Post on 29-Nov-2015
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RASAD AKISIF MUKITKARP NAROPAL etomeR yrotarobaL
rotkudnokimeS I V kitsiretkaraK
tkarP amaN naki adnanA ikziR ydrA dammahuM :
MPN : 5099566001
idutS margorP/satlukaF niseM kinkeT/kinkeT :
mukitkarP kopmoleK B : -3
ukitkarP edoK 30RL :
ggnaT mukitkarP la : 1102 rebotkO 62
RASAD AKISIF MUIROTAROBAL RASAD NAUHATEGNEP UMLI NAKIDIDNEP ANASKALEP TINU
AISENODNI SATISREVINU 1102
30RL - rotkudnokimeS I V kitsiretkaraK
.I mukitkarP naujuT
ra nad )V( laisnetop adeb aratna nagnubuh irajalepmeM utaus adap )I( kirtsil su
rotkudnokimes
.II natalareP
.a rotkudnokimes nahaB
.b retemerepmA
.c retemtloV
.d ylppus rewop elbairaV
.e redrocmaC
.f sitamoto iladnegnep takgnarep nad QAD atreseb CP tinU
.III rasaD - iroeT rasad
rotkudnokimeS rasaD pisnirP .A
otkudnokimeS itrepes akinortkele nenopmok irad rasad nemele nakapurem r
( CI haubes nad rotsisnart ,adoid tiucric detargetni hagnetes uata imes tubesiD .)
nok ini nahab anerak ,rotkud nakub utaus hal .inrum rotkudnok
nahaB - nahab besid hamit ,iseb ,agabmet itrepes magol iagabes tu
.rotkudnok nortkele ,rotkudnok lairetam adaP - karegreb uata rilagnem tapad nortkele
nortkelE .sabeb araces - .kitatsortkele naadaek malad adareb tubesret nortkele akiJ
adeb naktapadid naka akam nagnaget rebmus nagned nakgnubuhid rotkudnok
laisnetop ret rotkudnok kitit paites adap nortkele nakbabeynem gnay tubes - nortkele
tubesid gnay narila kutnebmem karegreb nad igal sitatsortkele naadaek malad kadit
nakaregrep nagned haraes nakpatetid ini sura tauk narila harA .sura tauk nagned
gnay nupualaw ,notorp lada rilagnem aynranebes a .nortkele h
nakgnadeS 8 kaynabes isnelav nortkele ikilimem gnay mota halada rotalosi
nortkele naksapelem tapad kutnu raseb gnay igrene nakhutubid nad ,haub - nortkele
nay rusnu halada rotkudnokimes naklupmisid tapad aggniheS .ini aynmota nanusus g
gnilap gnay ajas utneT .8 irad gnaruk nad 1 irad hibel isnelav nortkele ikilimem
.isnelav nortkele 4 ikilimem aynmota gnay rusnu halada "rotkudnokimes"
pututret naiakgnar haubes adap laisnetop adeb naklisahgnem arac utas halaS
d halai gnay sura awhab tahilem naka atik ,ini nemirepske adaP .iaretab aynnnakanugi
nakirebid gnay laisnetop adeb nagned gnidnabes rilagnem gnuju adap - .tawak gnuju
ra gnadnapid aliB kele narila nakapurem kirtsil su nort narila awhab itapadid naka ,
adit kirtsil sura atames k - anerak aguj ipatet laisnetop adeb adap gnutnagreb atam
.tubesret ratnahgnep id natabmah aynada lairetaM imes dnok u uhus adap rotk gnay
.alup adebreb gnay naratnah kitsiretkarak ikilimem adebreb kimeS ikilimem rotkudno
miagab ihuragnepmem gnay naraseb tubesret lairetam adap rilagnem kirtsil sura ana .
