Post on 06-Apr-2018
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Prepared by
Satish kumar koushlesh,
FRM MA1 07
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Introduction Dynamic systems
Linear features transfers water falling on the land to thesea.
World total river length 2,69,000km
Area 358000 sq.km (In Asia-141000 sq.km)
More number of rivers in South America
Plays important role in capture fisheries Other uses : for transportation, power generation,
agriculture, industry
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LONGEST RIVERSRIVER LENGTH ( in km )
Nile 6650
Amazon 6400
Yang tse 6300
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Length of Rivers in Indiansubcontinent
Rivers Length in km
The Ganga 2525
The Brahmputra 2900
Indus 2000
Godavari 1465
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Endowed with vast expense of open inlandwatersrivers, lakes, canals, estuaries,backwater, brackish water, wetlands.
45,000 km- combined length of all majorrivers.
113 river basins
3.12 million km square
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INDIANRIVERINERESOURCES
River length as whole (including canals) :1,95,210 km
Resource potential :29000 km
Zonation of rivers :
1. Rhithron zone2. Potamon zone
Based on the migratory habits, fishes are classifiedinto:
1. Resident species
2. Local migrants
3. Long distant migrants
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CONTINUE
Classified based on area of drainage basin
A. Major rivers (>20000 Sq.Km)
B. Medium rivers (2000 20000 Sq. Km)
C. Minor rivers (
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CONTINUE
Classification on the basis of availability of waterand duration as
Perennial e g. Himalayan rivers
Seasonal - e g. peninsular rivers Average fish yield 1 tonn /km
Ranges from 0.64-1.64 tonn /km
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Indian fish fauna is an assemblage of about 25000species of which 930 belonging to 326 genera inhabit
inland waters.
Based on the studies made in selected stretches ofrivers Ganga, Brahmaputra, Godavari and Krishna,
the fish yield varies from 0.64 to 1.64 ton / km /yr .
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CONTINUED
In India there are 14 major rivers :
Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, Brahmani, Krishna ,Mahanadi, Sabarmathi, Narmada, Mahi, Tapti, Godawari, Pennar , Cauvery and Subarnarekha
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Broadly classified into 5 system1. The Ganga riverine system2. The Brahmaputra riverine system3. The Indus riverine system4. The East Coast riverine system5. The West Coast riverine system
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The riverine system broadly dividedinto two categories.
1. Himalayan river systemtheGanga, Indus, Brahmaputra
2. Deccan river system /peninsularriver systems
East coast river system
West coast river system
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Himalayan rivers
I. snow fed, rain
fed
II. Fluctuations in waterlevel is very less
Peninsular rivers
I. Depend upon rains
II. seasonal
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Originates from mountain Kailash in Tibet Five major tributaries are:1. Jhelum 400 km ( J & k)2. Chenab - 330 km. ( J&K ,HP)3. Beas - 460 km. (HP , Punjab)4. Sutlej - 1450 km ( HP , Punjab)
5. Ravi - 725 km ( J&k, HP, Punjab)
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Indus river alone has a length of2000 km. The major tributaries has a combined length
of5600 Km .
Most of The strech is in Pakistan.
In India The Indus river system supports carpfishery and other cold water species includingcat fish and exotic brown and rainbow trout.
Upper reaches
Rainbow and Brown trout. Lower reaches IMC and Catfishes.
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Flows at an altitude of3,200 masl at Leh. An account of fishery within Indus system as
a whole is not available till now.
Tributaries have been observed at somestreches at different time by CIFRI.
Upper strech minor carps L. dero ,L.dyocheilus , S. richardsonii , T. putitora.
Middel strech
IMC (24.64 - 42.61%). Lower strech common carp ( 13.51-23.98%)
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River Jhelum
Originates in the south eastern part ofKashmir, in a spring at Verinag
It flows into the Wulur lake and then to
Baramula Catchment area upto Indo-Pakistan border
34,775 km
Fishes : Schizothoraichthys spp,
Schizothorax, Diptychus maculatus, Cyprinuscarpio, Labeo dero, Salmo tutto fario, Botiabirdi, Nemachelius spp.
