Post on 11-Feb-2018
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER - IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is a vital Pre-requisite for any social research as it
shows well in advance the quantum of literature unfolded on a given subject along
with its length and breadth. Though, several studies on e-learning and its resources
in general and in academic libraries in particular, have been undertaken, studies on
e-learning seems to have very limited in their strength, more particularly in India.
Some of such important studies that deserve to as review of literature:
Shukla & Mishra (2011)1 reported extent to which research scholars of
institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University are aware of making use of
e-resources to highlight the problems faced by them in accessing e-resources.
Their views on usefulness of e-resources compared to that of print resources and
the place form where they prefer to access information. The Research scholars
prefer e-resources against print resources because of its various good features for
their research progress and are looking in future to have more e-resource access
within university campus with better internet connectivity.
Madhusudhan & Aggarwal (2011)2 opined under the title “Web-based
online public access catalogues of IIT libraries in India: an evaluative study”. The
purpose of the paper is to examine the various features and components of web-
based online public access catalogues (OPACs) of IIT libraries in India with the
help of specially designed evaluation checklist. The design/methodology/approach
of various features of the web-based OPACs in six IIT libraries (IIT Delhi,
Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, Guwahati, and Roorkee) are evaluated. The evaluation
approach taken was similar to that of Luong and Liew with minor modifications,
comprising 122 dichotomous questions with 174 features, categorized as 11 broad
categories.
59
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ali & Nisha (2011)3 study highlights on e-journals awareness and use
among research scholars of Central Science Library; University of Delhi found
that more than 60 percent of users in the Central Science Library are using
e-journals weekly for the purpose of research. Print journals are also consulted by
the users compared with e-journals. Keyword is the most popular search method
for searching e-journals among research scholars, whereas the date of publication
carries the least percentage among all the options. However, it is found that slow
downloading of PDF files is the major problem that would discourage users while
using e-journals.
Satpathy & Rout (2010)4 conducted a study under the title of “Use of
E-resources by the faculty members with special reference to C.V. Raman College
of Engineering (CVRCE), Bhubaneswar”. The aim of the study was to assess and
evaluate the use of e-resources by the faculty members of CVRCE, Bhubaneswar,
with a view to examine the exposure of faculty members to e-resources. The
authors investigate the use of e-resources by the faculty members of CVRCE
through a survey based on structured questionnaire. Various statistical methods
have been used for data analysis. The study confirmed the faculty members are
aware of the e-resources and various types of e-resource, e-database and e-
journals. It suggests for the improvement in the access facilities with high internet
speed and subscription to more e-resources by the central library of CVRCE,
Bhubaneswar.
Raza & Upashyay (2010)5 examined the usage to e-journals by researchers
at DU and AMU that most of the researchers are aware of e-journals and most of
the researchers use them for their research purpose. Most of the researchers fully
agree that with the usage of e-journal the quality of research work improves. Most
of the researchers access e-journals in computer centre. It is found that lack of
training is the obstacle in proper and full utilization of e-journals.
60
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Natarajan, K. & Others (2010)6 carried out a survey of faculty members
and research scholars on use and user perception of e-resources in Annamalai
University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Despite availability of wide range
of e-resources the frequency of their use was low. The reasons identified for this
was lack of time, awareness and lack of subject coverage as well as slow
downloading.
Ansari & Zuberi (2010)7 examined the use of electronic resources and
services at University of Karachi. Majority of the study population in the
university (97.1%) were able to use computers independently. The research results
have shown that majority of academic populations studies indicate a high level of
satisfaction with the emergence and use of electronic resources. Findings of the
University of Karachi have indicated that the academicians are satisfied with
available electronic resources. More than three-fifths (65.7%) of the study
population are quite satisfied and 31.4% are unsatisfied. This shows that nearly all
are quite satisfied.
Walmiki & Ramakrishnegowda (2009)8 reported in a survey of university
libraries in Karnataka, outlined the status of ICT infrastructure of selected six
university libraries. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the
university librarians. The data collected include details of hardware infrastructure
like availability of servers i.e. PC’s, Laptops, printers, scanners etc. Software
facilities for automat ion of housekeeping operations, digital library activities are
included in the survey. Availability of campus LAN and internet facilities to
provide access to information sources are detailed in the study. The survey reveals
that most of the libraries lack sufficient hardware and software facilities, and
internet with required bandwidth. The university libraries have to plan, implement
61
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
and develop ICT infrastructure to exploit the benefits of digital information
environment.
Singh, K. P. & Others (2009)9 reported that the study of the current state-
of-the-art and use, applications of ICT in LICs in Noida. The study is based on 25
LICs of public, government, corporate, public, and private enterprises in Noida.
The data was collected through a structured questionnaire through mail/e-mail
among the librarians of selected institutions. The study tries to find the opinion of
the librarians about the barriers in application of ICT in LICs and their attitudes
towards adopting the technology. The results show that lack of awareness, interest
and initiation of library professionals towards ICT applications in the library are
the major barriers of ICT applications in the LICs even though the attitude of the
librarians towards ICT application/use in the LICs was very positive. The majority
of LICs in Noida has good hardware, software facilities to some extent but ICT
based services, and products are not reaching the users to the extent expected due
to the problems of inadequate finance, infrastructure and trained library
professionals leaving available ICT infrastructure underutilized. Therefore, it is
essential that ICT resources should be enhanced, an ICT skilled staff should be
increased or trained in using and handling ICT.
Sharma, Chetan (2009)10 examined the existence of various e-resources
databases in Guru Gobind Singh, Indraprasth University Library, New Delhi. They
also highlighted the preferences and importance of online resources among the
teachers and research scholars.
Rao & Choudhury (2009)11 conducted a study under the title of
“Availability of Electronic resources at NIT Libraries in India: A Study”. The
objectives of the study were to investigate electronic resources available at
National Institutes of Technology (NITs) libraries across the country. The
62
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
electronic resources consist of online journals databases, COROM material and
audio/video course materials. The survey finds majority of libraries use 11 to 15
number of online journals databases, whereas 25 percent libraries have the facility
of more than 16 number of online journals databases. Very few libraries (20%)
indicate that they have less than 10 online journals databases at their end. A total
of 85 percent of libraries have the facilities of e-resources in CO-ROMs/OVOs
from. About 90 percent of libraries obtain audio/video course materials. This study
also reveals the zone-wise performance among NIT libraries in India with respect
to electronic resources availability. The south zone (75%) libraries have better-off
in compression with the other zones libraries.
Khan, A. M. & Others (2009)12 examined the use of e-journals and
databases by faculty members and research scholars of the Jawaharlal Nehru
University (JNU) and Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) University, Delhi, India. All the
respondents were aware of the availability of these resources and largely used
them for reference purposes in their research work and studies. The degree of
usefulness and utilization of online databases was high among the respondents.
Kamba, M. A. (2009)13 e-learning is self-paced, provides consistent
content, faster and works anywhere at any time for learners. The instructional
materials are easily updated and permit the use of multimedia which leads to
reinforced learning through the use of video, audio, quizzes and other forms of
interaction. As the world is changing, the learning scenario is changing with it i.e.
the world with the introduction of information and communication technology,
which gives room to the new concept called e-learning. E-learning can improve
retention, provide immediate feedback and allows learners to customize learning
materials to meet their individual needs.
63
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Joteen, R. K. & Others (2009)14 carried out a survey under the title “Use
of internet based e-resources at Manipur University: a survey”, described on the
use of the electronic information focusing on the internet services by the users of
Manipur University Library. Furthermore they examine the utilization purpose,
difficulties and satisfaction level of users about internet based e-resource service
provided by the library. A structured questionnaire was randomly distributed
among 800 user of the library comprising of PG students, research scholars,
teacher and other non teaching staff member during April 2006 April 2007. They
concluded that low speed internet access, erratic power supply and lack of required
full text journals are problem with regard to the user of internet based e-resource.
Chirra & Madhusudhan (2009)15 assessed the use of e-journals by
doctoral research scholars, the study reveals that 100 percent (96) of the
respondents are aware of the e-journals and access the UGC Infonet Digital
Library Consortium through GUL and IC website. Majority of users (98 percent)
use UGC-Infonet e-journals for their research work (thesis). The most common
problem faced by the respondents is that there is difficulty in accessing full text
and a majority (95 percent) of the respondents replied that more journals are
needed.
Baljinder & Verma (2009)16 examined the use of electronic resources and
services at the central library of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. The study
showed that most of the users 88% were aware of the e-resources and services.
Most of the users 71% preferred to use both print and electronic formats, 17.45%
electronic only and 11.52% print. It was also indicated that the users were
accessing these resources from hostels and departments more as compared to the
library resulting in decreased users' visits to the library.
64
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Agarwal & Dave (2009)17 have studied the use of internet by the scientists
and research scholars of Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
was assessed on the basis of the results of a questionnaire survey in CAZRI,
Jodhpur. Further, it also attempts to assess the frequency of use, location where
used search engine accessed, purpose of use etc. The study revealed that the
respondents accessed Google search frequently (100%) followed by Yahoo
(85.29%). It is also observed that all most equal (97.06%) respondents use the
internet for education and research. The strong desire of respondents is that the
library initiates various functions and services like e-portals, on-line information
and abstracts retrieval along with internet.
Vishala & Bhandi (2008)18 elaborated that electronic publishing is an
important media of the new Information Technology. E-journals are attracting
readers attention in today’s networked environment. These e-resources are main
vehicles used by researchers for scholarly communication. The present study
revealed that there is increased acceptance of e-journals by the university
academicians and also by the information centre. The study also demonstrated that
all the librarians are fully acquainted with the benefits of e-journals and agreed
that the electronic journals have and will continue to have an impact on the library
services, library staff and on the information services. They concluded that
e-resources have changed the way of research is done and the information
obtained through electronic form has greatly improved the results of the research.
Veenapani S. & Others (2008)19 stated that the e-resources are highly
useful for the research and academic community in the present digital environment
in which the UGC-INFONET has to play a significant role to assist the academic
community in the provision of this unique service to academic and research
community. They also suggested that for the improvement of the system required
to be translated in to reality by the authority of Manipur University so that
65
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
effectiveness and accountability of the same can be maintained to serve the users
community in a better way.
Upadhyay & Chakrabarty (2008)20 reported the use of online journals and
databases and their awareness among researchers of IT-BHU. It examined the
awareness of researchers and use of online journals databases available through
UGC-INFONET, INDEST consortia. They also highlights some suggestions given
by the users for improvement of online resources like some more awareness and
training campaign programme is required with the help of experts from the online
publishing agency, time of using to access the e-resources of the library should be
increased and; some required e-journals must be subscribed by the library those
are much more useful for the users.
Sujathan & Mudhol (2008)21 examined the “Use of Electronic Information
Sources (EIS) by the teachers/scientists, research scholars and postgraduate
students in the college of fisheries, Mangalore”. The objective of the study to
identify the constraints faced by the respondents while using the EIS and the
access the satisfaction level of the users with access to EIS in their institution. The
questionnaire was administered using a simple random sampling technique. It is
observed that majority of the respondents have rich experience in the use EIS,
where (71.5%) have more than three years of experience. E-mail is the most
frequently used e-information source followed by web sources. Among the various
fisheries information source in electronic format, subject specific information
websites (79%) international/regional institution websites (75.3%), e-journals
(65.5%), (CD-ROM) bibliographic database (60.5%), research project sites
(56.8%) and professional association websites (54.3%) are found to be used by the
majority of the respondents.
