CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER(CSP)

SUMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:Mr. JAINA RAM Banwari LalAsst. Professor & Head Roll No.-EE110006Department of Electrical Engg. B.TECH. 4TH YEARPRATAP UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION2. CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER3. PARABOLIC TROUGH4. SOLAR POWER TOWER5. STIRLING DISH6. PHOTOVOLTAICS7. PV SYSTEM8. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES9. STORAGE METHODS10. WHY INDIA NEED CSP

INTRODUCTION

• Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP).

• Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

• Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER

Concentrating Solar Power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the concentrating linear Fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower.

Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24 hour electricity generation.

PARABOLIC TROUGH A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector

that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid.

The reflector is made to follow the Sun during the daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. Parabolic trough systems provide the best land-use factor of any solar technology.

SOLAR POWER TOWER

A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors (heliostats) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower . These are more cost effective, offer higher efficiency

and better energy storage capability among CSP technologies.

STIRLING SOLAR DISH

• The Stirling concentrating dish solar dish combines a parabolic with a Stirling engine which normally drives an electric generator.

• The advantages of Stirling solar over pv cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity & longer lifetime. Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies. The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra, Australia is an example of this technology.

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Commercial CSP

Parabolic Trough

Central Tower

Dish Stirling Fresnel Collector

• Temp~400°C

• Line Focusing

• Linear Receiver tube

• Water consuming

• Conc.: Parabolic Mirrors

• Heat Storage feasible

• Most Commercialized

• Good for Hybrid option

• Requires flat land

• Good receiver η but low

turbine η

5/16/20119

Commercial CSP

Parabolic Trough

Central Tower

Dish Stirling Fresnel Collector

• Temp~600-800°C

• Point Focusing

• Flat Conc. Mirrors

• Commercially proven

• Central Receiver

• Water consuming

• Heat Storage capability

• Feasible on Non Flat sites

• Good performance for large

capacity & temperatures

• Low receiver η but good

turbine η

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Commercial CSP

Parabolic Trough

Central Tower

Dish Stirling Fresnel Collector

• Temp~700-800°C

• Point Focusing

• Uses Dish concentrator

• Stirling Engine

• Generally 25 kW units

• High Efficiency ~ 30%

• Dry cooling

• No water requirement

• Heat storage difficult

• Commercially under

development

• Dual Axis Tracking

swapnil.energy9@gmail.com 11

• Temp~400°C

• Line Focusing type

• Linear receiver

• Fixed absorber row

shared among

mirrors

• Flat or curved conc.

mirrors

• Commercially under

development

• Less Structures

• 5 MW operational in

CA

Commercial CSP

Parabolic Trough

Central Tower

Dish Stirling Fresnel Collector

PHOTOVOLTAICS

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A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

Solar cells produce direct current (DC) power which fluctuates with the sunlight's

. For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters.

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules. Modules

are wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired frequency/phase

Many residential systems are connected to the grid wherever available, especially in developed countries with large markets.

In these grid-connected PV systems, use of energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are often added as back-ups. Such stand-alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight.

PV modules for domestic purposes

PV Array

OFF GRID PV SYSTEM

WHAT TYPE OF LIGHT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE ?I. There are seven types of lights in the sunlight :- VIBGYOR

• Violet • Indigo • Blue • Green • Yellow• Orange• Red The solar panel works best in the red

light whereas it works the poorest in violet light and medium in the green light.

SOLAR POWER-ADVANTAGES

Solar energy is a completely renewable resource. Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. Solar energy creates absolutely no pollution. Very little maintenance is required to keep solar cells

running. Solar panels and solar lighting may seem quite

expensive when you first purchase it, but in the long run you will find yourself saving quite a great deal of money

Solar powered panels and products are typically extremely easy to install.

As our oil reserves decline, it is important for us to turn to alternative sources for energy.

CAN WE STORE SOLAR POWER?

Solar energy is not available at night. Storing energy is an important issue in order to get continuous supply of power.

Solar energy can be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium as the cost low having specific heat capacity.

Off grid systems use recharges batteries to store excess electricity that can be sent to transmission grid.

