Post on 10-Dec-2016
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
qarTuli literatura modernizmisa
da realizmis mijnaze
(eZRvneba mixeil javaxiSvilis da
niko lorTqifaniZis dabadebidan
130-e wlisTavs)
Tbilisi 2010
UDC(uak)821.353.1.09 q-279
samecniero krebuli gamoica
qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos mxardaWeriT. redaqtori
irma ratiani
saredaqcio kolegia:
ivane amirxanaSvili
maka elbaqiZe
miranda tyeSelaSvili
mxatvari
nodar sumbaZe
kompiuteruli uzrinvelyofa
TinaTin duglaZe
© SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti,
2010 ISBN 978-9941-0-2514-3
2
sarCevi
bela wifuria
ilias saxelmwifo universiteti
SedarebiTi literaturis instituti
modernistuli gamocdileba saqarTveloSi.........................................3
Tamaz vasaZe
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
sulierebis pirvelujredi.....................................................................19
maia jaliaSvili
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
mixeil javaxiSvilis neorealizmi,
rogorc modernizmis alternativa........................................................25
inga milorava
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
keria _ miwa _ mamuli _ niko lorTqifaniZe................................34
manana kvaWantiraZe
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
triqsteri rogorc antigmiri
(mixeil javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~)...................................40
3
rusudan burjanaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
niko lorTqifaniZe _ adamianis uflebaTa damcveli..................58
nona kupreiSvili
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
mxatvruli da ekonomikuri diskursis
korelacia `jayos xiznebis~ mixedviT................................................64
irma ratiani
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
teqstis interpretaciuli SesaZleblobebi.
mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~.................................................74
4
bela wifuria
ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,
SedarebiTi literaturis instituti
modernistuli gamocdileba saqarTveloSi
meoce saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi modernistuli
gamocdilebis arseboba mniSvnelovani movlenaa ara mxolod
kulturuli, aramed sociokulturuli da istoriul-poli-
tikuri TvalsazrisiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli Semdegi
periodis qarTuli kulturuli/sociokulturuli sinamdvi-
lisaTvis am gamocdilebas iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs, rogo-
ric, mTeli meoce saukunis manZilze, saqarTvelis pirveli
respublikis arsebobas aRmoaCnda Tanamedrove qarTuli sa-
xelmwifos ganviTarebis perspeqtivisTvis. ufro metic: SeiZ-
leba vimsjeloT imazec, Tu ramdenad gansazRvra sazogado-
ebriv doneze dasavluri kulturisadmi swrafvam saqarTve-
los pirveli demokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis miswrafe-
ba, ramdenad iqonia dasavlurma kulturulma arCevanma gav-
lena qveynis saxelmwifoebriv-politikur arCevanze. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasavluri
tipis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi
imave sazogadoebrivma tendenciebma ganapiroba, ramac gansaz-
Rvra dasavluri tipis kulturuli garemos Seqmnis mcde-
lobac. amave dros, modernizmisadmi da Tanamedrove dasav-
luri kulturisadmi interesi, mTeli sabWoTa periodis gan-
mavlobaSi, swored iseve iyo SenarCunebuli, rogorc inte-
resi dasavluri tipis saxelmwifoebisadmi. aqac SegviZlia
vimsjeloT urTierTganmapirobebel tendenciebze, erTi mxriv
dasavlur sazogadoebriv-politikur, meore mxriv ki kul-
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turul procesebSi integrirebis survilze. ufro zustad
ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTveloSi dasavluri tipis sa-
zogadoebriv-politikuri mowyobis Seqmnis survils sabWoTa
sinamdvileSic swored is sazogadoebriv-inteleqtualuri
tendenciebi ganapirobebdnen, romlebic aRZravdenen interess
Tanadrouli dasavluri kulturisadmic. qarTuli modernis-
tuli teqstebi, kulturuli memkvidreoba am periodSic
moqmedebda ufro farTo dasavlur kulturul arealTan Se-
makavSirebeli funqciiT, rac aris kidec kulturis zogadi
misia. amgvari midgomiT, saqarTveloSi modernistuli kul-
turuli tendenciis arseboba mniSvnelovania rogorc sin-
qronul droSi, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, ise mTel Sem-
dgom periodSi da dRemde.
roca saqarTveloSi modernistuli gamocdilebis arsebo-
baze vmsjelobT, kiTxvebi ismis rogorc misi kulturuli,
aseve sociokulturuli amocanebis mimarT: ra kulturuli
winapirobebi hqonda dasavluri kulturul-politikuri siv-
rcisadmi interess? ra mizniT xdeboda saqarTveloSi moder-
nizmis, rogorc dasavluri kulturis dominanturi stilis
implementacia da dasavluri kulturuli gamocdilebis aT-
viseba? ramdenad srulad moxda saqarTveloSi modernizmis
kulturuli (esTetikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi) gamocdi-
lebis adaptacia? ramdenad Rirebuli mxatvruli produqcia
Seiqmna saqarTveloSi modernistuli kulturuli gamocdi-
lebis safuZvelze? ramdenad didi zegavlena hqonda moder-
nistuli stilis adaptacias qarTuli kulturis ganviTare-
baze? SegviZlia Tu ara, sabolood, vaRiaroT ara mxolod
qarTul teqstebSi calkeuli modernistuli niSnebis arse-
boba, aramed erTiani kulturuli situaciis, qarTuli mo-
6
dernizmis arsebobac? ra adgili aqvs qarTul modernizms
dasavluri modernizmis erTian kulturul sinamdvileSi?
SegviZlia Tu ara vimsjeloT qarTuli modernistuli
kulturis/azrovnebis wvlilze ruseTis imperiis rRvevisas
saqarTvelos damoukidebeli, dasavlur-demokartiuli arCeva-
nis ganxorcielebaSi? tician tabiZis saprogramo werili
`cisferi yanwebiT~ naTlad gviCvenebs saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifoebrivi arCevanisadmi modernistTa erTian pozicias,
rac, cxadia, qarTuli kulturuli da sociokulturuli
garemos saerTo ganwyobebzec zemoqmedebda. rusuli koloni-
uri gamocdilebis Sefasebisas, misi Sexedulebebi Seesabameba
qarTuli kulturis arealSi mecxramete sukuneSive arsebul
antikoloniur ganwyobas, magram ufro calsaxad aris verba-
lizebuli: `mecxramete saukunis dasawyisi xdeba ukanaskneli
qartexili qarTuli politikuri cxovrebis, romelmac gan-
sazRvra mTeli Semdegi yofna. saqarTvelom dakarga Tavisi
saxe, rogorc saxelmwifom. am dRidan yoveli dRe TiTo
lursmans umatebs mis kubos. TandaTan mtkicdeba ruseTis
gavlena qarTul samoqalaqo cxovrebaze. Zveli qarTuli
suli jer mZlavrobs, magram aRdgomis magier iferfleba~
(tabiZe 1916). amave dros, 1916 wlis dasawyisSi daweril am
werilSi cxadad Cans, rom modernistebi emzadebian saqarTve-
loSi axali sinamdvilis dadgomisTvis. pirveli msoflio
omis mimdinareoba maT axali istoriul-politikuri realo-
bis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs, Tavad ki am procesSi
qarTuli inteleqtualuri da SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis rols
acnobiereben: `xolo dRes iwyeba Zirianad Secvla qarTuli
azrovnebis, saukunod daCrdiluli warsuli cocxldeba da
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebi dgebian, damone-
buli suli ubrundeba Tavis Zvel budes. ramdenadac gaiz-
7
rdeba erovnuli Segneba, imdenad vuaxlovdebiT warsuls da
inakvTeba qarTuli idea. saqarTvelos xelovnebis momavalic
am ideis gaSliT gaizomeba~ (tabiZe 1916).
modernizmisadmi kulturuli miswrafeba, rogoradac is
pirvelad grigol robaqiZis, sxva cisferyanwelebis, galak-
tionis SemoqmedebaSi, meoce saukunis aTiani wlebis, ruseTi
imperiis mier kolonizebul saqarTveloSi iqmneba, cxadyofs,
rom qarTveli avtorebi aSkarad gamoxataven interess ara
rusuli, aramed sakuTriv dasavluri kulturuli sivrci-
sadmi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rusuli kulturis sivrceSic
maT ainteresebT `vercxlis xanis~ avtorebis modernistuli
teqstebi. maSin, roca kulturuli kavSiris TvalsazrisiT
rusuli kultura gacilebiT ufro xelmisawvdomia da ar-
sebobs kidec pirovnuli da teqstualuri kontaqtebis mra-
vali faqti, qarTul modernizmSi deklarirebulia miswrafe-
ba swored evropuli kulturisaken. tician tabiZec werilSi
`cisferi yanwebiT~ aanalizebs rusul kulturul garemos,
Tumca saubrobs rusul literaturaSi modernizmis arare-
levantur modificirebaze da modernistuli gamocdilebis
adaptaciisaTvis uSualo wyarod evropul teqstebs asaxe-
lebs. qarTvelo modernistebis msgavsi Sexedulebebi SeiZle-
ba aRviqvaT rogorc modernizmis avTenturi sinamdvilis ga-
Tavisebis survili da, aseve, antikoloniuri gancdis gamoxa-
tuleba: qarTveli modernistebi ar aRiareben metropoliis
kulturisadmi imgvar daqvemdebarebul damokidebulebas, ro-
ca periferiaSi fasobs da upiratesad miiCneva centris kul-
turuli tendenciebi, kulturuli teqstebi da figurebi.
1910-ian wlebSi, qarTuli modernizmis warmoSobisas, ruse-
Tis imperiis mier, cxadia, xorcieldeboda imperiuli poli-
tika, maT Soris kulturis donezec, magram Tavisi Tanmim-
8
devrulobiT is ver Seedreboda sabWour kulturul poli-
tikas, roca periferiaze centris kulturis dominanturi
gavlenis damkvidreba ufro agresiulad da mizanmimarTulad
xdeboda. qarTveli modernistebis mier evropis, da sakuTriv,
parizis, rogorc kulturuli centris deklarireba Tavis-
Tavad Seesabameba evropuli modernistuli kulturis re-
alobas (iaSvili 1916). meore mxriv, vropis, rogorc kul-
turuli centris pozicionireba gamoxatavs antikoloniur
suliskveTebas da ewinaaRmdegeba rusuli kulturul-poli-
tikuri sivrcis aRmatebulad aRiarebis tendencias, rac ko-
loniuri gamocdilebis pirvel etapze, mecxramete saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi, aseTi sagrZnobi iyo qarTul sociokul-
turul sivrceSi. Tumca rusuli kulturul-politikuri
dawinaurebis imperiuli miTis rRveva ukavSirdeba ara uSu-
alod qarTvel modernistebs, aramed maT wina Taobas, da
sakuTriv ilia WavWavaZes, romelmac am amocanis Sesruleba
jer kidev `mgzavris werilebSi~ daiwyo, roca am antikolo-
nuri suliskveTebis teqstis dasawyisSive, rusuli etli-
sadmi frangi nacnobis damcinavi poziciiT (`magiT dadis?!
imitomac Sors aris wasuli!..~) gvamcno, rom ruseTis impe-
riis saxelmwifoebriv-kulturuli procesi TavisTavad Ca-
morCeba evropis winsvlas. rusuli centris upiratesobis
modelis rRvevas uSualod dasavluri realobisadmi, kul-
turuli da, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
mowyobisadmi interesis gaRvivebis mizans emsaxureba ilia
WavWavaZis asobiT publicisturi werili. amdenad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom centrisa da periferiis imperiuli mimarTebis
moSlis amocana qarTveli modernistebis gamosvlis dro-
isaTvis ukve Sesrulebulia da dasavluri kulturisadmi ma-
Ti damokidebuleba, rusuli kulturis dominantobis sa-
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nacvlod dasavluri gamocdilebis adaptaciis survili, uSu-
alo gagrZelebaa ilia WavWavaZis mier qarTul kulturul
garemoSi damkvidrebuli xedvisa. swored am xedvas Seesaba-
meba is miznebic, romelTa mixedviTac xdeboda qarTuli
kulturis dasavluri gamocdilebasTan sinqronizacia, `qar-
Tuli kulturis gamarTva msoflio radiusiT~ (t. tabiZe).
am fonze qarTveli modernistebi rusul kulturasTan mi-
marTebis koloniur models cvlian centris gadmonacvlebis,
qarTuli kulturis centrulobis modeliT, rac realobad
iqceva saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis periodSi, roca
mTeli ruseTis yofili imperiis farglebSi swored Tbilisi
gaxdeba `kulturuli oazisi~, rusi modernistebis TavSesa-
fari, `aRTqmuli qveyana~ (o. mandelStami) (nikolskaia
2000). imisda miuxedavad, rom qarTveli modernistebis mier Ca-
tarebuli muSaoba, upiratesad, kulturul-esTetikur are-
alSi mimdinareobda, dasavluri gamocdilebis adaptacia ze-
gavlenas axdenda siciokulturul arealze, rac, Tavis
mxriv, gavlenas axdenda qveynis dasavluri mimarTulebiT
ganviTarebis strategiaze. niSandoblivia, rom es mimarTeba
qarTveli avtorebis pirvelive saprogramo teqstebSia dek-
larirebuli. nacionalur funqciaze, saqarTvelos ganaxle-
bis mizanze orientacia gacxadebulia paolo iaSvilis `pir-
velTqmaSi~. teqstSi gabneuli kodebiT SeiZleba saqarTve-
los saxis rekonstruireba, rogoradac is aRiqmeba cisfer-
yanwelTa mier: saqarTvelo aris maradi, magram misi arseba
axla landuria da mdumarebiT damSvidebuli, saqarTvelos
xalxi aris usxivo da daviwyebuli, magram didebiT dagvir-
gvinebis Rirsi, saqarTvelos sxeuls dapatronebian yalbi
mqadageblebi, magram saqarTvelos axalgazrdebi qveynis mo-
10
mavlisaTvis gaerTiandebian da maTi ideebi da energia mo-
itans ganaxlebas (iaSvili 1916). manifestSi, jgufis misiis
Semcvel dokumentSi, warmoCenilia, rom SemoqmedebiT ganax-
lebis ideas ordeni akavSirebs, zogadad, qveynis ganaxlebis
ideasTan, xolo dasavluri sivrcidan gamocdilebis aTvise-
bisas isini rogorc sakuTriv esTetikur, aseve zogad done-
ze cvlian qveynis sinamdviles. am mxriv qarTveli modernis-
tebis miznebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ara mxolod esTetikur,
aramed socialur movlenad, rac TavisTavad Seesabameba iur-
gen habermasis mier esTetikuri da, ufro zogadad, kultu-
ruli modernizmis amocanebis ganxilvas, rogorc mraval-
mxrivi socialuri modernizaciis amocanebis winapirobisa
(habermasi 1993.). am konteqstSi logikuri Cans qarTveli
modernistebis mier nacionaluri identobis axleburad gaaz-
rebis mcdelobebi, rac zog SemTxvevaSi idealizebulia `qar-
Tuli messianizmis~ (g. leoniZe) ideamde, zog SemTxvevaSi ki
sakmaod pragmatul-inteleqtualur pozicias gulisxmobs,
rac ukavSirdeba evropeizaciis procesis garduvalobis fon-
ze nacionaluri kulturuli saxis gacnobierebas _ evropu-
li kulturis winaSe mtkice poziciis mosapoveblad (`ro-
gorc unda gaTavdes omi, aSkaraa wina aziaSi evropa Semo-
aRebs kars da am dros Cven unda davxvdeT SeWurvili erov-
nuli SemecnebiT, erovnuli kulturis yvela folaqeb Sek-
ruli~) (tabiZe 1916).
am fonze iqmneba qarTul garemoSi modernistuli kul-
turuli stilisa da kulturuli figurebis sociokultu-
ruli funqciac. gansxvavebiT mecxramete saukunis mwerlis
sociokulturuli saxisagan, rac, uwinaresad, ukavSirdeba
zneobrivi misiisa da identobis damcvelis funqciis mqone
nacionaluri lideris rols, modernizmis epoqis mwerals
11
da, zogadad, mwerlobas, morgebuli aqvs kulturtregeris
statusi da am funqciT moqmedebs sociumSi. TavisTavad es
statusi uzrunvelyofs maTTvis lideris rols, ramdenadac
ganaxlebasTan, TanamedroveobasTan, ganviTarebis perspepeqti-
vasTan dakavSirebis misiiT swored isini gamodian. Tumca ni-
Sandoblivia, rom qarTveli modernistebi mwerlis figurisa
da literaturuli qmnilebebis ufro tradiciul, samoci-
anelTa mier damkvidrebul statuss daubrundebian sabWour-
totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi, roca mTeli modernistu-
li Taoba akeTebs axal kulturul arCevans, sabWouri kul-
turis fasadis miRma qmnis nacionaluri orientaciis kul-
turas da xels uwyobs qarTuli nacionaluri identobis Se-
narCunebas _ amjerad ara dasavlur sivrceSi integraciis
gziT, rac obieqtur pirobebSi SeuZlebeli xdeba, aramed
rusul-sabWouri sivrcisagan kulturul-inteleqtualuri
da RirebulebiTi izolaciis strategiis meSveobiT.
niSandoblivia, rom cisferyanwelebis, rogorc pirveli
modernistuli dajgufebis mier dasaxuli dasavluri kul-
turuli da sazogadoebrivi orientirebi aqtualuria saqar-
TveloSi modernizmis arsebobis mTeli periodis ganmavloba-
Si. maSinac, roca calkeuli avtorebi an jgufebi edavebian
erTmaneTs ama Tu im konkretuli modernistuli mimdinare-
obisadmi kuTvnilebis an pirovnuli dapirispirebis niSniT
(iqneba es futuristebis polemika cisferyanwelebTan, an,
Tundac, konstantine gamsaxuridias polemika grigol roba-
qiZesTan), sadavo ar xdeba da ar gadaisinjeba dasavluri
kulturuli sivrcisadmi orientacia. da maSinac, roca esTe-
tikuri poziciis Seqmnisas deklarirebulia dasavluri da
aRmosavluri, an dasavluri da nacionaluri esTetikis sin-
Tezi (konstantine gamsaxurdiasTan, an, cxadia, tician tabi-
12
ZesTan, romelic hafizis da prudonis, besikisa da bodleris
poetikis Serwymaze, Tu axal qarTveli poetSi rusTavelisa
da malarmes Sexvedraze saubrobs), an, Tundac, roca evro-
puli modernistuli figurebis nacvlad klasikur evropul
memkvidreobaze keTdeba aqcenti (`akademiuri asociaciis mi-
er~), es mainc dasavlur kulturuli realobaSi integraci-
is da am gziT qarTuli kulturis ganaxlebis amocanis na-
wilad ganixileba.
ramdenad srulfasovnad ganviTarda modernizmi saqarTve-
loSi, an gaxda Tu ara qarTuli modernizmi, iurgen haberma-
sis sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT kidev erTi dausrulebeli pro-
eqti modernizaciisa? istoriuli realobidan gamomdinare,
modernizmis kulturuli procesis ganviTarebisTvis saqar-
Tvelos aT welze odnav meti ergo _ Tuki aTvlas davi-
wyebT `cisferi yanwebis~ gamosvliT, 1916 wlidan, gamodis,
rom Tavisufali da aqtiuri ganviTarebisaTvis modernizms,
saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde, xuTiode weli aqvs. 1921 wlidan
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, mxolod 1920-iani wlebis bo-
lomde, kulturaze sabWouri, sakuTriv ki beriaseuli agre-
siuli kontrolis pirobebSic, jer kidev iwereba modernis-
tuli teqstebi, rac 1930-iani wlebis damdegs, kulturaze
totalitaruli sabWouri kontrolis damyarebisas wydeba.