66
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Okello-Obura & Magara (2008)22 investigated electronic information
access and utilization at the East African School of Library and Information
Science, Makerere University, Uganda. Out of the 250 targeted students, 190
responded, giving a response rate of 76%. The study revealed that users derived lot
of benefits from electronic resources gaining access to wider range of information
and improved academic performance as a result of access to quality information.
Nisha, Faizul & Others (2008)23 examined the use of the INDEST-AICTE
consortium of MHRD and UGC-INFONET consortium of INFLIBNET by users
of IIT Delhi and Delhi University. The results have indicated that majority of users
are aware about INDEST and UGC-INFONET consortia at IIT Delhi and Delhi
University. Most of users access INDEST and UGC-INFONET consortia through
e-databases. Slow downloading; lack of maintenance, lack of training, lack of
infrastructure and language etc. are the major problems that would discourage
users for accessing resources on INDEST and UGC-INFONET.
Moghaddam & Talawar (2008)24 investigated the use of scholarly
e-journals at the Indian Institute of Science. The results of the survey reflect a
growing interest in electronic journals among users at the IIS. The results showed
a growing interest in electronic journals among the users at IIS. Electronic journals
were mostly used for research needs and PDF was the most preferred format. The
fact that users have free access to electronic journals at all hours from their own
computers seems to be the most appealing feature.
Madhusudhan, M. (2008)25 carried out studies on the use of electronic
resources by teachers, students and research scholars of universities and research
organizations. 78% of the respondents feel that the use of the UGC-Infonet
e-journals has created high dependency value on their research work and they
needed current article alert services and electronic document supply services.
67
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Lau & Woods (2008)26 investigates on user perception and attitudes
towards learning objects. This study empirically evaluated the technology
acceptance model drawn from literature on Information Systems (IS) to investigate
how user beliefs and attitudes influence learning-object use among higher
education learners. The findings clearly showed that an individual’s attitude
towards the use on the learning object is significantly influenced by the
individual’s perception about ease of use and usefulness. User perceptions of
usefulness had an even stronger influence on attitudes than user’s perceptions of
the learning objects ease of use Judged by its direct relationship to attitude and
behavioral intention to use perceived usefulness was found to be the most
significant factor influencing the user’s acceptance of learning objects. At the
same time behavioral intention to use the learning objects was highly related to the
attitude and perceived usefulness.
Kumar & Kumar (2008)27 highlighted six reasons for using electronic
information sources. Users in the study use electronic sources in support of their
study (70%) and teaching (59%). One-third of respondents used the sources for
project work. 88% of medical science users accessed electronic information
sources for study, followed by engineering (67%) and management studies (55%)
respectively.
Kumar, Ashok & Others (2008)28 examined the use of electronic resource
by scholars and identified their acceptance toward e-learning. It focused
particularly on how frequently the scholars are using the e-resource. The study
also determined the purpose of using electronic resources. They concluded that
still few scholars are depending on printed information sources and consulting
indexes, abstracts and journals in the library, but they must adopt the current
transformation the scientific communication systems, which is now progressing at
68
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
speed they cannot easily escape. The e-publishing will continue to evolve, mutate
and change as technology and society evolve.
Kanniyappan, E. & Others (2008)29 conducted a study titled “Use and
Impact of e-resources in an Academic and Research environment: a case study”.
This article describes briefly a survey conducted at Anna University Library,
Chennai (Tamil Nadu) to find out the use of different types of electronic resources
and services and their impact on the academic development of faculty members.
Also described are the problems faced in using the electronic resources and the
success rate of satisfaction in getting the required information on e-resources
services. The findings were found that all the respondents used computers/online
services (100%). Regarding the e-information services, (53.47%) of the staff
members are fully satisfied, e-mail (60.67%), internet (56.67%), OPAC system
(58%) and online journals (56.67%), researchers found that online e-journals are
very useful to (48.60%), university library site to (40%) and research project sites
to (33.67%) of the staff majority of the respondents (52.66%) used the e-journal of
more that the printed journals and (32%) of the e-journal and printed journals
equally. The present survey reveals that most of the faculty members are aware of
the availability of electronic resources and they are being used frequently for their
teaching purposes.
Gupta, Vibha (2008)30 examined the usage of e-journals by the research
scholar in the University of Lucknow. The survey revealed that all research
scholars are aware of e-journals and most of them use both printed and e-journals.
Furthermore stated that all though many problems are faced by the research
scholars to access the e-journals but overall maximum are shifted with the use and
accessibility of e-journals. At last author concluded that e-journals cannot replace
with traditional sources.
69
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Dilek-Kayaoglu, Hulya (2008)31 in their study examined the use of
electronic journals. The study confirm that almost two-thirds of the respondents
stated they were very frequent users of e-journals, majority of them were from
health science, while just 22 percent of the respondents indicated that they were
very frequent users of printed journals. The 72.5 percent of the respondents
supported the transition from print to e- only journals. The major barriers to use
e-journals were the lack of sufficient subscriptions in their discipline is particularly
noteworthy and clearly indicates that the library should increase the number of e-
journal subscriptions.
Chopra, H. S. (2008)32 stated that the survey of faculty members, research
scholars and students regarding use of e-resources is very encouraging. Awareness
of e-resources is must for the users of any university library. He also stated that
manuscript writing continued for thousands of years. Invention of printing press
was considered a great revolution but advent of information technology has
absolutely changed the working of all spheres within a decade and libraries are no
exception. Libraries of India have accepted the new role. Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar is trying its best to use the e-resources.
Bharati & Zaidi (2008)33 described the use of e-journals and databases
subscribed by UGC-INFONET consortium by the users of Aligarh Muslim
University. Besides extensively covering the use of e-journals and e-databases, the
paper also examined the utilization and satisfaction levels of users with respect to
e-journals and e-databases. They concluded the e-resources are highly useful for
the research and academic community in the present electronic environment. They
also suggested that the academic community the authorities of the university
library must conduct the user awareness programs to train the research and
academic community in the maximum utilization of these electronic resources
more effectively and efficiently at the AMU campus.
70
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Singh, Balwan & Others (2007)34 stated that the concept of library is
changing very fast due to impact of ICT. Now the libraries will not have only
printed collections but also digital resources, which are not seen physically. The
technology has forced the library to digitize information. Keeping in view of all
this libraries will need redefining or reengineering as they may be named as
Knowledge Management Centers, Cyberary, Ebrary, Virtual Library and Digital
Library. No doubt technology will play major role in changing the shape of
libraries in the time to come yet basic material will remain the same. Whatever the
technology may come and find use in the library for the benefit of users to access
the information as fast mode of communication and whatever nomenclature may
be given to library, but it is hardly matter that the print media will hold the vein of
library for the society.
Selim, H. M. (2007)35 identified eight CSF on e-learning acceptance. Those
are instructor characteristics student characteristics (computer competency,
interactive collaboration and e-learning course and design) technology (ease of
access and infrastructure) and support. The most critical indicators were
instructor’s attitude towards interactive learning and teaching via e-learning
technologies. The survey also concluded that previous student experience with
personal computers came as the most critical factor within the student characters.
In the technological dimension the ease of use of the course website was the most
critical factor followed, by browser efficiency and screen design. Author assumed
that these eight e-learning critical success factor (CSF) categories can assist
university and instructor to efficiently and effectively adopt e-learning
technologies.
Salako & Tiamiyu (2007)36 surveyed the use of search engines for research
by postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Copies of 327
questionnaires were analyzed and it was found that most of the postgraduate
71
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
students responding were aware of and had become familiar with the internet
before the start of their postgraduate courses. The details on how they learnt to use
search engine, more than half of the respondents were taught by friends, less than
half learnt to use it by trial and error while a few were taught at a computer school.
Rasool-Abadi, Masood (2007)37 in his study entitled “Kordesstan Medical
Science Faculty Members Awareness with search skills and strategies in Internet”
assessed faculty members awareness with search skills in the internet. Descriptive-
analytical method was used for research method. Two sets of questionnaires were
used for data collection (one for collecting search skills data and another for
gathering computer skills data). 140 questionnaires were distributed among 140
faculty members. 100 questionnaires were completed and returned back to
researcher. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS. Result showed that 58.7% of
respondents were not familiar with search skills in the Internet and 42.2% did not
use search techniques. 49% of respondents used Google search engines in their
search. 50% were not aware of information coverage of Ovid, Blackwell and
Elsevier databanks. 58% of respondents used computer and 54% internet
frequently.
Gomez, E. & Others (2007)38 reported survey finding of study entitled
“Utilizing Web Tools for Computer-Mediated Communication to Enhance Team-
Based Learning.” This article presents the results from pilot assessments of
computer-supported team based-learning. Team-based learning is an active
learning instructional strategy used in the traditional face-to-face classroom. Web-
based Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) tools complement the face-to-
face classroom and enable active learning between face-to-face class times. The
authors utilized pedagogical approaches grounded in collaborative learning
techniques, such as team-based learning, and extended the set techniques to a
Web-based environment through the use of computer-mediated communications
72
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
tools (discussion web-boards).This approach was examined through field studies
in the course of two semesters at a US public technological university. The
findings indicate that the perceptions of team learning experience such as
perceived motivation, enjoyment, and learning in such a Web-based CMC
environment are higher than in traditional face-to-face courses. In addition, our
result show that perceived team members’ contribution impact individual learning
experiences. Overall, Web-based CMC tools are found to effectively facilitate
team interactions and achieve higher level learning.
Ekwelem, V. O. & Others (2007)39 described Electronic Information
Sources as information sources that are available and can be accessed
electronically through such computer networked facilities as online library
catalogues, the internet, the World Wide Web and digital libraries. Electronic
Information Sources have increasingly become an invaluable asset in education,
research, teaching and learning. Electronic Information Sources have transformed
the conduct of research and teaching in universities by allowing faculty members a
wide range of opportunity for accessing accurate and timely information on
various subjects.
Borrego & Urbano (2007)40 surveyed on users of a package of electronic
journals in the field of chemistry and submitted almost 100 percent respondents
preferred PDF format for downloading the e-journal articles than the HTML
format. The results provided that the opportunity to better understand users
behavior for e-journals and established that this behavior does not vary significant
from that observed in studies undertaken in other geographical contexts. The
results showed that there is a strong correlation between the number of articles
downloaded and abstracts viewed of a title, so that the rankings of titles by articles
downloaded and abstracts viewed are practically identical.
73
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Borrego, A. & Other (2007)41 reported that there have been many studies
of users of electronic resources in the professional literature in the last few years.
The main conclusion of this review is that electronic resources have been rapidly
adopted in academic spheres, though the behaviour varies according to the
discipline.
Asefeh & Nosrat (2007)42 surveyed & investigate the relationships
between awareness and use of digital resources among students in Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences. A questionnaire was design with descriptive
method was randomly used for survey. 250 users of the Medical libraries and
information centers affiliated to Isfahan university of Medical Sciences were taken
for survey. The results were founding the paper titled “Awareness and use of
digital resources in the libraries of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran”
that 70 percent of students were aware of digital resources, but 69 percent have
used them, 62 percent were aware of, off line data bases and 19 percent were only
using them through Central library LAN network. About 70 percent were aware of
online databases, accessible via Central library website and 53 percent have used
them in total 87 percent of students felt that the available data met their
information needs. Frequent periodic orientation and lack of education on use of
offline databases and fewer terminals connected to the server in the central library,
due to theses factor students h d less use offline databases. Users are faced
problems like low speed connectivity and shortage of hardware facilities.
