SATHEESH FRM RIVERINE 07

8/3/2019 SATHEESH FRM RIVERINE 07

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Prepared by

Satish kumar koushlesh,

FRM MA1 07


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Introduction Dynamic systems

Linear features transfers water falling on the land to thesea.

World total river length 2,69,000km

Area 358000 sq.km (In Asia-141000 sq.km)

More number of rivers in South America

Plays important role in capture fisheries Other uses : for transportation, power generation,

agriculture, industry


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LONGEST RIVERSRIVER LENGTH ( in km )

Nile 6650

Amazon 6400

Yang tse 6300


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Length of Rivers in Indiansubcontinent

Rivers Length in km

The Ganga 2525

The Brahmputra 2900

Indus 2000

Godavari 1465


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Endowed with vast expense of open inlandwatersrivers, lakes, canals, estuaries,backwater, brackish water, wetlands.

45,000 km- combined length of all majorrivers.

113 river basins

3.12 million km square


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INDIANRIVERINERESOURCES

River length as whole (including canals) :1,95,210 km

Resource potential :29000 km

Zonation of rivers :

1. Rhithron zone2. Potamon zone

Based on the migratory habits, fishes are classifiedinto:

1. Resident species

2. Local migrants

3. Long distant migrants


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CONTINUE

Classified based on area of drainage basin

A. Major rivers (>20000 Sq.Km)

B. Medium rivers (2000 20000 Sq. Km)

C. Minor rivers (


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CONTINUE

Classification on the basis of availability of waterand duration as

Perennial e g. Himalayan rivers

Seasonal - e g. peninsular rivers Average fish yield 1 tonn /km

Ranges from 0.64-1.64 tonn /km


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Indian fish fauna is an assemblage of about 25000species of which 930 belonging to 326 genera inhabit

inland waters.

Based on the studies made in selected stretches ofrivers Ganga, Brahmaputra, Godavari and Krishna,

the fish yield varies from 0.64 to 1.64 ton / km /yr .


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CONTINUED

In India there are 14 major rivers :

Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, Brahmani, Krishna ,Mahanadi, Sabarmathi, Narmada, Mahi, Tapti, Godawari, Pennar , Cauvery and Subarnarekha


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Broadly classified into 5 system1. The Ganga riverine system2. The Brahmaputra riverine system3. The Indus riverine system4. The East Coast riverine system5. The West Coast riverine system


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The riverine system broadly dividedinto two categories.

1. Himalayan river systemtheGanga, Indus, Brahmaputra

2. Deccan river system /peninsularriver systems

East coast river system

West coast river system


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Himalayan rivers

I. snow fed, rain

fed

II. Fluctuations in waterlevel is very less

Peninsular rivers

I. Depend upon rains

II. seasonal


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Originates from mountain Kailash in Tibet Five major tributaries are:1. Jhelum 400 km ( J & k)2. Chenab - 330 km. ( J&K ,HP)3. Beas - 460 km. (HP , Punjab)4. Sutlej - 1450 km ( HP , Punjab)

5. Ravi - 725 km ( J&k, HP, Punjab)


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Indus river alone has a length of2000 km. The major tributaries has a combined length

of5600 Km .

Most of The strech is in Pakistan.

In India The Indus river system supports carpfishery and other cold water species includingcat fish and exotic brown and rainbow trout.

Upper reaches

Rainbow and Brown trout. Lower reaches IMC and Catfishes.


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Flows at an altitude of3,200 masl at Leh. An account of fishery within Indus system as

a whole is not available till now.

Tributaries have been observed at somestreches at different time by CIFRI.

Upper strech minor carps L. dero ,L.dyocheilus , S. richardsonii , T. putitora.

Middel strech

IMC (24.64 - 42.61%). Lower strech common carp ( 13.51-23.98%)


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River Jhelum

Originates in the south eastern part ofKashmir, in a spring at Verinag

It flows into the Wulur lake and then to

Baramula Catchment area upto Indo-Pakistan border

34,775 km

Fishes : Schizothoraichthys spp,

Schizothorax, Diptychus maculatus, Cyprinuscarpio, Labeo dero, Salmo tutto fario, Botiabirdi, Nemachelius spp.