amdenad, qarTuli modernizmi ara Tu dausrulebeli, aramed
Sewyvetili proqtia, kulturuli procesis wyveta dakavSi-
rebulia sastik da sisxlian istoriuli procesTan. am fon-
ze SegviZlia vimsjeloT imazec, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iyo
saqarTveloSi modernizmis talRa, Tuki, amisda miuxedavad,
dRemde aqtualuria is kulturul produqcia da Tavad
kulturuli procesi, romelsac qarTuli kulturis isto-
riaSi ganviTarebis aTiode weli eTmoboda. am periodSi mo-
13
dernizmis esTetikiT Seqmnili, modernizmis saxeliT produ-
cirebuli literaturuli teqstebis mxatvruli Rirebuleba
aRiarebulia qarTveli mkiTxvelis da qarTuli literatu-
rismcodneobis mier. raodenobrivadac swored am periodze
modis qarTuli literaturisTvis umniSvnelovanes teqstTa
da umniSvnelovanes literaturul figuraTa didi wili _
galaktionis asobiT simbolisturi lirikuli Sedevri da
Sedevrebis wignad wodebuli `artistuli yvavilebi~, tician
tabiZis, paolo iaSvilis, valerian gafrindaSvilis, kolau
nadiraZis, giorgi leoniZis, grigol robaqiZis simbolistu-
ri lirika da eseistika, grigol robaqiZis romani `gvelis
perangi~ da misi piesebi, niko lorqifaniZis impresionistu-
li novelebi, konstantine gamsaxurdas eqspresionistuli
novelebi da misi romani `dionisos Rimili~, demna Senge-
laias romani `sanavardo~, leo qiaCelis modernistuli no-
velebi, mixeils javaxiSvilis fsiqoanalitikuri proza da
modernistuli problematikiT gajerebuli misi romanebi
`TeTri sayelo~ da `jayos xiznebi~, simon Ciqovanis futu-
ristuli leqsebi da sxva. Sesabamisad, 1910-1920-ian wlebSi
modernistuli kulturis farglebSi SegviZlia araerTi li-
teraturuli teqstis, individualuri avtoris da, aseve av-
torTa dajgufebis (`cisferi yanwebi~, `H2SO4~, `akademiuri asociacia~), dajgufebaTa saxeliT gamocemuli perioduli
organoebis, originaluri teqstebis identificireba, rac da-
savlur garemosTanac konteqstualizebulia evropuli mo-
dernistuli teqstebis Targmanebisa da esseistur-analiti-
kuri refleqsiis meSveobiT. modernistuli esTetika vrcel-
deba qarTuli literaturis arealidan da moicavs mTel
kulturul-SemoqmedebiT sinamdviles _ mxatvrobis, Teat-
ris, kinos sivrces. literaturuli procesis TavisTavadi
14
mTlianoba da moculoba, da masTan kavSirSi, mTeli saxe-
lovnebo sivrcis farglebSi aRqmuli qarTuli modernistu-
li mxatvroba, Teatri, kino (irakli gamrekelis, Salva qi-
qoZis, elene axvledianis, lado gudiaSvilis, petre ocxe-
lis, daviT kakabaZis modernistuli esTetikiT Seqnmili na-
muSevrebi, kote marjaniSvilisa da sandro axmetelis speq-
taklebi, kote miqaberiZis, nikoloz Sengelaias filmebi)
gvidasturebs, rom modernizmi im periodis saqarTveloSi
namdvilad aris dominantuli kulturuli stili, romelic
moicavs kulturis yvela sferos da TiTqmis yvela avtors,
maT Soris, maTac, vinc sabWoTa periodSi savsebiT aramoder-
nistuli statusiT, sabWoTa kulturuli sivricisadmi kuT-
vnilebis niSniT, Sesabamisi teqstebiT iyvnen popularize-
bulni (magaliTad, cnobili sabWouri teqstis `dediserTa
leninTan~ avtori, sandro SanSiaSvili, amave dros, cisfer-
yanwelTa megobrad da modernistuli piesis, `berdo zmanias~
avtorad gvevlineba, cnobili sabWoTa kritikosi, besarion
JRenti _ qarTvel futuristad a.S).
cxadia, sabWoTa Zalas, romelic, istoriuli katakliz-
mebis Sedegad, modernizmis amgvar aqtivobas Sewyvetda, mar-
Tlac mZlavri moqmedebebi dasWirdeboda Tavisi agresiis gan-
saxorcieleblad. sxvadasxva etapze sabWoTa xelisufleba
sxvadasxva meTodebiT moqmedebs da am process Tavisi qro-
nologia aqvs: koniunqturuli sabWouri teqstebis Seqmnis
moTxovna da msgavsi teqstebis gamoCena, jer kidev Tavisu-
fali SemoqmedebiTi produqciis gverdiT, rac 1920-iani
wlebis bolodanve TvalsaCinoa modernist avtorebTan; amave
periodidan _ modernistuli dajgufebebis daSla; 1930-iani
wlebis dasawyisidan _ modernistuli esTetikis sruli ga-
modevna kulturis sivrcidan; amave periodidan _ TvalsaCino
15
mweralTa figurebis `gasabWoeba~, sabWouri kulturis kont-
eqstSi moqceva, maTTvis sabWouri socialuri statusis Seq-
mna da sabWouri jildoebiT dajildoeba; amave dros, met-
naklebad `xelisSemSlel~ modernist avtorTa identifici-
reba da maTi izolacia (Tundac, grigol robaqiZis gandevna
qveynidan); 1937 wlisTvis ki _ amgvar avtorTa (tician
tabiZis, mixeil javaxiSvilis, nikolo miwiSvilis, paolo
iaSvilis) fizikuri ganadgureba; maTi teqstebis blokireba
(ZiriTadad, 50-ian wlebSi reabilitaciamde); amave wlebSi,
qveynis mosaxleobis im nawilis fizikuri ganadgureba an ga-
dasaxleba, vinc nacionalur, religiur Tu dasavluri Rire-
bulebebs aRiarebda da modernistuli kulturis momxmareb-
lis potencials flobda; modernistuli kulturis aRqmis
praqtikis moSla da gamocdilebis amoSla sazogadoebrivi
mexsierebidan; amis sanaclod sabWouri ideologizirebuli
kulturis indoqtrinacia; dasavluri modernistuli kultu-
ris blokireba da qarTveli mkiTxvelis Tavisufali inte-
leqtualuri ganviTarebis procesis xelis SeSla; qarTuli
modernizmis ignorireba an damamcrobeli Sefaseba (cnobil
qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedebis modernistuli periodis sa-
xeldeba `ymawvilur senad~ Tu `gulubryvilo gatacebebad~,
mweralTa Sesaxeb Seqmnil gamokvlevebSi maTi teqstebis mo-
dernistuli Sinaarsis miCqmalva, qarTvel mweralTa moder-
nistuli teqstebis sanacvlod maTive realisturi teqstebis
popularizacia da a.S.). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa agre-
sia qarTuli modernizmis mimarT iseTive mizanimimarTuli
iyo, rogoric qarTuli aristokratiuli gvarebis da, rac
mTavaria, qarTuli qristianuli kulturisa da eklesiis mi-
marT. es kidev erTxel migviTiTebs qarTuli modernizmis
TavisTavad mniSvnelobaze, iseve, rogorc sabWoTa xelisuf-
16
lebis mier am mniSvnelobis gacnobierebis faqtze. amasTanave,
drois mdinarebis fonze, cxadad Cans modernistuli kultu-
ris da, zogadad, adamianuri Rirebulebebis saboloo upira-
tesoba TviT mZlavr da agresiul sabWoTa sistemaze: tota-
litaruli reJimebi marcxdeba, modernistuli kulturuli
memkvidreobisadmi interesi ki mxolod izrdeba. es kanonzo-
miereba warmoCenilia meoce saukunis meore naxevris erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi poetis, rusuli modernizmis namdvi-
li memkvidris, iosif brodskis TvalsazrisSic, romlis Ta-
naxmadac kacobriobam meoce saukunis didi totalitaruli
reJimebis damarcxeba imis ZaliTac SeZlo, rom msoflioSi,
da Tavad am qveynebSive, arsebobda individualisturi (anu
modernistuli) kulturuli gamocdileba. amave dros, sab-
WoTa periodSi qarTuli modernistuli kulturuli mem-
kvidreobis ignorirebiT da dasavluri sivrcisagan izola-
ciiT miRebuli Sedegi gamoixateba imaSic, rom qarTuli mo-
dernistuli gamocdileba ar aris moqceuli msoflio mo-
dernizmis konteqstSi. is rCeba lokalur qarTul da, aseve,
garkveuli saxiT, rusul kulturul garemoSi aRiarebul
faqtad, modernizmis avTentur dasavlur sivrceSi ki kvlav
legitimacias saWiroebs.
niSandoblivia isic, 1990-iani wlebidanve, sabWouri sis-
temisagan gaTavisuflebis pirvelive etapidanve, saqarTvelo-
Si, uwinaresad, daiwyo sazogadoebriv sivrceSi qarTuli mo-
dernistuli kulturis dabrunebis procesi. Tuki sabWoTa
periodSi am kulturul memkvidreobasTan kavSiri araforma-
lur, individualur SemTxvevebSi iyo SenarCunebuli, post-
sabWoTa periodSi am kavSiris aRdgena, modernistuli lite-
raturuli figurebis saTanado Sefasebis, teqstebis saTana-
do interpretaciis procesi ufro farTod, formalur li-
17
teraturul-akademiur doneze daiwyo. axalgazrda avtorTa
da, rac niSandoblivia, axladSeqmnil dajgufebaTa (`qrono-
fagebi~, `reaqtiuli klubi~ da sxva) SemoqmedebiT Camoyali-
bebis procesSi ki swored 1910-1920-ian wlebis qarTul mo-
dernistul (simbolistur da avangardistul) gamocdilebas
mieniWa gansakuTrebuli roli. sanam kulturuli komunikacia
damyardeboda dasavlur literaturul sinamdvilesTan, qar-
Tuli literaturul-kulturuli garemos liberalizaciis,
inovaciuri tendenciebis gamokveTis, ararealistur-aranorma-
tiul esTetikur procesebSi reorientaciis amocana kvlavac
qarTulma modernizmma Seasrula. amjeradac saqarTveloSi
modernistuli tradiciis arseboba SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc qveynis xelmeore dasavluri kulturuli, socio-
kulturuli da, aseve, politikuri arCevanis winapiroba. ama-
ve dros, qarTul kultura da, zogadad, saqarTvelo, ara
mxolod Suasaukuneebis klasikuri kulturis, aramed, mniS-
vnelovanwilad, modernistuli gamocdilebis arsebobiT da
mis ganviTarebiT moipovebs sayrdenebs msoflios Tavisufal
kulturul sivrceSi TviTdasamkvidreblad.
damowmebani:
tabiZe 1916: tabiZe t. `cisferi yanwebiT~. J. `cisferi yanwebi~, # 2.
1916.
iaSvili1916: iaSvili p. `saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmindesi qveyana aris
parizi. adide, xalxo, es Cveni mrisxane qalaqi~. `pirvelTqma~. J. `cisferi
yanwebi~, # 1. 1916.
nikolskaia 2000: Никольская Т. «Фантастический город»: Русская культурная жизнь в Тбилиси: 1917-1921. М.: Пятая страна, 2000. habermasi 1993: Habermas J. Modernity – An Incomplete Project, in:
Postmodernism: A Reader, ed. Thomas Docherty. New York: Harvester Wheatsheat, 1993.
18
Tamaz vasaZe
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
sulierebis pirvelujredi
mwerlis Rrma emociuri kavSiri Tavis mTavar faseulo-
bebTan mudam sagrZnobia niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi. iSvi-
aTia sulis sisufTavisken, keTilSobilebisken, adamianur
urTierTobaTa guliTadi harmoniulobisken ase gatacebiT
mswrafveli prozaikosi meoce saukuneSi. upirvelesad es
qmnis niko lorTqifaniZis pirovnul-mwerluri ieris gamor-
Ceul momxibvlelobas.
sulieri sinaTlis da sifaqizis, sulieri aristokratiz-
mis bedi uxeS realobaSi, misi Sejaxeba cxovrebis simkac-
resTan, disharmoniasTan niko lorTqifaniZis mxatvruli
xedvis, mtkivneuli fiqris ZiriTadi sagania.
yvelaze mniSvnelovan sulier-moralur faseulobaTa
Semkrebia niko lorTqifaniZisTvis ojaxis fenomeni, romel-
sac qarTul faseulobaTa sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia. igi Semoinaxavs umTavres erovnul tradicias _ ada-
mianur urTierTobaTa siwrfeles da siTbos, humanurobas.
1910 wels, Tavisi literaturuli cxovrebis dasawyisSi,
niko lorTqifaniZe wers miniaturas `ojaxi~, romelSic misi
Semoqmedebis Zireuli motivebis da problematikis Canasaxi
ikveTeba.
`...sad movisvenebT daRlil-daqanculi, sad SegvaSroben
ofls da ar gangvikiTxaven, Tu ratom meti ver movimoqmedeT?
ojaxSi.
19
dauZlurebuls, wlebiT gatexils, sad moarCenen movliT
da damSvidebiT?
ojaxSi.
cxovrebis navi uecrad rom gatydeba da yoveli qafi
daxrCobas gipirebs, yoveli qvis natexi fexebSi gedeba, roca
zizRi da SurisZiebis survili fexdafex gsdevs, vin daxris
Tavs mwuxarebiT da dagexmareba sevdis atanaSi?
ojaxi.
ojaxi! nu vaxlebT xels, _ igi wmidaa. yovels adamians
erTi adgili mainc unda hqondes, sadac igi xeluxlebeli,
sayvareli, mudam erTi da igive ukvdavi wevria.
nu vaxlebT xels yovelTvis, yovels mdgomareobaSi siy-
varulis, saTnoebis, lmobierebis da Tavganwirvis taZars-
ojaxs.
cxovrebis saerTo simkacre, cota ar iyos, sustdeba
ojaxis kerasTan.
davexmaroT, winadve Tandayolili Tvisebani ojaxisa gava-
magroT, maTi uarmyofeli movTxaroT, movspoT.
mkvidri safuZveli CavugdoT ojaxs. erTi udidesi ube-
dureba iqneba ojaxis mospoba.
qristes ar hqonia ojaxi, magram TviTon iyo yovelisave
navTsayudeli. vinc ar iCemebs _ me TviT qriste varo, sxvebs
ar urCevs _ qristes Tvisebani miiweros, mas sWirdeba
ojaxi!~.
niko lorTqifaniZe arsebiTad ojaxis fenomenis sakrali-
zebas axdens _ ojaxi `wmidaa~, is `taZaria~, qristes msgav-
sad `navTsayudelia~ adamianebisTvis; ojaxia sivrce, sadac
SesaZlebelia xelSesaxeb realobad iqces ZiriTadi qristi-
anuli moraluri Rirebulebebi _ `siyvaruli, saTnoeba,
lmobiereba da Tavganwirva~, sadac adamianebs Rrma Tanagan-
20
cda da Tanamzrunveloba amTlianebs; aq yoveli adamiani ab-
soluturi, usasrulo faseulobis mqone da Seucvlelia,
`ukvdavia~...
hegelis ganmartebiT, ojaxi zneobis pirveladi, bunebrivi
xorcSesxmaa, romelsac daeSeneba zneobriobis realizebis
sxva, ufro farTo sferoebi _ samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da
saxelmwifo.
meoce saukunis filosofosis ivan ilinis TqmiT, `ojaxi
aris pirveli, bunebrivi da amave dros wminda kavSiri, ro-
melSic adamiani aucileblobis ZaliT Sedis. igi mowodebu-
lia es kavSiri siyvarulze, rwmenaze da Tavisuflebaze da-
amyaros, eziaros masSi gulis pirvel erTobliv moZraobebs
da misgan amaRldes adamianTa sulieri erTobis momdevno
formebisken _ samSoblos da saxelmwifosken~.
niko lorTqifaniZis miniaturaSi lirikuli uSualobiT
gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisi _ ojaxi zneobis, sikeTis, suli-
eri erTianobis upirvelesi samkvidrebelia, sadac adamians
yvelaze humanuri da moraluri urTierToba aqvs sxva adami-
anebTan _ yofiTi realiebiT da detalebiT, utyuari cxov-
rebiseuli siuJetiT imoseba moTxrobaSi `tyvedyofilis
dabruneba~. moTxrobis gmiri, cxovrebisgan nagvemi kaci, oja-
xuri siyvarulis, siTbos da mzrunvelobis wyalobiT TiT-
qos mkvdreTiT aRdgeba, xelaxla ibadeba. mis TavgadasavalSi
ganfenilia avtoris TvalTaxedva, rom saqarTvelos gadam-
rCeni Zala istoriis koSmarSi uwinaresad mkvidri ojaxi
iyo da momavalSic is SeiZleba iyos; rom zneobiT ganmtki-
cebuli ojaxidan bunebrivad amoizrdeba iseTi moraluri
fenomeni, rogoricaa zrunva sakuTar qveyanaze da saxelmwi-
foze. amis gamoc Tvlis niko lorTqifaniZe aucileblad
ojaxis tradiciis sagangebo mofrTxilebas.
21
kritikaSi miniSnebulia, rom miniaturiT `ojaxi~ niko
lorTqifaniZe upirispirdeba memarcxene radikalebs, romle-
bic `ojaxuri borkilebis~ msxvrevisTvis ganawyobdnen sazo-
gadoebas (v.ciskariZe). ojaxis damngrevi, individis unapiro
`Tavisuflebis~ damamkvidrebeli moralis saqarTveloSi fe-
xis mokidebas gviCvenebs moTxroba `Selocva radioTi~; mci-
re, SeWirvebuli erisTvis es morali tragikuli safrTxis
Semqmnelia(T. doiaSvili).
niko lorTqifaniZis saukeTeso moTxrobaTa umetesobaSi
ojaxis fenomenis daknineba Tu rRveva, ojaxuri dramebi da
tragediebia gamosaxuli. rac ufro mniSvnelovania mwerlis-
Tvis TviTkmari da sicocxlisunariani ojaxi rogorc pirov-
nebis damoukideblobis, Rirsebis gamoxatuleba (`glexis mo-
saxleoba imereTSi~), rac ufro faqizad grZnobs adamianebis
ojaxur urTierTobaTa organulobas, emociur siRrmes, siZ-
virfases (`Zmebi~), miT ufro mtkivneulia misTvis ojaxis
tradiciis gadagvareba, ngreva. ojaxis fenomenis deforma-
ciaTa warmoCena niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi erovnuli or-
ganizmis sneulebebs amJRavnebs, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi mo-
ralur faseulobaTa gamofitvas, humanurobis kriziss xdis
xiluls. amgvari literaturuli meTodis efeqtianoba mra-
valjer dadasturebulia (gavixsenoT Tundac `mefe liri~,
`mama gorio~...). igi niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi ise mud-
mivad, sistemurad iCens Tavs, rom mis arsebiT Taviseburebad
iqceva.
ojaxur urTierTobaTa gaukuRmarTeba, metic, mkvlelobis
codviT Seryvnaa warmosaxuli `mrisxane batonSi~ da `JamTa
siaveSi~; adamianis ara damcveli, aramed damTrgunveli da
dammonebulia ojaxi `sabaSi~; ojaxis zneobriv sayrdenTa
moSla, ojaxuri siyvarulis deficiti gansazRvravs `Tavsaf-
22
riani dedakacis~ da `qorwilis~ gmirTa bedis simZimes; oja-
xis rRvevas ewinaaRmdegeba da amiT sakuTar sulSi sinaTlis
gadarCenas dramatulad cdilobs moTxrobis `sanaxavaT~ pa-
tara gmiri; ojaxis, Svilebis mimarT pasuxismgebloba ga-
usaZlisi tvirTi aRmoCndeba moTxrobis `tragedia ugmiroT~
mTavari personaJisTvis; ojaxis mier individis damonebis,
ojaxis tradiciis angarebiT da usiyvarulobiT, tyuiliT
Selaxvis msxverplia moTxrobis `marad da marad~ gmiri _
gamousworebeli romantikosi; Zveli aristokratuli ojaxe-
bis gapartaxebaze mogviTxrobs `dangreuli budeebi~ _ ele-
giuri poema prozad; erT-erTi aseTi ojaxuri `budis~ ngre-
vis da mis gareSe darCenili adamianis tragikuli istoriaa
`Selocva radioTi~; koloniuri Cagvris mikromodels war-
moadgens sakuTari ojaxuri cxovreba `sizmrebis~ peronaJis-
Tvis; `qaRaldis kacSi~ groteskulad gamoisaxeba filiste-
ruli ojaxis yofa _ ori mcenaris simbiozi; yvelaze bu-
nebriv adamianur kavSirs _ dedaSvilur kavSirs wyvets da
sakuTari `feodaluri~ ojaxis winaaRmdeg klasobriv brZo-
las aCaRebs moTxrobis `didi saqmis orRobeSi~ karikaturu-
li personaJi _ socialisti...
niko lorTqifaniZis mier Seqmnili am naRvliani panora-
mis Sinagani sazrisi is aris, rom `raki ojaxi sulierebis
pirvelujredia, sulieri krizisi uwinaresad mas azianebs~
(i. ilini).
ojaxis tradiciis sulieri krizisiT gamowveuli ero-
zia, romelsac niko lorTqifaniZe aCvenebs, ufro mkveTrad
dasanaxia XIX saukunis qarTul literaturaSi gamosaxuli
zneobiT SeduRabebuli, gamZle ojaxebis fonze (`oTaraanT
qvrivi~, `stumar-maspinZeli~, `gamzrdeli~). magram saukune-
ebis mijnaze daviT kldiaSvili ukve mkveTrad aRbeWdavs
23
ojaxis zneobrivi sayrdenebis ryevas (`samaniSvilis dedinac-
vali~, `miqela~...) da niko lorTqifaniZe am TvalsazrisiT
misi memkvidrea.
ojaxis fenomens guldasmiT akvirdeba niko lorTqifani-
Zisgan mravalmxriv gansxvavebuli mwerali mixeil javaxiSvi-
lic. misTvisac ojaxis deformirebis warmoCena _ oRond
mware skeptikuri tonalobiT, daundobeli sarkazmiT _ sa-
zogadoebis sulier _ moraluri krizisis gamomJRavnebis me-
Todia. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, `ori ganaCeni~ an ,,dampatiJe~,
`jayos xiznebi~ an `TeTri sayelo~, romelSic mwvave ref-
leqsiis sagania sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi ojaxis zneobrivi
fundamentis SenarCunebis problema...