.rutarepmet adap gnutnagreb sabeb nortkele halmuj rotkudnokimes malaD
tapad rotkudnokimes nahaB .sabeb nortkele kaynab nikam rutarepmet iggnit nikaM
talosi tafisreb 0 itakednem erutarepmet taas ro anerak K nortkele ada kat aynmaladid
magol malad mota narateg anerak kian R natabmah ,naksanapid magol aliB .sabeb
.kaynab nikames nataum awabmep imalaid gnay nakubmut nad sarek nikames
( sativitiser uata sinej natabmah ialiN ρ padahret habureb aynmumu adap nahab )
nagned itakedid pukuc ini nahaburep ,magol kusamret ,aynmumu adaP .uhus
naamasrep nagned kiripme raenil nagnubuh
d ,nagne
nagned ρ0 ,0T nauca uhus adap nahab sativitsiser halada α neisifeok halada
atar rutarepmet - sativitsiser atar .utnetret uhus narasik kutnu
sataid sumur iraD , neisifeok iaynupmem akij magol nakatakid nahab utaus
fitagen rutarepmet neisifeok iaynupmem rotkudnokimes nahaB .fitisop rutarepmet
rutarepmet iggnit nikames aggnihes inI .aynkirtsil natabmah agrah hadner nikam
erutarepmet aynkian nagned sabeb nortkele halmuj nahabmatrep anerak idajret
.R isnatsiser agrah adap mota narateg adapirad tauk hibel huragnep iaynupmem
nahaB naanuggneP .B - rotkudnokimeS nahab
adoiD .1
rotkudnok imes nahab gnudnagnem gnay nenopmok utas halas halada adoiD
nuJ NP tubesid gnay nahab irad taubid gnay c gnay narupmac nahab utaus utiay ,noit
2 ikilimem adoiD .)epyt N( evitagen nahab nad )epyt P( fitisop nahab irad iridret
ikak haub tubesid gnay butuk( adona nagned .)fitagen butuk( adotak nad )fitisop
sura adoid adaP butuk irad rilagnem aynah aynketkarp malaD .adotak ujunem adona
adap sura namagnep ,kirtsil nagnaget adap sura haraeynep iagabes isgnufreb adoid
rikolbmem tapad nad ,kirtsil nagnaget .kirtsil nagnaget adap sura
.2 rotsisnarT
aynitra refsnarT .rotsiser nad refsnart atak irad lasareb rotsisnarT
kadit gnay nahab utaus halada rotsiser nad nahaburep taubmem uata nakiladnegnem
art idaJ .kirtsil sura tabmahgnem tapad uata tapad gnay nahab utaus halada rotsisn
gnay nahab idajnem kirtsil sura ratnahgnem asib kadit gnay nahab haburem tapad
.rotkudnokimes aman nagned aguj tubesid ini tafiS .kirtsil sura ratnahgnem tapad
id ,rotime : nagned tubesid gnay ikak haub 3 ikilimem rotsisnarT ,sisab ,E takgnis
sinej 2 ada uti adapirad nialeS .K takgnisid gnay ,rotkelok nad ,B takgnisid gnay
adnat iulalem nakadebid lobmys malaD .NPN nad PNP rotsisnart utiay ,rotsisnart
nakgnades ,malad ek ujunem aynhanap kana adnat PNP rotsisnart kutnu ,hanap
PN .raul ek ujunem N
naka kirtsil sura helo itawelid alib lairetam nahab haubes ,ini naabocrep malaD
I halada sanap isapisid aynraseB .sanap isapisid naklubminem 2 naklisahid gnay sanaP .R
ret lairetam natabmah nahaburep naktabikagnem naka ini lairetam helo adap akiJ .tubes
imes lairetam /rolak nahabmatrep ,rotkudnok natabmah ialin ignarugnem naka sanap
rotkudnok imes nahab isnatsiser nahaburep nad sanap isapsid awitsireP .tubesret lairetam
.natiakreb gnilas ini
udokimes pututret naiakgnaR .1 rabmaG rotk
.VI naabocreP rudesorP
nemirepskE tapad ini ek kusam arac nagned nakukalid yrotarobale/di.ca.iu.lipmartis//:ptth
.1 Me em rak naabocrep bew namalah nakitahr otkudnok imes IV kitsiretka .r