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From July 1980 to June 1982. Cyprinus carpio (var.specularisand

var.communis) showed substantial catch.

Schizothorax(S.esocinus,S.planifrons,S.micropagan,S.punctatus,S.curvifrons,S.longipinnis)and Oreinus plagiostomus.

Labeo dero, Labeo dyocheilus ,Crossochelies

latiusand Puntius conchoniusamongCyprinids .


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River Sutlej

Originates from Rakas lake, connected to theMansarovar lake by a stream, in Tibet

Flows north-westerly direction and enters HP

and then enters Punjab plain after cutting agorge (narrow valley) in a hill range, the NainaDevi Dhar, where the Bhakra dam having thereservoir (Gobind sagar) has been

constructed Later joins to Chenab

Total length 1500 km


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Studied in Punjab during 2002-02. Av. Fish catch 399.9 tonnes/ year .

Upper strech minor carp (68%) ,IMC(12.87%),catfish (5.78%) , golden mahseer (1.26%),Comman carp (4.52%).

Middel strech -: IMC (29.19%) , catfish(13.73%), Minor carp (13.17%).

Lower strech

IMC (28.82%) , common carp(22.75%) , miscellaneous (25.68%) .

56 species


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River Beas

Originates in Beas Kund, lying near the Rohtangpass.

Runs past Manali and Kulu (Kulu valley)

Joins Sutlej near Harika, after being joined by afew tributaries

Total length 615 km

Catchment area 20,303 km


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In 2002-05 the catch in Punjab

255 ton/yr. IMC (28.28%), minor carp (22.44%), comman

carp (22.02%).

54 species


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River Ravi

Originates near the Rotang pass in the KangraHimalayas and follows a north-westerly course

Total length - 720 km


Fishes : Amblypharyngodon mola, Bariliusbendelisis, Carassius carassius, IMC, Channasp,and cat fishes


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During 2005-07 Av. fish catch was minimumat 47.65 tonn / yr.

Minor carps were the major part of the catch

31 species , 10 families.


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River Chenab

Orginates from the confluence of 2 rivers, theChandra, and Bhaga, which themselves originatefrom either side of the Bara Lacha Pass in Lahul(Chandrabhaga in HP)

Joined by the Ravi and the Sutlej in Pakistan

Catchment area upto Indo Pakistan border26,155 km

Th G i i t


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The Ganga riverine system Combined length 12500 km ,(8,047km)

Largest river system in India

It harbours more than 265 sp Main rivers Ganga and Yamuna

Total catchment area 97.6 million ha (9.71 lakh km

Its water comprises the icy cold Himalayan streams and the

warm, biologically more productive waters of the North Indianplains.

This system drains the southern slopes of the central Himalayasand covers the states of Haryana, U.P, Bihar, West Bengal and

parts of Rajasthan and M.P.


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CONTN Freshwater fish fauna of India, ranging from

Mahseers, and the torrential fishes of the hills to the

cultivable Gangetic carps, theHilsa and other species

4 man made river projects for exploitation of water of

river Ganga for irrigation/hydel generation Chilla canal near Rishikesh for power generation

Upper Ganga, middle Ganga, and lower Ganga canals

at Balawali, Bijnor and Narora for irrigation

Farakka barrage at 1972 at the border of Malda and

Murshidabad districts (WB), is for diverting river

water to Kolkata port


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THE GANGA RIVER

Perennial river originates from Gangotri in Uttar Kashidistrict in the Himalayas about 3129 m above m.s.l

Tributaries include :

Ramaganga, Gomati, Tons, Chambal, Betwa, Ken,

Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi, Sone, Bhagmati, and the KosiBifurcates into Bhagirathi and Padma which form the

boundary between India and Bangladesh

After flowing through a distance of 220 km in

Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra joins the Padma atGolando

After meeting another river, Maghna, 100 kmdownstream, it enters the Bay of Bengal


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2. THE YAMUNA

Major component of the Gangetic riverine system

Borders the parts of the states of Punjab and Haryana and flowsthrough the Union territory of Delhi