24
maia jaliaSvili
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
mixeil javaxiSvilis neorealizmi,
rogorc modernizmis alternativa
(Strixebi)
`CvenTvis literatura arc TviTgarTobaa, arc sxvisi
gasarTobi. igi arc parnasia gandegilebisTvis, arc gaxsnili
sanavardoa usaqmurebisTvis. igi Tavdapirvelad socialuri
saqmianobaa, xolo mwerali _ piruTvneli da bejiTi mosam-
saxurea erisa. amitom davadeqiT axals _ neorealistur
gzas da amitom davswereT Cvens droSaze: `axali gziT, er-
TgulebiT, imediT, SromiT da siyvaruliT~ (javaxiSvili
1980:48). ase gamoacxada mixeil javaxiSvilma neorealizmi,
rogorc Tavisi Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvreli.
XX saukunis I naxevarSi qarTul literaturas ori
mZlavri nakadi msWvalavda, erTi mxriv, modernizmi, Tavisi
sxvadasxva ganStoebiT (simbolizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresi-
onizmi, futurizmi...) da, meore mxriv, neorealizmi _ java-
xiSvilis proziT. es ori nakadi erTmaneTs avsebda da war-
moaCenda epoqis majiscemas.
modernizmi iyo erTgvari protesti realizmis winaaR-
mdeg. erTgvari, radgan es iyo literaturuli cxovrebis
axali etapi, romelic imeorebda warsulis gamocdilebas da
axali kuTxiT aviTarebda. gameorebaSi vgulisxmobT, imas,
rom modernizmi iTvaliswinebda winaparTa garkveul gamocdi-
lebas. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom modernizmis esTetikam gar-
25
kveulwilad aaRorZina barokos idealebi, Suasaukuneobrivi
dualizmi, saxeTa alegoriuloba da sxva. magaliTad, cis-
feryanwelebi TavianT `winaprad~ besikis Semoqmedebas asaxe-
lebdnen, aRiarebdnen, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi iyo musikis
azrze upiratesoba, xazgasmuli metaforuloba. tician tabi-
Ze werda: `momaval did qarTvel mxatvarSi unda Sexvdes
rusTaveli da malarme~ (tabiZe 2002: 91). rusTaveli _
rogorc qarTuli kulturis saukeTeso tradicia da malar-
me _ Tanamedrove dasavluri kulturis simbolo. moderniz-
mis esTetikas saqarTveloSi qmnidnen gamorCeuli mwerlebi:
maT Soris: grigol robaqiZe, cisferyanwelebi, niko lor-
TqifaniZe, konstantine gamsaxurdia, vasil barnovi, demna
Sengelaia, leo qiaCeli.
mixeil javaxiSvili Tavidanve gamoirCeoda yvelasgan. mi-
si pirveli moTxrobebi amxeldnen sruliad sxvagvar inte-
ress Temisa Tu stilis TvalsazrisiT. amitomac SeiZleba
vilaparakoT mis realizmze, rogorc modernizmis erTgvar
alternativaze. Semdeg, mogvianebiT, 1926 wels mixeil java-
xiSvilma is nakadi, romelic mis saxels ukavSirdeboda,
upirvelesad, Seafasa, rogorc neorealizmi, romlis calke-
uli principi Camoayaliba kidec werilSi `Cveni miwa~ (li-
teraturuli gancxadeba). mixeil javaxiSvilis azriT,
`mxatvruli sityva misi Casaxvis pirvelive dRidan umTavre-
sad realisturi iyo _ am cnebis uRrmesi da ufarToesi
mniSvnelobiT. aseTia igi dResac da aseTive darCeba moma-
valSic. yovelive danarCeni an misi nakadebia, an Senakadebi:
`realizmi dedaxea mxatvruli literaturisa. igi miwaze
dgas da miwidanve amodis. oriveni erTmaneTs hkvebaven, zrdi-
an da amagreben~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 44).
26
mwerali miwisagan mowyvetas eris sulieri Zalebis mo-
dunebisa da Semoqmedebis daqveiTebis safuZvlad miiCnevda.
igi fiqrobda, rom `visac miwis alRo dauClungda da re-
alobis grZnoba daekarga, imas xerxemalic moerRva da kunTe-
bic moeSala. xolo uZvlo da usisxlo sxeuli ueWvelad
ganwirulia. realobis mZlavri grZnoba da miwis gabasruli
alRo xelovnebisTvis da xalxisaTvisac uebari duRabia _
maTi sulisa da sxeulis gamfoladebeli~ (javaxiSvili
1980: 45).
mwerali, amgvarad, naTlad gamokveTda ZiriTad debule-
bas: xelovneba miwisTvis, CvenTvis, xalxisTvis! es iyo erT-
gvari mibruneba iliaseul da akakiseul principTan (`RmerT-
Tan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ (ilia),
`mxolod mis saxes giCvenebT, rasac Sig Cauxedia~ (akaki).
mixeil javaxiSvili realizms gamijnavda naturalizmis-
gan: `mxatvruli literatura arc mSrali sagazeTo ambavia,
arc fotografiuli suraTia. mxatvari mecnieri ar aris, xo-
lo misi Tavi faqtebis civ sawyobad an qimiur laborato-
riad ver gadaiqceva. mSralma da usulo naturalizmma Tvisi
saTqmeli sTqva da wavida~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 48). igi im-
gvar realizmsac uaryofda, romelic unda damorCileboda
ama Tu im politikur-socialur ideologias. `mxatvrisTvis
es gza, saidanac unda modiodes igi, metad molipulia. Cven-
Tvis misaRebia ideiuri, utilitaruli xelovneba, mosaTmenia
didaqtiuric, xolo mesame safexuri _ uaRresi tendencia _
mxatvrisTvis metad saxifaTod migvaCnia~ (javaxiSvili 1980:
48).
`arifionis~ literaturul skolasac, romelSic erTi
TvalTaxedvis mwerlebi gaerTiandnen (1927-1928). `arifi-
onis~ wevrebi iyvnen: v. gorgaZe, S. dadiani, k. kapaneli, b. me-
27
liqiSvili, l. metreveli, i. mosaSvili, m. mrevliSvili, d. su-
liaSvili, i. tatiSvili, p. qavTaraZe, l. qiaCeli, g. qiqoZe,
s. SanSiaSvili, k. WiWinaZe, m. javaxiSvili. gaerTianebam ga-
mosca almanaxi `arifioni~ (1928), romelsac neorealizmis
principebi daedo safuZvlad.
mwerlisTvis ras niSnavda neorealizmi da riT gansxvav-
deboda igi realizmisgan? `neorealizms safuZvlad udevs
igive klasikuri realizmi Semdegi ganmeorebiT, damatebiTa
da ganmartebebiT; Seswavla maxlobel da Soreul kultu-
raTa warsulisa da misi mxatvruli gamoyeneba dRevandeli
adamianis gemovnebis mixedviT. ganukveTeli kulturuli
mTlianoba warsulisa, awmyosi da momavlisa. Senaxva jansaRi
tradiciebisa... kultura adamianisa da adamianebisa. SeduRe-
buli marTali mSveniereba da mSvenieri simarTle (orive er-
Tia, forma da Sinaarsi (ganuyrelia). `vici~! da `ar vici~,
namdvili da uCinari (pirveli mravaljer sWarbobs meores)...
mkacri dacva qarTuli enis bunebisa da leqsikonisa gadagva-
rebisa da amRvrevisagan. bejiTi Sroma enis gamdidrebisaTvis
da gaxalisebisaTvis arsebulis sruli gamoyenebiT da axa-
lis frTxili SemoSvebiT~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 46).
isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom evropul literaturaSi ne-
orealizmi XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan gamoCnda (neore-
alist mwerlebad miiCnevian; elio vitorini, Cezare paveze,
bepe fonolio, italo kalvino, alberto moravia, vasko pra-
tolini, franCesko jovine, domeniko rea, karlo levi, mario
tobino, karlo kasola), xolo rogorc kinematografiuli
mimdinareoba, italiaSi 1940-1950-ian wlebSi ganviTarda.
Tumca termini jer kinematografiaSi gaCnda (neorealisturi
kinos yvelaze cnobili reJisorebi arian: roberto roseli-
ni, vitorio de sika, lukino viskonti).
28
rogor gaiazrebda mixeil javaxiSvili realizmis gzas
saqarTveloSi? `roca mxatvruli prozis sakiTxi irCeoda,
t. tabiZem yvelaferi is, rac ara galeqsiT CvenSi dawerila,
mxatvruli prozis nimuSad CaTvala. mis kvals rom gavyveT,
yvela sagazeTo werili mxatvrul prozaSi unda SevitanoT.
namdvilad mxatvruli proza iwyeba iq, sadac iwyeba raime
faqtiuri ambis mxatvruli gardaqmna, anu mogonili ambis Se-
Txzva. evropiuli beletristikis damwyebi ilia WavWavaZe
gaxlavT da sxva aravin. saba-sulxan orbelianis prozas
dRes ver gavyvebiT. igav-arakebis Janri mokvda da mis gamo-
cocxlebas aravin apirebs...~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 48) mixeil
javaxiSvili didad afasebda Tavisi drois SemoqmedTa naR-
vaws (maT Soris, grigol robaqiZesa, konstantine gamsaxur-
dias, vasil barnovis (am ukanasknelis SemoqmedebaSi is ro-
mantizmisa da realizmis nazavs xedavda) (ix. werili `bar-
novis dakrZalvaze~), Tumca ar erideboda mkveTrad gamoeTqva
Tavisi Tvalsazrisi modernizmis Sesaxebac: `mxatvrul li-
teraturaSi mZlavrad SemoiWra sneuli dadaizmi da sulis
momdunebeli dekadansi. am movlenas TavisTavad mohyva par-
naseloba _ gandegiloba. mwerali moswyda miwas da xalxs.
cxovrebis dakvirvebis nacvlad simbolistebma ganyenebuli
azrovneba Semoitanes da cxadi qveyana bundovani nisliT
daCrdiles~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 45).
sagulisxmoa, rom mixeil javaxiSvili ar uaryofda miTs,
zRapars, mistikas, magram gansxvavebul funqcias akisrebda:
`janmrTeli realistis TvalSi garkveuli Rirebuleba aqvs
zRapars, miTs, alegorias da simbolosac, Tu maT aqvT naTe-
loba, sicxade da mWidro kavSiri miwasTan e. i. Tu simbolo
naTlad da mkafiod aris aSenebuli am qveynis niadagze da
29
amave qveyanas ara swydeba~ (javaxiSvili 1980:46). mis Semoq-
medebaSi, ra Tqma unda, aris zRaparic, miTica da alegoriac.
igi fiqrobda, rom mwerali ar unda damoneboda arc Te-
mas da arc formas: `zogni mxolod Sinaarss eZeben, zogni
drogadasul formebSi gaiyinnen, zogierTebma axali forma
TviTmiznad daisaxes, sxvebma ki sityvisa da bgeris kulti
SemoiRes da azri sityvas daumorCiles. Cven xelovnebad ver
CavTvliT martooden Sinaarss, Tundac metad jansaRic rom
iyos igi~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).
mixeil javaxiSvili drois majiscemas miyuradebuli mwe-
rali iyo, amitomac fiqrobda, rom `dRes aRarc dromoWmul
formaze SeiZleba dasveneba. verc axali forma dagvakmayofi-
lebs, Tu masSi Sesaferi Sinaarsi _ fabula, siuJeti ar
aris Caqsovili. marTalia, formisa da Sinaarsis gankveTa
zedmiwevniTi sisworiT SeuZlebelia, magram oriveni mainc
cal-calke arseboben. mxolod forma an marto Sinaarsi nam-
dvil xelovnur nawarmoebs ver Sehqmnian. WeSmariti xelov-
neba moiTxovs orives Sezavebas da SeduRebas. Tu pirvels
meore aklia, usisxlo da uxerxemlo xorci gamova. Tu me-
ores pirvelic Tan ar axlavs, Seumoseli ConCxi darCeba.
amitom Cven pirvelobas verc formas mivakuTvnebT, verc Si-
naarss. namdvili Rirebuleba cal-calke arc erTs aqvs, arc
meores. xolo oriveni erTad, Tanabrad Sezavebulni, mTli-
ansa da ganukveTel mxatvrul erTeuls hqmnian~ (javaxiS-
vili 1980: 46).
igi akritikebda futuristebs: `sityvisa da ritmis gamo-
calkevebas uazro da carieli bgerebis varjiSoba mohyva. Tu
forma mxolod garegania mTliani mxatvruli sxeulisa, mar-
to bgera carieli da usxeulo samoselia, romelSic arc
xorcia, arc Zvali, arc suli~. misi azriT, `mxatvruli na-
30
warmoebi ki unda savse iyos erTiani da mTliani ritmiT. mi-
si ganviTareba damokidebulia Sinaarsis ganviTarebisagan mTli-
an mxatvrul saxeSi, romelic, mxatvrul simarTlesTan er-
Tad, Semoqmedebis dedaboZad unda CaiTvalos~ (javaxiSvili
1980: 46).
mixeil javaxiSvils mxatvruli saxis TviTmiznad gadaq-
cevis principic ar moswonda: `Semoqmedma marto mxatvrul
ornamentze ar unda daaxurdaos Tvisi niWi. zomierad nax-
mari ornamenti mxolod Sesamkobi masalaa mxatvruli sinTe-
zis das mTliani dinamiuri saxis, romelic dedaRerZiviT un-
da iyos Sedgmuli da ganviTarebuli mxatvrul nawarmoebSi~
(javaxiSvili 1980: 47).
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, ras fiqrobda igi gamsa-
xurdias Semoqmedebaze (`konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris
motaceba~): `k. gamsaxurdia freskebis magvari saxeebis
mxatvaria... peizaJis didi ostatia, magram alag-alag peizaJi
moqmedebasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, TavisTavadia. zogjer
peizaJi geografiaSi gadadis. zogierTi adgilis aRweriloba
vnebs siuJetis ganviTarebas~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).
qarTuli literaturis modernistuli esTetikiT ganaxle-
bas igi `saxifaTo calmxrivobad~ miiCnevda: `lirikam TiTqmis
savsebiT daiufla samwerlo are. Cven saWirod migvaCnia wo-
nasworobis aRdgena: mxatvrul masalis damuSavebas safuZ-
vlad unda daedos rogorc lirikuli, agreTve epiuri da
dramatiuli misvla sagnebTan da movlenebTan~ (javaxiSvili
1980: 46).
neorealizmi ar zRudavda mxatvris alRosa da Tvalis
Tavisuflebas, `magram Cven mainc Tanadrouloba gvirCevnia _
am cnebis farTo mniSvnelobiT. gulwrfelobis SenarCunebi-
saTvis Semoqmedi movalec aris ise dainaxos da igrZnos sag-
31
nebi da movlenebi, rogorc SeuZlian da moeCveneba. magram
Cvenc mainc gvirCevnia iseTi masalis SerCeva, SegrZnoba da
Tvali, romelnic gaamxneveben xalxs da gauRviveben imeds,
energias da zneobas~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).
modernizmma, rogorc cnobilia, gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Reba miaqcia axal enobriv konstruqciebs. amis Taobazec ga-
moTqvamda mixeil javaxiSvili azrs: `ori ukiduresoba swe-
wavs qarTuls: erTi rvaliviT amagrebs sityvas (mohxkal!),
meore ki bambasaviT arbilebs (mokal!). aqac zomiereba gvir-
Cevnia (mohkal!). mainc erTi ram unda gvaxsovdes mudam: qar-
Tuli magar enebis jgufs ekuTvnis da ar iguebs frangul-
sparsulis sitkbosa da sirbiles~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 129).
mas ar moswonda modernistul nawarmoebebSi gamoyenebuli
amgvari sintaqsuri konstruqcia: `kaci modis maRali~. igi,
am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas amaxvilebda vasil barnovis
prozaze da SeniSnavda: `vasil barnovis sintaqsuri wyoba _
`saxlebi eTamaSebodnen maRalni~ _ mxolod saintereso cda
iyo axali sintaqsuri formebis SemoRebisa da isev cdad
darCa. ase dalagebuls ociode striqons kidev gauZlebs
mkiTxveli, mTeli wignis wakiTxva ki metismetad Znelia~
(javaxiSvili 1980: 107).
oTar CxeiZem SeniSna da gamokveTa mixeil javaxiSvilis
neorealizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi mniSvnelovani Tvise-
ba: `am realistur nawarmoebSi (igulisxmeba `jayos xizne-
bi~), am yovlad realur, yovlad yofiTsa Tu Cveulebriv si-
tuaciebSi, Tu gnebavT, yovlad banalur situaciebSi, bevri
ram ufro simboluria, simboluri da metaforulia, gazRap-
rebulobaze Tu miTologizirebaze ro araferi iTqvas; ro-
gorRac ucnaurad aq TiTqos piriqiTaa yvelaferi: Tu sxva-
gan metaforebsa da simboloebSi, alegoriebsa da miTosur
32
situaciebSi kiTxuloben realur saxeebsa, aq realurSi, re-
alursa da SiSvel saxeebSi, naturalisturobamde gaSiSvle-
bul saxeebSi, amoikiTxeba piriqiTa anTu gaiazreba piriqiTa,
metaforuli da simboluri suraTebi gaiazreba, – ase piri-
qiTaameTqi yvelaferi; es araa patara xelovneba, es didi xe-
lovnebaa, didostatoba sworedac esaa realistur romanSi~
(CxeiZe 2009: 1)
oTar CxeiZis azriTve, da rac unda iyos, Tu rogorc
unda iyos, Cveni drois mxatvruli proza, qarTuli cxadia
da, raRa Tqma unda, ganisazRvreba ZiriTadad ori TavTavise-
buri mxatvruli stiliTa, ori mxatvruli koncepciiTa: er-
Ti vasil barnovia, erTica mixeil javaxiSvili; Tu SeimCneva
kidev sxva rameca, ufro modaa, literaturuli modaa, uf-
ro, swrafwarmavali da ukvalo (CxeiZe 2009: 1).
sagulisxmoa, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi orive nakadma
_ modernistulmac da neorealisturmac, mniSvnelovani na-
warmoebebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. daiwera modernistuli
romanebi: grigol robaqiZis `gvelis perangis~, konstantine
gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimilis~, demna Sengelaias `sanavar-
dos~ saxiT, meore mxriv neorealisturi romanebi: `jayos
xiznebis~, `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~, `givi Saduris~, `TeTri sa-
yelos~, `arsena marabdelis~ saxiT.
damowmebani:
tabiZe 2002: tabiZe t. cisferi yanwebiT. // `tician tabiZe, paolo
iaSvili~. Tb.: `dia~, 2002.
