normal Human Blood7.35-7.45

Normal Urine 6.0

Normal stomach acid1.0

pH levels

Zwieback 4.84 - 4.94 Watermelon 5.18 - 5.60 Orange, Juice Florida 3.30 - 4.15 Cranberry Juice, canned 2.30 - 2.52 Conch 7.52 - 8.40

Where on the scale would stomach acid be?

pH of vomit!

Why such a strong acid in stomach?

Organic Chemistry

More complex than inorganic!

Major types found in body: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Questions?

Questions? Questions? Questions? Questions? Questions? Questions? Questions?