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From July 1980 to June 1982. Cyprinus carpio (var.specularisand
var.communis) showed substantial catch.
Schizothorax(S.esocinus,S.planifrons,S.micropagan,S.punctatus,S.curvifrons,S.longipinnis)and Oreinus plagiostomus.
Labeo dero, Labeo dyocheilus ,Crossochelies
latiusand Puntius conchoniusamongCyprinids .
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River Sutlej
Originates from Rakas lake, connected to theMansarovar lake by a stream, in Tibet
Flows north-westerly direction and enters HP
and then enters Punjab plain after cutting agorge (narrow valley) in a hill range, the NainaDevi Dhar, where the Bhakra dam having thereservoir (Gobind sagar) has been
constructed Later joins to Chenab
Total length 1500 km
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Studied in Punjab during 2002-02. Av. Fish catch 399.9 tonnes/ year .
Upper strech minor carp (68%) ,IMC(12.87%),catfish (5.78%) , golden mahseer (1.26%),Comman carp (4.52%).
Middel strech -: IMC (29.19%) , catfish(13.73%), Minor carp (13.17%).
Lower strech
IMC (28.82%) , common carp(22.75%) , miscellaneous (25.68%) .
56 species
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River Beas
Originates in Beas Kund, lying near the Rohtangpass.
Runs past Manali and Kulu (Kulu valley)
Joins Sutlej near Harika, after being joined by afew tributaries
Total length 615 km
Catchment area 20,303 km
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In 2002-05 the catch in Punjab
255 ton/yr. IMC (28.28%), minor carp (22.44%), comman
carp (22.02%).
54 species
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River Ravi
Originates near the Rotang pass in the KangraHimalayas and follows a north-westerly course
Total length - 720 km
Catchment area 14,442 km
Fishes : Amblypharyngodon mola, Bariliusbendelisis, Carassius carassius, IMC, Channasp,and cat fishes
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During 2005-07 Av. fish catch was minimumat 47.65 tonn / yr.
Minor carps were the major part of the catch
31 species , 10 families.
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River Chenab
Orginates from the confluence of 2 rivers, theChandra, and Bhaga, which themselves originatefrom either side of the Bara Lacha Pass in Lahul(Chandrabhaga in HP)
Joined by the Ravi and the Sutlej in Pakistan
Catchment area upto Indo Pakistan border26,155 km
Th G i i t
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The Ganga riverine system Combined length 12500 km ,(8,047km)
Largest river system in India
It harbours more than 265 sp Main rivers Ganga and Yamuna
Total catchment area 97.6 million ha (9.71 lakh km
Its water comprises the icy cold Himalayan streams and the
warm, biologically more productive waters of the North Indianplains.
This system drains the southern slopes of the central Himalayasand covers the states of Haryana, U.P, Bihar, West Bengal and
parts of Rajasthan and M.P.
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CONTN Freshwater fish fauna of India, ranging from
Mahseers, and the torrential fishes of the hills to the
cultivable Gangetic carps, theHilsa and other species
4 man made river projects for exploitation of water of
river Ganga for irrigation/hydel generation Chilla canal near Rishikesh for power generation
Upper Ganga, middle Ganga, and lower Ganga canals
at Balawali, Bijnor and Narora for irrigation
Farakka barrage at 1972 at the border of Malda and
Murshidabad districts (WB), is for diverting river
water to Kolkata port
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THE GANGA RIVER
Perennial river originates from Gangotri in Uttar Kashidistrict in the Himalayas about 3129 m above m.s.l
Tributaries include :
Ramaganga, Gomati, Tons, Chambal, Betwa, Ken,
Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi, Sone, Bhagmati, and the KosiBifurcates into Bhagirathi and Padma which form the
boundary between India and Bangladesh
After flowing through a distance of 220 km in
Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra joins the Padma atGolando
After meeting another river, Maghna, 100 kmdownstream, it enters the Bay of Bengal
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2. THE YAMUNA
Major component of the Gangetic riverine system
Borders the parts of the states of Punjab and Haryana and flowsthrough the Union territory of Delhi
Length 1000 km
Has its source at about 8 km north of the Yamunotri hot springs in
Tehri Garwal (U.P) at 6330 m above m.s.l. in the Himalayas It flows through Delhi and joins the Ganga at Allahabad
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FISHANDFISHERIESThe head waters of the Ganga system in the upper
reaches of the Himalayas have snow trouts, catfishes,mahseers, lesser Barils
Upto an elevation of 1067 m, Tor putitora, T.tor,Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis, Bagarius bagarius and
Labeo dero form the main food fishes In the plains, carps, catfishes, Wallago attu, Hilsa ilisha,
Pangasius, Notopterus etc constitute the fishery
Prawns Macrobrachium malcolmsonii
The fishery of anadromousHilsa have declined by 96%upstream of Farakka after construction of the FarakkaBarrage in 1974 due to obstruction of the migrationroute of the fish
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CONTINUED
Recorded species 265.