CxeiZe 2009: CxeiZe o. isev `jayos xiznebi~. http://burusi.wordpress.com/
2009/07/04/otar-ckheidze/
javaxiSvili 1980: javaxiSvili m. werilebi, Txzulebani. t. VI, Tb.: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1980.
33
inga milorava
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
keria _ miwa _ mamuli _ niko lorTqifaniZe
niko lorTqifaniZe gansakuTrebul adgils iWers qarTu-
li mxatvruli azrovnebis im nakadSi, romelic erTi mxriv
uwyvetia saukuneTa manZilze, meore mxriv ki mudmivad mdid-
rdeba sxvadasxva axali SenakadiT. man SeZlo gaegrZelebina
qarTuli literaturis tradicia. igi Sinagan kavSirs amya-
rebs im problemebTan da TemebTan, romlebic mudmivad aqtu-
aluria qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis, Tumca XX s-
is damdegs, modernizaciis procesis dasawyisidanve, man qar-
Tuli mxatvruli sivrce gaamdidra sruliad axali, gansa-
kuTrebuli, im droisTvis Zalian Tanamedrove gamomsaxvelo-
biTi sistemiT _ impresionizmiT.
impresionistuli samyaros aRqma gulisxmobs mocemuli
wertilidan mocemul wamSi miRebuli STabeWdilebis mxat-
vruli anabeWdis Seqmnas. Sesabamisad Tavisi arsiT, filoso-
fiuri safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, igi Zalian subieqturia
da saTaves iRebs zogadad modernistuli azrovnebis Tavise-
burebebis gamapirobebeli zmanebisa da cxadis urTierTmimar-
Tebis msoflmxedvelobrivi qvakuTxedidan. samyaro, romel-
sac qmnis impresionisti xelovani (mwerali, mxatvari, musi-
kosi) naklebadaa orientirebuli realizmis damaxasiaTebel
ganzogadebasa da e. w. `miwier~, xelSesaxeb orientirebsa da
problemebze, Tundac socialur, politikur Temebze. impre-
sionisti mozRuduli sivrcidan (wertili) miRebul aseve
mxolod wamier STabeWdilebebSi cdilobs Caatios mTeli
34
samyaro da sakuTari individualuri gancdebi, grZnobebi, ma-
radiuloba da warmavaloba _ erTsa da imave wertilSi Tav-
moyrili. isini Tavisuflad, moqnilad moZraoben, dasriale-
ben saxeebis, bgerebis, grZnobebis ferad RrublebSi da Tavi-
anTi Semoqmedebis nayofis aRmqmel-Semmecnebel-mkiTxvels iw-
veven Caebas am SemoqmedebiT procesSi da STabeWdilebis mi-
Rebis Semdeg fiqris gagrZelebiT, wertilisa da wamis usaz-
Rvrod gafarToebiT cxadis farglebs gascdnen da miaRwion
zmanebismier, miRmur, metafizikur samyaros, saidanac arek-
lilia xiluli samyaros nebismieri sagani Tu movlena.
impresionistuli da saerTod yvela modernistuli mim-
dinareoba raki nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs miwier, socialur,
politikur da a. S., vTqvaT ase, materialistur Temebs, maT
Soris bunebrivad unda moqceuliyo erovnuli problemati-
kac da umetesad es asec xdeba. niko lorTqifaniZis adgili
da roli imiTac unikaluria, rom man SeZlo erTmaneTTan bu-
nebrivad Seexamebina tradiciuli Temebi, saukuneebSi gamota-
rebuli saxeebi, tkivilebi, gancdebi da sruliad axali, er-
Ti SexedviT ucxo, magram misi ostatobiT ukve gasagebad da
misaRebad gardaqmnili gamomsaxvelobiTi sistema, mxatvruli
qsovilis Seqmnis gansxvavebuli xerxi. es magaliTia, Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba moxdes modernizeba nebismieri sivrcis, movle-
nis, mxatvruli struqturis ise, rom ar daikargos misi ar-
si, suli, is mentaluri xerxemali, romlis garSemoc iz-
rdeba ganaxlebuli qsovili, niko lorTqifaniZem siaxle yo-
velgvari snobizmis, arasrulfasovnebis SegrZnebis gareSe
miiRo da SeZlo misi tradiciulis niadagze bunebrivad
gadmonergva.
arc erTi wamiT, arc erT nawarmoebSi, vrcelsa Tu mini-
aturulSi, niko lorTqifaniZes ar moudunebia yuradReba,
35
erTi wamiTac ar mouSorebia Tvali Tavisi qveynis maco-
cxlebeli uwyveti nakadisTvis, romlis ufro STambeWdavad
gadmosacemadac moiZia swored es axali gza da axali
xerxebi.
niko lorTqifaniZis samyaros aRqmis da gamosaxvis Tavi-
seburebebs SeiZleba Tavi movuyaroT modelSi keria→miwa→ mamuli→samyaro. am models, romlis safuZvelSic devs sam-
Soblos, rogorc umaRlesi miRmuri ideis xiluli saxis
koncefcia, myari centridanuli struqtura aqvs. usasrulo-
ba, mTeli samyaro sayrdeni centris irgvlis iSleba. es cen-
tri-wertili aris keria. rogorc erTi wertilis afeTqebiT
warmoiSva mTeli samyaro, ise keriidan (keriis qvaSi koncen-
trirebuli sulieri energiis gamoTavisuflebis Semdeg) iS-
leba cxadis (samSoblo, mamuli) da zmnebis, usasrulobis,
maradiulobis sivrce.
keria ar aRiqmeba mxolod erT, kerZo, nivTier planSi.
igi Zevs miwis _ mamulis centrSi da adamianis garSemo
kravs mis samyofels, mis adgils vrcel samyaroSi. arc ke-
ria, arc miwa-mamuli ar Semoifargleba. mxolod materi-
alisturi sazRvrebiT, isini usasrulod farTovdebian da
TandaTan sulier sferoSi, miRma samyaroSi ganefinebian... `vi-
sac saxl-kar-midamoSi mTeli gvaris legendebi, winaprebis
tanjva da sixaruli Camarxuli eCveneba, saxlis gayidvasTan,
warsulis daSorebasTan ekargeba momavalic. win aRaraferia
CvenTvis Tu ukanidan ar Semogvyurebs winapris mkacri ul-
mobeli saxe _ tradicia, Tu isa gvyavs, kidev bevri ris-
Tvisme vvargivarT, rac saWiroa qveynisTvis~. _ wers niko
lorTqifaniZe `dangreul budeebSi~. am nawarmoebis Sidasiv-
rceze naTlad aisaxa, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs miwa-mamulis da
misi sakraluri centris, droTa kavSiris Semkvreli sawyi-
36
sis _ keriis dakargvas. Tu qreba sayrdeni centraluri wer-
tili _ keria, mis garSemo apokalifsuri procesebi viTar-
deba da qreba yvela Semdegi gare Sre da sabolood mTeli
samyaroc _ sulieri plani.
niko lorTqifaniZis vrcel moTxrobaSi `keriasaTvis~
gmiris, minais, egzistencialuri sivrcis centri-wertili
zustad emTxveva nawarmoebis kompoziciur centrs. aseTi
konceptualuri da kompoziciuri centria keria, romliske-
nac miemarTeba minais cxovrebis gzis spirali. kerias ori
urTierTgamsWvalavi plani aqvs: 1) nivTieri _ mozRudul
nakveTze, miwaze, mamulze dadebuli keriis qvis saxiT; 2)
sulieri _ keria, rogorc sakuTari `meobis~ srulad gamov-
lenis, ojaxis, samSoblos siyvarulis, momavlis imedis da
bednierebis maradiuli idea. minais mTeli cxovreba keriis
mosapoveblad gamarTuli umZimesi brZoliTa da SromiTaa
gansazRvruli.
niko lorTqifaniZem keriis nivTier-sulieri plani erT
mTlianobaSi gaiazra da adamianis cxovreba miwiT, mamuliT,
keriiT gansazRvrul odenobad warmoadgina. keria mwerlis-
Tvis niSnavs adamianis arsebobis safuZvels, fizikur da su-
lier centrs, romlisken swrafvac gansazRvravs mis gzas da
adgils samyaroSi. minais gza miuyveba tradiciul samyaros
RerZs, riTac xorcieldeba adamianis kavSiri kosmosTan.
tradiciuli warmodgenis mixedviT samyaros RerZs aseTi
struqtura aqvs: kosmosi qalaqi sofeli keria. minai gaiv-
lis yvela am fazas. `egsistencialur sivrces~, romelsac
haidegeri `samyaroseul oTxsaxas~ uwodebs oTxi mxare aqvs:
miwa, ca, RmerTi da kaci. adamianis samyaro am oTx mxares
iSleba, qalaqSi minaia ocnebobs, rom `isev iq miva, Tavis ek-
lesiaze ilocavs, Tavisi xarebi eyoleba, Tavisi keria eqne-
37
ba~. minais am ocnebaSi mweralma Tavi mouyara ZiriTad pos-
tulatebs, romelic warmoadgens adamianis cnobierebis say-
rdens, misi `egzistencialuri sivrcis~ qvakuTxeds, esaa
rwmena cis, RmerTis _ `Tavis eklesiaze ilocavs~; miwa _
`Tavisi xarebi eyoleba~ _ xarebi bunebrivad ukavSirdeba mi-
waTmoqmedebiT kulturas da keria _ `Tavisi keria eqneba~,
rac misi, rogorc kacis arsebobas gansazRvravs. ase ikvreba
`samyareuli oTxsaxa~: miwa, ca, RmerTi da kaci. keriis qvas,
rogorc miwis, Semdeg mamulis, bolos ki mTeli samyaros
flobis simbolos am erTianobaSi sakraluri mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
Tavdapirvelad minais swrafva keriisaken gaucnobierebe-
lia. mxolod arsenas zRapris mosmenis Semdeg gaiazrebs igi
Tavisi ltolvis WeSmarit arss, zRapruli plani iWreba
mxatvrul qsovilSi da Tvisobrivad gardaqmnis, ganmartavs
mas. zRapari afarToebs realuri droisa da sivrcis far-
glebs da ambavi zedrouli xdeba. zRapris metafizikuri,
ideebis samyarodan wamosuli impulsebis miRebis da gaazre-
bis Semdeg igebs minai ra da vin unda eZebos _ keria da ke-
riis mfarveli qali, Tu SeZlebs maT mopovebasa da SenarCu-
nebas, ipovis Tavis adgils da Seasrulebs Tavis sulier da
fizikur misias.
iq, sadac ingreva sawyisi wertili _ keria da wydeba
misgan wamosuli STabeWdilebaTa jaWvi, iSleba Semdegi Srec
_ mamulic. magaliTad, `raindebSi~ Tavad moqelaZis mamulSi
daingra keria, mraval cecxladSretil, civ segmentad daiSa-
la da TavTavianT odebSi SeyuJulma STamomavlebma verc ki
gages rodis gardaicvala maTi winapari, anu gaqra saZirkve-
li, tradicia. miqelaZis danawevrebuli samflobelo saxea
mTeli mamulisa, xolo mamulis ngreva mTeli samyaros, mak-
38
rokosmosSi mikrokosmosis _ adamianis Sinagan rRvevas iw-
vevs. swored es procesi aisaxa `dangreul budeebSi~, `Tav-
safrian dedakacSi~, `Selocva radioTiSi~, `JamTa siaveSi~.
es modeli _ centrSi _ wertili-keria, misgan aRZruli
fiqrebisa da STabeWdilebebis gafarToebiT Seqmnili Semdegi
sibrtye-mamuli da maTi kavSiri mTel garemomcvel, idumal
samyarosTan naTlad warmoaCens, rom mweralma SeZlo qarTu-
li mxatvruli azrovnebisTvis aqtualuri samSoblos, adami-
anis samSobloSi arsebobis da miwa-mamulis adamianisTvis Se-
narCunebis Tema samyaros SecnobasTan daekavSirebina da axa-
li formiTa da mxatvruli saSualebebiT gamoesaxa.
39
manana kvaWantiraZe
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
triqsteri rogorc antigmiri
(mixeil javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~)
mixeil javaxiSvili epoqaluri mwerali iyo, da ara mxo-
lod imitom, rom warmatebiT SeZlo realizmis klasikuri
tradiciebisa da modernizmis sinTezi, aramed imitomac, rom
Semoitana mTeli rigi konceptebi, romelTa damuSavebac gag-
rZelda literaturis ganviTarebis momdevno etapebze da
grZeldeba dResac. sinTezSi vgulisxmobT rogorc orive am
mimarTulebis Tematur-formaluri SesaZleblobebis axle-
bur gamoyenebas msoflmxedvelobriv da stilur doneebze,
ise saxeTa realisturi sicxadisa da groteskuli polise-
mantizmis urTierTSerwymas.
`mwerali, upirveles yovlisa, valSia Tavisi drois wina-
Se~ _ drois mimarT es gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba,
garkveulwilad, xsnis mixeil javaxiSvilis interess
triqsteris mimarT.
triqsteri (ingl.: moxerxebuli, gaiZvera, iluzionisti.
damat.; flidi, matyuara, TaRliTi, avanturisti, lizRi da
sxv.). msoflio literaturisa da miTologiis erT-erTi yve-
laze arqauli personaJia. XX saukunis filosofiasa da
kulturologiaSi triqsteri aRiarebulia msoflio kultu-
ris erT-erT ZiriTad personaJad (termini samecniero mimoq-
cevaSi Semoitana amerikelma anTropologma pol radinma).
swored adamianis es tipi aRwera mixeil javaxiSvilma
Tavis romanSi `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~ (1925 w.)
40
rogorc yvela arqetipuli saxe, ganviTarebis xangrZlivi
periodis ganmavlobaSi triqsteric saxecvlilebas ganicdis.
es cvlilebebi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia triqsteris lite-
raturuli saxeebis ganviTarebis WrilSi, dawyebuli karnava-
luri kulturis tradiciiTa da dasavluri pikareskuli
romaniT _ XX saukunis moderistuli romaniT damTavrebu-
li. kvaWis Tavgadasavlebic qarTuli variaciaa im mravalri-
cxovani avanturebisa, romlebsac mkiTxveli msoflio lite-
raturis oriaTaswlovani istoriidan da xalxuri _ maT
Soris qarTuli _ zepirsityvierebidan icnobs.
1925 wlis YJurnalSi ,,Teatri da cxovreba~ (#5, gv.
17) ,,wvrili ambebis~ rubrikaSi gvxvdeba cnoba imis Sesaxeb,
rom ,,m. javaxiSvili wers axal romans, romlis saTauria
,,nacarqeqia~. cnobaSi mokledaa aRniSnuli, rom romani Tana-
medrove cxovrebas asaxavs, sadac gamoyvanilia qarTveli don
-kixoti. es romani, qeTevan javaxiSvilis cnobiT, ,,arqivSi
ar aRmoCnda. arsebobs mxolod calkeuli Canawerebi, romel-
Tac miwerili aqvs ,,nacarqeqia~, saidanac irkveva, rom rom
mwerals dawyebuli hqonda axal romanze muSaoba~ (javaxiS-
vili 1989: 28) aseve, mwerlis pirad arqivSi Semonaxulia
1925 wels ruTavelis TeatrSi ,,jayos xiznebTan~ dakavSi-
rebiT gamarTuli diskusiis programac. Temebis dasaxeleba
imaze metyvelebs, rom mixeil javaxiSvili sxvadasxva teq-
stebs Soris paralelebisa da saxeTa ganviTarebis Cvenebas
isaxavs miznad. magaliTad: ,,luarsab TaTqariZidan Teimuraz
xevisTavamde~; ,,hamletizmi da don-kixotizmi. mwignobroba
da saqmianoba, umweoba da Zliereba~ (javaxiSvili 1989: 45).
Cans, mwerali bevrs fiqrobs momavalze, cdilobs gaarkvios,
ra sWirdeba sazogadoebas, grZnobs epoqaTa gzajvaredins,
roca wesrigs, sistemas qaosi enacvleba da Rirebulebebi
41
azrs kargaven; roca cxovreba tragikomikur elfers iZens
da deformirebuli sinamdvile groteskuli profiliT
imzireba. am dros scenaze gamodis triqsteri _ farsis
mTavari personaJi _ da gmiris mantiiT imoseba.
imas, Tu ramdenad aqtualuri iyo triqsteris Tema ara
mxolod mixeil javaxiSvilisTvis, aramed mTeli qarTuli
sinamdvilisaTvis, rusTavelis Teatris 1927 wlis repertu-
arSi Setanili oTxi speqtaklic mowmobs, oTxive kvaWize: S.
dadianis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~ inscenireba, n. SiukaSvilis
ori piesa — `amerikeli Zia~ da `Ziis gasabWoeba~, dabolos,
Tavad m. javaxiSvilis piesa `iveriumi~, romelic ar dadgmu-
la da xelnaweric dakargulia. qeTevan javaxiSvilis cnobiT,
masSi kvaWis saqarTveloSi dabruneba yofila aRwerili
(javaxiSvili 1989: 176).
,,kvaWi narevi tipia~_ ganmartavs javaxiSvili. mas
erTdroulad ainteresebs rogorc triqsteris folkloru-
li winaresaxe — nacarqeqia, ise ,,realuri~ kvaWi, gansakuT-
rebiT ki misi mimarTeba kulturul antipodTan — raindTan
anu gmirTan, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qmnida isto-
riulad Camoyalibebul da tradiciiT ganmtkicebul, mama-
kacis normatiul eTikur-zneobriv models. am modelis qar-
Tul variants Cveni sazogadoeba `vefxistyaosnidan~ icnobs.
am periodidan mokidebuli, qarTuli mwerloba, kulturis
moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, xangamoSvebiT aZlierebda Ri-
rebulebaTa moryeul sistemas da aRadgenda raindis saxesac.
XIX saukuneze rom araferi vTqvaT, Tanamedrove etapze
amis warmatebuli magaliTi gaxldaT Wabua amirejibis `daTa
TuTaSxia~, guram doCanaSvilis `samoseli pirveli~ da sxv.
saukuneze metia, am modelis mravalferovani transformaci-
ebi ara mxolod mwerlobis, aramed qarTuli kritikisa da
42
publicistikis Sefasebisa da gansjis obieqtia. raki sityvam
moitana, am Temis Tanamedrove adaptorTa sayuradRebod min-
da vTqva: sanam saboloo, Cveni droisaTvis esoden damaxasi-
aTebel radikalur, nihilistur da arakoreqtul daskvnas
gamovitanT (,,mSvidobiT raindo…da...…jandabamdis gza gqo-
nia...~), vfiqrob, gonivruli iqneba, kidev erTxel yuradRe-
biT movisminoT guram asaTianis dakvirveba am sociokul-
turul personasa da paradigmul literaturul modelze:
,,saqarTveloSi TviT yvelaze srulad Camoyalibebuli, uime-
do obivatelic ki (praqticizmis, gamdidrebis, TavkerZobis,
uTavmoyvareobis, qurdbacacobis adeptebi) dRemde ,,raindoba-
nas~ TamaSoben.
es sasaciloa, zogjer amazrzenic. magram, Tu mSvidad
SevxedavT, amas Tan erTvis erTi mosaTmeni garemoebac: ,,Tama-
Si~ aiZulebs maT, formalurad mainc, Seasrulon arCeuli
Tu aCemebuli rolidan gamomdinare zogierTi rituali da,
ase gasinjeT, es Tvisebebi (Tundac sabalagano saxiT) uneb-
lieT maTSic ganagrZobs arsebobas...“ (asaTiani 2002: 101).