Raza & Upadhyay (2006)43 a study was carried out to find the usage of
e-journals by the researchers at Aligarh Muslim University. They used
questionnaire method to find out purpose and place used by research scholars for
using e-journals. The survey reveals that all the researchers are aware of e-journals
in AMU. Many research scholars are consulting e-journals from their departmental
labs and computer centers, not only for research purposes but also to update their
74
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
own knowledge. Some problems like lack of training and slow downloading has
been found and the researchers felt about the need for print journals as well as
electronic journals.
Natarajan, M. (2006)44 described “Use of On line Technology for
Multimedia Education.” The author focused that the content, media and
administration are the main areas for better multimedia education using online
technology. With the advent of Information Communication Technology (ICT)
and the growth of the Internet, particularly the web has changed the way of giving
the curriculum materials to the students in online environment. Along with the
print material, the materials are given in e-formats also. The online teaching tools
like e-mail, discussion list, chat mode, lecture notes via web, use of computer
mediated communication, interactive web tutorials, CD-ROM materials and
virtual environments helps now-a-days for better understanding by the student
community. The successful use of online technology depends on well designed
and planned courses, infrastructure and price considerations, capacity and training
in the chosen technology, local design and proper pre-testing and relative ease of
access for the students. Technology such as video and the internet can be
combined with hands on activities to enhance critical thinking and support
learning skills. In India, distance education is provided through Radio, TV, CD-
ROM and contact classes on weekly holidays. Some private institutions have
started using the online technology for educating the students. The author
concluded that Indian Universities and Higher Educational Institutions should
adopt this technology for easy understanding of education programmes.
Maharana, Bulu & Others (2006)45 studied on “Scholarly Use of Web
Resources in LIS Research: A Citation Analysis.” The essential purpose of this
paper is to measure the amount of web resources used for scholarly contributions
in the area of library and information science (LIS) in India. It is further aimed to
75
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
analyses the nature and type of web resources and study the various standards for
web citations. In this study, analysis of 292 web citations spread over 95 scholarly
papers published in the proceedings of the National Conference of the Society for
Information Science, India (SIS-2005) has been reported. All the 292 web
citations were scanned and data relating to types of web domains, file formats,
styles of citations, etc., were collected through a structured check list. The data
thus obtained were systematically analyzed, figurative representations were made
and appropriate interpretations were drawn. Findings of the study revealed that
292 (34.88 percent) out of 837 were web citations, proving a significant
correlation between the use of internet resources and research productivity of LIS
professionals in India. The highest number of web citations (35.6 percent) was
from.edu/.ac type domains. Most of the web resources (46.9 percent) cited in the
study was hypertext markup language (HTML) files. An originality/value of the
paper is the result of an original analysis of web citations undertaken in order to
study the dependence of LIS professionals in India on web sources for their
scholarly contributions. This carries research value for web content providers,
authors and researchers in LIS.
Lohar & Roopashree (2006)46 analyzed the use of electronic resources and
how the electronic resources are improving the academic carrier of the faculty
members of college and universities. They also tried to find out the problems
facing by the faculty members at time of accessing the e-resources and concluded
that the main intention of the use of electronic resources of faculty members is the
academic interest. The speed of availability and the ease of accessibility of
information make the faculty members to use electronic resources in academic
environment.
Kumar & Kaur (2006)47 studied “Internet Use by Teachers and Students
in Engineering Colleges of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh States of India:
76
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
An Analysis.” The aim of this study was to analyze the use of the internet and
related issues among the teachers and the students of engineering colleges in
India’s three States of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. A well structured
questionnaire was distributed among the 1980 teachers and students of all the
engineering colleges of the three states of India. The response rate was 80.9%. The
present study demonstrates and elaborates the various aspects of internet use, such
as frequency of internet use, methods used for learning of internet skill, most
frequently used place for internet use, purposes for which the internet is used, use
of internet services, ways to browse the information from the internet, problems
faced by the users and satisfaction level of users with the internet facilities
provided in the college. The result of the survey also provides information about
the benefits of the internet over conventional documents. The study was conducted
particularly to find an answer to the question as to whether the internet can replace
library services. It was found that the internet has become a vital instrument for
teaching, research and learning process of these respondents. Some suggestions
are set forth to make the service more beneficial for the academic community of
the engineering colleges under study.
Kaur & Verma (2006)48 surveyed in this study to know the use of library
service and awareness of electronic resources. This paper also examined the
interest of the users about internet, UGC-INFONET, CD-ROM databases and
other services provided by the library. It is observed that users use fewer amount
of e-resources due to lack of awareness of various electronic sources and
suggested that library should provide user education/awareness programe for the
users of e-resources.
Jange & Samy (2006)49 evaluated the use of the internet as an information
source by libraries of National Institutes of Technology in India. Using the
questionnaire method data is collected from seventeen National Institutes of
77
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Technology spread across the country. Some of the main objectives of the study
are to understand the perceptions of internet technology by library professionals,
to identify the purpose of using internet by library, and to explore the use of
internet services and its impact on library activities and services. It is observed that
all the libraries perceive internet as a communication tool and see it as a
supplement to the online library. Among the internet services, email, online
databases and WWW are the most frequently used internet services by the
librarians. The results indicate that, the libraries make use of internet mainly for
identifying latest books and journals in acquisition and serials control activities of
library. Search engines are the ultimate mode of searching information and
colleagues assist in getting the desired information. The results indicate that the
libraries of NIT accept the significance of internet in library activities and services.
The librarians have to reorient themselves, and adopt the new technology to
generate services and resources where skills of structuring and organizing
resources are put to its best use.
Hantington, P & Others (2006)50 used transaction log analysis, a recent
method to trace journals usage in the digital environment in their research paper
titled “Article Decay in the Digital Environment: An Analysis of Usage of Ohio
LINK by date of publication, Employing Deep Log Methods”. Deep log analysis
(DLA) is a methodology developed by the Centre for Information Behavior and
the Evaluation of Research (CIBER) team at UCL (University College London).
The finding of the study showed that for different kinds of articles viewed, people
who just viewed a table of contents page were far more likely to be current
awareness “checkers” while those who viewed a journal issue and also went on to
view an article or abstract were more likely to view older articles.
Emojorho & Adomi (2006)51 contributed a survey on “An Assessment of
the Use of Information Technology Facilities for Academic Pursuit”. Study is
78
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
aimed at looking at the extent to which staff of Delta State University, Abraka,
Nigeria are acquainted with information technology and use IT facilities for
academic pursuit Design/methodology/approach. The main instruments used for
collecting data were questionnaires and interviews. Simple percentage was the
statistical method employed. The data collected through the use of the
questionnaire and interviews reveal that most of the staff are not only aware of the
existence of IT facilities, but also employ them to satisfy their academic desires.
The study, epileptic power supply was adjudged the worst problem encountered in
the use of IT facilities, while other problems include high internet service charges,
unreliable telecommunication infrastructure, internet traffic congestion due to
limited bandwidth and unsatisfactory performance of the internet service provider.
Originality/value of the study acts as an eye-opener to the staff and management of
Delta State University those of institutions of higher learning in Nigeria as a
whole, as well as the government of the day, as to the true state of affairs relative
to how far and well we have advanced in the application of IT for developmental
purposes in a world that has gone so far in it, and try as much as possible to bridge
the gap.
Chestnutt & Reynolds (2006)52 conducted a study of 457 dentists in Wales
to identify how patient information on the internet has influenced the delivery of
oral care and the use practitioners make of the internet. 39 percent of respondents
agreed that information gained from the internet had led to patients demanding
inappropriate care.
Ajuwon, Grace A. (2006)53 conducted a study of the physicians use of the
internet for health information for patient care at the University College Hospital
(UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. The findings revealed that 98% of the respondents had
used the internet. A majority 76% accessed the internet from cyber cafes. 90%
reported that they had obtained information from the internet for patient care of
this number, 76.2% had searched a database.
79
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Agbonlahor, Rosemary O. (2006)54 the study titled, “Motivation for Use
of Information Technology by University Faculty: A Developing Country
Perspective” examined factors which motivate lecturers in Nigerian Universities to
use Information Technology (IT). A diffusion of innovations perspective was
adopted for the study. The study employed a questionnaire for data collection. One
thousand lecturers from ten universities in Nigeria were sampled. Seven hundred
and eighteen completed questionnaires were found usable. The results found that
perceived usefulness (relative advantage) and perceived ease of use (complexity)
significantly influence the use of IT by lecturers in Nigerian universities. In
addition, ease of use was found to be a stronger motivator for IT use than
perceived usefulness. Furthermore, both training and level of access to IT
significantly influenced the number of computer applications used by lecturers. In
addition, level of access to IT was a significant predictor of both the number of
computer applications used by lecturers and the frequency with which they used
computers. The study concludes that even though innovation characteristics are
important predictors of the adoption of IT by Nigerian university lecturers,
organizational factors such as providing training and easy access to IT are even
more important. Thus, programs aimed at integrating IT into developing country
universities should provide effective and well-targeted training programs as well
as easy access to IT for lecturers.
Ojo & Akande (2005)55 surveyed a total of 350 respondents examined
students access, usage and awareness of electronic information resources at the
University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. The study revealed that the
level of usage of the electronic information resources is not high. A major problem
however identified is lack of information retrieval skills for exploiting electronic
resources, thus making the level of usage of resources by medical students very
low.
80
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Mudawi, Mohamed Salah Eldin (2005)56 conducted a research on “The
Use of the Internet and E-mail among Sudanese Librarians: A Survey Report.”
The objective of this research paper is to assess how the internet is used, in
particular for e mail-based library services in Sudan. This research is based on
primary data: a structured field survey was conducted among six information
institutions in Sudan. Because the number of librarians in these institutions was
thought manageable, all librarians in the selected institutions were surveyed. The
response rate reached 88.1%. The SPSS package was used for data analysis and
the alpha value found to be 79 percent. Findings: The major patterns of the internet
were use: Chat sessions, checking e-mails and surfing professional sites. Majority
of the samples did not utilize e-mail for library services as such. The low use of
the internet resources for library services was due to inadequate access and
inadequate time that can be devoted to the internet activity, rather than a matter of
lacking skills per se. But it was also found that there was a real need for training
on using the internet for library services. Moreover, lack of English language skills
were a factor: findings indicated that there is a positive correlation between the
level of English language proficiency and the level of using the internet. Research
limitations/implications for practical reasons the fieldwork data was collected only
from Khartoum state. More research work could be undertaken in other major
cities to complete the view. More studies are needed to highlight the nature of the
Internet training needs, and user attitudes that influence the current patterns of the
Internet use. Originality/value: This paper is an original work that fills a gap in the
literature about the use of the Internet among the Sudanese librarians. This paper is
of value to practitioner librarians and researchers, while LIS instructors may use
the research results to develop the LIS syllabus and curriculum.
