Real and Artificial Intelligence

Elaine RegelsonDirector of Mentoring and Retention

Computer Science

Professor Ross Beveridge

What is “Intelligence”?

• Thoughts … ??

What is “intelligence”?

1. the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills: an eminent man of great intelligence

2. a person or being with the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills: extraterrestrial intelligences

[Oxford English Dictionary online:

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/intelligence]

What is intelligent?

• That is, what are some examples of things you think are intelligent?

• Thoughts?

What is intelligent?

• People?

What is intelligent?

• People?• Mice?

What is intelligent?

• People?• Mice?• Bees?

What is intelligent?

• People?• Mice?• Bees? … or cockroaches?

What is intelligent?

• People?• Mice?• Bees? … or cockroaches?• Amoebae?

What is intelligent?

• People?• Mice?• Bees? … or cockroaches?• Amoebae?• Rocks?

Back to intelligence:

• Is there only one kind?

Back to intelligence:

• Is there only one kind?• If so, what is it?

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Dr. Howard Gardner: not only do human beings have several different ways of learning and processing information, but these methods are relatively independent of one another: leading to multiple "intelligences" as opposed to a “general intelligence factor” among correlated abilities

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner

Dr. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

• … and considering a ninth: existential intelligence (the posing and pondering of "big questions")

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner

So how do you know …

• … if something is intelligent?

Can Machines Be Intelligent?

Can Machines Be Intelligent?

• How would you know?

Thinking Machines

Professor Ross Beveridge

April, 2009

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Thinking Machines

Introduction:

What is this machine thinking?

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Up Front - Visual Sources

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Thinking - Machines

TM 3

Aristotle

& Other

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Are people special?

What would make them special?

Let’s consider this…

Perspective: Humans are Special

1. We are the center of the Universe.

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Perspective: Humans are Special

1. We our the center of the Universe.

2. We are not animals.

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Perspective: Humans are Special

1. We are the center of the Universe.

2. We are not animals.

3. Only animal to use tools.

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Perspective: Humans are Special

1. We are the center of the Universe.

2. We are not animals.

3. Only animal to use tools.

4. Only animal to use language.

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Perspective: Humans are Special

1. We are the center of the Universe.

2. We are not animals.

3. Only animal to use tools.

4. Only animal to use language.

5. Well, at least we are intelligent.

Take heart, we are the ones building the machines.

Maybe defining intelligence is tricky!

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Some Definitions of A.I.

• Dean et. al.: Design and study of computer programs that behave intelligently.

• Rich and Knight: The study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better.

• Handbook of AI: Is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior - understanding language, reasoning, solving problems, and so on.

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Talents, Human & Machine

Talent HumanMachine

Arithmetic Give it up.Great!

Short Term Memory 7 +/- 2GigaBytes

Memory - Association Great!Struggling

Natural Language Great!Getting better

Scheduling - formal Give it up.Great!

Handling unexpected ResourcefulDreadful … ?

GoodWhat is it?Common Sense

Perception - Sight Great!Not general

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Look Ma - No Hands

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Computer - Listen up!

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Accomplishments - Chess

Chess is as elaborate a waste of human intelligence as you can find outside an advertising agency.

Raymond ChandlerUS detective novelist & screenwriter (1888 - 1959)

Raymond Chandler’s views on waste aside, he and many others associate Chess with intelligence.

"If you can't beat your computer at chess, try kickboxing.”

Anon

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

TD Gammon

Temporal Difference Learning

Tesauro 1994

“It is quite true that rollout results from three backgammon playing computer programs (Expert Backgammon, TD-Gammon, and Jellyfish) have given us new insights into opening rolls and other phases of the game.”

Kit Woolsey - 1995

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Better Jet Engines

Ashley, Steven, "Engineous Explores the Design Space", Mechanical Engineering, February 1992, pp. 49-52.

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Too Far Out Not to Think

AI planner controls the Deep Space 1 space probe

-

NASA 1999

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Thinking Machines & CSU

Darrell WhitleyGenetic Algorithm & SearchCharles AndersonNeural Nets & Reinforcement LearningAdele HowePlanning & EvaluationRoss BeveridgeComputer Vision & SearchBruce DraperComputer Vision & Learning

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Computer Vision - Faces

People do it well.

and how about machines?

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

CSU Face Recognition

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Internet Agents - Metasearch

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

What is on your Mind

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

Can Machines Be Intelligent?

• How would we know?

Next few slides based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test

Alan Turing

• British mathematician• “Father of modern computer science”

Alan Turing

• British mathematician• “Father of modern computer science”• 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and

Intelligence” which opens with the words “Can computers think?”

Alan Turing

It turns out that that’s very hard to determine, so he chose an alternative:

Alan Turing

• “Are there imaginable digital computers that would do well in the ‘imitation game’?”

Imitation Game [1]

• Man and woman, separate rooms; both try to emulate the opposite gender while “judges” try to tell them apart while communicating only via typewritten slips of paper.

Imitation Game [2]

• In this version the human “judge” tries to figure out which “player” is a human and which is a computer.

Turing Test

Imitation Game [2]

• The question to be resolved: “Is it possible to ask questions to identify which is which using only typewritten communications?”

What would YOU ask?

MANY more “fields”

Neural networks

• Computers figuring out how to solve complex problems without the human programmers knowing what is going on…

Communication

Communication

• Speech generation (the computer talks)

Solved adequately in the 1970’s. Great progress with aesthetically pleasing voices has been made, but there’s still lots to be done.

Communication

• Speech recognition (the computer recognizes the words a person is speaking). Individual words addressed reasonably in the

very late 1970s

A primitive versions of connected speech recognition began in the very early 1980s

Communication

• Speech recognition (the computer recognizes the words a person is speaking)

Phone speech is improving. Voices? Accents?

Communication

Speech understanding (the computer “actually” “understands” – parses and properly interprets – what the person is saying). But it’s often hard.

Communication

Speech understanding (the computer “actually” “understands” – parses and properly interprets – what the person is saying). But it’s often hard.

What exactly does “Flying airplanes can be dangerous” mean?

Communication

Speech understanding (the computer “understands” what the person is saying):

Now we have Watson playing Jeopardy!

And more still

for you and your peers to discover!

Wrapping up:

So …

• What is intelligence?

Real versus artificial intelligence

• How will we know?

What next?

• Look online – IBM’s “Watson” playing Jeopardy

– Amazing robots

– Old and new examples of intelligence, artificial or otherwise

What next?

• Or read. Maybe – meet “Mike” in Robert Heinlein’s “Moon Is a

Harsh Mistress” (weird and … um … “adult”)

– or “HAL” in Stanley Kubrick’s “2001: A Space Odyssey”

– or one of Dr. Howard Gardner’s books on intelligence

– or any of MANY other books and articles

What next?

• Or see what you can imagine. Maybe – thinking machines

– new ideas for robots

– new kinds of “intelligence”

– what else might animals be capable of doing?

– what else might YOU be capable of doing?

Any questions or comments?