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, kritikosis es Tvalsazrisi
mixeil javaxiSvilisa da misi epoqis mweralTa tradiciis
gagrZelebad moCans aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: Tu
ver qmni gmirs, SeiZleba Seqmna triqsteri, romlis grotes-
kuli habitusis miRma yovelTvis SeiZleba dakargulis amo-
kiTxva, raindis daviwyebuli aCrdilis gacocxleba, radgan
formis ,,siWarbe~ yovelTvis aRZravs gamqrali mniSvnelobis
xsovnas, groteski ki _ deformaciis gasworebis impulss.
javaxiSvilma swored es gza airCia, radgan kargad grZnobda:
roca raindis ideali sabolood miecema daviwyebas, maSin
cxovrebis scenidan gaikrifebian samarTlianoba, moZmeze
zrunva, vaJkacoba, siyvaruli da megobroba, patiosneba,
43
keTilSobileba, Semwynarebloba da sxva siqveleni. erT
garemoebasac unda gaewios angariSi, romlis gareSec, vfiq-
rob, mTeli Tanamedrove ,,antirainduli~ Sefasebebi, ubra-
lod, informaciis an, sulac, realobis grZnobis naklebobas
SeiZleba mieweros: inteleqtualur samyaros triqsteri ori
ipostasiT evlineba: rogorc realuri istoriuli figura,
gansaxlebuli normatiuli kulturul-moraluri sivrcis
periferiaze da rogorc iluziuri _ koleqtiuri warmo-
saxvis konkretuli dominantebisagan warmoqmnili. Sesabami-
sad, gansxvavebulia misi aRqmac: Tan saxifaTo _ qceva-az-
rovnebis normaluri zonebisaTvis da imavdroulad momxib-
lavic _ socialur-egzotikuri elferis gamo. swored am
ormagobis gamo triqsteri da misi struqturulad monaTesa-
ve figurebi (yaCaRebi, meamboxeebi da a.S.) _ anu periferiaze
dasaxlebuli araordinaluri socialuri tipebi, TavianTi
negatiuri konotaciebis miuxedavad, yovelTvis warmatebiT
heroizdebodnen xalxur zepirsityvierebasa da literatu-
raSi. gavixsenoT bediswerasTan moTamaSe, xelisuflebasTan
da kanonTan dapirispirebul adamianTa saxeebi miTebSi, zRap-
rebSi, baladebSi, prozasa Tu poeziaSi.
mainc rogor gamoiyureboda triqsteri/gmiris opizacia
XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi da ras eubneba is dRes
Tanamedrove mkiTxvels, rogoria triqsteri globalur kon-
teqstSi, travestul droSi, anu XXsaukunis istoriul
monakveTze?
zogi ram triqsteris xasiaTidan: triqsteri gamoirCeva
eSmakobiT, gonebamaxvilobiT, sisastikiT, transformaciis
unariT; erTdroulad Semoqmedicaa (magaliTad, nacarqeqia)
da damangrevelic, matyuarac da tyuilis msxverplic. mis
saqciels upiratesad instinqtebi da impulsebi gansazRvra-
44
ven. moralurad ganurCevelia _ arc sikeTe icis, arc bo-
roteba da, SesaZloa amitomac, uCveulod gamZlea da sico-
cxlisunariani. miTebis did umravlesobaSi triqsteri samya-
ros meore Semoqmedia, riskiani TamaSis wamomwyebi, xSirad
gmiris saqmis uneblie xelSemwyobi an Segnebuli CamSleli.
igi kulturuli gmiris komikur (groteskul) dubliorad
gvevlineba. ormagoba, ambivalenturoba TviT triqsteris cne-
baSia Cadebuli, amitom misi qmedebebi ar eqvemdebareba erT-
mniSvnelovan, calsaxa Sefasebas, ver Tavsdeba `dadebiTis~ an
`uaryofiTis~ CarCoebSi. igi mxolod sakuTari vnebebiT,
ltolvebiT, survilebiT xelmZRvanelobs da amisda miuxe-
davad, xSirad swored misi wyalobiT iZens yvela faseuloba
Tavis namdvil mniSvnelobas.
istoriis gardamaval etapebze, roca RirebulebaTa sis-
tema ingreva da sociokulturuli sivrce ganurCevlobasa
da qaosSi iZireba, triqsteris Tema gansakuTrebul aqtu-
alurobas iZens swored imitom, rom mas SeuZlia dadebiTi
gmiris, zogadad, dakarguli gmiris saxis indikatoroba ikis-
ros. cxadia, misTvis, vinc mixeil javaxiSvilis am romans
icnobs, Zneli araa triqsteris zemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebeb-
Si kvaWi kvaWantiraZis saxis amokiTxva, xolo is, vis mi-
marTac igi indikatoris funqcias asrulebs, gmiri da rain-
dia. am azriT, kvaWi-triqsteri antigmiri da fsevdoraindia,
Tumca ganuwyvetliv migvaniSnebs im adgilze, romelic gmirs
ekava kulturis teqstSi (gavixsenoT, Tundac, kvaWis ,,ZmaTa
rainduli ordeni~ _ mkacr urTierTmxardaWeraze dafuZnebu-
li, mkafiod ganawilebuli saqmiT, ierarqiiT, Zmobis ficiT
da kvaWi _ beladi). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sociokulturu-
li realobidan gaZevebuli raindi triqsteris saxiT ganag-
rZobs arsebobas teqstSi. gmiris xsovna triqsteris meSve-
45
obiT cocxlobs. igi opoziciis is wevria, romelic dakar-
gulze miuTiTebs.
rogor xedavs mas javaxiSvili da rogor afasebs perso-
naJi sakuTar Tavs? es ori pozicia Zalze saintereso wer-
tilebSi gadakveTs erTmaneTs. zemoT vTqviT, rom triqste-
ri Semoqmedia. faqtobrivad, kvaWi istoriis Semoqmedad xe-
davs Tavs im wuTidanve, roca sakuTar saxels - identobis
umTavres niSans uaryofs da napoleon apoloviCs irqmevs,
anu istoriisa da miTis SeuRlebis nayofad asaRebs Tavs.
epizodSi, romelic saimperatoro karze momxdar saidumlo
Sexvedraze gviambobs, ukve mweralic araorazrovnad miakuT-
vnebs Tavis gmirs istoriis erT-erTi Semoqmedis statuss
vinme anonimi-s saxiT. javaxiSvili istorias `asworebs~ li-
teraturiT, radgan, misive TqmiT, istoria ,,yovelTvis tyu-
is~, is `ujiaTi bavSvia~, anu infantiluri, mkafio cnobi-
erebas moklebuli zrdadausrulebeli arseba, romelic unda
`daseriozuldes~, ,,gaizardos~ da WeSmariti mniSvneloba
SeiZinos literaturaSi da misi meSveobiT. mwerali Tavisi
travestuli epoqis axal istorias wers, romlis mTavari
gmiric triqsteria, radgan es epoqa kvaWisnairTa Semoqmede-
baa, maTi aqtiurobis nayofi, iseTive ,,Wreli~, rogoric Ta-
vad kvaWia. travestul droSi kvaWi beladi da raindia: ,,mas,
Zlevamosil rainds~... (javaxiSvili 1960: 332); ,,saca bela-
di, Cvenc iq viqnebiT~ (javaxiSvili 1960: 307).
im did qaosSi, romelsac imdroindeli ruseTis imperia
erqva, kvaWi pirvelxarisxovani moTamaSea: ,,Cveni morgani~,
,,udidesi finansisti~, ,,guluxvi mecenati~. ,,piaric~ exerxe-
ba, imperiis faqtiur mmarTvelTa gulsac igebs da veeberTe-
la Tanxebsac ganagebs. swored amitom, mwerali kvaWis xe-
liT usworebs angariSs ruseTs, ,,salosebis klasikur qveya-
46
nas~ _ did sociokulturul gaugebrobas, sadac marTlmadi-
deblur eklesiebs TaRliTi ebraeli komersantebi aSeneben,
imperiis beds ki rasputinebi wyveten.
irakli abaSiZe ixsenebs, rom romanis gamoqveynebisTanave
Tbilisur ojaxebSi, Turme, ar wydeboda saubrebi nikoloz
II karze rasputinis wlebSi datrialebul intrigebsa da
avanturebSi qarTvel didgvarovanTa monawileobis Sesaxeb:
,,am dros amotivtivdnen gvarebi ivane nakaSiZisa, aleqsandre
eristovisa, alek amilaxvrisa, uCa dadianisa, nikoloz niJa-
raZisa, andronikovisa, ServaSiZisa, dumbaZisa, orbelianisa,
Tarxanovisa. magram yvelaze metad rasputinis sasiZo simon
fxakaZisa~ (,,kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~) (abaSiZe 2003: 86).
paradoqsia, magram triqsteri swored sociokulturu-
li qaosis wyalobiT ikvreba, mTliandeba da Zlierdeba: yo-
vel dabrkolebaze kvaWi `gaStikindeba~ xolme. igi erTaderT
bolomde myar struqturad rCeba irgvliv gamefebul amor-
fulobaSi. kvaWi gadawyvetilebebis uyoymanod mimRebia —
daeWvebulTa Soris, moqmedia — umoqmedoTa, damfrTxalTa
Soris, moZravia — umoZraoTa Soris miuxedavad imisa, rom
arc guladobiT gamoirCeva da arc WkuiT. triqsteri para-
doqsia, magram paradoqsuli epoqisTvis is gmiria, RviZli
Svili da demiurgia. `dRevandel epoqas suli ara aqvs, da
Tu aqvs, mZulvarebaa misi saxeli~ — ase afasebs mixeil
javaxiSvili Tavis epoqas. am fonze, cxadia, kvaWic `usu-
loa~: arasodes eZebs TanagrZnobas — mxolod gamosavals,
aravin uyvars — mxolod iyenebs, arasdros arafers nanobs
imis garda, rac da vinc ver daiTria, ver ,,gaaimasqna~, ver
acduna an gaabriyva.
da mainc: kvaWis uzneoba xandaxan TavSesaqcevi, maxvil-
gonivruli, saxalisoc kia. nawilobriv, kvaWis saxes am or-
47
magobas mwerlis komizmi aniWebs: rainduli esTetika, ,,rain-
dulad“ Sesrulebuli sisaZagle kvaWis amazrzen uzneobs sa-
sacilod aqcevs, amiT ki asatans xdis. miuxedavad imisa, rom
TiTqos ar vdaobT mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze, kvaWi mainc
sxvaa, vidre uaryofiTi personaJi. SesaZloa imitom, rom mi-
si dadebiTi mewyvile realurad ar Cans. SeiZleba imitomac,
rom igi yoveli sazogadoebis raRac iseTi suliskveTebis
gamomxatvelia, romelsac arasdros gasdis yavli da rome-
lic Zalze Zlieradaa mibmuli sasicocxlo instinqtze, ub-
ralod, mxolod saxes da saxels icvlis.
sxvaTa Soris, kvaWis tipiT moxibvla erT-erT braldebad
wauyenes javaxiSvils 1937 wels, damatimrebidan samiode
dRis Semdeg, roca `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis Tavgadasavals~ (ase
erqva romanis pirvel, 1925 wlis gamocemas _ m.k.) uwodes
`tipiuri burJuaziuli yaidis romani... avanturizmis, TaRli-
Tobis, satyuarobisa da TavalTmaqcobis gaSiSvlebuli apo-
logia~ (demetraZe 2005: 112).
cxadia, es ar iyo apologia. kvaWi cocxali mxatvruli
saxea da javaxiSvilic mxolod gviCvenebs, arafers gveubneba
pirdapir. es misi mxatvruli meTodia. kvaWis saxis es xib-
li, sanam racionalur-eTikuri gansja CaerTveba, aSkaraa da
rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, mas, nawilobriv, saxis esTetizacia
(komizmi) qmnis. meore mxriv, esaa adamianis am tipis uCve-
ulo sicocxlisunarianoba, sicocxliT tkbobis absolutu-
ri Rirebulebis aRiareba yvela sxva RirebulebasTan Sedare-
biT. swored sicocxlis es gansakuTrebuli,SiSveli da
aulagmavi instinqti marTavs kvaWis xasiaTs da qcevas. ami-
tomaa amazrzenic da momxiblavic erTdroulad, mxdalic da
gabedulic, riskiani da daudevari: ,,mxolod daudevarTaTvis
Rirs sicocxle da mxolod maT ician misi fasi
48
(javaxiSvili 2005: 158) am SemTxvevaSi javaxiSvili moder-
nistic aris da realistic; ,,sicocxlis filosofiis~ mim-
devaric da epoqis mkacri, daundobeli mxatvaric.
erTi ram cxadia: javaxiSvili ar ubrazdeba Tavis gmirs.
aq arc mrisxanebaa da arc siZulvili. igi akvirdeba da Tuki
vinmes dascinis, im epoqas, romelSic kvaWebi ase xaroben; im
sazogadoebas, romelmac isini gmiris mantiiT Semosa. erT
CanawerSi Teimuraz xevisTavs aTqmevinebs: ,,Cveni cxovrebis
RerZi da idumaleba is aris, rom xelisufleba da xalxi
erTmaneTs atyuebs. amitom dRes motyueba udides mecniere-
bad gadaiqca~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 161) mwerali drois sa-
idumlos amocnobas cdilobs, rainduli esTetikisa da TaR-
liTobis maxinji simbiozis, misi zemoqmedebis Zalis(,,umal
miizida rainduli yofa-qceviT~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 338)
mxileba unda; misi ,,mecnierebis~, anu miznebisa da meqanizme-
bis garkveva swadia. javaxiSvilis satira drozea damizne-
buli, pirdapir uyurebs drois maxinj saxes, kvaWobis sico-
cxlisunarianobisa da gavrcelebis saSiS masStabebs, sazo-
gadoebis yvela fenis TaRliTur suliskveTebas: `meubnebian,
dRes kvaWebi aRar gvyavs. es marTalia, radgan udabnoSi
kvaWs ra unda, samagierod Tumniani kvaWiko aTasobiT moipo-
veba, didi kvaWebi ki sul sxva banakSi unda veZeboT (po-
litkvaWebi)~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 177).
mwerali Txzavda antigmirs, raTa gmiri Seexsenebina sa-
zogadoebisaTvis, qmnida triqsteris saxes, raTa daviwyebuli
raindobis idealis xsovna gamoewvia qarTvelebSi. is, Tu,
raoden mniSvnelovani iyo misTvis es amocana, ubis wignakSi
aqvs CaniSnuli: `vinc vaJkacia, gamokvleva dasweros am Te-
maze: vaJkacobis kulti qarTul mwerlobaSi da xalxur po-
eziaSi, es dedaRerZi unda aRzdges, Torem sul daviRupebiT~
49
(javaxiSvili 2005: 162). da sxvagan: `Tavadaznauroba mokvda,
iqneb, sulis aristokratizmi mainc gadarCes~. gmiris Seqmna
fsevdogmirebis epoqaSi Zalze riskiani (mxtvruli damaje-
reblobis TvalsazrisiT) da saxifaTo saqme iyo. Tuki niko
lorTqifaniZe raindis xsovnas istoriul suraTebSi acocx-
lebda, javaxiSvilma antigmirebiT, nakacarebiT daiwyo: jayo-
Ti, TeimuraziT, kvaWiT, givi SaduriT da bolos Seqmna
gmiris saxe — glexi arsena, romelsac swored is Tvisebebi
mianiWa, romlebic Tavis xalxSi undoda daenaxa.
triqsteri-kvaWis moqmedebis klasikuri sfero dangrevaa.
am azriT kvaWi gmiris kontrastul anabeWds warmoadgens.
Tuki gmiri demiurgia, triqsteri destruqciulia, Tumca
misi es unari periodulad da SemTxveviT, uaryofiT wesrig-
sac utevs xolme (ruseTis imperiis ngreva). gmiri yovel-
Tvis dakavebulia samyaros mowesrigebiT. am azriT igi sis-
temis, wesrigis centrSi myofobs. triqsteri — centris
aucilebeli sapirwone — aaqtiurebs samyaros centridanul
tendenciebs, utevs normebs, RirebulebaTa sistemas da Tavi-
si xan cinikuri, xan ki — ukiduresad gaubraloebuli Se-
fasebebiT axdens mis recesias, mis adgilas ki sakuTars am-
kvidrebs (kvaWis msjelobebi samSobloze, siyvarulze, zne-
obaze). kvaWis qmedebis saxe da saxeli `gaimasqnebaa~, cru-
saqmianoba anu imis keTeba, rac wesrigs arRvevs da areuloba
Semoaqvs. kvaWis usaxelo teqnologiebi kosmosuri aqtis sa-
pirispiroa da saxelic amitom ar qvia.
Tuki gmiris adgili kulturis centrSia, triqsteri eq-
scentriulia. isini aucilebel, gardauval opoziciur wyvi-
lad rCebian maSinac ki, roca gmiri ar Cans da sabolood
periferiazea gandevnili. triqsteri centris imitirebas ax-
dens — icvlis saxels, ikazmeba gmiris mantiiT, raTa daS-
50
lili centris adgili daikavos (gavixsenoT kvaWis aznauro-
ba, misakuTrebuli saxelebi, aristokratuli wodebebi). Ta-
maSi/seriozulobis opoziciis konteqstSi triqsteri Tama-
Sis, araseriozulobis mxares dgas (bzis kovzis epizodi).
gmiri rTul gzebs gadis, ar iiolebs cxovrebas, emsaxureba
kanons da kodeqss (rainduls an sxv.). triqsters imedgac-
rueba, SfoTi da areuloba Seaqvs realur wesrigSi da amas
TamaSiTa da elementaruli energiebiT axerxebs. gmirs dab-
rkolebad eqceva Tavisi kulturuloba, triqsters — saku-
Tari ukulturoba uxsnis xel-fexs. gmiri qmnis da ganamtki-
cebs kulturul tradicias, Soridan mosuli triqsteri ki
mas Slis, orazrovnebas aniWebs. triqsteri gmiris paro-
diaa, magram, imavdroulad, am parodirebiT emsaxureba kidec
mas. garkveuli azriT, triqsteri srulad uferulia, ordi-
naluria, magram amiTac gmiris saxiT siRrmesa da gansakuT-
rebulobas gamokveTs. triqsteri profanuli personaJia, ro-
melic gmiris sakralurobas usvams xazs.
triqsteris sicocxlisunarianobis xarisxi gacilebiT
maRalia, vidre gmirisa. gmirs ar SeuZlia miznis misaRwevad
yvela meTodis gamoyeneba, triqsteri ki isaa, visTvisac be-
diswerad arasodes iqceva didsulovneba da keTilSobileba;
visTvisac xerxi yovelTvis sjobia Rones, naZraxi sicocxle
— saxelovan sikvdils, msoflio geografiuli sivrce –
sakuTar samSoblos da a.S.
triqsteri travestuli drois iluzionistia, romelic,
rogorc vTqviT, raindis mantias irgebs. triqsteris oinba-
zobebi (TamaSis wesebi) Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis ara mxo-
lod miuRebeli, aramed warmoudgenilic kia. amitom atyuebs
ase iolad volkovis qvrivs, inteligent mama-Svils, TviT
samefo karis gaqnil moxeleebsa da udides maqcias —
51
griSka rasputins. sxvaTa Soris, triqsteri yovelTvis la-
parakobs gmirze, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod
gmiri. Tu gmiri vinmes axsovs, es triqsteria. Tavisi qceviT,
sityviT, niSnebiT, sizmarSic ki — igi uneblied axdens gmi-
ris (kvaWis SemTxvevaSi — tarielis, avTandilis) komenti-
rebas. triqsteris toposi, raindis msgavsad — mTeli msof-
lios geografiuli sivrcea; kvaWisTan ki aqcentirebulad:
samefo kari, didi qalaqebi, restornebi da... sawoli.