Mounissamy, P. & Others (2005)57 reveled that e-resources offers for
today’s users with many opportunities that were not available to predecessors. The
81
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
e-journals service for the users, it is extremely important to show the
accountability because e-journals are quite expensive and are leased rather than
purchased. The study was undertaken to know the level of use of the available
electronic journals, how faculty and students feel about various issues relating to
e-journals and whether attitudes change depending upon gender, age, access place
and branch of study etc. They concluded that the younger generation has accepted
the digital reading culture. Low-level problems, especially delays in gaining
access and impediments to moving about, within and between journals are major
de-motivating factors in the use of electronic journals. They also stated that some
of the problems are within the control of the publishers and can be alleviated by
the publishers like length on screen reading, double column layouts, the Adobe
Acrobat software does not support user-friendly journals usage. It is slow to
deliver articles. There are some factors which are not under the control of the
publishers of e-journals such as network delay, increasing traffic and inadequate
bandwidth etc. are to be taken care of by the subscribers.
Mathew & Sheeja (2005) 58 conducted a survey entitled “Use of
E-resources in a Networked Environment: A Case Study of CUSAT.” This paper
studies the use of e-resources by the faculty and research scholars of Cochin
University of Science and Technology. The use of e-resources under INDEST
consortium, UGC-Infonet project, and the database subscribed to in the CUSAT
Library are studied in the survey. The survey covers various aspects like
awareness of the users, user satisfaction, use pattern of e-resources, preference for
print or electronic version etc. The problems faced are stressed and possible
solutions are suggested.
Manhas & Kaur (2005)59 reported in their study “Internet and Its Use in
the Engineering College of Punjab: A Survey” examined the use of internet in the
engineering colleges of Punjab State and Chandigrah. A well structured
82
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
questionnaire was distributed among the internet authorities, i.e. system
administrators, system managers and the internet section in charges of the 32
engineering colleges to find out the state of the internet connectivity available in
the colleges, the internet Service Providers (ISP) chosen and types of the internet
browsers used. The study demonstrates and elaborates the status of the services
used. The study demonstrates and elaborates the status of the services provided to
the internet users in the engineering colleges of Punjab. The study also analyses
the system details, purposes of internet use and users’ satisfaction with the
facilities provided in colleges. Suggestions have been given for the improvement
of internet services in the engineering colleges under study.
Kumar & Kaur (2005)60 conducted a research on Internet and its use in the
Engineering Colleges of Punjab, India. Questionnaire was employed to sample
opinion of 474 students. It was revealed that 30.8% of the students have 2-4 years
of experience in using the internet followed by 1-2 years with 27.4%. A majority
of the respondents used the internet located at the college, use internet for
education and research purposes, while half of them use it for communication
purpose. More than half of the students use the internet for consulting technical
reports. It was further indicated that the major problem faced by the users was
slow access speed of the internet. In comparing internet with conventional
documents, 91.6% of the respondents noted that the internet is easy to use, 89.1%
agreed that it is informative and 88.1% felt it is time saving.
Jay & Webber (2005)61 conducted a research on the impact of the internet
on reference services in public libraries in England. A questionnaire was
administered in 2003 to a sample of the public library authorities in England,
investigating the use of the internet for receiving or answering reference enquiries,
the use of electronic reference sources, and the nature of public library web sites.
The paper concludes by identifying the need for public library managers to assess
the changing role of professionals and Para-professionals in delivering reference
83
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
services, and to provide appropriate training. It also notes that despite the
discussion of real-time reference, asynchronous digital reference is still more
common in England.
Doraswamy, M. (2005)62 investigated use and familiarity of electronic
information resources. The study was conducted by using questionnaire method.
The findings show that 61.25 percent students are familiar with electronic
information resources, 27.50 percent of the students use the computer daily and
5.63 percent have never used it. A small percentage of students, i.e. 20.5 percent
students used CD-ROM, 33.13 percent internet, 38.13 percent e-mail, 36.87
percent search engines and 21.25 percent use VRSECE website ‘daily’
respectively. The online databases are used by 25 percent and VRSECE catalogue
once a month, 18.75 percent of students use online journals rarely 42.50 percent of
the students use electronic information resources for communication purposes.
The main problems faced while using electronic information resources were lack
of training and time.
Dadzia, P. S. (2005)63 investigated “Electronic Resources: access and usage
at Asheshi University College”. The objectives of the study were to investigate the
use of electronic resources by students and faculty of Asheshi University, Ghana,
to determine the level of use, the type of information accessed and the
effectiveness of the library’s communication tools for information research and
problems faced in using electronic resources. Results indicate the 85% of
respondents used the internet to access information and that respondents mainly
accessed information in the library by browsing the shelves.
Badu & Markwei (2005)64 surveyed “Awareness and Use of the Internet
and Its Resources by Academic Staff and Postgraduate Students of the University
of Ghana.” The purposes for which internet resources were used and respondents’
84
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
perceptions of the usefulness of the internet were also explored. The main findings
indicate that both staff and students are fully aware of the internet and most of its
services. Academic staff in general uses the internet resources more than students.
However apart from e-mail, frequencies uses of internet resources are very low.
The study established that e-mail is highly used by both staff and students. Both
staff and students found the internet a very useful resource. The main reason for
non-use of an internet is inadequate training. Both staff and students need
appropriate education and training to ensure effective use of the Internet in all their
academic pursuits.
Asemi, Asefeh (2005)65 carried out a case study of Medical Sciences
University of Isfahan (MUI), Iran. The results of the study showed that all the
respondents used internet frequently because all faculties had an internet
connection. It was revealed that the researchers of the university were getting
quality health information and patient care through the internet. 55 percent of
respondents searched for scientific health information through the internet because
the university library provided access to databases and online journals students and
staff.
Ali, Naushad (2005)66 examined the use of Electronic Information Services
(EIS) among the users of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Library in Delhi,
India. Both questionnaire and observational methods were used for data collection,
where 300 samples were collected. The analysis of data collected covers
awareness of EIS services, use of e-journals, advanced search facilities,
acquaintance with electronic information sources, the purpose of using
e-information, problems faced by the users while using EIS, infrastructure facility
available and satisfaction level of users. The study found that Boolean logic and
truncation are the most often used search facilities by IIT users. Lack of printing
facilities, terminals and trained staff are the major reasons that would discourage
85
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
users from accessing the electronic information service. The survey also reveals
that some 60 percent of users face difficulties while browsing e-information.
Yaghoubi & Shamsa-ee (2004)67 in their research paper entitled
“Assessing Effective Factors in Using Internet by Faculty Members of
Agricultural College of Zanjan University.” Which was presented in AIAEE 2004
the 20th annual conference Dublin, Ireland, they identified the internet as a
universal network may be considered as the most important opportunity for policy
makers and planners in agricultural organizations. Nowadays the internet is used
in various forms at academic centers. The purpose of this study was to determine
effective factors in using the internet by faculty members of agricultural college. A
descriptive survey was used to collect data and appropriate questionnaires were
used for this purpose. The sample comprised of faculty members of agricultural
college of Zanjan University. Reliability and validity of instrument were
determined through opinions of specialists and application of Cronbach’s Alpha.
Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data using SPSS
software, version 11. The findings showed that agricultural faculty members had
positive opinion toward the internet use. There was also a significant correlation
between internet usage and characteristics such as: age, English language skills,
computer skills, research activities, number of scientific publications and job
status.
Wingenbach, Ary J. & Others (2004)68 evaluated “Information
Technology Use and Effectiveness in the Texas-Mexico Initiative.” IT use and
effectiveness, although prevalent in developed countries, does not provide the
same reliable resource in lesser developed or developing countries. The purpose of
this study was to determine information technology uses and effectiveness in
disseminating research results from the Texas-Mexico initiative through the centre
for Grazing Lands and Ranch Management. Two of the three northeast Mexico
86
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Campuses in this study possessed and used sophisticated information technologies
to communicate with researchers outside state and country boundaries. The main
method for this exchange has been through the Internet and Computer-Mediated
Technologies (CMT) such as e mail and video-conferencing. Texas and Mexico
have experienced an increasing inter-dependence due to increased communication
and knowledge exchanges. Rural farmers and producers must rely on agricultural
schools to provide them with the information necessary to increase their income
and land sustainability. To achieve real economic improvement for the agricultural
sector, universities must continue to increase their effectiveness in disseminating
information to local producers and farmers. Distance education could provide an
economically sound method for reaching a larger percentage of rural communities,
if properly employed.
Samson, Sue & Others (2004)69 have critically evaluated the use of
network resources in their paper entitled “Networked Resources, Assessment and
Collection Development.” The project was undertaken to study at the University
of Montana-Missoula. The use was measured with the help of vendor’s reports, in-
house use of web logs, surveys and word of mouth, during the spring semester.
The findings show that data collected has impact on the collection development
policy. Based on the data over $ 40,000 of duplicate print subscriptions were
migrated to electronic subscriptions.
Safdari, R. & Others (2004)70 examined a survey on “Assessing the
Impact of Information Technology on Health System in Viewpoints of faculty
members of Medical Record Departments in Iran.” To assess the impact of IT on
health system based on the viewpoint of faculty members in medical record
departments in Iranian medical science universities, a cross sectional survey was
used and questionnaires were sent to 17 medical records departments. To
investigate the correlations between variables of the study, Chi-Square Test and
87
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Fisher Tests were used. 64 questionnaires were distributed among respondents. 49
questionnaires were completed and returned back by the respondents. Findings
showed that majority of faculty members (40.81%) believed that use of IT
enhances the utilization of paper documents. 26.5% believed that use of IT has
high impact on medical errors. Majority of faculty members (36.7%) considered
that IT has a medium impact on self-therapy. The impact of IT on medical
research and medical education was believed to be very high by (83.6%) and
(79.5%) of respondents respectively. It was not find any correlation between the
impact of IT on the studied variables and demographic data of participants such as
age, gender and the years of teaching. Results showed that most of faculty
members of medical record departments have a high knowledge about the impact
of IT on promotion of health management, research and education in medical
sciences, but their knowledge about effectiveness of IT on health quality services
and its adverse effect was not proper. Researchers suggested that medical record
faculty members knowledge related to IT should be increased by educational
courses and training.
Rehman & Ramzy (2004)71 conducted a study on the internet use by health
professionals at the health sciences centre (HSC) of Kuwait University. The study
showed that 92.1% of the respondents accessed internet from their office, while
73.2% also accessed it from home. Another 28.3% also used the HSC Library for
accessing the internet. The study indicated that 80.3% of the respondents used
internet daily, 15% used it once a week and 2.5% used it once a month. 88.2% of
the respondents felt that the internet provided better access to health sciences
information, 77.2% indicated that through the internet they had better professional
contacts and 57.5% stated that with the use of internet they were able to use
different channels of communication for their patient care and research.
88
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Miller, Tony (2004)72 carried out a research project entitled “Student and
Teacher Perceptions of Computer Literacy Education: what are the outcome?” by
surveying non-computer literate students and computer literate students in their
perceptions of skill level, researcher found that the students who took a computer
literacy class felt more confident in their skill level than those that did not. The
computer literacy students ranked their perceptual skill level in many areas of
technology (keyboarding, word processing, use of spreadsheets, slide shows, web
pages, and databases) higher than those with no computer literacy experience.
