Psychrometry - Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology

PSYCHROMETRY

AIR CONDITIONING Treating or conditioning of air to alter its

temperature and moisture content to suit

specific requirements.

William H Carrier – Father of Air

Conditioning.

Working substance – Atmospheric Air

Atmospheric Air – Dry Air + Water Vapor

Composition of standard air

• International joint committee in 1949.

• The molecular weight of dry air is found tobe 28.966 and the gas constant R is287.035 J/kg.K.

• The mixture of dry air and water vapor iscalled as moist air.

• At a given temperature and pressure the dryair can only hold a certain maximumamount of moisture.

• When the moisture content is maximum,then the air is known as saturated air.

• Any addition of moisture will drop out asfree water.

• The molecular weight of water vapour is18.015 and its gas constant is 461.52J/kg.K.

Atmospheric air

PSYCHROMETRY is the study of the properties ofmixtures of air and water vapor(Atmospheric Air).

Atmospheric air makes up the environment inalmost every type of air conditioning system.

Hence a thorough understanding of theproperties of atmospheric air and the ability toanalyze various processes involving air isfundamental to air conditioning design.

Psychrometry

Psychrometric Properties• DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (DBT) - It is the

temperature of the moist air as measured by astandard thermometer or other temperaturemeasuring instruments.

• SATURATED VAPOUR PRESSURE (PSAT) - is thesaturated partial pressure of water vapour at thedry bulb temperature.

• WET BULB TEMPERATURE(WBT) - Temperatureof the moist air as measured by standardthermometer when its bulb is wound by a wet wick.

for dry air WBT < < DBT

for saturated air WBT = DBT

DRY BULB AND WET BULB TEMPERATURES

Heat from atmospheric air

Heat used for vaporization of water to atmospheric air

Note: If atmospheric air is saturated then vaporization won’t take place so whole of the heat will be transmitted to the wet bulb. So in case of saturated air DBT = WBT

Wet bulb depression

• For dry air WBD will be maximum

• For saturated air WBD will be 0

Dry bulb thermometer

Wet bulb thermometer

Dry-Bulb Thermometer

Wet-Bulb Thermometer

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE(DPT)• If unsaturated moist air is cooled at constant pressure

the temperature at which moisture in the air begins tocondense is called DPT.

• The DPT is the saturation temperature corresponding tothe vapour pressure of water vapour. So it can beobtained from steam tables.

Condensation Occurs At Dew Point

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN© American Standard Inc. 1999

Fog Occurs When Air Is Saturated

Humidity Ratio(Specific Humidity)…compares water vapor to dry air, by weight

Relative Humidity(Φ)…describes the degree of saturation

RelativeHumidity

Amount of moisture that a givenamount of air is holding at agiven temp.

=Amount of moisture that a givenamount of air can hold at sametemp.

• It is defined as the ratio of the mole fraction ofwater vapour in moist air to mole fraction ofwater vapour in saturated air at the sametemperature and pressure.

50% 100%(saturated)

Relative Humidity…compares moisture content to saturation

Relative Humidity

50% RH means that the air contains halfthe amount of water vapor it can hold atthat temp.

RH increases as the temp. decreases.

The maximum amount ofmoisture(saturation) that a given volumeof air can hold varies with temp.

The temp. at which RH becomes 100% iscalled DPT.

Degree of saturation (μ)

Enthalpy of Moist Air

Humid specific heat

• It is the specific heat of humid(or moist) air per kg ofdry air.

• From the equation for enthalpy of moist air, thehumid specific heat of moist air can be written as:

• For all practical purposes the humid specific heat ofmoist air, cpm can be taken as 1.0216 kJ/kg dry air.K

Specific volume • The specific volume is defined as the number of

cubic meters of moist air per kilogram of dry air.

• The empirical relations for the vapor pressure ofwater in moist air:

Adiabatic saturation and Thermodynamic WBT

It is the temp at

which air can be

brought to saturation

state adiabatically by

evaporation of water

into the flowing air.

• An adiabatic saturator is a device in which air flowsthrough an infinitely long duct containing water.

• The device is adiabatic as the walls of the chamber arethermally insulated.

