PUBERTYPUBERTY Onset of reproduction life Endocrine/gametogenic function of gonads

mature adolescence – (9-15 years in male & 9-13 years in female)

Changes in testis, scrotum, penis in growth Pubic hair growth / axillary / facial hair

growth / spermatogenesis / acne. Larynx – crackling becomes masculine

bass voice.

Female – Breast buds, menarche, uterine/vaginal/genitalia growth - later – psychological changes.

Factors – HRH / LH / FSH. Estrogen / progesterone Primary / second oocyte (ovulation) From follicle into abdominal cavity is

ovulation – 14th day.

MENSTRUAL CYCLEMENSTRUAL CYCLE Endometrial change Hypothalamus

pituitary and FSH / LH Female hormones and ovaries ovarian

cycle 28 days Single ovum is released from the ovary

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCYDURING PREGNANCY

CVS, respiratory system, kidney, endocrine, blood (30% > in blood volume) because of salt & water retention because of > aldosterone / estrogen

Weight = 11-12 kg increase BMR becomes more because of thyroxine,

cortisol, aldosterone, androgen Fetus drains Iron from the mother Uterus gains in size Ovaries stop ovulation Breasts enlarge.

Check-upCheck-up Weight Blood pressure Edema Hemoglobin Blood sugar Urine

Fetoplacental unit

Placenta

Hormones (Functions)

HCG

Estrogen

Progesterone

Oxygen diffusion Glucose Fatty acid Potassium Calcium Sodium

PREGNANCY TESTSPREGNANCY TESTS

Immunological RadiologicalBiological

ANATOMY OF FEMALE ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANSREPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

FUNDAMENTALS OF REPRODUCTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF REPRODUCTION

Spermatozoa (X & Y)

Ovum (X)Zygote

XX

XY

46 chromosomes

+

FEMALEMALE

IMPLANTATIONIMPLANTATION 21-22nd day fetal heart, fetoplacental

circulation Fetal placenta, 2 umbilical arteries carry

impure blood from fetus Fetal blood flow through P = 400 mL/min –

pumping action of fetal heart

PLACENTAL FUNCTIONPLACENTAL FUNCTION

Respiratory Excretory Nutrition

Hormones / enzymes

Immunological function

FETAL MEMBRANES FETAL MEMBRANES Chorion Amnion – protects fetal

FETAL MEMBRANES FETAL MEMBRANES Chorion Amnion – protects fetal