Ironically, even those who felt they had the necessary skill level to learn on their
own ranked themselves, on average, lower in skill level than a computer literate
student. The students taking the computer literacy class also indicated perceptual
areas of growth in regards to computer skills from the beginning of the semester to
the end of the school year. A majority of students indicated the inclusion of
technology in their content courses, such as mathematics, science, English, and
social studies. Teachers were also surveyed for their use of technology in their
classrooms and students skill level with using particular programs, applications, or
hardware. The majority of teachers indicated that students’ computer literacy skill
levels are not where they should be regardless of whether they took a computer
course or not.
Luambano & Nawe (2004)73 assessed “Internet Use by Students of
University of Dares Salaam.” Research is based on a master’s dissertation whose
objective was to determine the purpose for which students of the University of
Dares Salaam use the internet. It was to determine if students were using the
internet for academic purposes. The study also investigated the level of students
access to the internet, as well as the problems faced by students in internet use.
The web site has specific information on faculties, institutes and departments
including training programmes. The Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) has
been installed at the main campus and UCLAS libraries, replacing the manual card
89
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
catalogues. The OPAC has simple and advanced search options, using Adlib
software. Plans are underway to convert the manual catalogue of MUCHS library
into an online catalogue. The survey method was used as the basic method for data
collection, employing the questionnaire and the interview. Participant observation
and focus group discussion are other methods used. The study revealed that the
level of student’s access to the internet was low, and the major reason was that at
the time of the study, computers with internet facilities were inadequate. The
findings also revealed that the students who had access to the internet were not
using it effectively. They used it mainly for communication with friends and
relatives more than for academic purposes. The cause of this was found to be lack
of skills required for effective use of the internet. The study recommends the
provision of more computers with internet facilities, increasing internet access
speed, as well as providing more chances of training in internet use.
Lohar & Roopashree (2004)74 in their study entitled “Use of Electronic
Resources by Faculty Members in BIET, Davanagere: A Survey” evaluates the use
of Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET) college Library in
Davangere (Karnataka). A survey of 60 faculty members was conducted through a
questionnaire. The analysis of the collected data covers the use of electronic
resources and how the electronic resources were improving the academic careers
of the faculty and also what are the problems that were faced in using the
electronic resources. This concluded that the main intention of the use of
electronic resources has been the academic interest of the users.
Johnson, Qiana (2004)75 highlighted that the introduction of electronic
journals and electronic versions of journals has made serials collection
management more complex. Libraries may want to offer a particular journal in
both print and electronic formats, but find that it is often not financially feasible.
As budgets become tight, librarians have to choose between one format or another.
90
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In order to make the decision about what format to purchase, librarians need to
know the format preferences of the users. To determine these preferences, library
professionals can use several methods, such as user surveys, usage reports, and
educated guessing etc.
Jeevan & Nair (2004)76 presented the results of a survey conducted among
the premier libraries in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to assess the Information
Technology adoption in these libraries. A survey using questionnaire and
interview was used for getting information about the different IT components
useful for better library organization and comprehensive as well as swift
information services. Eighteen scientific, technical and research libraries both
under Central and State Governments based in Thiruvananthapuram participated in
the survey. All eighteen libraries were of the opinion that IT had a positive impact
on the day-to-day work of the library and that IT played a positive role in
enhancing services, user satisfaction, meeting users' demands, and overall library
image. Problems faced in IT adoption included inadequacy of funds, shortage of
IT skilled manpower, difficulties in periodic up gradation of infrastructural
facilities, frequent change and advancement of technology, high hardware and
software costs, insufficient training of professionals and absence of hands-on
training.
Hiom, D. A. (2004)77 reported in her study that now-a-days students are
more dependent on online journals for their research work and for satisfying their
information needs. While sharing her own experience of accessing e-journals at
primary stage, she highlighted technical difficulties while accessing e-journals as
these need a special browser or plug-in software and the problem in viewing
foreign language characters, as it is to be supplemented by change in the browser
in order to view them properly. In order to help this situation, she suggested that
91
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
web needs to be much more structured and rigorous, which can provide right
direction to the researchers.
Feizi & Rahmani (2004)78 in their study entitled “E-learning in Iran:
Problems and Solutions with Emphasis on Higher Education” identified that
primitive methods of producing and distributing knowledge-designed based on
face-to-face communications of the past times, now lost their efficiency. They
summarized: E-learning which was based on IT and developed on the web by
early 1990s is known as a successful method of e-learning at present. In their
papers they presented a discussion about e-learning historical backgrounds and
explored the notion of electronic learning and its alternatives; computer based and
web based learning, problems and obstacles confronting e-learning have been
identified. Finally, through content analysis of information obtained through
interviews, appropriate solutions have been recommended.
Darries, Fatima (2004)79 reported the issues related to internet-based
reference. An electronic survey was conducted using the web and e-mail to
distribute the questionnaire. The target population was the heads of reference
services at large libraries and the directors at smaller libraries of the 36 higher
education institutions in South Africa. The response rate to the questionnaire was
28 (30.4 %) two returned questionnaires were spoilt. These results showed that all
libraries surveyed have Internet access, and all but one provided access to their
users. Librarians had access to the Internet for a longer period than their users.
User Internet training tended to be on a one-to-one basis at the point-of-use.
Vohra, Ranjana (2003)80 reveled that in the current electronic information
environment emphasis is towards excellent collection than large collection and
development effective means of gaining access to remote databases. Today
internet has established itself as the store house of all world resources in the
92
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
electronic form. The paper examined the impact of the information technology on
libraries, especially development of digital libraries, Internet, electronic
publications, CD-ROMs etc. Electronic information resources have brought in
new system of storage, retrieval, preservation & conservation and computerized
information system & services. Policies and programmes relating to collection
development should be in the context of current information environment.
Uddin, Mohammad Nasir (2003)81 conducted a study to examine the ICT
needs in Bangladesh and reported that there are only 0.2 million internet users out
of total population of 140 million. There is lack of academic research on internet
usage, the prime objective of this study is to report the level of the internet use by
university academics for their information and communication needs. The study
also sought to find out whether differences exist among the various levels of
academics in terms of their use of the internet. Six categories of information and
communication needs were identified and a survey conducted among the lecturers
of Rajshahi University where the internet was introduced in 2001. Findings
showed that internet use by academics is useful for some common needs and that
the academic rank of users is an important factor in determining the priority of
needs. It also showed that there are some barriers to adequate use of the internet
resources. Suggestions are made for increased use of the internet, to benefit the
nation as a whole.
Temjen & Saraf (2003)82 reported the attitudes of academic and research
library professionals towards information technology and its relationship with
library and information science courses in India. The study identifies the attitudes
of library professionals working in the seven states of north eastern part of India,
based on already developed and tested scales of attitudes towards computer and
information technology. A total of 163 library professionals working in these
libraries were given a questionnaire having 81 items and 122 responded. Statistical
93
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
analyses performed on the data using SPSS 7.5 version are factor analysis and
analysis of variance (ANOVA). The five variables identified through factor
analysis are anxiety, efficiency, work performance, use confidence and
acceptance. He reports that anxiety ranks highest among the different variables of
attitude towards information technology and suggests various information
technology infrastructural facilities and training and education in Information
technology to library professionals working in North East to be at par with the
main stream.
Smith, E. T. (2003)83 reported in research paper entitled “Changes in
Faculty Reading Behaviours: The Impact of Electronic Journals on the University
of Georgia”. A questionnaire method was used to collect a sample from UGA
faculty. The survey was conducted through e-mail. The survey explored the role of
electronic journals in the faculty and also studied their weekly scholarly reading
habits. The results indicated that almost three quarters of respondents reported
reading at least one article from an online source every week. Also reported junior
faculty members used electronic resources more than senior faculty members.
Oduwole & Akpati (2003)84 investigated the accessibility and retrieval of
electronic information at the University of Agriculture Library, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The 425 participants responded out of a survey population of 1,000 giving a
response rate of 53.87 percent. The study revealed that electronic information cuts
across all members of the University community that it was to a greater extent
easy to use and were satisfied with their search outputs. The constraints identified
included insufficient number of terminals available for use despite high demand
and inadequate electricity supply.
Manjunatha & Shivalingaiah (2003)85 revealed that in the age of digital
evaluation escalating price of electronic information, resource sharing is critical
94
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
for effective functioning of libraries. Increased availability of information in
digital format and high costs of journal subscription compels the libraries to work
together. Technical advancements provide a platform for digital resource sharing
and offer many opportunities for librarians to become more technical and
professional. His work also attempted to identify the needs and factors influencing
the electronic resource sharing and presented requirements and strategies for
effective resource sharing in academic libraries.
Jagboro, O. I. (2003)86 has conducted a case study of internet usage in
Nigeria with a particular reference to Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. The
study reveals that the respondents use the internet to access research materials and
for e-mail. The study concludes that the use of internet for academic activities
would improve significantly with more access in departments.
Hickerson, Corey Allan (2003)87 conducted a research study entitled
“Instructional Productivity and the Use of E-mail and Websites” to examine the
relationship between the instructional use of e-mail and websites by faculty
members. The possible relationships were examined using the responses in the
1998 and 1999 national study of post secondary faculty from all fulltime faculty
members who taught credit classes and had the principal duty of instructions. Five
statistically significant differences between outputs from faculty members using
email and those who are not using e-mail were found in the study. The users of e-
mail produced statistically significant fewer classroom credit hours and students
contact hours per week. The results of the study for website users revealed that for
statistically significant differences between output from faculty members using
websites and those who are not using websites produced statistically significant
fewer classrooms credit hours and taught statistically significant fewer classes.
95
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ajuwon, G. A. (2003)88 carried out study of uptake of ICTs by health
sciences students at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. This study found that
57% of students sampled could not use a computer, that the use of the database
was poor, due to lack of awareness, lack of access to computers, insufficient
training and the high cost of provision.
Adika, Gifty (2003)89 conducted a study to investigate the impact of
internet having use of up-to-date information by university faculty, and also
provide basic information on issues such as level of internet use and access to the
internet among faculty. Respondents were asked questions relating to internet
connectivity at their departments. On this issue, 59.4% indicated that their
departments were not connected to the internet. Only 40.6% indicated that their
departments were connected to the internet. On the use of the internet, 24.5%
indicated that they have never used the internet, while a total of 75.5% indicated
that they use the internet rarely, sometimes, often or always. A total of 102
respondents (96.2%) have Doctorates or Masters Degrees. The respondents are
also researchers and trainers at Ghana’s higher institutions of learning. 25.6% of
the respondents indicated that they never or rarely connect easily to the internet,
while 45.9% also indicated that they sometimes get disconnected from the
network. 87.2% indicated that the system is slow; they therefore wait for more
than five minutes for a single web-page to load. All respondents who use the
internet indicated that they use the internet for electronic mail. More than half of
the respondents (48; 62.3%) have never used file transfer protocol (FTP), nor used
discussion groups (49; 62%). With increase in popularity of the use of the WWW,
especially because of its support of multimedia, the majority (80%) used the
Internet to communicate.
Swarna, T. & Others (2002)90 suggested in his study that there are several
high quality, free e-journals existing in web and these e-journals is being under
96
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
used due to lack of publicity, user habits not being accustomed as yet to the
electronic media and low visibility. The libraries would do well to publicize such
journals that they fined scholarly enough and librarians may provide access to
them through their home page. And even take the responsibility of archiving them.