.2 bmeM op adeb nakire .1V nagnaget rebmem nagned laisnet
.3 agneM .aynhalebes id nottub oidar kilkgnem nagned iaretab/ylppus rewop nakfitk
.4 ugneM !natabmah adap rukuret gnay sura nad laisnetop adeb ruk
.5 ugneM 8V aggnih 2V laisnetop adeb kutnu 5 aggnih 3 hakgnal ignal
y atad : natataC adeb irebid naiakgnar akij rihkaret atad haub 5 halada helorepid gna
atad nagned utas ek atad aratna kited 1 lavretni nagned )1V naklasim ( utnetret laisnetop
.ayntukireb tala ameks nad pututret naiakgnar utaus rabmag nakirebid ini tukireB
.naabocrep
naabocreP talA amekS .1 rabmaG
.V nad ataD nahalogneP isaulavE
.a atar ialiN - sura nad adeb atar kutnu rukuret gnay V1 V aggnih 8
Vn )tloV(V )Am(I V tr )V( I tr )Am(
V1
44,0 19,3
44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3
V2
39,0 28,7
0 39, 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7
V3
73,1 4,11
73,1 235,11 73,1 37,11 73,1 4,11 73,1 4,11 73,1 37,11
V4
87,1 99,41
677,1 811,51 87,1 99,41 87,1 99,41 77,1 13,51 77,1 13,51
V5
72,2 88,91
72,2 449,91 72,2 88,91 72,2 88,91 72,2 2,02 72,2 88,91
V6
68,2 24,52
58,2 462,62 58,2 70,62 58,2 93,62 58,2 27,62 48,2 27,62
V7
61,3 56,92
451,3 203,03 61,3 89,92 61,3 3,03 51,3 36,03 41,3 59,03
V8
26,3 25,53
6,3 296,63 16,3 71,63
6,3 28,63 95,3 51,73 85,3 8,73
.b V nagnubuH kifarG atar - atar I nagned atar - atar
V atar - atar )V( I atar - atar )Am( 44,0 19,3 39,0 28,7 73,1 235,11 677,1 811,51
72,2 449,91 58,2 462,62 451,3 203,03
6,3 296,63
.c B I sv V nagnubuh avruk kutne
kutneB aynavruk ripmah raenil anrupmes tauk anerak nakbabesid ini lah
utaus malad nakirebid gnay laisnetop adeb nagned gnidnabes rilagnem gnay sura
.pututret naiakgnar nahab irad natabmah ,rotkudnokimes nahab malaD
.uhus adap gnutnagreb tagnas tubesret rotkudnokimes rutarepmet iggnit nikaM
talosi tafisreb tapad rotkudnokimes nahaB .sabeb nortkele kaynab nikam taas ro
0 itakednem erutarepmet l aliB .sabeb nortkele ada kat aynmaladid anerak K mago
t R natabmah ,naksanapid nuru sarek nikames magol malad mota narateg anerak
kaynab nikames nataum awabmep imalaid gnay nakubmut nad aggnihes ,
kiab nagned kirtsil sura nakratnahgnem nad karegreb hadum hibel nortkele . inI
nortkele halmuj nahabmatrep anerak idajret nkian nagned sabeb rutarepmet ay
.R isnatsiser agrah adap mota narateg adapirad tauk hibel huragnep iaynupmem
gnusgnalreb narukugnep amales nakirebid gnay uhus ,naabocrep malaD
halada fitaler nahab adap natabmah raseb irad ialin aggnihes ,patet
tubesret rotkudnokimes ripmah ialinreb nakbabeynem ini laH .patet aynukalreb
mhO mukuh natsnok ulales nahab utaus natabmah ialin awhab nakataynem gnay
adebreb gnay laisnetop adeb irebid tubesret nahab nupualaw - es uatA .adeb arac
,naksilutid tapad sitametam
I = V . R
d isreb R anami nakirebid gnay laisnetop adeb padahret nednepedni taf N . iali
rotkudnokimes natabmah narukugnep amales patet gnay nakbabeynem adeb
irad raseb nad naiakgnar utaus adap sura tauk ihuragnepmem aynah laisnetop
eb raseb nagned surul gnidnabreb tubesret sura tauk nakirebid gnay laisnetop ad
adeb aratna kifarg kutneb nakbabeynem gnay hal ini laH .nagnaget rebmus helo
p lisah atad nakrasadreb surul sirag kutnebreb sura tauk nagned laisneto
.naabocrep .
