Post on 18-Dec-2015
RomeRome
From RepublicFrom Republic
ToTo
EmpireEmpire
509 BCE -- 476 CE509 BCE -- 476 CE
KMHSKMHSAP World HistoryAP World HistoryMrs. FarbacherMrs. Farbacher
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
What were the significant differences b/w What were the significant differences b/w Republican Rome and Imperial Rome? [C/C]Republican Rome and Imperial Rome? [C/C]
How did the Romans acquire and How did the Romans acquire and successfully administer their vast empire?successfully administer their vast empire?
What inequities, both political and economic, What inequities, both political and economic, could be possible sources of internal could be possible sources of internal conflict?conflict?
What were the benefits and “cost” of Pax What were the benefits and “cost” of Pax Romana to both Rome and the empire?Romana to both Rome and the empire?
PeoplePeople
Gaius & Tiberius Gaius & Tiberius GracchusGracchus
Gaius MariusGaius Marius Gaius Julius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar Octavian> Caesar Octavian> Caesar
AugustusAugustus Marcus Tullius CiceroMarcus Tullius Cicero Paul of TarsusPaul of Tarsus Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth
EtruscansEtruscans HannibalHannibal EssenesEssenes SenateSenate ConsulsConsuls PatriciansPatricians PlebeiansPlebeians
Concepts & TermsConcepts & Terms
Punic WarsPunic Wars LegionsLegions LatifundiaLatifundia Pater-FamiliasPater-Familias Pax RomanaPax Romana Mare NostrumMare Nostrum Jewish DiasporaJewish Diaspora
Twelve Tables Twelve Tables Republic / EmpireRepublic / Empire Cult of MithrasCult of Mithras Mystery religionsMystery religions Bread & CircusBread & Circus
Roman EmpireRoman Empire
EtruscansEtruscans
Predecessors [of Romans]Predecessors [of Romans] Indo-Europeans from AnatoliaIndo-Europeans from Anatolia
2000 BCE2000 BCE Dominated Italy Dominated Italy
88thth to 5 to 5thth Centuries BCE Centuries BCE Invaded by Gauls Invaded by Gauls
[Celts from France][Celts from France] Defeated by Greek fleetsDefeated by Greek fleets
EtruscansEtruscans
Kingdom of RomeKingdom of Rome
Kingdom on Tiber RiverKingdom on Tiber River Trade routes convergeTrade routes converge in Romein Rome
Defeated Etruscans 509 BCEDefeated Etruscans 509 BCE Established the Republic of RomeEstablished the Republic of Rome
Green Area > GreeksGreen Area > Greeks
Roman ConstitutionRoman Constitution
Created two consulsCreated two consuls Military & civilianMilitary & civilian
SENATESENATE Elected assemblyElected assembly
Advised the ConsulsAdvised the Consuls Ratified major decisionsRatified major decisions
Dominated by patriciansDominated by patricians Wealthy aristocratsWealthy aristocrats
Roman Law [Twelve TablesRoman Law [Twelve Tables]]
Class StruggleClass Struggle PATRICIANSPATRICIANS
Wealthy land ownersWealthy land owners Dominated Roman Dominated Roman
politics [Senate]politics [Senate] Agreed to share powerAgreed to share power Created Tribunes of the Created Tribunes of the
PlebeiansPlebeians
PLEBEIANSPLEBEIANS Common or poor Common or poor
peoplepeople Threatened to Threatened to
secedesecede Granted political Granted political
power by patricianspower by patricians TribunesTribunes
Power to vetoPower to veto
Roman Republic’s ExpansionRoman Republic’s Expansion
Dominated Italy [5Dominated Italy [5thth & 4 & 4thth Cent. BCE] Cent. BCE] Consolidated all kingdomsConsolidated all kingdoms
The Punic Wars [264-146 BCE]The Punic Wars [264-146 BCE] Defeated CarthageDefeated Carthage
Conflict: [5 wars] to expand eastConflict: [5 wars] to expand east Antigonids & SeleucidsAntigonids & Seleucids
Preeminent power in MediterraneanPreeminent power in Mediterranean
Punic WarsPunic Wars
Roman Domestic ProblemsRoman Domestic Problems
Huge gap b/w wealthy & poorHuge gap b/w wealthy & poor Wealthy control the landWealthy control the land
