REFERENCING STYLES

Presented to SIR TANVEER KHAN

Presented byZAINAB JAVED

MPhil PharmacognosyTHE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

WHAT IS REFERENCING

“Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that have been used in assignment and allows the sources to be identified”.

WHEN TO REFER

REFER ITQuoting

others words

Paraphrasing other

words and ideas

Using others images and videos

WHY REFERENCE

To avoid plagiarism. To trace origin of ideas. To support our voice in academic

writing. To validate arguments. To acknowledge others work.

REFERENCE STYLES STYLES DISCIPLINESAMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

Psychology, nursing, education and other social sciences

MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)

Literature, arts and humanities

CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE History, information science and journalism

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AMA)

Health sciences

AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (ACS)

Chemistry

AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY (AMS)

Mathematics

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE)

Engineering

‘APA’ REFERECE STYLE

Abbreviation of

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

Set of specific formatting conventions.

Origin in 1929.

GENERAL

FORMAT

1 INCH MARGIN ON ALL SIDES.

MARGIN:

USE TIMES NEW ROMAN FONT WITH FONT SIZE OF 12 PT.

FONT TYPE AND SIZE:

LINES ARE DOUBLE-SPACED WITH NO EXTRA SPACING BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS.

SPACING:

PAGE NUMBERS:

NUMBER THE PAGES CONSECUTIVELY STARTING WITH PAGE 1.

PAGE 1: TITLE PAGEPAGE 2: ABSTRACTPAGE 3: BEGINNING OF TEXT

APA PAPER SECTIONS

References

Main Body

Abstract

Title page

TITLE PAGE:

PAGE HEADER•Use “Insert Page Header” to set this up.•Title must be flush left + page number flush right.

TITLE:•Centered.•Includes titles, author name and institutional affiliation

ABSTRACT:

MAIN BODY:

APA HEADINGSAPA uses a system of five heading levels

LEVEL OF HEADING

FORMAT

1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase

2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase

3 Indented, boldface, lowercase with a period.

4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase with a period.

5 Indented, italicized, lowercase with a period.

IN-TEXT REFERENCE CITATION Parenthetical citation Author-date method of citation

Example 1:

When the APA style was first conceived eighty years ago, the main purpose was to develop standards for the publication of articles in the fields of anthropology and psychology (American Psychological Association, 2001).

Example 2:

According to Fox (2007), the internet has played a significant role in the increase of plagiarism in academia today.

AUTHORS FIRST CITATION IN TEXT

SUBSEQUENT CITATION IN TEXT

PARENTHETICAL FORMAT, FIRST CITATION IN TEXT

PARENTHETICAL FORMAT, SUBSEQUENT CITATION IN TEXT

One author Morse (1996) Morse (1996) (Morse, 1996) (Morse, 1996)

Two authors Ringsven and Bond (1996)

Ringsven and Bond (1996)

(Ringsven & Bond, 1996)

(Ringsven & Bond, 1996)

Three to five authors

Johnson, Brunn and Platt (2002)

Johnson et al. (2002)

(Johnson, Brunn, & Platt, 2002)

(Johnson et al., 2002)

Six or more authors

Arpin et al. (2001)

Arpin et al. (2001)

(Arpin et al., 2001)

(Arpin et al., 2001)

Group (identified abbreviation) as authors

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2009)

CDC (2009) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2009)

(CDC, 2009)

Group (no abbreviation) as authors

The Michener Institute (2002)

The Michener Institute (2002)

(The Michener Institute, 2002)

(The Michener Institute, 2002)

UNKNOWN AUTHOR: A similar study was done of students learning to format

research paper (“Using APA,” 2001).

MORE THAN ONE WORK BY SAME AUTHOR IN SAME YEAR:

Research by Durgin (2003b) has yielded new findings about the role of counseling in treating childhood obesity.

PARENTHETICAL CITATION WITH 2 OR MORE WORKS:

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

AUTHOR WITH SAME LAST NAME: (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION:

(T. K. Lutes, personal communication, September 28,1998). OR T. K. Lutes (personal communication, September 28, 1998)

ELECTRONIC SOURCES: Kenneth (2000) OR (Kenneth, 2000). Global warming 101, (2012) OR ("Global

warming 101," 2012). Smith, (n.d.) OR (Smith, n.d.).

INDIRECT SOURCES: Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003).

DIRECT QUOTES:

Less than 40 words:

Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of overweight Americans, many health care providers still “remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the health danger to the poor and the young” (p. 5). OR

(Critser, 2003, p. 5). More than 40 words:

Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p.199)

REFERENCE PAGE

Alphabetic order Double spacing Hanging indentation Authors Date Title

BOOK

REFERENCES

PRINTED BOOKS:

Author's name, publication year, book title, edition (if any), location of publication and publisher.

EXAMPLE:

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

BASIC BOOK: Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to

preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

BOOK WITH EDITION OTHER THAN FIRST:

Ringsven, M. K., & Bond, D. (1996). Gerontology and leadership skills for nurses. (2nd ed). Albany, NY: Delmar.

BOOK WITH REVISED EDITION: Culliney, J. L. (2006). Islands in a far sea: The fate of

nature in Hawai'i (Rev. ed.). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.