Tumca triqsteri gmirs ar asaxelebs, magram avtorma
zustad icis, vin dgas personaJis ukan, visi xsovna ukargavs
mas mosvenebas da Semoaqvs kidec teqstSi es faruli meta-
teqsti xan pirdapiri citirebiT, xan ki niSnebis, qveteqste-
bisa Tu miniSnebebis saxiT. es metateqsti `vefxistyaosania~.
javaxiSvilis teqstisTvis `vefxistyaosani~ warmoadgens me-
safuZvle kulturul konteqsts, Secvlili, Tumca jer ki-
dev Senaxuli mniSvnelobebiT, romlis Semotanas triqsteri,
rogorc teqsti-interpretatori Tavis sasargeblod cdi-
lobs. igi (kvaWi) TiTqos am konteqstTanaa mibmuli jaWviT
da ara marto imitom, rom arev-dareva, gaurkvevloba misi
stiqiaa, aramed imitomac, rom sakuTari mniSvnelovneba daam-
tkicos, istoriuli kulturuli konteqstiT miaCumaTos,
gadafaros sakuTriv misi konteqstis ukulturoba. magram
Zvel konteqsts, uneblied, Tavisi sakuTari gmiris kvali da
anabeWdi, anu xsovna axlavs. am konteqsts gareSe kvaWi
araraobaa, erTi martivi crupentela: angarebiani, mSiSara
suteniori.
raindi yovelTvis tovebs kvals, radgan erTgulia – su-
verenis, satrfos, drois, normisa da kulturis. triqsteri
kvals ar tovebs, radgan arsad ar rCeba (masze marto Wo-
rebi dadis). suliT daumZimebeli sxeuliT sul zedapirze
52
srialebs, sul ,,zRvarzea~. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelganaa,
igi aravisTan ar identificirdeba, landiviTaa. rainduli
konteqstis gareSe is ar Cans. am konteqtTan gadaZaxilia
romanis Tavebis dasaTaureba (,,ambavi kvaWis dabadebisa~; ,,aqa
ambavi umadur samSoblodan gadaxvewisa~; ,,aqa ambavi... mra-
valTa sagmiro saqmeTa~ da sxv..) da siuJetis kompozicia.
axali amocanidan gamomdinare, mixeil javaxiSvilTan raindu-
li romanis siuJeturi daZabuloba Sesustebulia, Txroba
miznisken (kulminaciisken) ar miemarTeba aseTis arasebobis
gamo. ambis ganviTarebas triqsteruli Tavgadasavlebis rit-
mulad ucvleli Txroba Caenacvleba. Cndeba erT wreze
trialis aRqma. javaxiSvili bolomde asrulebs Tavis mxat-
vrul amocanas kvaWis daqorwinebiT saroskipos mepatrone
beber `dediloze~ (interteqstualuri gadaZaxili vefxis-
tyaosnis finalTan: ,,ambavi Zveli siyvarulis ganaRdebisa,
kvaWis daojaxebisa da ambavTa dasrulebisa”). SemTxveviToba
iseve ikavebs aucileblobis adgils, rogorc TaRliToba da
Ralati _ movaleobis, ficis, erTgulebis, rainduli ko-
deqsis adgils. triqsters uSromels ver uwodeb, magram
misi saqmianoba `gaimasqnebaa~; kvaWis ,,gzebze sufris gadafe-
na~ Tu ara, restornebis daxurva namdvilad uyvars. Tu
mdidrisgan warTmeuls Raribebs ar urigebs, samagierod Zma-
kacebsa da sayvarlebze ,,zrunva~ ,,exerxeba~ (maT Soris,
mkvlelobac, gacurebac. gaqiravebac). erTi sityviT, Tavisda
uneburad, triqsteri mcveli da Semxsenebelia imisa, rac da-
ikarga. rainduli teqsti javaxiSvilis antigmirs samagieros
imiT uxdis, rom triqsteri am kulturidan sabolood vera-
fers iCemebs. kvaWis ganuwyvetliv Tan sdevs raindis sarkas-
tulad momRimare aCrdili.
53
kidev erTi konteqsti — romantikuli konteqstia, ro-
melSic kvaWi Tavis zmanebebSi meranze (swored baraTaSvilis
,,huneze”) amxedrebuli Sedis. ase rom, triqsteri-kvaWi am
ori konteqstis _ rainduli da romantikuli _ kulturu-
li konteqstebis mniSvnelobadakargul, groteskulad de-
formirebul interteqsts warmoadgens. imas, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovani iyo mwerlisaTvis es konteqsti da ratom
,,mosinja~ igi kvaWisTan dakavSirebiT, Semdegi Canaweri mow-
mobs: ,,mxolod qarTul foladur romantikas SeuZlian sav-
sebiT gangvkurnos~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 162).
Tumca yvelas Tavisianad da Sinaurad eCveneba, triqsteri
mudam ,,sxvaganaa~. igi sxvagan yofnis niSania. kvaWi arasodes
ekuTvnis im sivrces da im adamianebs, romlebTanac saqmes
iWers: arc im socialur jgufs, romlis warmomadgenladac
Tavs acxadebs, arc im qalaqs, romelsac ipyrobs, arc im
qals, visi gulisTvisac dedamiwis erTi kididan meoremde
darbis. misi maidentificirebeli niSani, misi amosacnobi ko-
di sasicocxlo instinqti da egoa — usasrulo survile-
biT, siamovnebisa da Zalauflebisaken ltolviT. is mudam
sxvis sivrceSi TamaSobs (,,CaliCobs~, ,,anaRdebs~, ,,aimasqnebs~
– m.k.) _ istoriis megzuri, sazogadoebis SuagulSi ,,moxe-
tiale~ niRbiani crupentela da TaRliTi, romlis saxec
isea mizrdili niRabTan, rom gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia.
yvelaferi, rac romanSia, travestirebas anu karnavalur
gadacmas, saxis Secvlas, niRbis afarebis princips emorCile-
ba: rasputinis mkvlelobis scena `sasiZos mokvlisa~ da
imavdroulad WaSnagiris mkvlelobis aluzias iwvevs. impera-
torisa da imperatricas (,,batuSka~ da ,,matuSka~) saidumlo
wveuleba kvaWis monawileobiT indoeTis karze momxdari in-
cindentis Soreul asociacias badebs. saidumlo serobis,
54
osmaleTis frontis scenebis, nacnobi kulturuli da lite-
raturuli teqstebis calkeul fragmentTa gadaTamaSeba, is-
toriuli faqtebis, dokumenturi masalebis CarTva romanis
teqstSi, TviT mwerlis gamoyvana romanis personaJad da av-
torisa da kvaWis urTierTgacnoba, masTan avtoris pirdapiri
dialogi — es yvelaferi da mravali sxva modernistuli da
pistmodernistuli literaturuli TamaSebis arsenalidanaa.
kvaWis cxovrebis gza — dabadebidan daqorwinebamde, misi
Tavgadasavlebis sagangebo dasaTaureba `vefxistyaosnis~ kva-
lobaze, enis `saxarebiseuli~ gardaqmna romanis bolo Taveb-
Si, triqsteris Soreuli interteqstis — Suasaukuneebis
rainduli tradiciisa da kidev ufro Soreuli konteqstis
— saxarebis profanacias aRwers.
,,bedi-mdevris~ koncepti, romelic m. javaxiSvilis ara-
erT moTxrobasa da romanSi gvxvdeba, `kvaWi kvaWantiraZeSi~
,,bedis mdevris~ konceptad gardaisaxeba da es principuli,
konceptualuri mniSvnelobis cvlilebaa. gmirs sabediswero
gansacdels umzadebs bediswera _ ,,qamandiani bedi~, fatumi,
moira anu boroti gangeba. triqsteris Tavgadasavlebsa da
avanturebs ki fortuna anu iRbali xelmZRvanelobs, e. i.
arsTagamrigis keTilganwyobis, gangebis mxardaWera warmar-
Tavs. bedis mdevneli, masTan moTamaSe da misi mxardaWeris
moimede, raindis niRabafarebuli avanturisti – aseTia axa-
li, modernistuli epoqis protagonisti, sicocxlis mZlav-
ri instinqtiTa da mopovebis JiniT Sepyrobili qarTveli
triqsteri.
kvaWi saSiSia. cnobilia: imisaTvis, rom SiSma Zala da-
kargos, igi sasacilod unda iqces, anu daknindes. romanis
finalSi sworad aseT kvaWis vxedavT: mwerali ironiulad,
magram TiTqos TanagrZnobiT exmianeba Tavis mowyenil, aspa-
55
rezis gareSe darCenil ,,rainds~: ,,maS ra ginda kvaWantira-
Zev? mudmivi xetiali? maradiuli devna bedisa? uTavbolo
sirbili da qrola qveyanaSi? maS ra ginda, ra? Senc ar ici.
mesmis Seni, kvaWikov! mesmis da vici~ (javaxiSvili 1960:
419).
ra icis mweralma da vis ekuTvnis es TanagrZnoba _ ra-
inds Tu triqsters, dakargul gmirs Tu imas, vinc istori-
isa Tu bediweris gadawyvetilebiT mis adgilas aRmoCnda?
an, iqneb, triqsters mxolod iTmenen da isic imitom, rom
raindis ,,memorialuri sivrce~ sabolood ar dacarieldes?
globaluri soflis usasrulo sivrceebSi monavarde be-
dis-maZiebeli, yvela xalxisa da yvela kulturis (sinqro-
nul da diaqronul WrilebSi) momxmarebeli, moxerxebuli
da mizanmimarTuli, hedonisti da ara esTeti, arc inteleq-
tuali da arc meocnebe, aramed qurdi, mkvleli, TaRliTi
da politikosi _ aseTia XXsaukunis antigmiri _ triqste-
ri, romelic romanis dasasruls Cumad dardobs da raRacas
elodeba. iqneb, axali speqtaklis wamowyebas gegmavs? an iq-
neb qarTveli triqsteri beds ki ara, saukuneebSi dakarguli
mewyvilis gamoCenas elis? avtoris finaluri fraza `mesmis
da vici Seni, kvaWi~ —saukunes wvdeba. mwerlis gamWoli
mzera da xma gafrTxilebis intonacias Seicavs.
damowmebani:
abaSiZe 2003: abaSiZe i. zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan. Tb.: ,,inteleqti~,
2003.
asaTiani 2002: asaTiani g. niko lorTqifaniZe. TxzulebaTa Txtomeuli.
t.3. Tb.: ,,neostudia~, 2002.
demetraZe 2005: demetraZe d. m.javaxiSvilis moRalaturi saqmianobis
Sesaxeb. 17.08.1937. ,,lelvari~. Tb.: ,,literaturuli matiane”, 2005.
56
javaxiSvili 1960: javaxiSvili m. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. III. Tb.:
,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1960.
javaxiSvili 1989: javaxiSvili q. mixeil javaxiSvili. Tb.: ,,sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1989.
javaxiSvili 2005: mixeil javaxiSvilis ubis wignakebidan. ,,lelvari~.
Tb.: qarTuli literatueris saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba ,litera-
turuli matiane~, 2005.
sxva literatura:
TeTruaSvili l. RirebulebaTa gadafaseba mixeil javaxiSvilTan, anu
kvaWi Cveni Tanamedrovea. ,,saunje~, #3-4, 2002.
Кереньи К. Трикстер и древнегреческая мифология. http://ec-dejavu.net/t-
2/Trickster-3.html
Шильман М. Трикстер, Герой, его Тень и ее заслуги. http://abuss. narod.ru/
texthtml/trickster.htm
Юнг К. Психология образа трикстера. В кн.: Душа и миф: шесть архетипов.
Киев: 1996.
57
rusudan burjanaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwofi universiteti
niko lorTqifaniZe _
adamianis uflebaTa damcveli
miuxedavad didi aRmSeneblobisa, XX saukune sakmaod
sevdiani da tragikuli saukunea _ gauTavebeli omebiT, re-
voluciebiT, masStaburi Tu lokaluri agresiiTa da misi
SedegebiT. zogjer iseTi STabeWdilebac Cndeba, TiTqos, yve-
la Tu ara, adamianTa mniSvnelovani jgufi marcxena xeliT
aSenebs da marjvenaTi angrevs. am gaugebrobis Sedegi ki,
upirveles yovlisa, ngrevas garidebul, ferfls Sefarebul,
sulgamoclil adamianTa ukurnebeli tkivilia, rasac xan
`dakarguli Taobis~ sindromi uwodes, xan nicSeanuri zeka-
cis saZebnelad gauyenes Saragzas. yvelafer amas ki oblad
darCenilTa, siyvarulis gareSe gazrdilTa zneobrivi kom-
promisisa Tu kategoriulad ukompromisobis kompleqsi da-
erTo Tan.
asea Tu ise, faqtia: globaluri Tu lokaluri katak-
lizmebis dros erTeulebi inarCuneben adamianur saxes, da-
narCenebi am saxes an kargaven, an, mdumare sasowarkveTaSi
myofni, sakuTar samSobloSi agrZeleben eamigrantebad
cxovrebas.
am mcirericxovan, gonier, zneobriv da ukompromiso ada-
mianTa kategorias ekuTvnian mixeil javaxiSvilica da niko
lorTqifaniZec. paradoqsia, magram faqtia isic, rom swored
am niSniT gamoarCies da danarCenebs (igive saxadi rom ar
58
SehyrodaT) samudamod moaSores javaxiSvili. magaliTis Za-
la xom Zalian gadamdebia...
Cexovi ambobda, provincializmi geografiuli mdebareoba
ki ara, sulis mdgomareobaao. SeuZlebelia, ar daeTanxmo.
provincialma sul ori nacvalsaxeli icis. pirisa _ `me~ da
kuTvnilebiTi _ `Cemi~. aseve, ori zmna: `minda~ da `mekuTv-
nis~. sxvasac Tu unda da ekuTvnis raime, amaze provinciali
naklebad fiqrobs da iwyeba Zalauflebis, qonebis, sicocx-
lis xelyofac ki. xolo, Tu raodenobrioba Tvisobrivad iq-
ca, erisgan, sazogadoebisgan, kacobriobisgan, brbos garda,
aRaraferi rCeba.
am katastrofas upirispirebs dRes arsebuli, adamianTa
uflebebis damcveli uamravi organizacia, romelTa upirve-
lesi sazrunavi grandiozuli aRmSeneblobebis miRma verSem-
Cneuli, uZRebi agresiis Sedegad travmirebuli Tu, ubra-
lod, gangebisgan ganwiruli adamianis daxmarebaa.
amave katasrofas upirispirdeboda rafinirebuli, gonieri
da kacTmoyvare mwerali niko lorTqifaniZe mTeli Tavisi
SemoqmedebiTa Tu pirovnuli qmedebiT.
haine ambobs: `adamiani qveynierebaa, romelic masTan er-
Tad ibadeba da kvdeba. TiToeul samarxSi marxia mTeli qvey-
nierebis istoria~.
niko lorTqifaniZe moTxrobaSi `dadianis asuli da maT-
xovari~ wers: `gamxdar Txas, dakoWlebul cxens, Caxmaxmo-
texil Tofs fasi ekargeba. adamianis fasi ki arafriT gani-
zomeba, samegrelos mTavrobas uboZebs mas RmerTi Tu dadi-
anis meRoreobas daakisrebs... adamiani arc iyideba, arc ic-
vleba. is Seufasebelia, is erTia, mxolod erTi~.
mwerali mudam iyo am erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli qvey-
nierebis qomagi an monaRvle. `monaRvle~ sabas leqsikonSi
59
damcvels, Wirisufals niSnavs. am damokidebulebis dasturia
lorTqifaniZis mTeli Semoqmedebac. iqac, sadac is ambobs,
didebuli adamianebi uZeglod ikargebiano (`Tavsafriani de-
dakaci~) da iqac, sadac glaxa, maTxovari, arseba (`dadianis
asuli da maTxovari~) Rirsebis grZnobis gaRviZebisTanave
adamianad, pirovnebad iqceva.
gana ra iyo CemSi iseTi, ramac dadianis asuli SeaCera,
cxenze Semisva da oms gamaridao, dafiqrda aqamde yvelasagan
SeumCneveli arseba. me xom arc lamazi var, arc _ axalgaz-
rda, arc mdidario?!.. da didi wvalebis Semdeg miagno im er-
TaderT da swor pasuxs, ramac Rirseba daubruna, adamianad,
pirovnebad aqcia da SeaZlebina, aqeT eca pativi misi sico-
cxlis uflebis gadamrCenisTvis. pasuxi ki sul ubraloa:
isic adamiania!
Tavsafriani dedakacisadmi miZRvnili Zeglis marTebulo-
baSi dasarwmuneblad ki quCaSi gagdebuli, Svilebis azriT,
funqciadakarguli dedis ukanaskneli depeSac kmara. `wavedi
salocavaT. nuRar meZebT~. Rirsebaayrilma isev Svilebis
Rirseba daindo, sasikvdilod gawirulma isev maTi adamianu-
ri saxis SenarCunebis valdebuleba ikisra. gasaocari suli-
eri simaRlea. Tumca xSirad amboben, gana iseTi ra moxda,
Cvenc xom xSirad (ojaxSi mainc) aTasgvar rames veubnebiT
erTmaneTs, mere rao?.. didi ambavi, `Segenana~, `saRirali pa-
tivi~ Svilma akadra, ucxom xom arao~?
am kiTxvebsa da sityvis magiur Zalaze bibliaca da fsi-
qolingvistikac Cemze ukeT gascemen pasuxs. me ki martivad
vityvi: TiToeul bgeras, bgeraTkompleqss, sityvas, sityvaTa
Tanamezoblobas garkveuli sixSire gaaCnia, garkveuli ener-
getika, rac acocxlebs an klavs iseve, rogorc _ locva da
wyevla.
60
am Tezis dasturia n. lorTqifaniZis erT-erTi saintere-
so moTxroba `Selocva radioTi~, sadac moTxrobis gmiri
qalis namdvili saxeli `elpide~ (imedi) didedas locvanSi
rCeba, xolo emociebs ayolili, saxel da saxedakarguli
mSvenieri eli, viRac ingliselis `wyalobiT~, emigranti
xdeba. mwerali Cveuli lakonizmiT, detalebze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebis gareSe, gviambobs elis Tavgadasavals evropaSi,
misi gaurkveveli urTierTobis ambavs heqsli-bromleisTan.
gakvriT axsenebs, rom man samSobloSi moxuci mama da Svili
datova, rom ori uiRblo qorwinebis Semdeg evropa daage-
movna, umdidresi Tayvanismcemlebic SeiZina da a. S. erTi
sityviT, elis dRes yvela piroba aqvs `saukeTeso cxovre-
bisTvis~. da, miuxedavad amisa, rogorc ki iRviZebs masSi
droebiT miZinebuli Rirsebis grZnoba, iwyeba identifikacia
samSoblosTan, iq darCenilebTan, didedas locvanSi myof
imedTan... elis ukurnebeli saxadi Seeyreba _ `nostalgia~,
rac ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonSi ase ganmartebuli: umZimesi
seni samSobloSi verdabrunebis gamo. eli ukidures qmedeba-
ze midis da erTaderT gamosavlad gvelebTan cekva miaCnia.
miT ufro, rom mas aRar surs valSi darCena vinme bromle-
isTan, kacTan, romelic arafrad uRirs. man unda daimsaxu-
ros wasvla, moigos naZlevi. ris fasad? Tundac _
sikvdilis...
elisa da gvelebis cekvis epizodi, garda imisa, rom ki-
dev erTxel adasturebs Rirsebaayrili adamianis gaadamiane-
bis, Rirsebis dabrunebis, pirovnebad qcevis ucilobel faqts,
erT-erTi saukeTeso ferweruli tilocaa impresionistuli
weris manerisa, sadac mwerali ki ar mogviTxrobs, aramed
gviCvenebs...