Do not employ workersDo not employ workers Own Latifundia worked by slavesOwn Latifundia worked by slaves
Latifundia – large plantations [food for Latifundia – large plantations [food for export]export]
DemeterDemeterGoddess of AgricultureGoddess of Agriculture
Social ReformsSocial Reforms
Gracchi propose land reformGracchi propose land reform Tiberius & GaiusTiberius & Gaius
Both assassinated by aristocratic Both assassinated by aristocratic landownerslandowners
Social Reform & Civil WarSocial Reform & Civil War
Leads to civil warLeads to civil war General Gaius General Gaius
MariusMarius ReformerReformer Created personal Created personal
army army Allegiance to Allegiance to
himself instead of himself instead of civilian authoritycivilian authority
Social Reform & Civil WarSocial Reform & Civil War General Lucius Cornelius SullaGeneral Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Aristocrat took control after Marius Aristocrat took control after Marius dieddied
Five years of terror during his ruleFive years of terror during his rule
Foundations of EmpireFoundations of Empire Gaius Julius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar
Popular liberal generalPopular liberal general Conquered GaulConquered Gaul Seized Rome in 49 BCESeized Rome in 49 BCE Proclaimed himself “Dictator for Life”Proclaimed himself “Dictator for Life”
46 BCE46 BCE Centralized controlCentralized control Social reformsSocial reforms
Assassinated by aristocracy in 44 BCEAssassinated by aristocracy in 44 BCE
Ides of MarchIdes of March
Roman EmpireRoman Empire
Caesar AugustusCaesar Augustus 27 BCE27 BCE [Octavian][Octavian]
Gaius Julius’s nephewGaius Julius’s nephewAdopted as his heirAdopted as his heir
Roman EmpireRoman Empire
Monarchy disguised as republicMonarchy disguised as republic Preserved traditional republican Preserved traditional republican
formsforms Took all power into his own handsTook all power into his own hands New standing army under his controlNew standing army under his control
Imperial institutions beginImperial institutions begin ““Imperial” meaning expansionaryImperial” meaning expansionary
Imperial RomeImperial Rome
Expansion:Expansion: Gaul, Southern Germany, Britain, SpainGaul, Southern Germany, Britain, Spain
Access to resourcesAccess to resources Local elites build statesLocal elites build states
Control resources for benefit of RomeControl resources for benefit of Rome Cities emergeCities emerge
Paris, Lyons, Cologne, London, ToledoParis, Lyons, Cologne, London, Toledo
CeltsCelts
Map of Roman ExpansionMap of Roman Expansion
Surrender of VarusSurrender of Varus
Turning PointTurning Point RomeRome
Rhine River Rhine River boundaryboundary
Limited Roman Limited Roman Influence over Influence over GermaniaGermania
Pax RomanaPax Romana
Roman peaceRoman peace 250 years250 years
Facilitated trade & communicationFacilitated trade & communication Mesopotamia to AtlanticMesopotamia to Atlantic Roman Roads> facilitatedRoman Roads> facilitated
Roman LawRoman Law Twelve Tables enacted> 450 BCETwelve Tables enacted> 450 BCE Innocent until proven guiltyInnocent until proven guilty
Rule of LawRule of Law Right to face accuserRight to face accuser Judicial reviewJudicial review
The Roman army was the military The Roman army was the military powerhouse that conquered most powerhouse that conquered most of the known world in classical of the known world in classical times. It acted as a well-oiled times. It acted as a well-oiled machine: efficient, exacting, and machine: efficient, exacting, and victorious. Learn the true meaning victorious. Learn the true meaning of of I came, I saw, I conqueredI came, I saw, I conquered by by exploring the organization, history, exploring the organization, history, and methods of the Roman war and methods of the Roman war machine. machine.