Advantages

resemble traditional power plants generation based on steam and is large scale use standard equipment for power generation

can be built in small sizes and added to as needed can achieve high steam operating temperatures, allowing more efficient power generation capable of combined heat and power generation

steam for absorption chillers, industrial process heat, desalination

Non-carbon emitting power generation incorporates storage

storage not major part of generation cost size of steam power plant that lacks storage does not

have to be increased when storage added added storage cost effective if energy sold at peak

hours allows generation to match utility load profile can be hybridized with intermittent renewables

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Disadvantages

high upfront capital costs for concentrators and storage

require unscattered “direct normal” solar radiation, thus limiting where CSP plants can be located

desert areas are best (but also arid)

require cooling, as with any steam power plant, creating a requirement for water or air cooling water limitations may necessitate air cooling in many

locations, with penalty in capital cost, generating efficiency and

energy cost

require large surface areas for placement of concentrators

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OTHER APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

1.Concentrated solar power

2. Photovoltaic3. Solar vehicles4. Solar heater 5. Solar cooker

6.Passive solar energy7. Satellites and

spacecrafts8.Small appliances like

calculator 9. Remote Sensing

10. Emergency Roadside Telephones

Why India Needs CSP Indian Energy scenario Global trends Climate Change Action Plan

Electricity fuel mix

29th July 2009ASSOCHAM South Asia Renewable

Energy Conference, New Delhi

71%

7,231 MW

29%

2,944 MW

Other RE

WindTotal installed capacity as on 31.3.2009 is 148265.4

78% 90%

9,755 MW

10%

1,141 MW

Other RE

Wind

10,897 MW23%

Hydro

RES34%

Nuclear3%

Gas10%

Diesel1%

Coal52%

RES Gas Nuclear Diesel Coal

39,222 MW

Energy supply

Coal Major energy source.

Biomass Primary source of cooking energy in >

80% rural households. Electricity

All India average shortage ~ 11.6 % Peak Load supply shortage ~ 15 % Base Load supply shortage ~ 9 %

Energy security concern Around 75 % of the petroleum supply is

imported Even coal is being imported

…Energy supply

Poor electrification status 78 million households (44%) in the country do

not have access to electricity 1,25,000 villages are un-electrified Electricity supply situation is generally poor in

even electrified villages

Estimated growth in electricity generation capacity (2006-2031)

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

Ins

tall

ed

Ca

pa

cit

y (

MW

)

7% GDP growth

8% GDP growth

Source: Planning Commission, 2005

Energy mix under alternative scenarios

Percentage distribution of primary commercial energy supply-2031

0

20

40

60

80

100

Reference Evolution Resolution Ambition

Scenarios

%

Coal Natural Gas Oil Hydro Nuclear Renewables

National Solar Mission

Proposed targets 20 GW by 2020 100 GW by 2030 or 10-12% of total power

generation capacity estimated for that year 4-5GW of installed solar manufacturing

capability by 2017

Global investments in renewable energy

Source: REN21, 2009

Bill

ion

Dol

lars

Investments in solar PV 32% (US$38.4 billion)

Solar Resource in India

5 trillion kWh/year theoretical potential Sunny areas

Most of the country receives more than 4kWh/m2 /day

More than 300 sunny days in the most part of the country

Potential being mapped by IMD, and few other institutes.

IMD, MNRE has published solar energy resource handbook

Solar radiation map of India

If one percent of the land is used to harness solar energy for electricity generation at an overall efficiency of 10%; 492 x 106 MU/year electricity can be generated

Government initiatives

GBI (Generation Based incentives) for Solar power projects (2008)

Solar Mission under National Action Plan for Climate Change

GBIs and incentive schemes from state governments

CSP worldwide

More than 10 different technology combinations

More than 400MW installed capacity More than 8GW installed capacity

projects announced

Role India can play

Global hub for manufacturing CSP Global test facilities

Different climatic conditions Abundant sunlight Technical man power

Large scale Power plants 4-5 GW by 2020 is easily possible Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka,

MP, Haryana , Tamilnadu, AP potential states

What India should do

Government Back up the plans with realistic and strong

policy push Solar plants and manufacturing base

development Low cost financing and fiscal incentives

Industry Move fast to develop manufacturing capability Develop R & D base Appropriate technology adaptation

Financing and insurance institutions Low cost financing Risk mitigation instruments for solar plants

Suggestions to move forward

Strong long term policy initiative Support to various promising

technologies Cost should not be barrier in initial projects

National Plan for large scale solr power development Solar Park concept Solar CSP test facilities in atleast two

locations Incentives for industries to develop sub-

components (e.g.mirrors, Coatings, Structures)

Indigenous technology development

Suggestions to move forward

Long term low cost finance for capital investments

RE targets for Distribution agencies can be enhanced

RE targets for industries, Gencos?

29th July 2009ASSOCHAM South Asia Renewable

Energy Conference, New Delhi

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