.d I sv V avruk nakrasadreb nakanugid gnay natabmah ialiN
naabocrep atad nakrasadreB n nakutnet atik tapad , gnay natabmah iali
id tapad tubesret avruk nakrasadreb nakanugid edotem nakanuggnem nagned irac
s tsael erauq pid tapad anamid ,tukireb iagabes nagnubuh helore
I R = V
y a = x b +
d :anami V = y R = b I = x
tauk nad laisnetop adeb nakrasadreb natabmah ialin nagnutihreP nagned sura
l edotem t tukireB .erauqs tsae op adeb aratna nagnubuh leba laisnet atar - ( atar Y )
atar sura tauk nad - ar at (X :)
,b ialiN
1412,0)(
)(22
=Σ−Σ
ΣΣ−Σ=
axxN
yxyxNa
ii
iiii
nad
8690,0
)()(
22
2
=Σ−Σ
ΣΣ−ΣΣ=
bxxN
yxxyxb
ii
iiiii
iX iY iX 2 iY 2 iYiX
44,0 19,3 6391,0 1882,51 61677959,2
39,0 28,7 9468,0 4251,16 67017098,25
73,1 235,11 9678,1 420789,231 3543306,942
677,1 811,51 671451,3 429355,822 8103998,027
72,2 449,91 9251,5 631367,793 366336,9402
58,2 462,62 ,8 5221 696797,986 687188,2065
451,3 203,03 617749,9 402112,819 582401,4319
6,3 296,63 69,21 468203,6431 21580,84471
halmuJ 93,61 285,151 296272,24 843650,0973 99750,16253
ialiN a R = halada helorepid gnay natabmah ialin aggnihes , 1412,0 nagned
nautas a halada Am/V aggnihes ,
1,412 = R mhO
d halasek nagne a ,rasebes fitaler n
= ])268,031()20371,8282(8
)850,16253(8)285,151()850,16253()285,151(2)93,61()296272,24(843650,0973[)28
1( 2
22
−+−
−−
= 49,3
s aggnihe ,
= 2)93,61()296272,24(8849,3−
= ,0 1 751
nad
= 2)93,61()296272,24(8296272,247511,0
−⋅
= 659,2
,fitaler nahalasek raseb ,akaM
:KT % 9,3 = %001 x 659,2/ 7511,0
.e sisilanA R I = V ,mhO mukuH
D R I = V nagnubuh ,mhO mukuh mala tapad d gnutihgnem kutnu nakanugi
adap rutarepmet uata uhus amales rotkudnokimes nahab malad natabmah ialin
hab utnetret tubesret rotkudnokimes na s , nad naabocrep lisah nagned iause
naiakgnar utaus malad rilagnem gnay sura tauk awhab helorepid atad nahalognep
utret .kirtsil rebmus helo naklubmitid gnay laisnetop adeb nagned gnidnabes put
ialin aynraseb ihuragnepmem kadit nakitkubid halet aguj tubesret laisnetop adeB
natabmah ada gnay rotkudnokimes irad natabmaH .rotkudnokimes utaus ikilimem
ialin iauses abmah naraseb sinej t uhus helo ihuragnepid gnay naksalejid nad
:naamasrep iulalem
nagned ρ0 T nauca uhus adap nahab sativitsiser halada 0 , α uhus neisifeok halada
atar - ivitsiser atar ialin ,naikimed nagneD .utnetret uhus narasik kutnu sat
aynnatabmah
.
IV . ataD sisilanA .a naabocreP asilanA
naabocreP rotkudnokimeS I V kitsiretkarak id nakrilagnem nagned nakukal
adebreb gnay raseb nagned nagnaget - adap adeb utaus tawak irebid gnay
rotkudnokimes ianegnem atad helorepid naka nagnaget raseb paites kutnU . aynraseb
tawak adap rilagnem gnay sura tauk imes nagned tubesret rotkudnok raseb nikameS .