Commercially important 34.
IMC 45% (1961-68) , 11%(2001-08)
Miscellaneous sp. 23%(1961-68) , 64% (2001-08)
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FISHINGGEARSUSED
Fishing gears used in the Gangetic system includes : Dip net
Cast net
Purse net
Drag net
Bag net
Long lines
Small trap net
Drift net
Trawl net
Th B h i
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The Brahmaputra river system
Combined length of Brahmaputra riverine system
4023 km Catchment area 1,87,110km
It originates from a great glacier near MansarowarLake
It runs for about 1250 km through Tsang po river andthen enters India (AP)
Total length 2900 km.
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CONTINUE
It flows eastward parallel to Himalayas Its tributaries are :
Dipang, Siang, Lohit, Duri, Dhansri etc
It is slightly longer than Indus, but most of itscourse lies outside India
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Fish and fisheries
126 sp, belonging to 26 families Rohu, Wallago attu, Tor spp, Glyptothorax sp,
Balitora sp, Neomachelius sp, Schizothorax sp,Labeo gonius, Notopterus notopterus, N.chitala,
Mystus seenghala, Clupisoma gainia
decline in fishery (Mahseer) , Av. Catch / daydecline by 30%.
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CONTINUE
Carp , catfish , hilsa 30-81 % decline. Featherbacks , miscellneous group :( 61 141 %)
increase.
Commercially imp. Species 35 .
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4 rivers combined :Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery .
Combined length
6437 km.
Total catchment area 121 million ha
Finally drains into Bay of Bengal
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Originates in the Sihawa hills in south west
of Raipur district in Chhattisgarh . Total length 857 km
Chhattisgarh, MP, and Orissa runs eastward in Orissa at Khargoni to
reach Mahadeopalli, 140km away- Hirakuddam
Drains Bay of Bengal in Paradip Fishes : Salmostoma untrahi, Erethistes
conta, Arius gagora ,Tor mahanadicus.
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253 Species , 73 families. Studied during 1995-96.
Upper reaches: 142.47 tonns / yr.
Catfishes (39.9%).
Lower reach: 152.37 tonn /yr.
Major carp (34.8%).
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Largest of Peninsular rivers and the thirdlargest river in India Length 1465 km Catchment area 312,812 km Originates near Triambakeswar in Deolali hills
near Nasik Divides into northern distributary (Gautami
Godavari) and southern distributary (VasistaGodavari)
Tributaries : Manjira, Wainganga andIndiravati Fishes : M.malcolmsonii, L. fimbriatus,
C.mrigala
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Exploratory survey by CIFRI (1997-99). Occurance ofOreochromis mossambicus.
Absence of Tor mussullah.
Decline in Godavari River prawn and L.fimbriatus.
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One of the longest river in India Length 1280 km
Catchment area 233,229 km
Originates at Mahabaleswar hills in WesternGhats and covers Maharashtra, Karnataka,and AP
Main tributaries ofKrishna are Bhima and
Tungabhadra (perrenial) rivers
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2001-03 survey conducted by CIFRI .
Upper reaches Catla catla , Cyprinus carpio ,Cirrhinus mrigala , Puntius sarana ,Mastacemblus armaratus.