Length 1000 km

Has its source at about 8 km north of the Yamunotri hot springs in

Tehri Garwal (U.P) at 6330 m above m.s.l. in the Himalayas It flows through Delhi and joins the Ganga at Allahabad


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FISHANDFISHERIESThe head waters of the Ganga system in the upper

reaches of the Himalayas have snow trouts, catfishes,mahseers, lesser Barils

Upto an elevation of 1067 m, Tor putitora, T.tor,Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis, Bagarius bagarius and

Labeo dero form the main food fishes In the plains, carps, catfishes, Wallago attu, Hilsa ilisha,

Pangasius, Notopterus etc constitute the fishery

Prawns Macrobrachium malcolmsonii

The fishery of anadromousHilsa have declined by 96%upstream of Farakka after construction of the FarakkaBarrage in 1974 due to obstruction of the migrationroute of the fish


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CONTINUED

Recorded species 265.

Commercially important 34.

IMC 45% (1961-68) , 11%(2001-08)

Miscellaneous sp. 23%(1961-68) , 64% (2001-08)


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FISHINGGEARSUSED

Fishing gears used in the Gangetic system includes : Dip net

Cast net

Purse net

Drag net

Bag net

Long lines

Small trap net

Drift net

Trawl net

Th B h i


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The Brahmaputra river system

Combined length of Brahmaputra riverine system

4023 km Catchment area 1,87,110km

It originates from a great glacier near MansarowarLake

It runs for about 1250 km through Tsang po river andthen enters India (AP)

Total length 2900 km.


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CONTINUE

It flows eastward parallel to Himalayas Its tributaries are :

Dipang, Siang, Lohit, Duri, Dhansri etc

It is slightly longer than Indus, but most of itscourse lies outside India


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Fish and fisheries

126 sp, belonging to 26 families Rohu, Wallago attu, Tor spp, Glyptothorax sp,

Balitora sp, Neomachelius sp, Schizothorax sp,Labeo gonius, Notopterus notopterus, N.chitala,

Mystus seenghala, Clupisoma gainia

decline in fishery (Mahseer) , Av. Catch / daydecline by 30%.


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Carp , catfish , hilsa 30-81 % decline. Featherbacks , miscellneous group :( 61 141 %)

increase.

Commercially imp. Species 35 .


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4 rivers combined :Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery .

Combined length

6437 km.

Total catchment area 121 million ha

Finally drains into Bay of Bengal


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Originates in the Sihawa hills in south west

of Raipur district in Chhattisgarh . Total length 857 km

Chhattisgarh, MP, and Orissa runs eastward in Orissa at Khargoni to

reach Mahadeopalli, 140km away- Hirakuddam

Drains Bay of Bengal in Paradip Fishes : Salmostoma untrahi, Erethistes

conta, Arius gagora ,Tor mahanadicus.


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253 Species , 73 families. Studied during 1995-96.

Upper reaches: 142.47 tonns / yr.

Catfishes (39.9%).

Lower reach: 152.37 tonn /yr.

Major carp (34.8%).


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Largest of Peninsular rivers and the thirdlargest river in India Length 1465 km Catchment area 312,812 km Originates near Triambakeswar in Deolali hills

near Nasik Divides into northern distributary (Gautami

Godavari) and southern distributary (VasistaGodavari)

Tributaries : Manjira, Wainganga andIndiravati Fishes : M.malcolmsonii, L. fimbriatus,

C.mrigala


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Exploratory survey by CIFRI (1997-99). Occurance ofOreochromis mossambicus.

Absence of Tor mussullah.

Decline in Godavari River prawn and L.fimbriatus.


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One of the longest river in India Length 1280 km


Originates at Mahabaleswar hills in WesternGhats and covers Maharashtra, Karnataka,and AP

Main tributaries ofKrishna are Bhima and

Tungabhadra (perrenial) rivers


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2001-03 survey conducted by CIFRI .

Upper reaches Catla catla , Cyprinus carpio ,Cirrhinus mrigala , Puntius sarana ,Mastacemblus armaratus.