• As the air comes in contact with water in the duct, therewill be heat and mass transfer between water and air.

• Air at the exit would be fully saturated and its temperatureis equal to that of water temperature.

• Make-up water to be provided to compensate for theamount of water evaporated into the air.

• After the adiabatic saturator has achieved asteady-state condition, the temperatureindicated by the thermometer immersed inthe water is the thermodynamic wet-bulbtemperature.

Problem 1

On a particular day the weather forecaststates that the dry bulb temperature is 37oC,while the relative humidity is 50% and thebarometric pressure is 101.325 kPa. Find thehumidity ratio, dew point temperature andenthalpy of moist air on this day.

Problem 2

Moist air at 1 atm. pressure has a dry bulbtemperature of 32oC and a wet bulbtemperature of 26oC. Calculate a) the partialpressure of water vapour, b) humidity ratio,c) relative humidity, d) dew pointtemperature, e) density of dry air in themixture, f) density of water vapour in themixture and g) enthalpy of moist air usingperfect gas law model and Psychrometricequations.

The Psychrometric Chart

A Psychrometric chart graphically represents

the thermodynamic properties of moist air.

The chart is normally drawn for air at 1 atm.

Pressure.

PSYCHROMERTIC PROPERTY CURVES

DBT= const

w = constDPT

• If we know any twoPsychrometric propertieswe can locate the statepoint of moist air inPsychrometric chart.

•And can easily identifyhow much energy (Δh) hasto be supplied or removedto bring the air to arequired state.

•From these data we candesign an AC system

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTLexington, Kentucky USABAROMETRIC PRESSURE 28.874 inches of Mercury

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com

Staturation Line

Saturation Line

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Dry Bulb Temperature

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Humidity Ratio

Constant Humidity Ratio & Pressure

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Humidity Ratio

Dew Point temp.

Dry-Bulb Temperature (°F)

When S

ins/lb

25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

Constant Relative Humidity Curves

Relative Humidity

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

Constant Web Bulb Temperature

Constant Wet Bulb Temperature

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Enthalpy

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

Constant Enthalpy

Constant Web Bulb

Constant Enthalpy and Web Bulb

When S

ins/lb

25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

A Final Property…Specific Volume

Specific Volume Lines

(cubic feet / pound of dry air)

“X Marks The Spot”…

When S

ins/lb

25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

relationship between…

Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb And Dew Point

Dew Point60°F

Wet Bulb

A B C DDry Bulb 60°F 62°F 75°F 90°F

Wet Bulb 60°F 60.8°F 65.2°F 70°F

Dew Point 60°F 60°F 60°F 60°F

Rel Humidity 100% 92% 60% 37%

When S

ins/lb

25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

Determining Wet-Bulb Lines

BICIDI

Knowing Two Properties…lets you determine the remaining three

Dry-bulb temperature

Wet-bulb temperature

Dew-point temperature

Relative humidity

Humidity ratio

When S

ins/lb

25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

intersection of two known air properties…

Determines The Remaining Three

Humidity Ratio

Dry BulbRelative Humidity

Wet Bulb

Dew Point

PSYCHROMERTIC PROCESSES

O-A SENSIBLE HEATINGO-B SENSIBLE COOLINGO-C HEATING + HUMIDIFICATIONO-D HEATING +DEHUMIDIFICATIONO-E COOLING + HUMIDIFICATIONO-F COOLING + DEHUMIDIFATION

WINTER AC

SUMMER AC

PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES1. SENSIBLE HEATING – During this process moisture content of the airremains constant. But its temperature increases as it flows over a heatingcoil.

2. SENSIBLE COOLING – During this process moisture content of the airremains constant . But its temperature decreases as it flows over a coolingcoil. For the moisture to remain constant the surface of the cooling coilshould be dry and DBTin > Tsurface > DPTin to avoid condensation ofmoisture.