Montazer, G. A. (2002)91 in his study titled “Information Technology
Skills Training and its Influences on Effective Learning” defines Information
Technology (IT) has dramatically influenced human societies and their relations,
and therefore the new century has been called information age. Due to the rapid
development of information technology devices and their effects on various
aspects of life, it is important to design a new educational program for students in
schools and universities to familiarize them with IT fundamentals and
applications. In this paper productive technology and informative technology
concepts were compared and characteristics of new information society have been
discussed and a new approach for effective learning using Information Technology
has been proposed.
Monopli, Maria & Others (2002)92 in their study entitled “A User-
Oriented Evaluation of Digital Libraries: Case Study the electronic journals
service of the Library and Information Service of the University of Patras Greece”.
An online questionnaire was used to collects the data on electronic use which was
made available on the e-journals services website. The finding have brought out
that a vast majority of respondents were regular internet users, 64 percent users
faced the problem of “too much networked information” when searching the
internet, 85.5 percent used internet daily and 8.4 percent weekly. Due to lack of
time to search for information, 45 percent respondent failed to find required
information. The main users of e-journals service were mostly researchers and
academic staff. The e-resources were used more frequently by end-users below 35
years of age, it was also brought out that most of the end-users were men.
97
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Heterick, B. (2002)93 reported that more than 60% of faculty studied are
comfortable using electronic resources. They believe that variety of electronic
resources are important to their research, and they consider electronic databases to
be invaluable. In addition, 62% expect that they will become increasingly
dependent on electronic resources in the future. The resources they use most often
are online catalogs, full-text electronic journal databases, and abstracting and
indexing databases. More than 70% of all respondents consider their library’s
online catalogue to be “very important” to their research. However, the importance
of this resource varies significantly by field. Just over 60% of the economists
consider their library’s online catalogue to be “very important”, while nearly 90%
of humanists regarded it as such. In fact, the home library catalogue is the most
important electronic resource for humanists, by a large margin. Based on their
replies, it is as important to their research as personal computers.
Herring, Susan Davis (2002)94 studied to know the scholars using
electronic resources and the type subjects area of online resources that are being
referenced. The researcher brought out that online resources are increasingly
important for today’s scholars and researchers. There is change in information
seeking behavior. The use of information resources is greater as scholars and
researchers feel comfortable and familiar with the resources available through the
web.
Dillon & Hahn (2002)95 investigated the frequency of using scholarly
journals (both print and electronic) and other electronic format used for accessing
information at the University of Maryland. The study revealed increased level of
adoption of e-journals among faculty, giving support to multiple formats for core
disciplinary journals, and the differing perceptions of various constituencies
among the respondents. The study suggested that the faculty is more interested in
98
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
retaining print access to core literature as compared to the graduate students. The
results provide collection managers with a better understanding of which journals
make good candidates for initial adaptation to electronic only if archiving concerns
can be addressed.
Darries, Fatima (2002)96 studied the impact of the internet on reference
services in higher education libraries in South Africa. An electronic survey was
done using the web and email questionnaire. Interviews were also conducted to
collect data. The data was collected from the heads of reference services at large
libraries and small libraries of 36 higher education institutions in South Africa. A
total number of 90 respondents were sent e-mails, only 26 responses were
received. Being the electronic survey the response rate was low. The results
showed that all responding libraries have internet access to their users. On an
average, users had internet access for three and a half years and reference
librarians for five years. The study concluded that libraries lacked adequate
computer facilities and cannot provide optimal internet access to students. The
study recommended that the bandwidth and number of student computer facilities
at the national government level should be addressed, that libraries should develop
electronic reference as a core service and online institution efforts should be made
by using e-mail, web tutorials and virtual classroom to reach more and more
students.
Bagherian, F. (2002)97 evaluated “Use of Computer Communication
Technologies in Promoting University Education from Social Psychological Point
of View.” The article was based on three series of studies: observation of class
discussions via the internet (discussion groups), a comparison between the most
active and the active discussion groups using computer communications, and a
survey asking students motivations and attitudes about use of the internet. Results
showed that there were complicated social-psychological-organizational
99
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
interaction processes when computer technologies were used for education.
Findings showed that among 2512 courses offered at Carleton University, only
574 courses (22%) were using the internet system to participate in discussion
groups and to exchange information about the material taught in the class. From
these 574 classes, only 164 classes (6.5%) had used discussion groups at least 10
times during a term. The results of survey also indicated that lack of interest in
using computer communication technologies was due to social psychological
reason. The most important reasons were lack of enough time and then lack of
motivation and interest. The results indicated that effective use of computer
communication for education needs more social-psychological-organizational
preparation than the availability of computer technologies.
Zhang, Vino (2001)98 in his paper entitled “Scholarly Use of Internet-based
Electronic Resources”, made an attempt to know how scholars use, cite and
evaluate e-resources during the research. Three approaches were used to collect
data for the investigation (a) a longitudinal analysis of e-journals from1991
through 1998, (b) a survey of editors of the eight journals and (c) a survey of 201
authors with articles to be published in the eight journals. The results of this study
showed that there has been a notable increase in the number and proportion of
authors who cite e-resources in their research articles over an eight year period but
e-sources were still cited much less frequently than print sources. E-resources are
increasingly used among scholars also becoming an important component in their
research.
Szu-chia, Lo (2001)99 elaborated the results of a continuous study of access
issues related to electronic journals currently distributed via the Taiwan Academic
Network (TANet). Data were reported on the accessibility of electronic journals,
the status of electronic journal archives, the subject coverage, the indexing and
abstracting services, and the various data formats used by electronic journals. The
100
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
findings illustrate the practical issues that can arise when users attempt to retrieve
the texts of electronic journals. The implications for academic and research
libraries were also considered.
Srishaila, Smitha (2001)100 stated that with the advent of electronic
information and with it the chaos, internet needs the science of library
professionals to bring in some order and thus make the existing resources more
accessible and more widely used. Librarian need to exploit technology to build a
bridge between traditional library systems and digitized documents. Attempting at
indexing and cataloguing e-documents is a step forward in this direction.
Singh, N. (2001)101 emphasized the challenging role of librarians and
information professionals in the present internet era and describes the impact of
internet on various library processes. Internet has changed the traditional library
services like document acquisition, technical processing circulation, reference
service resource sharing, document delivery etc. The role of internet to provide
different user friendly services in a library is described in detail. Integration of
library activities through e-mail, list serves, search of remote databases,
participating in interlibrary loan etc. The paper also stresses the role of librarians
in designing and maintaining libraries website /web page leading to increase in
library use and efficiency.
Rogers, S. A. (2001)102 surveyed on electronic journal usage at Ohio State
University, noted the increased use of e-journals and decreased use of printed
journals by the faculty and the graduate students during 1998 to 2000. This study
revealed that 41 percent of the faculty and 25 percent of graduate students found
round the clock availability and easy access as the major advantages of e-journals.
Both the faculty and the graduate students noted that switching to e-journals would
save space in the library and it would also be easier to incorporate e-journals into
electronic presentations.
101
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Moorthy, A. L. (2001)103 surveyed the impact of electronic media on
library and information centers with special reference to India, to assess the
infrastructure available in libraries, the level of automation and extent of usage of
electronic media in library and information work. The study includes R&D
institutions in science and technology and universities. The survey method
includes questionnaire with open and closed type questions and interview with
Librarians. The study covers topics related to infrastructure, hardware and
software, databases created, availability of Library LAN, internet connectivity,
CD-ROM based services etc. It also evaluates the training and orientation needs of
the library staff to cope with the electronic media. The study revealed that the
extent of use of electronic media is improving with the impact of digital libraries,
online journals etc in the library system. One of the major concerns is the training
and computer literacy of library staff and users. He pointed out the need to
restructure the curriculum of library and information science courses in India by
including various aspects of ICT applications.
Flecker, D. (2001)104 reported that e-journals have become the largest and
the fastest growing segment of the digital collections for most of the libraries in
the past 2 or 3 years and in many ways, archiving and preserving e-journals will be
dramatically different from what has been done for paper based journals. He
stressed that the process must be funded by the governments through the national
libraries or similar bodies, particularly for materials subject to copyright deposit.
De-Groote & Dorrch (2001)105 sought the research to determine the impact
of online journals on the use of print journals and Inter-Library Loan (ILL).The
statistics regarding the use of print journals collected for the period 1995 to1999
were used for the study. Also, the request forms of ILL from 1995 to 2000 of UIC-
Peoria students, faculty and staff were studied. The paper titled “Online Journals:
102
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Impact on Print Journals Usage” shows that print journals usage decreased
significantly since the introduction of on-line journals. This decrease occurred
where a journal was available in print. The inter-library loan request was
decreased due to the introduction of online journals. The decrease in use of print
collection was due to preference of use to access online journals and the negative
impact of on-line journals was that the use of journals' titles was available only in
print. It has also focused that the users may compromise over quality for
convenience when selecting articles from journals.
Pangannaya, N. B. (2000)106 studied on attempt to investigate the use of
internet resources by the academic community of Mysore University, using survey
as the research tool. The paper has investigated the faculty wise frequency and
length of use of the internet. Moreover, it describes the emergence of internet, has
revolutionized the academic world.
Nicholas, David & Others (2000)107 surveyed 300 journals and media
librarians. The survey entitled “The Impact of the Internet on Information Seeking
in the Media” was conducted to know the impact of internet on the British media.
The survey showed that 68 percent journalists and media librarians used the
internet. The findings of survey provided that 58 percent of the student journal
lists used internet very frequently, 24 percent sometimes, 15 percent occasionally
and 3 percent never. All the respondents who used internet were also using email.
18 percent of the respondents used list serves and were members of discussions
groups. 24 percent of the respondent’s used news group services of the internet.
The survey further revealed that major factors that affected the use of the internet
were lack of internet access and lack of printer. The 3 percent of respondents of
the 30-39 age groups used internet services and resources more than the other age
groups.
103
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Morse & Clintworth (2000)108 compared use of a matched set of
biomedical literature available to users both in print and on the web. The study
results showed that for journal volumes in the study subset (the 1998 volumes of
194 titles), users accessed the electronic versions more than ten times as often as
the print versions during the six-month study period. The results further revealed
similar usage in the print and electronic data, with 20% of titles accounting for
nearly 60% of use in both study sets. Conversely, the bottom 40% of ranked titles
in both the print and electronic study sets accounted for 9% of total usage.
Montgomery, Carol Hansen (2000)109 highlighted the background and
development of the migration to an electronic journal collection by the W. W.
Hagerty library of Drexel University, Philadelphia. Starting in 1998, the transition
was a key component of the library’s strategic plan, and with a few exceptions,
journals are purchased in electronic format only whenever possible. Drexel’s
collection now consists of only 800 print subscriptions and 55000 electronic
journals. A newly created position of electronic resources librarian acts as a focal
point for the integrated development of gall electronic resources.
Guttormsen & Krueger (2000)110 opined that multimedia resources add
new dimensions to the learning experience. Multimedia information sources
present exciting possibilities for increasingly sophisticated and evocative
presentations of material in many fields of education. Widespread use of this
technology has implications for the learning, research, local network capabilities
and the services provided by libraries. Most concepts are easier to present and
comprehend when words are complemented with images and animations. Learners
retain more when a variety of senses are engaged in delivering information. The
intensity of the experience aids retention and recall by engaging social and
emotional as well as intellectual responses.