SPQR:SPQR:SenatusSenatus
Populusque Populusque RomanusRomanus
Five Great EmperorsFive Great EmperorsTRAJANTRAJAN
HADRIANHADRIAN
MARCUS MARCUS AURELIUSAURELIUS
ANTONINUS ANTONINUS PIUSPIUS
NERVUSNERVUS
Trade & UrbanizationTrade & Urbanization
LatifundiaLatifundia Commercial Commercial
agricultureagriculture
Mediterranean tradeMediterranean trade Sea lanes linkedSea lanes linked Roman navyRoman navy
Maintained peaceMaintained peace Free of piratesFree of pirates
City of RomeCity of Rome Urban developmentUrban development
Fueled by prosperityFueled by prosperity
Built:Built: BuildingsBuildings Temples Temples BathsBaths RoadsRoads
11STST USE OF USE OF CONCRETECONCRETE
Roman RoadsRoman Roads
Mare NostrumMare Nostrum
Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts
Roman Arches & DomesRoman Arches & Domes
PANTHEONPANTHEON
Roman BathsRoman Baths
Roman FrigidariumRoman Frigidarium
Roman Central HeatingRoman Central Heating
Roman ForumRoman Forum
Roman Coliseum [Concrete]Roman Coliseum [Concrete]
FLAVIANFLAVIANAMPITHEATERAMPITHEATER
Circus MaximusCircus Maximus
Family & SocietyFamily & Society
PATER FAMILIASPATER FAMILIAS patriarchalpatriarchal Women had some Women had some
influenceinfluence W/I family & businessW/I family & business
Father could:Father could: Determine dutiesDetermine duties PunishPunish Sell into slaverySell into slavery Even executeEven execute
UNEQUAL WEALTHUNEQUAL WEALTH Most land controlled by Most land controlled by
wealthy wealthy
Cultivators & urban Cultivators & urban poor lived:poor lived: At subsistence levelsAt subsistence levels Became serious problemBecame serious problem
No social policyNo social policy No social welfareNo social welfare Just bread & circusesJust bread & circuses
Roman SlaveryRoman Slavery
SlavesSlaves 1/3 of population1/3 of population
Chained together in teamsChained together in teams Worked latifundiaWorked latifundia
Spartacus> led slave uprisingSpartacus> led slave uprising Urban slaves Urban slaves
Could hope for manumissionCould hope for manumission
Pater-FamiliasPater-Familias
Roman VillaRoman Villa
Roman SlaveryRoman Slavery
Religion & PhilosophyReligion & Philosophy
Greek influenceGreek influence Roman deitiesRoman deities
Mirrored Greek deitiesMirrored Greek deities
Later:Later: Religions of Religions of
salvationsalvation ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism
Cult of Cult of Mithras Mithras
Greek influenceGreek influence CiceroCicero
Roman philosopherRoman philosopher StoicismStoicism
Emphasized:Emphasized: Moral independence& Moral independence&
tranquilitytranquility Cultivated by:Cultivated by:
Strict discipline of Strict discipline of body & mindbody & mind
Roman Pantheon of GodsRoman Pantheon of Gods
Cicero & StoicismCicero & Stoicism
CiceroCicero
““To be ignorant of history is to remain To be ignorant of history is to remain always a child” Ciceroalways a child” Cicero
Judaism & ChristianityJudaism & Christianity
JudaismJudaism State cults = State cults =
blasphemyblasphemy Jewish WarJewish War
66-70 CE66-70 CE DiasporaDiaspora
Romans forced Jews Romans forced Jews to leave Palestineto leave Palestine
Dispersed over worldDispersed over world
Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth Charismatic teacherCharismatic teacher
Devotion to God & Devotion to God & love of otherslove of others
TaughtTaught ““Kingdom of God is Kingdom of God is
at hand”at hand” Romans fearedRomans feared Crucified in 30s CECrucified in 30s CE
Diaspora of JudaismDiaspora of Judaism
Roman CrucifixionRoman Crucifixion
Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity Jesus becomes “Christ” after deathJesus becomes “Christ” after death
Disciples spread wordDisciples spread word He did not intend to create new religionHe did not intend to create new religion
Only intended to reform JudaismOnly intended to reform Judaism