61
sityvis magiuri, zogjer _ mistikuri _ Zalis uZlureba
Cans elis ukanaskneli survilis aRsrulebaSi, rodesac gam-
zrdeli roqsanis locvas radios saSualebiT awvdian mo-
makvdavs... elisa da samSoblos Soris Camdgarma manZilma da
drom gawyvita is organuli kavSiri, rac malamod unda dah-
fenoda mis nawvaleb suls...
an, iqneb, aRarc Rirda misi dabruneba, vin icis...
gana erTi da ori magaliTi viciT guSindel Tu Tanamed-
rove migrantTa cxovrebidan, literaturul gmirTa Tu, ub-
ralod, nacnob-axlobelTa yoveldRiuri yofidan _ gaorebu-
lebma, ucxod qceulebma da sasowarkveTilebma, veRarsad
rom moizomes sakuTari adgili?..
n. lorTqifaniZis erT-erTi saukeTeso novelidan `trage-
dia ugmirod~, romelzedac bevri ramis Tqma SeiZleba, me
gamovyof ukanasknel abzacs, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia Cem
mier arCeul TemasTan _ adamianis, adamianurobis, humanizmis
sayovelTao moralur kanonTan da mis damcvelebTan, kerZod
ki _ mezoblis mier gamoTqmul `wuxilTan~ mas Semdeg, rac
ubedurma mamam sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutana sakuTar Tavs
da bavSvebi upatronod dayara. `raRa Cems ezoSi, Cemi TokiT
CamoixrCo Tavi am ojaxqorma!~ _ iwyevleboda mezobeli, ro-
melsac am SemTxvevis gamo garkveuli diskomforti eloda.
samagaliTo sisastikea, samagaliTo usulgulobac, gama-
ognebeli gulgrilobac.
sazogadoebis gulgriloba ki upirvelesi mizezia calke-
ul adamianTa tragediis...
ai, am gulgrilobis, ugulisyurobis, sixarbis, sisasti-
kis, ugunurebisa da, zogadad, isev provincializmis winaaR-
mdegaa mimarTuli aristokratiuli sulis mqone mwerlisa
da moazrovnis niko lorTqifaniZis mTeli Semoqmedeba, rom-
62
lisTvisac TiToeuli arsebis adamianad, pirovnebad qceva ra-
finirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas niSnavs da amitoma-
caa, rom dResac zariviT rekavs misi ritmuli proziT dawe-
rili erTgverdiani miniatura:
`iyideba saqarTvelo!
yidis yvela!
iyideba yvelgan!~
da Tu yurs mivugdebT da gavigonebT am Zaxils, iqneb
mogveces Sansi erTad, sazogadoebad, saxelmwifod darCenisa
dRes, Cveni qveynisTvis umZimes istoriul realobaSic...
dabolos, markus avreliusi ambobda: `oboba amayobs, ro-
ca buzs abams qselSi; vis baWiis daWera eamayeba, vis _ sar-
dinisa badiT, vis _ gareuli taxis Zleva, vis _ daTvisa,
vis kidev _ sarmatis (barbarosTa tomis). magram gana yvela-
ni yaCaRebad ar warmogvidgebian, Tu gamowvlilviT ganvixi-
lavT maTs samoqmedo sawyisT?
63
nona kupreiSvili
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti
mxatvruli da ekonomikuri diskursis korelacia
`jayos xiznebis~ mixedviT
arsebobs sakmaod miviwyebuli saubris Canaweri mixeil
javaxiSvilsa da mweral daviT kasraZes Soris. es aris uaR-
resad cocxali, aluziuri teqsti, romelSic mixeil java-
xiSvilis ara mxolod rogorc mwerlis, aramed rogorc
praqtikos-ekonomistis Sefasebaa asaxuli. daviT kasraZe:
`rogorc Cans, Sen ufro finansisti unda yofiliyavi, vidre
beletristi. rogor moxda, rom kaios∗ mopasanoba arCie?~
dasmul kiTxvaze javaxiSvili mTeli seriozulobiT pasu-
xobs: `Sen xumrob, magram vin icis, ra emjobineboda Cveni
qveynisTvis~. mwerlis avtobiografiac adasturebs zemoga-
moTqmul varauds, radgan masSi sakmaodaa warmodgenili, ase
vTqvaT, araliteraturuli saqmianobis faqtebi: aviRoT Tun-
dac 1906 weli. gazeT `glexis~ redaqtorobisaTvis samar-
TalSi micemuli da SveicariaSi gaparuli mwerali parizSi
aRmoCndeba da, rogorc TviTonve wers, `sorbonaSi litera-
turas, xelovnebasa da politikur ekonomias swavlobs~.
drois gansakuTrebuli niSani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom swo-
red am periodSi `TergdaleulTa~ kvaldakval mosuli axa-
li Taoba jansaRi pragmatizmis, `praqtikuli cxovrebis al-
Roianobis~ aucileblobas gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT grZnobs.
amitomac f. gogiCaiSvili emigraciaSi mimaval axalgazrdas
∗ Jozef kaio – safrangeTis finansTa ministri.
64
sagangebod urCevs, dro uqmad ar dakargos, humanitarul
mecnierebebs ar CauRrmavdes da mTeli energia ekonomikis
Seswavlas moaxmaros. imave daviT kasraZesTan saubarSi mwe-
rali ityvis: filipe gogiCaiSvilma gamaracionalistao. sxva-
dasxva dros mix. javaxiSvili, marTalac, gvevlineba rosto-
vis damzRvevi sazogadoebis saolqo inspeqtorad; amave sazo-
gadoebis rwmunebulad amierkavkasiaSi; wiTeli jvris sazoga-
doebis intendantad; savaWro-samrewvelo palatis erT-erT
damfuZneblad; amierkavkasiis sagareo vaWrobis safinanso
ekonomikuri da salicenzio ganyofilebis gamged; Tumca so-
cialuri revanSis epoqaSi interesTa farTo wre, maRali
profesionalizmi da Rrma azrovneba ara pativiscemas, aramed
eWvs iwvevda. bolos yvelaferi daaxloebiT ise damTavrda,
rogorc romanSi `jayos xiznebi~ _ mwignobari Teimuraz xe-
visTavi, romelic vaWrobasa da finansebSic erkveoda, jayos
daxlidarobisTvis gaiwira...
mix. javaxiSvilis ekonomikuri diskursi ilia WavWavaZis
`modernizatoruli proeqtis~ Semadgeneli nawilia, mxolod
misi realizaciis gadamwyvet fazaSi, drois axal gansxvave-
bul konteqstSi. is, rasac Tanamedrove ilialogebi `lite-
raturis wiaRSi axali saqarTvelos Seqmnis process~ uwo-
deben, XX s.aukunis dasawyisSi ramdenadme koreqtirebuli
saxiT warmoudga evropis universitetebSi ganaTlebamiRebul
axalgazrdobas, romelsac ilias kvalSi dgoma xSirad gada-
ulaxavi pasuxismgeblobis winaSe ayenebda. arCil jorjaZe,
geronti qiqoZe, mixeil javaxiSvli, revaz gabaSvili, samson
fircxalava da sxvebi miuxedavad `TergdaleulTa~ miznebisa
da amocanebis ramdenadme gansxvavebuli Sefasebisa, zogjer
ki maTi ideebis recesiis mcdelobisa, erTianni iyvnen TviT
ekonomikuri urTierTobis erovnuli da politikuri cxov-
65
rebis saZirkvlad aRiarebisas. sakiTxebi, romelic mTeli
simwvaviT daisva publicistikaSi ekonomikas, rogorc kul-
turis formas, ganixilavda da mas axali qarTvelis TviT-
dadgenis, TviTrealizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes kompo-
nentad miiCnevda. maTi nawili Tavis droze ilias Semoqmede-
baSi aisaxa. mag. mamuli, rogorc ekonomikuri faqtori da
rogorc metafora; codnisa da rwmenis morigeba sekulariza-
ciis konteqstSi; raindze vaWris gamarjvebis kanonzomiereba
anu xmlisa da fulis antinomia; qalaqi da sofeli – Teza
da antiTeza; erovnuli da kapitalisturi eTosis morigeba;
aqtiuri xasiaTis, igive funqciuri adamianis, aucileblobis
stimulireba da sxva. Tumca swrafva `faqizi balansisaken~
(kaxa kacitaZe) progresistul ideebsa da myar faseulobebs
Soris, romliTac ilias strategia gamoirCeoda, axal sa-
ukuneSi ufro xisti da pirdapiri xdeba. es clileba, upir-
veles yovelisa, Tavad mix. javaxiSvilis moRvaweobis xasi-
aTs Seexo. Cvidmeti weliwadi, romelic man mwerlobis miRma
gaatara da swori kulturul-politikuri orientaciis de-
terminirebas moaxmara, naTlad cxadyofs ara marto sazoga-
doebriv cxovrebaSi arsebuli dapirispirebis xarisxs, ara-
med konkretuli istoriuli momentis mniSvnelobas.
kulturuli identobis problema, romelic iliam da
misma Taobam `axali istoriuli konteqstis Seqmnamde~ ga-
afarToes, mix. javaxiSvilTan ufro metad detalizebuli da
aqtivizebulia. erT-erT publicistur werilSi `patara ka-
cis patara fiqrebi~ (1906 w.) TbilisSi stumrad myofi uc-
xoeli (sxvaTa Soris, erovnebiT poloneli), romelic yvela
niSniT, avtoris `alter egoa~, realobis kondensirebul su-
raTs ase warmogvidgens: igi xedavs, rom qarTuli kultura
caristuli ruseTidan Semosul kulturas daumarcxebia, Tan
66
qarTvelTa aqtiuri xelSewyobiT. saWiroa ara misi aRdgena,
aramed axlis Seqmna _ `magram vin unda Seqmnas es kultura,
es wyaro, es adgilobrivi cxovreba?~ – svams kiTxvas idu-
mali poloneli da adekvatur pasuxsac iZleva: `mas ver Seq-
mnis verc Tqveni gamyidveli Tavadaznauroba (Zala, romelic
ase eimedeboda ilias – n.k.), verc Tqveni radikaluri inte-
ligencia da verc socialisturi muSa xalxi. ara mgonia,
moiZebnos sadme cotad Tu bevrad Segnebuli kaci, romelmac
ar aRiaros, rom Tanamdrove kulturas aSenebs da qmnis mxo-
lod mesame elementis ganviTareba, mxolod vaWroba da mrew-
veloba~... (javaxiSvili 2001:246) Tavadaznaurobis Sesaxeb
javaxiSvils `jayos xiznebis~ Seqmnamdec hqonda gamoTqmuli
ukompromiso Sexedulebebi. mag: `aTiode TavadiSvilma ufro
metad azarala saqarTvelo ekonomiurad da politikurad,
vidre aRa-mahmad xanma...~ Tumca aq TviTkoreqcia gaxda saWi-
ro, radgan male mixvda, rom social-demokratiuli ideebiT
mowamlul atmosferoSi jansaRi kritika mizans Sordeboda
klasobrivi brZolisken mowodebad aRiqmeboda. rac Seexeba
ilias mier Tavis droze aRmoCenil disproporcias raindsa
da vaWars an mrewvels Soris, mix. javaxiSvilisTvis aq qar-
Tuli kulturul-istoriuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
konsesusuri formula aRmoCnda misaRebi. `vai, im xalxs,
vinc mxolod vaWrobs da vui, imas, vinc mxolod raindobs~.
gavixsenoT, rogor mosazrebas gamoTqvams am sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT Tavadi – mwignobari Teimuraz xevisTavi, XX s. da-
sawyisis aristokratuli warmoSobis qarTuli inteligenci-
is warmomadgeneli: `...qeCodan moyolebuli fexis frCxilam-
de aznaurebi varT... yvela Sromas gaurbis... qarTvels suli-
viT uyvars fuli, magram uZiro siyvaruliT sZuls da eziz-
Reba fuliani kaci, ese igi, fulis Sovnis xerxi, ese igi,
67
vaWroba da mrewveloba. xolo, vaWrobisaTvis da mrewvelo-
bisaTvis saWiroa didi Taosnoba, garja da momWirneoba, ese
igi, oris Sovna da erTis daxarjva. ese igi, TavdaWerili,
dinji da angariSiani cxovreba, sulisa da xorcis discip-
lina, ese igi, Sroma da nebisyofa~. da swored aq gaismis
seriozuli braldeba XIX saukunis Suaxanebis qarTuli
mwerlobisadmi, romelmac erisTavis, cagarelis, antonovis
da sxvaTa damxarebiT gaamasxarava vaWari, daTesa am saqmiano-
bis mimarT yovlad gaumarTlebeli zizRi da Sxami.
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo aRmoCnda Sromis kulturis
mimarT mix. javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani. eko-
nomikuri sakiTxebisadami miZRvnil mis publicistur weri-
lebSi xSirad figurirebs inglisi, belgia Tu amerika, sadac
swored Sromis swori organizebis xarjze gadarCenilan, sa-
moqalaqo sazogadoebis mkvidri safuZvlebi CauyriaT. cxadia,
Teimurazmac, romlis `msubuqi kalami~ am Temasac swvdeboda,
kargad icis Sromis fasi, Sromis ara tanjvad, aramed sasi-
amovno movaleobad aRqmis mniSvneloba. icis, Tumca TviTon
yofiT, yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, srul uunarobas iCens.
kontrasti, romelic mTeli romanis manZilze nakacaris Te-
oriulsa da praqtikul momzadebas Soris igrZnoba, qarTuli
inteligenciisaTvis mwerlis mier gamotanili verdiqtis
mxatvruli transformaciis formad aRiqmeba, romelmac gar-
kveul dro-sivrcul arealSi `jayoobis~ Seucvleli stimu-
latoris funqcia Seasrula. samwuxarod, am romanSi oTara-
anT qvrivisa da misi meuRlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sromis-
unarianobis, giorgisaTvis ki sabediswerod qceuli namusiani
garjisTvis adgili aRar aris. igi bolSevikuri `ngrevis Se-
nebas~ Caunacvlebia, rac savsebiT amarTlebs zaza firaliS-
vilis mosazrebas `TaTqariZeobis~ igive crusaqmianobis (ara-
68
adekvaturi iluzoruli TviTSefasebiT) msgavsi Tvisebebis
mqone socializmiT Canacvlebis Sesaxeb: `TaTqariZeoba soci-
alizmma Caanacvla~... (firaliSvili 2005:205). maS, soci-
alizmi Tu kapitalizmi? romeli gziT wava mravaltanjuli,
monobisagan gadagvarebuli qveyana? ilias dros am kiTxvas,
erTi SexedviT, naklebi seriozulobiT ekidebodnen. mix. ja-
vaxiSvili ki TvalnaTliv xedavs social-demokratebis `moR-
vaweobis~ Sinaarss, imas, Tu rogor ~mRvrie nakadad Seeriv-
nen~ isini qarTuli cxovrebis ris vai-aglaxiT daZrul mdi-
narebas da aqcents, Tavisi didi winamorbedebis msgavsad
(ilia, niko nikolaZe, filipe gogiCaiSvli) kerZo sakuTre-
bis xelSeuxeblobaze akeTebs. aqac igive ambivalenturobaa:
mamuli, rogorc ekonomikuri faqtori da mamuli, rogorc
metafora. Teimuraz xevisTavs arc erTi ganzomilebis mimarT
ar gamouCenia Tavdadeba, ar CabRauWebia mama-papis danato-
vars, ar ucdia sakuTari ojaxis miwis siyvaruliT gadarCe-
na. saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebuli ucxoeli mecni-
eri jefri hoskingi wignSi `ruseTi, xalxi da imperia~
(1955-1917 ww.) (hoskingi 2001:53) SeniSnavs: `TavianTi uf-
lebebis bolomde miyvanaSi qarTvelebs ganuviTarda Tavisebu-
ri forma nacionalizmisa, romelic ragind paradoqsulic ar
unda iyos _ dafuZnebuli iyo marqsizmze... marqsizmi pasu-
xobda maT internaconalur da antikapitalistur miswrafe-
bebs~... polonelic, mix. javaxiSvilis zemodamowmebuli we-
rilidan, kargad xedavs erTsulovan gatacebas socialistu-
ri ideebiT... rac saqarTvelos anomaliuri mdgomareobis ga-
movlinebad miaCnia (javaxiSvili 2001:247).
maqs veberis mier kapitalizmisa da konfesiebis urTierT-
mimarTebis kvlevis konteqstSi kapitalizmis sulis makoor-
dineblad Sromasa da yairaTianobaze dafuZnebuli eTikis
69
miCneva, rogorc Tamaz vasaZe SeniSnavs Tavis werilSi `or-
gvari cnobiereba~, analogiuradaa gaazrebuli `oTaraanT
qvrivSi~. uqmi sityvis koncepti, qvrivis damokidebuleba saq-
misagan daSorebul sityvasTan, `sityva saqmianis~ upirateso-
bis aRiarebis surviliT, qristianuli moraliTaa ganpirobe-
buli. am moments saTanadod iTvaliwineben kidec ilias `se-
kularizaciul proeqtze~ saubris dros, Tumca is, rac iq
mxolod miniSnebulia, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi idealebis
kraxiT gawiwmatebuli Teimuraz xevisTavis aRsarebaSi radi-
kaluri formiT Cndeba: `ho, Sroma, isev Sroma da Sroma!
axali drois axali sarwmunoeba, axali religia, qristiano-
baze ufro mZlavri, ufro saWiro da sasargeblo. vinc es
gaigo da mas xorci Seasxa, gamarjvebulia, vinc ver moeria
– daRupulia. CvenTvis ki Sroma umZimesi tvirTia, RvTis
wyevlaa. ai, Turme sad yofila ZaRlis Tavi Camarxuli! ai,
Turme ra gvklebia _ Sroma da nebisyofa, ese igi, kultu-
ra!..~ (javaxiSvili 1998:105). vfiqrobT, es qarTuli socio-
kulturuli cxovrebis peripetiebSi gamotarebuli axali
ideologemaa, romelic gaucxoebul drosa da sivrceSi aR-
mocenda da amdenad, sruliad unayofo aRmoCnda.
sruli Tanxvedra iliasa da mixeil javaxiSvilis ekono-
mikur koncefciebs Soris glexisadmi, `rogorc sazogado-
ebis qveda fenebSi dagrovili SemoqmedebiTi energiis~ mata-
reblisadmi, gamJRavnda. `me TviTon glexi var, sofelSi da-
vibade, glexebSi gavizarde da Zalian kargad vici glexis
cxovreba da vaivaglaxi. mamaCemi dilidan saRamomdis muSa-
obda, oflSi iwureboda, welze fexs idgamda da Tavisi
colSvilisaTvis lukmapurs Soulobda~ _ ase gvacnobda sa-
kuTar mSobels mwerali saukunis dasawyisSi (javaxiSvili
2001:272). 30-ian wlebSi ki dasZenda: `xelmoWerili qiziye-
70
li iyo, mklavmagari da sakmaod SeZlebuli. exla mamal ku-
lakad CaiTvleboda...~ am or amonaridSi social-politikuri
kataklizmebis, kulturuli paradigmebis cvlis xanaSi gle-
xis, momavali saqarTvelos am yvelaze saimedo social-eko-
nomikuri Zalis, realuri bedia proecirebuli. ilias swraf-
va, batonymobis gadavardnis Semdeg qarTuli mowinave sazo-
gadoeba daerwmunebina glexis kerZo mesakuTred Camoyalibe-
bis aucileblobaSi, mix. javaxiSvilis publicistikaSi, `mo-
qalaqeobrivi Tavisuflebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis~...
myar orientiradaa wamodgenili. mTavari iyo glexi revolu-
ciur anu `sxvis~ brZolebSi ar SeetyuebinaT. mas upirvele-
sad sakuTar miwasTan kavSirisa da sakuTari miwisaTvis unda
ebrZola. mwerali sagangebod mimarTavs irlandili glexebis
Tavdadebis magaliTebs gamovlenils kanons daqvemdebarebuli
da ingliseli `lendlordebis~ Tavnebobisagan miwis Tavisu-
fali gankargvis uflebebis mopovebisaTvis gamarTul brZo-
lebSi. mwerali mizanmimarTulad warmoaCens saqarTveloze
aranakleb Seviwroebul, mtruli mezoblis garemocvaSi myof
qveyanas, sadac eri Tavs swiravs ara sxvaTagan Tavsmoxveul
utopiur ideebs, aramed sakuTar miwaze mesakuTris uflebe-
bis ganmtkicebas. swored amitom mix. javaxiSvilis werili
`agraruli reformebi irlandiaSi~ TavisuflebisaTvis brZo-
lis manifestiviT ikiTxeba. `jayos xiznebSi~ warmodgenili
glexebi ki mas Semdeg, rac Teimurazisagan `Cveneburi nexvis~
Senaxvis Sesaxeb sasurvel informacias ver iReben, advilad
erTvebian axali sabWoTa adamianis mimikriul oromtrialSi
da jayosa da `jayoobasTan~, `ninikasa~ da `ninikobasTan~ ad-
vilad misasvlel gzebs eZeben. is, Tu rogor moswyda glexi
miwas da rogor daadga crusaqmianobiT, Zveli uprincipobiT
71
gatkepnil gzas STambeWdavadaa asaxuli mogvianebiT Seqmnil
moTxrobaSi `dampatiJe~.
mix. javaxiSvilis ekonomikuri da literaturuli dis-
kursis konceptualuri erTianoba, sxvaTaSoris, abaTilebs am
bolo dros damkvidrebul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac
qarTuli mwerloba miTo-poeturi cnobierebis generaciis sa-
Sualebad ganixileba. gamodis, rom Cven srulyofilad ar
vicnobT Cvensave klasikas. gavixsenoT, ramodenime aTeuli
wlis win, rodesac tabuirebuli `jayos xiznebis~ persona-
Jebi reJisor T. CxeiZis satelevizio speqtaklSi gacocxl-
dnen, sazogadoebis didi nawilis reaqcia sruliad unugeSo
iyo. dRes am romans, sabednierod, sxva TvaliT vkiTxulobT
da vrwmundebiT, rom aseTi mniSvnelovani mxatvruli teq-
stis mravalgvari recefcia mkiTxvelis warmodgenaTa aqtu-
alizebisa da konkretizebis axal-axal saSualebebs iZleva.
amasTan xdeba Tavad mkiTxvelis meir sakuTari Tavis formi-
reba. mix. javaxiSvili, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela drois-
Tvis uxerxuli avtoria, teqstisa da mkiTxvelis swored
amgvari urTierTobis saSualebas iZleva. yovelive amis gaT-
valiswinebiT, unda vivaraudoT, Cven mier warmodgenili mo-
sazrebebic, inerpretaciis dauwereli kanonis moTxovniT, mo-
mavalSi kidev ufro daixveweba da Seivseba.