Lower reaches : Catla catla , Labeo rohita ,

Labeo gonius , Cirrhinus mrigala , Pangassiuspangassius, Etroplus suratensis.


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Longest perennial river south of RiverKrishna

Total length 850 km Originates at Brahmagiri hills on the

Western Ghats in Karnataka and flows to theBay of Bengal through Thanjavur dst in TN

Divides into a northern branch,riverColeroon and southern branch, cauvery

proper Tributaries : Bhavani, Noyil and Amaravathi


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1999-01

Cauvery carp (Puntius carnaticus , Puntiusdubius ,Labeo carnaticus , L. ariza).

IMC , L. fimbriatus , Cirrhinus cirrhosa ,Torkhudri .

Oreochromis mossambica throughout river.


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Includes main rivers : Narmada and Tapti Total length : 3380 km

Total catchment area 69.6 million ha

Drains the west of Western Ghats


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Originates from Maikala highlands nearAmarkantak (MP)

Total length 1312 km

Covers MP, Maharashtra and Gujarat and joinsthe Gulf of Cambay (Arabian sea)

4 reservoirs : Tawa, Sukta, Barna, Bargi


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1996-99.

Decline in carp fishery : being 58.4-65.5 % in1989-90 , 43.7% in 1996-99.

Tor tor15.9 %

Labeo fimbriatus

10.2 %


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Originates from Vindhya mountain of Satpurarange

Covers : MP, Maharashtra, and Gujarat andjoins Arabian sea at Dumas near Surat

Total length

720 km

Total catchment area 48000 km

Ukai dam is constructed in this river


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1959-60 inbetween Burhanpur to kathor.

Tor tor , Labeo fimbriatus ,Labeo calbasu.

Lower reaches Hilsa sp.


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The fishery of carps are declining and catfishes were overtaking the pre existingfishery with in major systems.

Average catch 1 ton / km (.64 1.64t/km).


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THANK YOU

Direct and indirect effects of human


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Direct and indirect effects of humanintervention in rivers

In natural processes, human intervention plays animportant role

Many effects of mans activities within river

catchments can be controlled

The impacts caused by human can be dividedinto :

1. Indirect impacts 2. Direct impacts


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Indirect impacts

Water not used directly, but the accumulativenature of drainage basins will affect the waterbodies and also fisheries

1. Agricultural and forestry activities

2. Civil construction works

3. Extraction works

4. Manufacturing industries

5. Urbanization

Agricultural and forestry


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Agricultural and forestry

activities Non point source pollution

Includes the discharge of dissolved and suspendedmaterials in run off or seepage waters

This is intermittent and depends upon rainfall pattern andseasonal cycle of agricultural inputs

Effects may be reduced by efficient land management andconservation measures

Discharge from agriculture, animal husbandry,deforestation, sillage liquor, vegetable washings etc


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Major effects

NUTRIENTS : Fishery may benefit when nutrients increase

But may lead to shift in species composition dueto eutrophication

When nutrient load is too high, excess primaryproduction occurs, fish growth declines due to lowDO


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2. SUSPENDED SOLIDS :

Turbidity blocks light entering in the water column

Causes low productivity,

Stress to fishes,

Change the flow pattern of water,

Bury feeding and spawning areas


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TOXIC MATERIALS Pesticides leached from soils or washed off

vegetation pass into drainage waters reduce orkills the plant and animal life

Deforestation affects water, topsoil and nutrientconservation in channels, and rivers


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Civil construction works

Construction of dams, bridges, roads and theirassociated earthworks have devastating effects.

Primary problem is the disturbance due to movement

of large amounts of solid materials and exposure ofsolid to erosion and dispersal by wind, water andmachinery .

This is important at times of intense rainfall and lead tochanges in water and soil condition


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Continue

Debris block waterways and drainage channels .

No life exists near the construction site .