.raseb nikames tawak adap rilagnem gnay sura ,nakirebid gnay nagnaget aynraseB
adeb raseb nagned surul gnidnabreb tubesret tawak adap rilagnem gnay kirtsil sura
.atad nahalognep naigab adap kifarg malad tahilret itrepes nakirebid gnay laisnetop
bmah ialiN ialinreb itrareb ini naabocrep adap nakanugid gnay nata fitaler
.patet naabocrep malad anerak nakbabesid ini laH ripmah kadit nahaburep idajret
helo ihuragnepid tagnas rotkudnokimes utaus irad natabmah raseb uata ialiN .uhus
ah ialin ,naabocrep malaD .uhus halada rukuret gay natabm rasebes 1,412 mho gnay
nahab natabmah ialin nakapurem tubesret natabmah ialin awhab itrareb
.nakukalid narukugnep uhus adap rotkudnokimes ialin akam ,habuid uhus akiteK
.habureb naka aguj tubesret natabmah uhus ,nagnaget lawa adaP rotkudnokimes
ALR ρ=
aynnatabmah ialin aggnihes sanamem ialum mulebes lawa uhus nakapurem hisam
uhus ,nakanugid amal nikameS .kifarg adap reinil sirag irad raseb hibel kaga
.nurunem nikames natabmah ialin nad sanamem rotkudnokimes malad aneraK
aynuhus naabocrep fitaler paggnaid rotkudnokimes irad natabmah ialin akam ,patet
naabocrep malad rukuret gnay sura raseb nakbabeynem nad patet aguj tubesret
.nakirebid gnay nagnaget raseb nagned gnidnabes
.b fitatitnauK sisilanA
ini naabocrep malad nakukalid gnay nagnutihreP raseb gnutihgnem halada
atar - tawak adap nakrilaid gnay nagnaget pait irad atar imes nagned kutnu rotkudnok
atar aynlasiM .amas gnay nagnaget raseb utaus - atar ,1V irad nagnaget atar - atar
V nagnaget 2 ep aynada tatacnem retemtlov anerak nakbabesid ini laH .tsd nahabur
atar aguj gnutihiD .narukugnep akitek licek tagnas gnay nagnaget - sura tauk atar
as gnay nagnaget raseb pait kutnu retemerepma helo tatacid gnay gnay sumuR .am
halada nakanugid
V atar - v atar ek -n =5
ndV ndV ncV nbV naV ++++
D lah nakukalid aguj naikime adap rukuret gnay sura tauk kutnu amas gnay
.retemerepma naidumeK , tsael edotem nakanuggnem nagned nagnutihrep nakukalid
.naiakgnar adap nakanugid gnay natabmah ialin naktapadnem kutnu erauqs
:tukireb iagabes nagnubuh nagneD
I R = V a + x b = y
,nagned I = x nad ,R = b ,V = y
edotem nakanuggnem nagneD erauqs tsael ialin helorepid b aguj gnay
nakukalid nahalasek nagnutihreP .nakanugid gnay natabmah irad ialin nakapurem
:tukireb iagabes
aggnihes
,akam takgnit nahalasek fitaler
:KT /mδ %001 x bδ
.c sisilanA nad fitatilauK kifarG
,sataid naabocrep nakrasadreB gnutnagret V nad ,I nagned gnidnabes V awhab
ikames sura tauk ,V raseb nikames ,nial atak nagneD .R adap natabmah nad raseb n
ripmah R nakkujnunem raenil gnay kifarg tahilret ,kifarg adaP .licek nikames
.rilagnem gnay sura tauk nakianek iatresid V nakianek paites nad natsnok
~ V , I I ~ R/1
nakanugid tapad R I = V nagnubuh ,mhO mukuh malaD gnutihgnem kutnu
adap rutarepmet uata uhus amales rotkudnokimes nahab malad natabmah ialin
nad naabocrep lisah nagned iauses ,utnetret tubesret rotkudnokimes nahab
naiakgnar utaus malad rilagnem gnay sura tauk awhab helorepid atad nahalognep
abes pututret .kirtsil rebmus helo naklubmitid gnay laisnetop adeb nagned gnidn
ialin aynraseb ihuragnepmem kadit nakitkubid halet aguj tubesret laisnetop adeB
ikilimem ada gnay rotkudnokimes irad natabmaH .rotkudnokimes utaus natabmah
sinej tabmah naraseb iauses ialin iulalem naksalejid nad uhus helo ihuragnepid gnay
naamasrep
nagned ρ0 T nauca uhus adap nahab sativitsiser halada 0 , α uhus neisifeok halada
atar - ivitsiser atar idajnem natabmah ialiN .utnetret uhus narasik kutnu sat
ALR ρ=
,naikimed nagneD ipatet ,rotkudnokimes nahab adap ukalreb patet mhO mukuH
atabmah ialin raseb sinej n ayn .