Heating coil Cooling coil (T > DPTin )

Cold air Cold airHot airHot air

SENSIBLE HEATING SENSIBLE COOLING

Effect Of Adding Sensible Heat

Effect Of Removing Sensible Heat

When S

ins/lb

25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

moisture content doesn’t change by…

Adding/removing Sensible Heat

100% Saturation

Dew Point60°F

Wet Bulb

Effect Of Adding Moisture

Effect Of Removing Moisture

PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

3. HEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION- in this process air is first sensiblyheated by a heating coil followed by spraying steam via steam nozzle.

4. HEATING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION - This process is achieved byusing hygroscopic materials. Absorption of moisture by hygroscopicmaterial(liquid/solid) is an exothermic reaction, as a result heat isreleased and temperature of air increases.

Heating coilHYGROSCOPIC

MATERIAL

Colddry air

ColdHumid

Hot dry air

Hot humid air

HEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION HEATING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION

Steam Nozzle

PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

5. COOLING AND HUMIDIFICATION- In this process air is cooled by sprayingcold water into air stream.

6. COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION - In this process air is cooled andmoisture is removed when it flows over a cooling coil

Cold water sprinkler

Hot dry air

Hot Humid

Cold dry air

Coldhumid air

COOLING AND HUMIDIFICATIONCOOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION

Cooling coil (

effect of changing…

Sensible Heat And Moisture Content

effect of changing…

Sensible Heat And Moisture Content

PSYCHROMETER

• Any instrument capable of measuring thepsychrometric state of air is called apsychrometer.

• It comprises of two thermometers with thebulb of one covered by a moist wick.

• The two sensing bulbs are separated andshaded from each other so that the radiationheat transfer between them becomesnegligible

Sling Psychrometer• Widely used for measurements where the

air velocity inside the room is small.

• Consists two thermometers mounted sideby side and fitted in a frame with a handlefor whirling the device through air.

• The required air circulation (≈ 3 to 5 m/s)over the sensing bulbs is obtained bywhirling the psychrometer (≈ 300 RPM).

• Readings are taken when both thethermometers show steady-state readings.

Aspirated Psychrometer• The thermometers remain stationary, and a

small fan, blower or syringe moves the airacross the thermometer bulbs.

• The wicks made of cotton or cloth should bereplaced frequently, and only distilled watershould be used for wetting it.

Other types are:

1. Dunmore Electric Hygrometer

2. DPT meter

3. Hygrometer (Using horse’s or human hair)

AIR WASHER

• An air washer is a device for conditioningair.

• Air comes in direct contact with a spray ofwater - exchange of heat and mass (watervapour) between air and water.

• The outlet condition of air depends uponthe temperature of water sprayed.

• Hence, by controlling the water temperatureexternally, it is possible to control the outletconditions of air, which then can be used forair conditioning purposes.

• The mean temperature of water droplets incontact with air decides the direction of heatand mass transfer. Examples are:-

• Cooling and dehumidification: tw < tDPT. Hereboth latent and sensible heat transfers are fromair to water. So water has to be externallycooled.

• Adiabatic saturation: tw = tWBT. Here the sensibleheat transfer from air to water is exactly equalto latent heat transfer from water to air. Hence,no external cooling or heating of water isrequired. This the process that takes place in aperfectly insulated evaporative cooler.

• Cooling and humidification: tDPT < tw < tWBT.Here the sensible heat transfer is from air towater and latent heat transfer is from waterto air, but the total heat transfer is from airto water, hence, water has to be cooledexternally.

• Cooling and humidification: tWBT < tw < tDBT.Here the sensible heat transfer is from air towater and latent heat transfer is from waterto air, but the total heat transfer is fromwater to air, hence, water has to be heatedexternally. This is the process that takes placein a cooling tower.

• Heating and humidification: tw > tDBT. Hereboth sensible and latent heat transfers arefrom water to air, hence, water has to beheated externally.

• An air washer works as a year-round airconditioning system.

• It is not commonly used for comfort airconditioning applications due to concernsabout health resulting from bacterial orfungal growth on the wetted surfaces.

• It can be used in industrial applications.