104
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
So far the literature has been reviewed, there has not been found any study
similar to the study taken by the investigator. The studies conducted are related yet
there is scope for the present research work, leading to further development in this
particular area of research.
105
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
REFERENCE:
1. Shukla, Praveen & Mishra, Rajini, (2011). Use of e-resources by
Research Scholars of Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University,
India. Journal of Arts, Science and Commerce. Retrieved from http://www.
researchchersworld.com/vol2/issue2/Paper_17.pdf.
2. Madhusudhan, Margam & Aggarwal, Shalini (2011). Web-based online
public access catalogues of IIT libraries in India: an evaluative study.
Library and Information Sciences- Computer Applications, 54 (4), 415-438.
3. Ali, Naushad & Faizul, Nisha (2011). Use of e-journals among research
scholars at Central Science Library, University of Delhi. Collection
Building, 30 (1), 53-60.
4. Satpathy, Sunil Kumar & Rout, Biswanath (2010). Use of E-Resources
by the faculty members with special reference to CVRCE, Bhubaneswar.
DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology, 30 (4), 11-16.
5. Raza, Masoom M. & Upashyay, Ashok Kumar (2010). Use of e-journals
by researchers: A comparative study. International Journal of Library
Science, 2 (A 10), 52-63.
6. Natarajan, K., Suresh, B., Sivaraman, P. & Sevukan, R. (2010). Use and
user perception of electronic resources in Annamalia University, India: A
case study. Annals of Library & Information Studies, 57 (1), 59-64.
106
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
7. Ansari, M. N. & Zuberi, B. A. (2010). Use of electronic resources among
academics at the University of Karachi. Library Philosophy and Practice,
pp. 4-5. Retrieved from http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/ansari-zuberi.htm
8. Walmiki, R. H. & Ramakrishnegowda, C. K. (2009). ICT infrastructure
in university libraries in Karnataka. Annals of Library and information
studies, 56, 236-241.
9. Singh, K. P., Sharma, N. & Negi, N. (2009). Availability, use and barriers
to ICT in the R&D institutions: a case study of the libraries and information
entres in Noida. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology,
29 (6), 21-31.
10. Sharma, Chetan (2009). Use and impact of e-resources at Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprashta University (India): a case study. Electronic Journal of
Academic and Special Librarianship, 10 (1), Retrieved from http://southern
librarianship.icaap.org/content/v10n01/sharma_c01.html.
11. Rao, Y. Srinivasa & Choudhury, B. K. (2009). Availability of Electronic
Resources at NIT Libraries in India: A Study. ICAL, 2009, Poster papers,
630-636.
12. Khan, A. M., Zaidi, S. M., Zaffar, & Bharati, S. (2009). Use of on-line
databases by faculty members and research scholars of Jawaharal Nehru
University (JNU) & Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI), New Delhi (India): A
survey. The International Information & Library Review, 41 (2), 71-78.
Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/(doi:10.1016/j.iilr.2012.01.0
2).
107
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
13. Kamba M. A. (2009). Problems, Challenges and Benefits of Implementing
E-learning in Nigerian Universities: An Empirical Study. IJET, 4 (1), 653.
14. Joteen, R. K., Singh, Madhuri Devi & Raychaudhury, Arup (2009).
Use of internet based e-resources at Manipur University: a survey. Annals
of Library and Information Studies, 56 (1), 52-57.
15. Chirra, Rekha & Madhusudhan, Margam (2009). Use of electronic
journals by doctoral research scholars of Goa University, India. Library Hi
Tech News, 26 (10), 12-15.
16. Kaur, Baljinder & Verma, Rama (2009). Use and impact of electronic
journals in the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Electronic
Library, 27 (4), 611–622.
17. Agarwal, Umesh Kumar & Dave, Rajesh Kumar (2009). Use of Internet
by the Scientists of CAZRI: A survey. Indian Journal of Library and
Information Science, 3(1), 15-21.
18. Vishala, B. K. & Bhandi, M. K. (2008). Use of UGC-INFONET digital
library consortium resources. Proceedings of the 6th International Caliber-
2008, Allahabad University, Allahabad, 28th -29th Feb and 1st March,
2008. Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET Centre, 583-596.
19. Veenapani, S., Singh, Khomdon & Devi, Rebika (2008). Use of e-
resources and UGC-INFONET Consortium by the teachers and research
scholars in Manipur University. Proceedings of the 6th International
Caliber-2008, Allahabad University, Allahabad.
108
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
20. Upadhyay, Navin & Chakrabarty, Hearakant (2008). Online journals
and databases: a study of use and awareness among academics at Main
Library, I.T., B.H.U. Proceedings of the 6th International Caliber-2008, (pp.
648-655) Allahabad University, Allahabad, 28th -29th Feb and 1st March,
2008. Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET Centre.
21. Sujathan, H. R. & Mudhol, V. (2008). Use of Electronic Information
Sources at the college of fisheries, Mangalore: India. Annals of Library and
Information Studies, 55 (3), 234-245.
22. Okello-Obura, C. & Magara, E. (2008). Electronic Information access
and utilization by Makerere University in Uganda. Retrieved from
http://creative commons.org/licenses/by/2-0.
23. Faizul, Nisha, Ali, Naushad & Ara, Tabassum (2008). Use of INDEST
and UGC-INFONET E-Journal Consortia: A Comparative analysis. In
From Automation to Transformation. Proceedings of CALIBER, held at
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, February 28-29 & March 1, 2008.
Allahabad: INFLIBNET, 2008: 3.24-3.29.
24. Galyani, Moghaddam & Talawar,V.G (2008). The use of Scholarly
Electronic Journals at the Indian Institute of Science: a case study in India.
Interlendings Document supply, 36 (1), 15-29.
25. Madhusudhan, M. (2008). Use of UGC Infonet – journals by the Research
Scholars of University of Delhi. Library Hi Tech, 26 (3), 369 – 386.
109
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
26. Lau, S. & Woods, P. C. (2008). An investigates for user perception and
attitudes towards learning objects. British Journal of Educational
Technology, 39 (4), 685-699.
27. Kumar, G. T. & Kumar, B. T. Sampath (2008). Use of electronic
information sources by the academic community: A comparative study. 6th
International CALIBER-2008, University of Allahabad, Allahabad. pp. 684-
692.
28. Kumar, Ashok, Saravanan, N. T. & Balasubramani, R. (2008). Users
attitude measurement towards e-resources in Madras University library.
Library Progress (International), 28 (1), 1-9.
29. Kanniyappan, E., Nithyanandan, K. & Rivichansran, P. (2008). Use
and Impact of e-resources in an Academic and Research environment: a
case study. Kelpro Bulletin, 12 (1), 27-36.
30. Gupta, Vibha (2008). Use and accessibility of e-journals by Ph.D. students
in University of Lucknow: a survey. Proceedings of the 6th International
Caliber-2008, Allahabad University, Allahabad, 28th -29th Feb and 1st
March, 2008. Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET Centre, pp. 569-582.
31. Dilek-Kayaoglu, Hulya (2008). Use of electronic journals by faculty at
Instanbul University, Turkey: The results of a survey. The Journal of
Academic Librarianship, 34 (3), 239-247.
32. Chopra, H. S. (2008). E-Resources: Vision and Utilization of Case Study
of Users of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (Punjab). 6th
110
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
International CALIBER-2008, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, pp. 621-
625.
33. Bharati, M. S. Z. & Zaidi, S. Mustafa (2008). Use of e-journals and e-
databases of UGC-Infonet Consortium by faculty members and research
scholars of Aligarh Muslim University. Proceedings of the 6th International
Caliber-2008, Allahabad University, Allahabad, 28th -29th Feb and 1st
March, 2008Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET Centre, pp.341-346.
34. Singh, B., Kapila, P. C. & Pateria, R. (2007). University libraries in
digital environment: vision 2020. ILA Bulletin, 43(3), 5-12.
35. Selim H. M. (2007). Critical success factors for e-learning acceptance:
confirmatory factor models, Computer & Education. 49 (2), 396-413.
36. Salako, O. A. & Tiamiju, M. A. (2007). Use of search engines for
research by Postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
African Journal of Library, Achieves and Information Science, 7 (2), 103-
115.
37. Rasool-abadi, Masood (2007). Kordesstan Medical Science Faculty
Members’ Awareness Level with Search Skills and search Strategies in the
Internet. Nama, electronic Journal of Irandoc, 2.
38. Gomez, E. & Others (2007). Utilizing Web Tools for Computer-Mediated
Communication to Enhance Team-Based Learning. International Journal
of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 2 (2), 21-37.
111
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
39. Ekwelem, V. O., Okafor, V. N. & Ukwuoma, S. C. (2009). Students' use
of electronic information sources at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
African Journal of Library, Archival, and Information Science, 7 (1), 34-
45.
40. Borrego, A. & Urbano, C. (2007). Analysis of the behavior of the users of
a package of electronic journals in the field of chemistry. Journal of
Documentation, 63 (2), 243-258.
41. Borrego, A. et al. (2007). Use and users of electronic journals at Catalan
Universities: The results of a survey. Journal of Academic Librarianship.
33 (1). Retrieved from AGORA database http://www.agInternetwork.org.
42. Asefeh, Asemi & Nosrat, Riyahiniya (2007). Awareness and Use of
Digital Resources in the Libraries of lsfahan University of Medical
Sciences, Iran. The Electronic Library, 25 (3), 316-327.
43. Raza, M. M and Upadhyaye A. K. (2006). Usage of E-journals by
Researchers in Aligarh Muslim University: A Study. The International
Information & Library Review, 38 (3), 170-179.
44. Natarajan, M. (2006). Use of Oniline Technology for Multimedia
Education. Information Services & Use, 26 (3), 249-256.
45. Maharana, Bulu, Nayak, Kalpana, & Sahu, N. K. (2006). Scholarly
Use of Web Resources in LIS Research: A Citation Analysis. Library
Review, 55 (9), 598-607.
112
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
46. Lohar, M. S. and Roopashree, T. N. (2006). Use of electronic resources
by faculty members in BIET, Davanagere: a survey. SRELS Journal of
Information Management, 43 (1), 101-112.
47. Kumar, Rajeev & Kaur, Amritpal (2006). Internet Use by Teachers and
Students in Engineering Colleges of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal
Pradesh States of India: An Analysis. E-JASL: The Electronic Journal of
Academic and Special Librarianship, 7 (1).
48. Kaur, Balajinder & Verma, Rama (2006). Use of electronic resources at
TIET library Patiala: a case study. ILA Bulletin, 2 (3), 18-20.
49. Jange, S. & Sami, L. K. (2006). Influence of Internet on library and
information centres of National Institutes of Technology in India. Annals of
Library and Information Studies, 53, 184-197.
50. Huntington, P., Nicholas, D., Jarnall, H. R. & Tenopir, C. (2006).
Article Decay in the Digital Environment: An Analysis of Usage of Ohio
LINK by Date of Publication, Employing Deep Log Methods. Journal of
the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57 (13),
1840-1851.
51. Emojorho, Daniel & Adomi, Awhefe (2006). An Assessment of the Use
of Information Technology Facilities for Academic Pursuit. Electronic
Library, 24 (5), 706-713.