BOOK WITH EDITOR AS AUTHOR: Rich, J. M. (Ed.). (1972). Readings in the philosophy of

education (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

BOOK WITH SOCIETY, ASSOCIATION OR INSTITUTION AS AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER:

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

EDITED BOOK WITH ONE OR MORE AUTHOR:

 Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A systematic presentation of selections from his writings. (H. L. Ansbacher & R. R. Ansbacher, Eds.). New York: Basic Books.

TRANSLATED BOOKS:

  Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814)

EDITED BOOK WITH CHAPTERS WITH OWN AUTHOR:

  Phillips, S. J., Whisnant, J. (1995). Hypertension and stroke. In J. H. Laragh, & B. Brenner (Eds.), Hypertension: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management (pp. 465-78). New York: Raven Press.

ELECTRONIC

BOOKS

ELECTRONIC BOOKS Author names, date, title, location, publisher (with e-

reader book type in square brackets if applicable), and source (URL or DOI).

Example: Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in

politics, and at home. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books.

Hadler .N. M. (2008). Worried sick: A prescription for health in an over-treated America [Net Library version] Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com

 Conoloff, A. (2012). Salvaging the suburbs. doi:11.8870/6001/2122.442.26

JOURNAL

REFERENCES

PRINTED JOURNAL: Author's name, publication year, journal title written in

full, a comma, volume number issue number in parentheses if available, comma, and the page range, followed by a period.

Examples Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New

Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.  The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.

(1986). Clinical exercise testing,

Safety and performance guidelines. Medical Journal of Australia, 164, 282-4.

ELECTRONIC JOURNAL: Mates, B. F., & Strommen, L. (1995). Why Ernie can't

read: 'Sesame Street' and literacy. The Reading Teacher, 49(4), 300-306. Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/general/Publications/Journals/RT.aspx

 Alejos, A., Weingartner, A. Scharff, D.P., Ablah, E., Frazier, L., Hawley,S.R.,…Wright, K.S. (2008). Ensuring the success of local public health workforce assessments: Using a participatory-based research approach with a rural population. Public Health, 122 (12), 1447-1455. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.06.008

PERIODICAL

REFERENCES

MAGAZINES: Give author's names, publication date, title of article,

name of magazine, volume number, issue number and page number.

Examples: Ives, F., & Lydon, J. (2005, January). Freud's Vienna

revisited. Discover, 26(2), 16-17. Smith, J. (2009, January 21). Obama inaugurated as

President. Time,171, 21-23. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/news/obama_inaugurated.html

NEWSPAPER:Give author's names, publication date, tile of article, title

of publication and page numbers.

For example: Rimer, S. (2003, September 3). A campus fad that’s

being copied: Internet plagiarism seems on the rise. New York Times, p. B7.

 Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5).Tiffany glass and other tales from the crypt. The New York Times, pp. 1, 5. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/

WEBPAGE

REFERENCES

WEBPAGE REFERENCESGive author names (if known), date of publication,

copyright date, or date of last update, title of Web site, date of accessing information and web address of the site

For examples:

 Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from http://www.safechild.org/

AMA

REFERENCE STYLE

‘AMA’ REFERENCE STYLE

Abbreviation of AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The first publication came out in 1962 and latest 10th publication came out in 2007

IN-TEXT CITATION:

End notes are given in text to to indicate reference

For example

Duration of surgery, the surgeon's experience ², …

REFERENCE PAGE

Numeric order No indentation Double-spacing No space between authors initials.

BOOK REFERENCES

Give the author's last name then initials, title of book, publication location, publisher and year.

BASICBOOKS:

Lugalla JB. Poverty, AIDS, and Street Children in East Africa. Lewiston, NY: Mellen Press; 2003.

BOOK WITH EDITOR AS AUTHOR:

Brunton LB, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.

•:

EDITED BOOK WITH CHAPTERS WITH OWN AUTHOR:

O'Brien C. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In: Brunton LB, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005: 607-629.

ELECTRONIC BOOKS Give author's names, title of work, place of publication,

publisher name, year of publication, URL, date accessed.

Example:

Fox, M. Including children 3-11 with physical disabilities: Practical guidance for mainstream schools. London: David Fulton; 2003. http://www.netlibrary.com. Accessed December 3, 2007.

JOURNAL REFERENCES Give the author's name, article title, journal title

abbreviation, year, volume, issue number in parentheses if available, comma, and the page range.

Examples

Bakewell J. Choosing support equipment in children's therapy. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2007;14(8): 379-381.

Mao DW, Hong Y, Li JX. Characteristics of foot movement in Tai Chi exercise. Phys Ther. 2006; 86(2): 215-222. http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/215. Accessed December 3, 2007.

NEWSPAPER REFERENCES

Wolf W. State’s mail-order drug plan launched. Minneapolis Star Tribune. May 14, 2004:1B.

WEBPAGE REFERENCES:Give author’s name or responsible body, title of webpage, URL

and date accessed.Example: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Rehabilitation. Medline

Plus. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rehabilitation.html. Last updated November 30, 2007. Accessed December 3, 2007.

  

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