Lower reaches : Catla catla , Labeo rohita ,
Labeo gonius , Cirrhinus mrigala , Pangassiuspangassius, Etroplus suratensis.
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Longest perennial river south of RiverKrishna
Total length 850 km Originates at Brahmagiri hills on the
Western Ghats in Karnataka and flows to theBay of Bengal through Thanjavur dst in TN
Divides into a northern branch,riverColeroon and southern branch, cauvery
proper Tributaries : Bhavani, Noyil and Amaravathi
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1999-01
Cauvery carp (Puntius carnaticus , Puntiusdubius ,Labeo carnaticus , L. ariza).
IMC , L. fimbriatus , Cirrhinus cirrhosa ,Torkhudri .
Oreochromis mossambica throughout river.
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Includes main rivers : Narmada and Tapti Total length : 3380 km
Total catchment area 69.6 million ha
Drains the west of Western Ghats
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Originates from Maikala highlands nearAmarkantak (MP)
Total length 1312 km
Covers MP, Maharashtra and Gujarat and joinsthe Gulf of Cambay (Arabian sea)
4 reservoirs : Tawa, Sukta, Barna, Bargi
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1996-99.
Decline in carp fishery : being 58.4-65.5 % in1989-90 , 43.7% in 1996-99.
Tor tor15.9 %
Labeo fimbriatus
10.2 %
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Originates from Vindhya mountain of Satpurarange
Covers : MP, Maharashtra, and Gujarat andjoins Arabian sea at Dumas near Surat
Total length
720 km
Total catchment area 48000 km
Ukai dam is constructed in this river
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1959-60 inbetween Burhanpur to kathor.
Tor tor , Labeo fimbriatus ,Labeo calbasu.
Lower reaches Hilsa sp.
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The fishery of carps are declining and catfishes were overtaking the pre existingfishery with in major systems.
Average catch 1 ton / km (.64 1.64t/km).
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THANK YOU
Direct and indirect effects of human
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Direct and indirect effects of humanintervention in rivers
In natural processes, human intervention plays animportant role
Many effects of mans activities within river
catchments can be controlled
The impacts caused by human can be dividedinto :
1. Indirect impacts 2. Direct impacts
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Indirect impacts
Water not used directly, but the accumulativenature of drainage basins will affect the waterbodies and also fisheries
1. Agricultural and forestry activities
2. Civil construction works
3. Extraction works
4. Manufacturing industries
5. Urbanization
Agricultural and forestry
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Agricultural and forestry
activities Non point source pollution
Includes the discharge of dissolved and suspendedmaterials in run off or seepage waters
This is intermittent and depends upon rainfall pattern andseasonal cycle of agricultural inputs
Effects may be reduced by efficient land management andconservation measures
Discharge from agriculture, animal husbandry,deforestation, sillage liquor, vegetable washings etc
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Major effects
NUTRIENTS : Fishery may benefit when nutrients increase
But may lead to shift in species composition dueto eutrophication
When nutrient load is too high, excess primaryproduction occurs, fish growth declines due to lowDO
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2. SUSPENDED SOLIDS :
Turbidity blocks light entering in the water column
Causes low productivity,
Stress to fishes,
Change the flow pattern of water,
Bury feeding and spawning areas
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TOXIC MATERIALS Pesticides leached from soils or washed off
vegetation pass into drainage waters reduce orkills the plant and animal life
Deforestation affects water, topsoil and nutrientconservation in channels, and rivers
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Civil construction works
Construction of dams, bridges, roads and theirassociated earthworks have devastating effects.
Primary problem is the disturbance due to movement
of large amounts of solid materials and exposure ofsolid to erosion and dispersal by wind, water andmachinery .
This is important at times of intense rainfall and lead tochanges in water and soil condition
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Continue
Debris block waterways and drainage channels .
No life exists near the construction site .