52. Chestnutt, I. G. & Reynolds, K. (2005). How Has the Internet Affected
Dentistry. British Dental Journal. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com
/bdj/journal/v200/n3/full/4813196a.html.
113
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
53. Ajuwon, Grace A. (2006). Use of the Internet for health information by
physicians for patient care in a teaching hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Biomedical Digital Libraries. Retrieved from http://www.biodiglib.
com/content/3/1/12.
54. Agbonlahor, Rosemary O. (2006). Motivation for Use of Information
Technology by University Faculty: A Developing Country Perspective.
Information Development, 22 (4), 263-277.
55. Ojo, R. A. & Akande, S. O. (2005). Students Access, Usage and
awareness of Electronic Information Resources at the University College
Hospital, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Lagos Journal of Library and
Information Science, 3 (1), 16-24.
56. Mudawi, Mohamed Salah Eldin (2004). The Use of the Internet and E-
mail among Sudanese Librarians: A Survey Report. Library Review, 54 (6),
355-365.
57. Mouniswami, P. Kaliammal, A. & Swaroop Rani, B.S. (2005). Users
attitude towards electronic journals. IASLIC Bulletin, 50 (2), 91-95.
58. Mathew, Susan & Sheeja, N. K. (2005). Use of E-resources in A
Networked Environment; A Case Study of CUSAT. Papers of the National
Convention on Library and Information Networking (NACLIN), p. 291.
59. Manhas, Rajeev & Kaur, Amritpal (2005). Internet and Its Use in the
Engineering College of Punjab: A Survey. Papers of the National
Convention on Library and Information Networking (NACLIN), p. 245.
114
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
60. Kumar, R. & Kaur, A. (2005). Internet and its use in the Engineering
College of Punjab, India: A case study. Webology, 2 (4), 1-18. Retrieved
from http://www.webology.org/2005/v2n4/a21.html
61. Jay, Margaret & Webber, Sheila (2005). Impact of the Internet on
delivery of reference services in English public libraries. Program:
electronic library and information systems, 39 (1), 25-38.
62. Doraswamy, M. (2005). Familiarity and Use of the Available Electronic
Information Resources by the Students in U.R Siddhartha Engineering
College Library, Vijay Wada: A Survey. NACLlN, 234-244.
63. Dadzia, P. S. (2005). Electronic resources: Access and usage at Asheshi
University College. Campus-Wide Information System, 22 (5), 290-297.
64. Badu, Edwin Ellis & Markwei, Evelyn D. (2004). Internet Awareness and
Use in the University of Ghana. Information Development, 21 (4), 260-
268.
65. Asemi, Asefeh (2005). Information Searching Habits of Internet Users: A
Case Study on the Medical Sciences University of Isfahan (MUI), Iran.
Retrieved from http://www.webology.ir/ 2005/v2n1/a10.html#9.
66. Ali, Naushad (2005). The Use of Electronic Resources at IIT Delhi
Library: A study of Search Behaviors. The Electronic Library, 23 (6), 691-
700.
67. Yaghoubi, Jafar., & Shamsa-ee, Ebrahim (2004). Assessing Effective
Factors in Using Internet by Faculty Members of Agricultural College of
115
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Zanjan University. AIAEE 2004 Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference
Dublin, Ireland. Retrieved from http://www.aiaee.org/2004/papers.htm
68. Wingenbach, A. J., Pi-a, J. R., Manuel, & Hamilton, W. T. (2004).
Information Technology Use and Effectiveness in the Texas-Mexico
Initiative. AIAEE 2004 Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference Dublin,
Ireland. Retrieved from http://www.aiaee.org/2004/papers.htm
69. Samson, S., Derry, S. & Eggleston, H. (2004). Networked Resources,
Assessment and Collection Development. The Journal of Academic
Librarianship, 30 (6), 476-481.
70. Safdari, R. et al., (2004). Assessing Medical Record Departments Faculty
Members Opinions about the Impact of Information Technology on Health
System in Iran. Iranian South Medical Science Journal, 9 (1), 93-101.
71. Rehman, S. & Ramzy, V. (2004). Awareness and use of electronic
information resources at the Health Science Centre of Kuwait University.
Library Review, 53 (3), 150-156.
72. Miller, Tony (2003). Student and Teacher Perceptions of Computer
Literacy Education: What are the outcomes? 2004. Retrieved from
http://www.fhs.d211.org/departments/be/amiller/Action_Research_Project/
index.htm
73. Luambano, Ireneus & Nawe, Julita (2004). Internet Use by Students of
the University of Dares Salaam. Library Hi Tech News, 21 (10), 13 -17.
116
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
74. Lohar, M. S. & Roopashree, T. N. (2004). Use of Electronic Resources
by Faculty Members in BIET, Davanagere: A Survey. Papers of the
National Convention on Library and Information Networking (NACLIN),
(2004).
75. Johnson, Qiana (2004). Fundamental of collection development, Chicago:
American Library Association.
76. Jeevan, V. K. & Nair, S. S. (2004). Information technology adoption in
libraries of Kerala: A survey of selected libraries in Thiruvananthapuram.
Annals of library and information studies, 51 (4), 137-144.
77. Hiom, D. A. (2004). Chapter 7 - Case study in Neil Jacobs and Lesly
Huxley (Eds.). Online Information Services in the Social Sciences, Chandos
Press, pp. 39-45.
78. Feizi, K. & Rahmani, M. (2004). E-learning in Iran; Problems and
Solutions with Emphasis on Higher Education. Journal of Research and
Planning in Higher Education, 10 (33).
79. Darries, Fatima (2004). Internet access and use in reference services in
higher education institutions in South Africa. South African Journal of
Library and Information Science, 70 (2), 72-85.
80. Vohra, Ranjana (2003). Collection development and management in
university libraries in the current electronic information environment.
IASLIC Bulletin, 48 (4), 224-230.
117
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
81. Uddin, Mohammad Nasir (2003). Internet Use by University Academics:
A Bipartite Study of Information and Communication Needs. Online
Information Review, 27 (4), 225-237.
82. Temjen, T. & Saraf, V. (2003). Attitudes towards IT adoption: A study of
Library professionals in North East India. In T. A. Murthy (Ed.),
Proceedings of PLANNER 2003 (pp. 81-94). Shillong: INFLIBNET
Centre, Ahmedabad.
83. Smith, Erin T. (2003). Changes in Faculty Reading Behaviors: The Impact
of Electronic Journals on the University of Georgia. The Journal of
Academic Librarianship, 29 (3), 162-168.
84. Oduwole A. A. & Akpati, C. B. (2003). Accessibility and retrieval of
Electronic Information at the University of Agriculture Library Abeokuta,
Nigeria 52 (5), 228-233. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight
.com/researchregister
85. Manjunatha, K. & Shivalingaiah (2003). Electronic resource sharing in
academic libraries. Annals of Library and Information Studies, 50 (1), 27-
30.
86. Jagboro, O. I. (2003). Information needs and information seeking habits of
science lecturers at Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye. Lagos
Journal of Library and Information Science, 2 (1), 50-55.
87. Hickerson, Corey Allan (2003). Instructional Productivity and the Use of
E-Mail and Websites. Retrieved from http://wwwlib.uni.com/disserations
/fullicU30972901.
118
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
88. Ajuwon G. A. (2003). Computer and Internet Use by First Year Clinical
and Nursing students in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. BMC Medical
Informatics and Decision Making, 3 (10), retrieved from Biomed central,
1472-6947.
89. Adika, Gifty (2003). Internet Use Among Faculty Members of Universities
in Ghana. Library Review, 52 (1), 29-37.
90. Swarna, T., Kalyane, V. L., Prakasan, E. R. and Vijay, Kumar (2002).
Characteristics of the electronic journal: Library Philosophy and Practice.
SRELS Journal of Information Management, 39 (3), 79-90.
91. Montazer, G. A. (2002). Information Technology Skills Training and Its
Influences on Effective Learning. Journal of Humanities, 12 (42), 175-188.
92. Monopli, M., Nicholas, D., Georgiou, P., and Korfiati, M. (2002). A
User Oriented Evaluation of Digital Libraries: A Case Study. The
Electronic Journals services of the library and information service of the
University of Petra, Greece, Aslib Proceedings, 54 (2), 103-117.
93. Heterick, B. (2002). Faculty attitudes toward electronic resources.
EDUCAUSE Review, 10-11. Retrieved from http://net.educause.edu/ir/
library/pdf/ERM0248.pdf.
94. Herring, Susan Davis (2002). Use of Electronic Resources in Scholarly
Electronic Journals: A Citation Analysis. College and Research Libraries,
334-340.
119
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
95. Dillon, I. F. & Hahn, K. (2002). Are researchers ready for the electronic
only journal collection? Results of a survey at the University of Maryland.
Libraries and the academy, 2 (3), 375-390.
96. Darries, Fatima (2002). The Impact of the Internet on Reference Services
in Higher Education Libraries in South Africa, ELIS.
97. Bagherian, F. (2002). Impacts of Use of the Internet for Higher Education:
A Social Psychological Review. Journal of Research and Planning in
Higher Education, 8 (1,2), 23-24.
98. Zhang, Vino (2001). Scholarly Use of Internet-based Electronic Resources.
Journal of the American society for Information Science and Technology,
52 (8), 628-664.
99. Szu-chia, Lo (2001). The development of electronic journals in Taiwan:
status report on a continuous study of access issues. The Electronic Library,
19 (3), 134-143.
100. Srishaila, Smitha (2001). Tools for assigning subjects to e-documents: a
step towards organizing Internet resources. Paper presented in Workshop on
Multimedia and Internet Technologies, held at Bangalore, India on 26-28
February 2001.
101. Singh, N. (2001). Internet: importance and usage for library and
information professionals. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology,
21 (3), 17-28.
102. Rogers, S. A. (2001). Electronic journal usage at Ohio State University.
College and Research libraries, 62 (1), 25-34.
120
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
103. Moorthy, A. L. (2001). Impact of electronic media on library and
information centers with special reference to India. Retrieved from
Vidyanidhi digital thesis: http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in
104. Flecker, D. (2001). Preserving scholarly e-journals. D-lib magazine, 7 (9).
Retrieved from September 30, 2007. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september01/
flecker /09flecker.html.
105. De Groote, Sandra L. & Dorrch, Josephine L. (2001). Online Journals:
Impact on Print Journals Usage. Bulletin of Medical Libraries Association,
89 (4), 372-378.
106. Pangannaya, N. B. (2000). Use of Internet by the Academic Community: a
case study. DRTC Annual Seminar on Electronic Sources of Information,
(1-3 March: Bangalore).
107. Nicholas, David et al. (2000). The Impact of the Internet on Information
Seeking in the Media, Aslib Proceedings, 53 (3), 99-114.
108. Morse, D. H. & Clintworth, W. A. (2000). Comparing patterns of print
and electronic journal use in an academic health science library. Issues in
Science and Technology Librarianship, retrieved from http://istl.org/00-
fall/refereed.html#1
109. Montgomery, Carol Hansen (2000). Fast track transition to electronic
journals: issues and prospects for academic and research libraries. Library
Review, 50 (4), 169-175.
110. Guttormsen S. S. & Krueger, H. (2000). Using new learning technologies
with Multimedia. IEEE Multimedia, July-September, 40-51.
121