72
damowmebani:
berZeniSvili 1965: berZeniSvili n. masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
cxovrebisaTvis. // qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba. Tb.: 1965.
guguSvili 1972: guguSvili p. ekonomikuri urTierTobani amierkavka-
siaSi XIX-XX s.s. mijnaze. Tb.: 1972.
gogiCaiSvili 1902: gogiCaiSvili f. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTa-
reba me-19 saukuneSi. `kvali~, # 49, Tb.: 1902.
kacitaZe 2007: kacitaZe k. ilias epoqa da dRevandeloba. // ilia
WavWavaZe 170. Tb.: 2007.
firaliSvili 2005: firaliSvili z. ilia: istoriuli konteqsti da
pirovneba. // ilia WavWavaZe 170. Tb.: 2005.
javaxiSvili 1985: javaxiSvili m. jayos xiznebi. Tb.: 1985.
javaxiSvili 2001: javaxiSvili m. werilebi (r. SiSniaSvilis red.). Tb.:
2001.
hoskingi 2001: Хоскинг Дж. Россия, люди и империя 1855-1916 гг. 2001.
73
irma ratiani
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
teqstis interpretaciuli SesaZleblobebi.
mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~
`interpretacia gaugebrobiT iwyeba~, acxadebda hermenev-
tikuli meTodis fuZemdebeli fridrih Slaiermaxeri, Sesa-
bamisad, interpretaciis xelovnebis upirveles daniSnulebad
am gaugebrobis Tavidan acileba miaCnda. gaugebrobis pirvel-
wyarod Semecnebis procesis garTulebas asaxelebda, gadaW-
ris gzad ki _ meTodologiur daxmarebas, rac, upirveles
yovlisa, gulisxmobda gagebis procesis gardaqmnas meTodo-
logizebul movlenad.
interpretacia, Tuki mas aqvs marTebuli gagebis preten-
zia, warmoadgens ukve Seqmnili produqciis Tavidan Seqmnis,
anu kvlav-Seqmnis mowesrigebul sistemas. Slaiermaxerisave
azriT, araferi Rirebuli, maT Soris arc literaturuli
teqsti, ar iqmneba avtoris mier winaswar dadgenili wesebis
farglebSi, magram interpretatori, anu kvlav-Semqmneli, ro-
melic axdens teqstis rekonstruqcias masSi gamokveTili
Tu nagulisxmevi wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xSirad ufro
swor axsnas aZlevs teqstis dafarul da gaugebar Sreebs,
vidre avtori. amgvari, wesebze dafuZnebuli, rekonstruqcia,
veRar CaiTvleba meqanikur procesad, vinaidan moicavs, sul
mcire, or, meTodologiurad gamarTul mimarTulebas. es mi-
74
marTulebebia: a) gramatikuli, istoriuli da komparativis-
tuli rekonstruqcia; b) intuiciuri rekonstruqcia.
rekonstruqciis pirveli tipi teqsts miiCnevs Semecnebis
paradigmatul obieqtad. iseve rogorc TiToeuli sityvis
Semecneba teqstSi damokidebulia winadadebaze da, xSirad,
frazeologiur konteqstze, teqstis Semecnebac farTovdeba
masStaburi konteqstis mimarTulebiT: Tu teqsti ganixileba
avtoris kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, avtoris kanonebi ganixileba
lingvistur kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, mocemuli enis lingvis-
turi kanonebi ganixileba sxva enebis lingvistur kanonebTan
mimarTebaSi, enebis lingvisturi kanonebi ganixileba maTi
ganviTarebis etapebTan mimarTebaSi da a.S. da a. S. rekon-
struqciis am tipis Tanaxmad, interpretaciis procesi SeiZ-
leba iyos sasruli, magram Semecnebis sfero amouwuravi da
usasruloa.
rekonstruqciis meore tipi intuiciuria. gansxvavebiT
Semecnebis sferosgan, romelic amouwuravi da usasruloa,
Sesamecnebeli obieqtis mniSvneloba yovelTvis gansazRvru-
lia, vinaidan warmoadgens konkretuli avtoris Semoqmedebis
produqts misi moRvaweobis konkretul etapze. interpreta-
tori, cxadia, ver moaxerxebs avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi
Tu stilisturi maneris srulyofilad aRdgenasa da SeTvi-
sebas, Sesabamisad, interpretaciis procesis warmarTvisaTvis
igi saWiroebs konkretuli masalis intuiciur wvdomas. re-
konstruqciis am tipis Tanaxmad, interpretatori Semoqmedis
TanaSemoqmedad iqceva.
sruliad cxadia, rom rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxve-
vaSi, interpretacia dafarulis Sesamecneblad warmarTuli
procesia. da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT martin haidegeris marTe-
bul SeniSvnas, rom dafarulis Sesamecneblad sakmarisi ar
75
aris aRwera, aramed saWiroa safaris axda, mivalT daskvnam-
de, rom interpretacia mudmivad moqmedebs sazRvarze dafa-
rulsa da gacxadebuls Soris.
sainteresoa, warmodgenili modelis farglebSi, rogor
saxes iRebs teqstisa da interpretatoris struqturuli
urTierTmimarTeba?
naSromSi `WeSmariteba da meTodi~ hans georg gadameri
miuTiTebs, rom teqsti ki ar emorCileba interpretatoris
anu individis ukve Camoyalibebul da kristalizebul siste-
mas, aramed, piriqiT, Tavad individi integrirdeba teqstSi
da ganicdis transformacias. interpretatoris xedvis hori-
zonti mudmivad esazRvreba teqstis horizonts da warmo-
adgens masTan mudmiv dialogs. interpretatori SekiTxvebs
usvams teqsts da, piriqiT, teqsti usvams SekiTxvebs inter-
pretators. msgavs viTarebaSi savsebiT dasaSvebia interpre-
tatoris gamocdilebis gadanacvleba teqstis doneze, misi
Serwyma teqstis TviTSemecnebasTan da axali gamocdilebis
gamomuSaveba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, teqstis interpretacia
warmoadgens mudmiv dialogs awmyosa da warsuls Soris,
sadac awmyos gansazRvruloba mxolod warsulis miRmaa Se-
saZlebeli. iqmneba gangrZobiToba, romlis wiaRSic erTmaneTs
erwymis istoriuli da Tanamedrove xedvis horizontebi.
principuli mniSvneloba aq eniWeba ara avtoriseul inten-
ciebs, aramed _ teqstis gadanacvlebis process erTi kul-
turul-istoriuli konteqstidan meoreSi. am process gada-
meri hermenevtikuli aqtis istoriul aspeqts uwodebs, kon-
dicias, romelic warmoaCens istoriis dialeqtikur xasiaTs
da interpretaciis ganpirobebulobas konkretuli kultu-
rul-istoriuli konteqstiT.
76
ibadeba kiTxva: aseT SemTxvevaSi, daculia Tu ara avto-
ris uflebebi? hirSis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, interpreta-
ciuli wris gafarToveba odnavadac ver aryevs avtoris
uflebebs: nebismieri interpretaciis procesi warmoadgens
gaxsnil perspeqtivas, masalis marTebulad gaazrebaTa inva-
riantul sistemas, romelic avtoris mier SemoTavazebul
albaTobebsa da varaudebzea orientirebuli. avtori amkvid-
rebs teqstis `azrsa~ da `arss~, mravalricxovani mkiTxveli
ki individualurad adgens mis `mniSvnelobas~. kritikosis
interesis sagans unda warmoadgendes ara konkretuli avto-
riseuli wiaRsvlebi, aramed, `arsebiTobis~ zogadtipologi-
uri sivrce, teqstis e.w. `Sinagani Janri~, romelic warmo-
aCens avtoris zogad mosazrebebsa da xedvis ZiriTad per-
speqtivas SemoqmedebiTi aqtis procesSi. hirSi zrunavs av-
toris `kerZo mesakuTris~ statusis SenarCunebaze. misi az-
riT, teqstis `arsebiToba~ ar unda daeqvemdebaros sociali-
zaciis, Aanu teqstis `saerTo-saxalxo~ sakuTrebad qcevis
process: teqsti ekuTvnis avtors da Tu mkiTxvels ar ga-
aCnia mowiweba avtoris mier dadgenili normebisadmi, maSin
arc interpretaciis norma gaaCnia da meqanikurad axdens
kritikuli anarqiis provocirebas.
mogvianebiT, rodesac, pol rikiori gamijnavs `ganmarte-
bisa~ da `interpretaciis~ cnebebs, aRniSnavs, rom `ganmarte-
ba~ cxadyofs teqstismier informacias, xolo `interpreta-
cia~ aRniSnavs teqstze kritikosis reaqciis siRrmes. Sesaba-
misad, `SegrZneba~ teqstis obieqtur Tvisebad miiCneva, `Se-
niSvna~ ki warmoaCens kritikosis codnis perspeqtivas, mis
intencionalobas, romelic gansazRvravs reaqcias.
Tu SevajamebT yovelive zemoTqmuls, SeiZleba davaskvnaT:
interpretaciis xibli Tavisuflebaa, magram ara sumburuli,
77
aramed – logikuri, dafuZnebuli konkretul meTodologi-
ur xerxebze da mowodebuli dafarulis Sesamecneblad. in-
terpretaciis procesi warmoaCens intepretatoris Semecne-
biT SesaZleblobebs avtoris uflebebis dacviTa da gaTva-
liswinebiT. Sesabamisad, kiTxvaze: gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba ga-
vafarTovoT teqstis interpretaciis sazRvrebi, pasuxi cal-
saxad dadebiTia. xolo kiTxvaze, SeiZleba Tu ara interpre-
taciis procesi iyos umarTavi, pasuxi aris calsaxad
uaryofiTi.
teqsti Sreobrivi sistemaa. jer kidev roman ingardeni
werda, rom teqstis struqtura Sreebad dayofil formulas
warmoadgens, xolo avtorisagan teqstis zogadi perpeqtivis
SerCevis procesi garkveuli sizustiT aireklavs mwerlis
SemoqmedebiT resursebsa da stilistur Taviseburebebs. mag-
ram avtors ar ZaluZs srulganzomilebiani samyaros Seqmna,
is sjerdeba calkeuli fragmentebis warmoCenas im pirobiT,
rom avtoris SemoqmedebiTi intencionaloba swored aRniSnu-
li fragmentebis farglebSi gadaikveTeba interpretatoris
recefciul intencionalobasTan. gamomdinare aqedan, erTi
mxriv, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis intencionaloba da, meore
mxriv, reduqciuli strategia, romlis miRmac ganirCeva teq-
stis struqturuli Sreebi, warmoadgens literaturul
kritikasTan SeTavsebad bazisur fenomenologiur koncefci-
ebs. literaturuli teqstis Semecnebis es Tavisebureba ga-
nasxvavebs mxatvrul nawarmoebs samecniero naSromisagan: Tu
mecnieruli narkvevis Semecnebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba an
grovdeba codna, romelic aRniSnuli narkvevisgan damouki-
deblad arsebobs, literaturuli teqstis Semecneba safuZ-
vels uyris faseuli esTetikuri gamocdilebis dagrovebas.
78
Sesabamisad, rac metad fragmentulia literaturuli
teqsti da rac ufro farTo esTetikuri impulsebis genera-
torad gvevlineba igi, miT ufro maRalia misi mxatvruli
Rirebuleba. da amis erT-erT mniSvnelovan dadasturebad
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi mixeil javaxiSvilis ro-
mani `jayos xiznebi~ mosCans.
Tavs ar SegawyenT romanis irgvliv Seqmnili salitera-
turo kritikis dawvrilebiTi mimoxilviT, mxolod aRvniS-
nav, rom misi interpretacia sakmaod mravalferovania: kri-
tikosTa da literaturaTmcodneTa nawili mas realizmis
literaturul mimdinareobas anac neorealisturi romanis
Janrs miakuTvnebs, nawili _ viwrosocialuri romanisa, nawi-
li modernistul WrilSi kiTxulobs, nawilic evropuli
subieqtivisturi romanis tendenciebs Wvrets. visTvis `ja-
yos xiznebi~ ukiduresad miTologizebuli teqstia, visTvis,
piriqiT demiTologizebuli. albaT, ar SevcdebiT Tu vity-
viT, rom yvela wakiTxvas aqvs arsebobis ufleba, garda im
wakiTxvisa, romelic:
1. avtoris koncefcias aqcevs intepretaciuli kliSes
pirobebSi;
2. sakuTar intepretacias miiCnevs imperatiulad swor
versiad.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, kritikosi arRvevs avtoris uflebas
da axorcielebs interpretaciul Zaladobas avtorze, meore
SemTxvevaSi _ ugulvebelyofs Semecnebis procesis SesaZleb-
lobebs da uSvebs uxeS Secdomas Tavad intepretaciis ideis
mimarT. ra uwyobs xels interpretaciuli kliSeebis Camoya-
libebas? erTi mxriv, hipertrofirebuli ideologizebuli
manqana, rogorc mTavari gamRizianebeli, meore mxriv _ li-
teraturaTmcodneobiTi inercia, pasiuri mokrZaleba avtori-
79
tetebis winaSe, rac xSirad aranakleb `efeqturia~ vidre
pirveli. rodis iZens interpretacia imperatiul tons? ro-
desac kritikosi mxedvelobis aredan kargavs avtors, an _
rodesac avtomatizdeba sakuTarive meTodologiis farglebSi.
Tuki interpretacias gavaTavisuflebT am xelovnuri
SezRudvebisgan, miviRebT Zalze saintereso Sedegs: inter-
pretaciul Tavisuflebas, rogorc meTodologiur movlenas,
dafuZnebuls teqstis realur SesaZleblobebze.
vxelmZRvanelobdiT ra am TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime wlis
winaT, monografiaSi `qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqa-
tologiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis~ (2005 w.)
Cven warmovadgineT mixeil javaxiSvilis romanis `jayos
xiznebi~ wakiTxvis inovaciuri versia. SevecadeT, wagvekiTxa
romani erTi mxriv, antiutopiuri Janris da meore mxriv,
liminalobis anTropologiuri Teoriis WrilSi. interpreta-
ciis am models safuZvlad daedo konkretuli meTodologi-
uri principebi: pirvel yovlisa, davefuZneT sakvlev teq-
stSi antiutopiuri JanrisTvis niSandoblivi iseTi motiva-
ciuri maxasiaTeblebis realizebis tendencias, rogoricaa:
koleqtiuri Sromisa da kvazinominaciis motivi; liderisa
da fsevdo-lideris motivi; mecnieruli progresisa da teq-
nokratizmis motivi; SemoqmedebiTi gonis nivelirebis moti-
vi; SiSis motivi; ojaxuri tradiciis destruqciis motivi;
TviTmkvlelobis motivi; fsevdokarnavaluri da fsevdoritu-
aluri motivi; parodirebis motivi.
am motivTa detalurma ganxilvam teqstis faqtobrivi
monacemebis doneze (qronotopi... 2005: 181-269) da, rac ar-
sebiTia, maTi koordinirebis dadgenam avtoriseul fragmen-
tebTan da teqstis zogadtipologiur sivrcesTan, migviyvana
daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli motivebis mxatvruli realizacia
80
teqstSi iZens mkveTrad gamoxatul esqatologiur datvir-
Tvas, risi meTodologiuri analizic Tavsebadia liminalo-
bis anu sazRvris anTropologiur TeoriasTan.
am, garkveulwilad, moulodnelma eqsperimentma, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom Segviqmna intepretaciuli winaaRmdegoba ro-
manis wakiTxvis tradiciul modelebTan, swored imitom, rom
daefuZna mkacr meTodologiur principebs, Tavi daaRwia li-
teraturaTmcodneobiTi eTikis normebis darRvevas da Tavisi
niSa daikava im interpretaciul dialogSi, romelic warmo-
ebs `jayos xiznebis~ garSemo. Tumca, safrTxe yovelTvis ar-
sebobs. maSinac, rodesac meTodologiur principebze gamar-
Tul kritikas waradgen da maSinac, rodesac amas ar gaake-
Teb. rogori SeiZleba iyos es safrTxe?
Tomas elioti, ganixilavda ra saliteraturo kritikis
sazRvrebsa da SesaZleblobebs, aRniSnavda, rom literatu-
ruli kritikis umTavresi daniSnuleba `xelovnebis nimuSe-
bis axsna-ganmarteba da gemovnebis daxvewaa~ (elioti 2005:
71), romelic, mogvianebiT, Caanacvla fraziT `gageba da li-
teraturiT tkbobis mxardaWera~ (elioti 2005: 71), aqve mi-
uTiTa, rom `tkboba~ da `gageba~ sulac ar aris gansxvavebu-
li movlenebi, aramed erTi da igive movlenis emociuri da
inteleqtualuri mxareebia. SeiZleba gesmodes, magram ver
ganicdide siamovnebas, meore mxriv, Tu mxolod gsiamovnebs
da ar gesmis, es niSnavs, rom siamovnebas mxolod sakuTari
naazrevidan iReb. rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi inter-
pretacia arasrulyofilia. maSasadame, saliteraturo kri-
tikis dayvana arc mxolod meTodologiur axsna-ganmartebaze
SeiZleba da arc mxolod esTetikur siamovnebaze, aramed maT
mTlianobaze.
81
vfiqrobT, eliotis am mosazrebas Cveni moxsenebis dasa-
wyisSi gamoTqmul azrTan mivyavarT: interpretaciis proce-
sis, rogorc gaxsnili perspeqtivis, amocanas Seadgens teq-
stis dafaruli azris Semecneba, rac gulisxmobs, erTi
mxriv, teqstis faqtobrivi moncemebis ganxilvasa da axsna-
ganmartebas garkveuli meTodologiuri normebis da ara ide-
ologiuri kliSes farglebSi, meore mxriv ki _ esTetikuri
gamocdilebis gamomuSavebas teqstis calkeuli fragmentebis
mimarT, ara rogorc sayovelTao standartisa, aramed ro-
gorc individualuri recefciis formisa. msgavsi interpre-
taciuli strategia avtorisa da interpretatoris uflebe-
bis Tanabrad dacvas gulisxmobs da interpretaciuli war-
matebis winapirobad gvevlineba.
Sesabamisad, warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos `jayos
xiznebis~ nebismieri interpretacia, romelic icavs zemoT
Camoyalibebul normebs, romanis yoveli axali, dasabuTebuli
interpretacia ki unda moviazroT ara rogorc tradiciis
darRveva, aramed rogorc nacnobi teqstis kidev erTi axali,
ucnobi rakursis aRmoCena.
damowmebani
ratiani 2005: ratiani i. qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqatolo-
giuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis. Tb.: 2005.
elioti 2005: elioti t. s. kritikis sazRvrebi // sjani, #6. Tb.:
2005.
82