Excavation and earth movements may uncoverareas of toxic materials (eg. Pb & Cu) which thenflushes in water
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Extraction industries
Mining of metal ores and coal And the extraction of sands and gravel for the
construction industry,
For cooling,
Hydraulic jet extraction
In the treatment of ores
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Major effects
1. ACID DISCHARGES : Lowers the water pH below 4 hence reduces
productivity
When water of high pH is mixed with these
water naturally, then it produces hydroxide flocsand covers the substrate which affects theplant and animal life
TOXIC SALTS :
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TOXIC SALTS :
These are salts of heavy metals prevalent in minewaste discharges
When concentrations are high, they affect the fish andfish food organisms
Toxicity is acute
Heavy metals persist in environment and build up inhigh concentration in some animals and may bepassed to the consumer who takes that fish
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STREAM BED TOPOGRAPHY : Physical removal of substrate from water course create
deposition of silt
This creates conditions of low DO, temperature
fluctuation which affects the biological productivity
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Major effects
TOXIC DISCHARGES : Low levels of toxic materials lowers the
productivity in water
These low concentration may build up in several
organisms and cause damage to food web
High concentration create environment devoid oflife
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ORGANIC MATERIALS :
Brewing industry, food processing and paper industryproduce large quantities of liquid waste
Has high organic content, particularly hydrocarbonproducts
This causes anoxic condition in water with H2S andmethane production
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WASTE HEAT :
Disposal of hot effluent waters from industries mayincrease the production to some extent
But as temperature increases above optimum, itdecreases DO content
Create lethal stress condition for the fish
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Urbanization
Includes domestic waste water dischargesincluding water from washing and cookingactivities
Run off from roads and paved surfaces may
contain chemicals, especially heavy metals andorganic micropollutants, in suspension or solutionform
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Major effects
SEWAGE : Discharge of human wastes has immediate effect of
raising the concentration of organic material in water
Too high concentration create lack of DO, especially in
hot weather conditions, where life cannot sustain Immediate effect is the blooms of algae or plants,
followed by increase in production of animals andchange in the species make up
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RUN OFF : It may not carry large amounts of unwanted dissolved
materials, but carries a heavy load of suspendedsolids, especially during the first flush
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Direct effects
Those resulting from interventions in the riverschannel or on its floodplain
1. Dams and barrages
2. Land recovery, drainage, flood protection
3. Industrial and urban use
4. Recreational use and transport
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Dams and barrages
Dams and man made lakes, generate a complexweb of impacts which affects the humans, biologicaland physical components of the environment
Greatest source of hydrological interference by man
2 types of effects
1. Structural effects
2. Physico chemical effects
Structural effects Physico chemical effects
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Construction of dam Discharge, sedimentload, water quality,
channel, vegetation
1. Affects upstreammigration
1. Changes in dischargeand water quality
2.Fry loss during passageover through dams
2.Unnatural short term flowfluctuation
3. Gas supersaturation 3. Unnatural toxic pulses ofpoor water quality
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Creation of lake 4. Suitability of substrate
for spawning1. Flooding of spawninggrounds
5. Survaival of eggs ingravel
2. Delays to migration ofspawners throughreservoirs
6. Amount of food andspacial arrangements
River continuum is interrupted and longitudinal
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p g
connectivity is lost
Barrier across water course affects the migration of
fishes Change of ecosystem from river to lake will create
change in species dominance (rheophilic speciesdisappear)
changes in flow regimes inhibit bed materialmovement, induce deposition of finer sediments andalters breeding and feeding grounds
Thermal regulation by reservoirs dampen natural
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Thermal regulation by reservoirs dampen naturalvariation in streams and river temperature which altersthe biological cycle in that ecosystem
Water transfer from rivers for cooling purposes anddischarge of water from industries, introduces thepossibility of disease organisms
Land recovery, drainage and flood
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Land recovery, drainage and floodprotection
Leeve (bank) construction and drainage of floodplainwetlands impacts severely on habitat diversity, withloss of water meadows and grazing marshes
Channelization - associated with the downgrading ofriparian vegetation and nutrient dynamics,allochthonous inputs and refuges for feeding andbreeding are affected
Bank revetment is often associated with dredgingand gravel extraction and wood / metal piling or
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and gravel extraction and wood / metal piling orconcrete / brick / stone linings.
