Review the Animal Kingdom

• 4 Major Characteristics?

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Heterotrophs

• Cells lack cell walls

7 Essential Functions?

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Circulation

• Excretion

• Response

• Movement

• Reproduction

Trends in Animal Evolution

• Cell specialization and levels of organization?

• Early development?

• Body symmetry?

• Cephalization?

• Coelom?

Brain Encased Skull

jawsBony Skeleton

Lungs

Amniotic Egg

Hard Shells

Fur & Milk Glands

Water flow

Collar Cell

Spicule

Pore cell

Pore

Epidermal cell

Archaeocyte

Osculum

Central cavity

Pores

The Anatomy of a Sponge

Examples: hydra, coral, sea anemone

Examples: jellyfish, portuguese man of war

Cnidarians have two body forms

Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped

Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped

Ecology of Sponges

1.Ideal habitats for marine animals such as snails, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and shrimp

2.Mutually beneficial relationships with bacteria, algae and plant-like protists

Ecology of Cnidarians

• A. Source of new drugs/chemicals sunscreen 855

• B. Provide habitats for marine organisms• C. Source of food for other organisms (like sea

turtles)• D. Symbiotic relationships with other

organisms

3 Groups of Worms?

• Flatworms

• Roundworms

• Segmented Worms

• What do all 3 groups have in common? – Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sexual

reproduction, true organs,

Flatworm adaptation?

• Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and cephalization.

Roundworm Adaptation?

First animals to have a one way digestive system with mouth and anus

First animals to have a fluid filled body cavity called a pseudocoelom- “false body cavity”

Segmented Worm Adaptation?

First animals to have true circulatory system and coelom – body cavity.

Examples of Mollusks?

Major Advancement?

• Well developed nervous system

4 parts to body?

1. Foot-

2. Mantle (covering) –

3. Shell –

4. Visceral mass –

• muscular and modified in each group: used for crawling, burrowing, or may form tentacles for capturing prey

• thin layer that covers most of the body and secretes the shell

• made of calcium carbonate – for protection

• area where internal organs are located.

Classification of Mollusks?

• Classified into three common groups based on shell presence and type and foot modification1. Gastropods2. Bivalves3. Cephalopods

Echinoderms’ Adaptations

• Development similar to vertebrates

• Water Vascular System

Types of Echinoderms

• Sea Stars• Brittle Stars• Sea Urchins• Sand Dollars• Sea Cucumbers

Arthropods “jointed foot”

• Major Groups– Arachnids - Spiders and their relatives– Crustaceans- lobster, shrimp and crayfish– Centipedes – Millipedes– Insects and their relatives – grasshopper,

cricket, roaches, beetles

Arthropods

• Characteristics– Largest group of animals– Have jointed appendages which include

legs, antennae, claws and pincers– Have bilateral symmetry, segmented

bodies, exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system with two openings and a nervous system

– Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually

Arthropods

• Body Segments– Bodies of these animals are divided into

specialized segments

• Exoskeleton– A hard outer covering that supports and

protects the internal body and provides places for muscle to attach.

– Doesn’t grow as the animals does, it is shed and replaced during a process called molting

Exoskeleton

Advantages Disadvantages

1. protection 1. Must molt as animal grows 2. prevents desiccation 2. limits size of animal

Arachnids

• Have two body regions– Cephalothorax and an abdomen

• Four pairs of legs and no antennae• Many are adapted to kill prey with

poison glands, stingers, or fangs• Some are parasites

Black Widow

Arachnids• Scorpions

– Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of abdomen.

– Have a well-developed appendages which they can grab their prey.

• Spiders– Can’t chew their food, release enzymes into

prey to digest it—then suck the predigest liquid into its mouth.

– Have book lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged.

Arachnids

• Mites & Ticks– Most are parasites– Ticks have specialized mouthparts to

remove blood from the host.– Ticks often carry disease such as

Lyme disease.

Centipedes & Millipedes

• Have long bodies and many segments, exoskeleton, jointed legs, antennae and simple eyes.

• Found in damp environments• Reproduce sexually• Centipedes are predators• Millipedes feed on decaying plant

matter.

Centipede Millipede

Crustaceans

Crustaceans• Have one or two pair of antennae

and mandibles, which are used for crushing food.

• Most live in water, but some live in moist environments on land—such as pill bug.

• Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs are claws for catching and holding food.