Excavation and earth movements may uncoverareas of toxic materials (eg. Pb & Cu) which thenflushes in water


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Extraction industries

Mining of metal ores and coal And the extraction of sands and gravel for the

construction industry,

For cooling,

Hydraulic jet extraction

In the treatment of ores


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Major effects

1. ACID DISCHARGES : Lowers the water pH below 4 hence reduces

productivity

When water of high pH is mixed with these

water naturally, then it produces hydroxide flocsand covers the substrate which affects theplant and animal life

TOXIC SALTS :


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TOXIC SALTS :

These are salts of heavy metals prevalent in minewaste discharges

When concentrations are high, they affect the fish andfish food organisms

Toxicity is acute

Heavy metals persist in environment and build up inhigh concentration in some animals and may bepassed to the consumer who takes that fish


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STREAM BED TOPOGRAPHY : Physical removal of substrate from water course create

deposition of silt

This creates conditions of low DO, temperature

fluctuation which affects the biological productivity


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Major effects

TOXIC DISCHARGES : Low levels of toxic materials lowers the

productivity in water

These low concentration may build up in several

organisms and cause damage to food web

High concentration create environment devoid oflife


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ORGANIC MATERIALS :

Brewing industry, food processing and paper industryproduce large quantities of liquid waste

Has high organic content, particularly hydrocarbonproducts

This causes anoxic condition in water with H2S andmethane production


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WASTE HEAT :

Disposal of hot effluent waters from industries mayincrease the production to some extent

But as temperature increases above optimum, itdecreases DO content

Create lethal stress condition for the fish


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Urbanization

Includes domestic waste water dischargesincluding water from washing and cookingactivities

Run off from roads and paved surfaces may

contain chemicals, especially heavy metals andorganic micropollutants, in suspension or solutionform


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Major effects

SEWAGE : Discharge of human wastes has immediate effect of

raising the concentration of organic material in water

Too high concentration create lack of DO, especially in

hot weather conditions, where life cannot sustain Immediate effect is the blooms of algae or plants,

followed by increase in production of animals andchange in the species make up


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RUN OFF : It may not carry large amounts of unwanted dissolved

materials, but carries a heavy load of suspendedsolids, especially during the first flush


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Direct effects

Those resulting from interventions in the riverschannel or on its floodplain

1. Dams and barrages

2. Land recovery, drainage, flood protection

3. Industrial and urban use

4. Recreational use and transport


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Dams and barrages

Dams and man made lakes, generate a complexweb of impacts which affects the humans, biologicaland physical components of the environment

Greatest source of hydrological interference by man

2 types of effects

1. Structural effects

2. Physico chemical effects

Structural effects Physico chemical effects


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Construction of dam Discharge, sedimentload, water quality,

channel, vegetation

1. Affects upstreammigration

1. Changes in dischargeand water quality

2.Fry loss during passageover through dams

2.Unnatural short term flowfluctuation

3. Gas supersaturation 3. Unnatural toxic pulses ofpoor water quality


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Creation of lake 4. Suitability of substrate

for spawning1. Flooding of spawninggrounds

5. Survaival of eggs ingravel

2. Delays to migration ofspawners throughreservoirs

6. Amount of food andspacial arrangements

River continuum is interrupted and longitudinal


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p g

connectivity is lost

Barrier across water course affects the migration of

fishes Change of ecosystem from river to lake will create

change in species dominance (rheophilic speciesdisappear)

changes in flow regimes inhibit bed materialmovement, induce deposition of finer sediments andalters breeding and feeding grounds

Thermal regulation by reservoirs dampen natural


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Thermal regulation by reservoirs dampen naturalvariation in streams and river temperature which altersthe biological cycle in that ecosystem

Water transfer from rivers for cooling purposes anddischarge of water from industries, introduces thepossibility of disease organisms

Land recovery, drainage and flood


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Land recovery, drainage and floodprotection

Leeve (bank) construction and drainage of floodplainwetlands impacts severely on habitat diversity, withloss of water meadows and grazing marshes

Channelization - associated with the downgrading ofriparian vegetation and nutrient dynamics,allochthonous inputs and refuges for feeding andbreeding are affected

Bank revetment is often associated with dredgingand gravel extraction and wood / metal piling or


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and gravel extraction and wood / metal piling orconcrete / brick / stone linings.