Results in blocking of nutrient and water exchanges
INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN USE :
Has 2 main impacts :
1. Water is physically extracted from a water body
which can reduce the flow in some rivers2. And quality of abstracted water is lowered when
discharged back
Untreated sewage discharge can have catastrophic
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effect due to the heavy load of organic materials whichleads to over productivity and death of animals
RECREAIONAL USE AND TRANSPORT : Recreational use range picnicking , angling, swimming,
sailing, water skiing and power boating
Impacts are removal of plants, increased erosion and
silt load, change in flow pattern, physical disturbanceby boats and noise to feeding and breeding behaviour
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THANK YOU
Habitat modification and remedial
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measures
The aim of rehabilitation is to re-createfunctional areas and connectivity in thesehabitats .
Any rehabilitation action must start from
identification of the habitat characteristicswhich have to be improved .
Careful selection from variety of technique .
Rehabilitation process includes :
1. Floodplain-river interaction along the lower andmiddle reaches
2. Rehabilitation of functional characteristic by
artificial means
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Rehabilitation of channels Improvement of current speed diversity through the
installation of rapids, by the construction ofdifferent types of low weirs (low profile dams)
Improvement in current direction diversity by usingcurrent deflectors
Instream and stream side cover (shelter)boulders for protecting the bottom areas
Re establishment of pools create microhabitatsfor fish
Construction of Shallow bays
Substrate replacement gravel and cobbles
Improvement of current speed diversity through thei ll i f id b h i f diff
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Can be built from a variety of materials , easyconstruction (stone, gravel, wood, block stone, concret
Different angles , straight ,V-shaped , irregular
.
Completely or partially submerged.
Deepening ,Ponded area above new pool
below . Collection and holding spawning gravel
,gravel bar formation , raising water level ,improving flow pattern aerating the water ,
slowin current .
installation of rapids, by the construction of differenttypes of low weirs (low profile dams)
Improvement in current direction
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diversity
Current deflectors (rock boulder , gabion,underpass ,log )
Modify the current direction , increases thediversity of current velocity pattern ,scour pools
and create silt bars . 45 degree angle
Stream narrowing deflector .
Submerged deflectors promote bed scouring by
secondary circulation flow single or doubledeflector .
Triangular island vane .
Boulder placement ,wire mesh screen .
In stream and streamside cover
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(shelter)
Resting areas and protection from predators ,can be constructed artificially .
Boulder placement .
Placement of stumps roots or debris jams .
Artificial undercut banks formed by overhangingcover structures .
Tree planting in banks .
Planting or not removing overhanging vegetation
Pool-riffle and/or silt bar
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restoration
Current deflectors . Stream narrowing deflectors .
Installation of low dams with plunge pool .
Alternating left and right weed cutting .
Mechanical construction of pools and riffles andsilt bars .
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Construction of shallow bays
Bays from livestock watering points (simple ,effective) .
Bays excavated in bank .
Bays can be created between two current
deflectors . Bays created as zones of nutrient retention of
agriculture drainage .
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Substrate replacement
To mitigate adverse effect of channelization . Siltation is the main problem.
Sand traps placed immediately above the gravelbed .
Using channel narrowing deflectors .
Mechanical gravel cleaning by high velocity waterjet .
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Large scale action
Doing nothing if left alone , rivers affected byriver engineering works all show evidences ofrecovery.
Remeanderingbest option to restore the
morphometric and hydrological diversity ofchannel .
Multistage channels-excavating flood berms .
Construction of island .
Rehabilitation of flood plains
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p River exist in 2 states : low water state when flow is
confined to channels and high water state when water
occupies wider bed consisting of channels and flood plainscombined
Setting back of levees from their original position along the
banks of the main channelfor restoration of
meanders
Reconnection of existing channels by simple removalof weirs or levees separating the channel from the
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p gmain channel
Construct flood containment structure .
Reconnection of existing flood plain water bodies bysimple removal of weirs or levees separating thefloodplain from the main channel
Creation of new floodplains as gravel pits Submersible dams (weirs) to raise the level of river
where its bottom has been excavated
Making artificial flood to the flood plain water bodies
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THANK U