Crustaceans

• Swimmerets are appendages on the abdomen which help in movement and are used in reproduction; also force water over the gills used in O2 and CO2 exchange

Chelipeds – capture prey & defense

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Antennule - balance

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Antennule - balance

Rostrum - protection

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Antennule - balance

Rostrum - protection

Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Antennule - balance

Rostrum - protection

Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax

Swimmerets- swimming

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Antennule - balance

Rostrum - protection

Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax

Swimmerets- swimming

Uropod- steering-

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Antennule - balance

Rostrum - protection

Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax

Swimmerets- swimming

Uropod- steering-

X -

telson -

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Antennule - balance

Rostrum - protection

Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax

Swimmerets- swimming

Uropod- steering-

X -

telson-

Carapace – outer covering of body

Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste

Antennule - balance

Rostrum - protection

Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax

Swimmerets- swimming

Uropod- steering-

X -

telson -

Carapace – outer covering of body

Walking Legs

Green gland- removes liquid waste

Green gland- removes liquid waste

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Green gland- removes liquid waste

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Gill Chamber

Green gland- removes liquid waste

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Gill Chamber

swimmerets

Green gland- removes liquid waste

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Gill Chamber

swimmerets

anus

Green gland- removes liquid waste

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Gill Chamber

swimmerets

anus

Telson- backward movement

Mandible – grind food

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Gill Chamber

swimmerets

anus

Telson- backward movement

Mandible – grind food

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Gill Chamber

swimmerets

anus

Telson- backward movement

uropod

Mandible – grind food

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Gill Chamber

swimmerets

anus

Telson- backward movement

uropod

Walking legs

Mandible – grind food

Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Gill Chamber

swimmerets

anus

Telson- backward movement

uropod

Walking legscheliped

Insects

• Have three body regions1.Head

– Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth

2.Thorax– Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs

of wings if present are attached here

3.Abdomen– Where reproductive structures are found

Insects• Bilateral Symmetry, cephalization, and

well developed nervous systems• Have an open circulatory system that

carries digestive food to cells and removes wastes

• Insect blood doesn’t carry O2 instead air enters and exits through openings called spiracles found on the abdomen and thorax

• Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly

Have some of the most specialized adaptations of all arthropods

Insects success

• Insects are extremely successful based these reasons– Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton– Ability to fly– Rapid reproduction cycles– Small sizes– Use a variety of food sources

• Insects have other adaptations that allow them to be successful

Insects & Food

• Feed on a number of things have different mouth parts to obtain food

• Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles for chewing

• Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for lapping up nectar

• Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts that are adapted for piercing into plants or other organisms

Value of Arthropods

• A source of food• Agriculture would be impossible

without bees and other insects to pollinate crops

• Useful chemicals are obtain from some arthropods

• Important part of ecological community

Controlling Insects

• Not all arthropods are of value some are pests that carry disease or can damage crops

Controlling Insects

• Common ways to control insects– Insecticides, but these also kill non-

harmful insects– Biological controls

• Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be used to control insects

• Natural predators being released to kill the harmful insect

• Some how interfere with reproduction of the particular insect

Insect Metamorphosis & Crayfish Diagram

Eggs laid by adult

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Larva – feeds on leaves

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Larva – feeds on leaves

Mature Larva attaches to twig

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Larva – feeds on leaves

Mature Larva attaches to twig

Larva begins to pupate (change)

Pupa inside chrysalis

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Larva – feeds on leaves

Mature Larva attaches to twig

Larva begins to pupate (change)

Pupa inside chrysalis

Adult emerges from chrysalis

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Larva – feeds on leaves

Mature Larva attaches to twig

Larva begins to pupate (change)

Pupa inside chrysalis

Adult emerges from chrysalis

Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Larva – feeds on leaves

Mature Larva attaches to twig

Larva begins to pupate (change)

Pupa inside chrysalis

Adult emerges from chrysalis

Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly

What are the 4 stages of Complete Metamorphosis

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Larva – feeds on leaves

Mature Larva attaches to twig

Larva begins to pupate (change)

Pupa inside chrysalis

Adult emerges from chrysalis

Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly

Complete Metamorphosis

Egg

Larva

Pupa

Adult

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva

Larva – feeds on leaves

Mature Larva attaches to twig

Larva begins to pupate (change)

Pupa inside chrysalis

Adult emerges from chrysalis

Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly

Complete Metamorphosis

Egg

Larva

Pupa

Adult

Advantages:

1. Adults & larvae do not compete for same food source

Adult lays eggs

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

molt

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

molt

molt

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

molt

molt

molt

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

molt

molt

molt

Adult- able to reproduce

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

molt

molt

molt

Adult- able to reproduce

What are the three stages of incomplete metamorphosis?

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

molt

molt

molt

Adult- able to reproduce

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Egg

Nymph

Adult

Adult lays eggs

Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

molt

molt

molt

Adult- able to reproduce

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Egg

Nymph

Adult

Advantage:

1. Nymphs only job is to eat; adults only reproduce – increases reproductive success