Paul of TarsusPaul of Tarsus Spread word to gentilesSpread word to gentiles No longer have to be a JewNo longer have to be a Jew
Christianity becomes missionary religionChristianity becomes missionary religion
Early ChristianityEarly Christianity
Despite Roman repressionDespite Roman repression Grows and spreadsGrows and spreads
Strong appeal to:Strong appeal to: Dignity to:Dignity to:
WomenWomen Poor or lower classesPoor or lower classes
Spiritual equalitySpiritual equality Promise of salvation to true believersPromise of salvation to true believers
Fall of Rome Fall of Rome CAUSESCAUSES
POLITICAL [Military Anarchy]POLITICAL [Military Anarchy]Barracks emperorsBarracks emperors: series of generals : series of generals seized power [Romans killing Romans]seized power [Romans killing Romans]
Caused violent changes from 235 – Caused violent changes from 235 – 284 CE284 CE
Emperor Diocletian divided empire into Emperor Diocletian divided empire into twotwo
Western Empire centered in RomeWestern Empire centered in RomeEastern Empire centered in AnatoliaEastern Empire centered in Anatolia
ConstantineConstantine> new capital in > new capital in ConstantinopleConstantinople
Bad EmperorsBad Emperors
Maxuminus of ThraxMaxuminus of Thrax
COMMODUS COMMODUS 180-192 CE180-192 CE
Philip the Arab Philip the Arab
244-249244-249
Decius Decius
249-251249-251CaracallaCaracalla
Order Restored DiocletianOrder Restored Diocletian
Roman Empire DividedRoman Empire Divided
Fall of RomeFall of RomeCAUSESCAUSES
EconomicEconomic: : Contraction of economies due to Contraction of economies due to
epidemic diseases [biological]epidemic diseases [biological] Invasions strain military / weaken Invasions strain military / weaken
empireempireSize of empire inhibits power to Size of empire inhibits power to
controlcontrol
Economic DeclineEconomic Decline
Fall of RomeFall of RomeCAUSESCAUSES
Military InvasionsMilitary InvasionsGermanic Settlers [I.E.] VisigothsGermanic Settlers [I.E.] Visigoths
Settled agriculturalists on borders of Settled agriculturalists on borders of EmpireEmpire
Kept by Rome as bufferKept by Rome as bufferHunsHuns
Attila lead expeditions out of C. Asia 5Attila lead expeditions out of C. Asia 5thth C. CE C. CE Disappear after death of Attila in 476 CEDisappear after death of Attila in 476 CE
Fall of RomeFall of RomeCAUSESCAUSES
Germanic InvasionsGermanic Invasions Hun pressure pushes Germans into Hun pressure pushes Germans into
EmpireEmpire Alaric [Visigoth] sacked Rome 410 CEAlaric [Visigoth] sacked Rome 410 CE Odovacer [German general] deposed last Odovacer [German general] deposed last
Emperor Romulus AugustusEmperor Romulus Augustus Roman Empire survives in eastern portionRoman Empire survives in eastern portion Nomadic Germans set up state in:Nomadic Germans set up state in:
Spain, Gaul, Britain, and ItalySpain, Gaul, Britain, and Italy
Map of Germanic OriginsMap of Germanic Origins
Hun InvasionsHun Invasions
Attila the HunAttila the Hun
Fall of RomeFall of Rome CAUSES CAUSES
Cultural ChangesCultural ChangesProminence of ChristianityProminence of ChristianityProfound changes in Roman Profound changes in Roman
culturecultureCultural conflict b/w militarist Cultural conflict b/w militarist
Romans & peaceful ChristiansRomans & peaceful ChristiansUltimately changed Roman Ultimately changed Roman
identityidentity
Identity CrisisIdentity Crisis
Enduring QuestionsEnduring Questions
Be prepared to examine the fall of Rome Be prepared to examine the fall of Rome and compare it to other empires and compare it to other empires throughout history, including our own.throughout history, including our own.
Be prepared to evaluate all of Rome’s Be prepared to evaluate all of Rome’s numerous legacies to Western Civilization.numerous legacies to Western Civilization.