Results in blocking of nutrient and water exchanges

INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN USE :

Has 2 main impacts :

1. Water is physically extracted from a water body

which can reduce the flow in some rivers2. And quality of abstracted water is lowered when

discharged back

Untreated sewage discharge can have catastrophic


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effect due to the heavy load of organic materials whichleads to over productivity and death of animals

RECREAIONAL USE AND TRANSPORT : Recreational use range picnicking , angling, swimming,

sailing, water skiing and power boating

Impacts are removal of plants, increased erosion and

silt load, change in flow pattern, physical disturbanceby boats and noise to feeding and breeding behaviour


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THANK YOU

Habitat modification and remedial


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measures

The aim of rehabilitation is to re-createfunctional areas and connectivity in thesehabitats .

Any rehabilitation action must start from

identification of the habitat characteristicswhich have to be improved .

Careful selection from variety of technique .

Rehabilitation process includes :

1. Floodplain-river interaction along the lower andmiddle reaches

2. Rehabilitation of functional characteristic by

artificial means


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Rehabilitation of channels Improvement of current speed diversity through the

installation of rapids, by the construction ofdifferent types of low weirs (low profile dams)

Improvement in current direction diversity by usingcurrent deflectors

Instream and stream side cover (shelter)boulders for protecting the bottom areas

Re establishment of pools create microhabitatsfor fish

Construction of Shallow bays

Substrate replacement gravel and cobbles

Improvement of current speed diversity through thei ll i f id b h i f diff


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Can be built from a variety of materials , easyconstruction (stone, gravel, wood, block stone, concret

Different angles , straight ,V-shaped , irregular

.

Completely or partially submerged.

Deepening ,Ponded area above new pool

below . Collection and holding spawning gravel

,gravel bar formation , raising water level ,improving flow pattern aerating the water ,

slowin current .

installation of rapids, by the construction of differenttypes of low weirs (low profile dams)

Improvement in current direction


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diversity

Current deflectors (rock boulder , gabion,underpass ,log )

Modify the current direction , increases thediversity of current velocity pattern ,scour pools

and create silt bars . 45 degree angle

Stream narrowing deflector .

Submerged deflectors promote bed scouring by

secondary circulation flow single or doubledeflector .

Triangular island vane .

Boulder placement ,wire mesh screen .

In stream and streamside cover


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(shelter)

Resting areas and protection from predators ,can be constructed artificially .

Boulder placement .

Placement of stumps roots or debris jams .

Artificial undercut banks formed by overhangingcover structures .

Tree planting in banks .

Planting or not removing overhanging vegetation

Pool-riffle and/or silt bar


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restoration

Current deflectors . Stream narrowing deflectors .

Installation of low dams with plunge pool .

Alternating left and right weed cutting .

Mechanical construction of pools and riffles andsilt bars .


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Construction of shallow bays

Bays from livestock watering points (simple ,effective) .

Bays excavated in bank .

Bays can be created between two current

deflectors . Bays created as zones of nutrient retention of

agriculture drainage .


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Substrate replacement

To mitigate adverse effect of channelization . Siltation is the main problem.

Sand traps placed immediately above the gravelbed .

Using channel narrowing deflectors .

Mechanical gravel cleaning by high velocity waterjet .


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Large scale action

Doing nothing if left alone , rivers affected byriver engineering works all show evidences ofrecovery.

Remeanderingbest option to restore the

morphometric and hydrological diversity ofchannel .

Multistage channels-excavating flood berms .

Construction of island .

Rehabilitation of flood plains


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p River exist in 2 states : low water state when flow is

confined to channels and high water state when water

occupies wider bed consisting of channels and flood plainscombined

Setting back of levees from their original position along the

banks of the main channelfor restoration of

meanders

Reconnection of existing channels by simple removalof weirs or levees separating the channel from the


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p gmain channel

Construct flood containment structure .

Reconnection of existing flood plain water bodies bysimple removal of weirs or levees separating thefloodplain from the main channel

Creation of new floodplains as gravel pits Submersible dams (weirs) to raise the level of river

where its bottom has been excavated

Making artificial flood to the flood plain water bodies


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THANK U

SATHEESH FRM RIVERINE 07

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