aratna nagnubuh kifarg nakapurem nakropalid gnay kifarG gnaget tauk nad na
g kutneb iraD .sura ra naklupmisid tapad surul sirag kutnebreb ripmah gnay kif
rukuret gnay sura tauk awhab gnay nagnaget aratna nailakrep lisah nakapurem
nakirebid nagned aynraseb gnay naraseb utaus ripmah patet atres ihuragnepid kadit
natabmah ialin halada tubesret patet naraseB .tubesret nagnaget uata laisnetop adeb
uhus adap rotkudnokimes irad fitaler gnay patet . B aynranebes ini natabmah rase
ameS .uhus helo ihuragnepid utaus irad natabmah ialin akam ,uhus iggnit nik
.licegnem naka rotkudnokimes
anerak anrupmes reinil kadit gnay kifarg adap tahilid tapad ini laH
irad nahab anerak licek tagnas gnay uhus nahaburep tikides aynidajret
aP .sanamem ialum tubesret rotkudnokimes rotkudnokimes uhus ,nagnaget lawa ad
aynnatabmah ialin aggnihes sanamem ialum mulebes lawa uhus nakapurem hisam
rotkudnokimes uhus ,nakanugid amal nikameS .reinil sirag irad raseb hibel kaga
D .nurunem nikames natabmah ialin nad sanamem uhus naabocrep mala gnay
nakirebid paggnaid akam ,patet d sura tauk nahabmatrep awhab tahilid tapa
gnaget nagned surul gnidnabreb .na
.IIV nalupmiseK tukireb iagabes naklupmisid tapad ,sataid sisilana nakrasadreB
.a elo ihuragnepid rotkudnokimes utaus irad natabmah raseB .uhus h
.b karegreb hadum nikames nortkele akam ,rutarepmet uata uhus raseb nikameS
nad sativitkudnok ialin naktakgninem aggnihes igrene nakhadnimem
.aynnatabmah ialin licekrepmem nad rotkudnokimes
.c nagnaget raseb helo ihuragnepid kadit rotkudnokimes utaus irad natabmah raseB
.nagnaget rebmus irad
.d ialin raseb ipatet ,rotkudnokimes nahab adap ukalreb patet mhO mukuH
natabmah sinej :naamasrep itukignem ayn
.e t neisifeok iaynupmem rotkudnokimes nahaB aggnihes fitagen rutarepme
.aynkirtsil natabmah agrah hadner nikam rutarepmet iggnit nikames
.IIIV akatsuP ratfaD
,JN ,llaH ecitnerP ,noitidE drihT ,sreenignE & stsitneicS rof scisyhP ;.C.D ,ilocnaiG
.0002
W ,kcinseR ,yadillaH slatnemadnuF ;rekla ,noitidE dednetxE ,noitidE ht7 ,scisyhP fo
.5002 ,JN ,.cnI ,snoS & yeliW nhoJ
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V1
44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3
V2
39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7
V3
73,1 4,11 73,1 37,11 73,1 4,11 73,1 4,11 73,1 37,11
V4
87,1 99,41 87,1 99,41 87,1 99,41 77,1 13,51 77,1 13,51
V5
72,2 88,91 72,2 88,91 72,2 88,91 72,2 2,02 72,2 88,91
V6
68,2 24,52 58,2 70,62 58,2 93,62 58,2 27,62 48,2 27,62
V7
61,3 56,92 61,3 89,92 61,3 3,03 51,3 36,03 41,3 59,03