Psychrometry

Air Mixtures

Air Conditioner

Supply Fan

Mixture OutdoorAir (OA)

Recirculated Air (RA)

Cooling Coil

Determining Entering Air Conditions

80°F95°F

Outdoor

Recirculated

1,000 cfm4,000 cfm

= 0.25

Mixture

C B4,000 cfmMixed Air

1,000 cfmOA

3,000 cfmRA

95°F × 0.25 = 23.75°F

80°F × 0.75 = 60.00°F

Mixture = 83.75°F

Mixed Air Temperature

83.75°F

Psychrometry

Sensible Heat Ratio

Effect Of Removing Sensible Heat

Effect Of Removing Latent Heat

effect of…

Removing Sensible And Latent Heat

SHRSensible Heat Gain

Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain=

determining the…

Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR)

78°F DB

65°F WB

Index Point

Sensible Heat Ratio Scale

Drawing An SHR Line

Index Point

Room SHR dictates…

Supply Air Conditions

drawing an SHR line for…

Other Room Conditions

Index Point

Psychrometry

Air Quantity

80,000 kJ/hr sensible heat gain

20,000 kJ/hr latent heat gain

= 0.80

STEP 1: Calculate the sensible heat ratio (SHR)

80,000 kJ/hr

100,000 kJ/hrSHR =

Determining Supply Airflow

Room — 78°F DB, 50% RH

OA — 95°F DB, 78°F WB

Ventilation — 25% OA

Design Conditions:

95°F × 0.25 = 23.75°F

78°F × 0.75 = 58.50°F

Mixture = 82.25°F

Determining Supply AirflowSTEP 2: Plot room, outdoor, and entering conditions

56.5°F 78°F

STEP 3: Identify supply air conditions

Sensible Heat Gain0.02044 × (Room DBT – Supply

SupplyAirflow in CMM

STEP 4: Solve the supply airflow equation

CMM = Cubic meter/minute(m3/minute)

DBT in 0C

Sensible Heat gain in kJ/s

DUCT DESIGN

The chief requirements are:

• It should convey specified rates of air flowto prescribed locations

• It should be economical in combined initialcost, fan operating cost and cost of buildingspace

• It should not transmit or generateobjectionable noise

Pre-requisites of duct design are:

• The required airflow rates from loadcalculations.

• The location of fans and air outlets arefixed initially.

• The duct layout is then made takinginto account the space available andease of construction.

General rules for duct design

• Air should be conveyed as directly aspossible to save space, power andmaterial.

• Sudden changes in directions should beavoided. When not possible to avoidsudden changes, turning vanes shouldbe used to reduce pressure loss.

• Diverging sections should be gradual.Angle of divergence ≤ 20o

• Aspect ratio should be as close to1.0 as possible. Normally, it shouldnot exceed 4.

• Air velocities should be withinpermissible limits to reduce noiseand vibration.

• Duct material should be as smoothas possible to reduce frictionallosses.

Classification

• Low pressure systems: Velocity ≤10 m/s, static pressure ≤ 5 cm H2O

• Medium pressure systems: Velocity≤ 10 m/s, static pressure ≤ 15 cmH2 O

• High pressure systems: Velocity >10 m/s, static pressure 15<p ≤ 25cm H2O

High velocities in the ducts resultsin:

• Smaller ducts and hence, lowerinitial cost and lower spacerequirement

• Higher pressure drop and hencelarger fan power consumption

• Increased noise and hence a needfor noise attenuation

Typical recommended velocities are:

• Residences: 3 m/s to 5 m/s

• Theatres: 4 to 6.5 m/s

• Restaurants: 7.5 m/s to 10 m/s

If nothing is specified, then a velocity of 5 to 8m/s is used for main ducts and a velocity of 4to 6 m/s is used for the branches.

The allowable air velocities can be as high as30 m/s in ships and aircrafts to reduce thespace requirement.

Duct Design Methods • The run with the highest

pressure drop is called asthe index run.

• From load andPsychrometric calculationsthe required supply airflowrates are known.

• From the building layoutand the location of thesupply fan, the length ofeach duct run is known.

• The purpose of the duct design is to selectsuitable dimensions of duct for each runand then to select a fan, which can providethe required supply airflow rate to eachconditioned zone.

• Most commonly used methods are:

1. Velocity method

2. Equal Friction (Constant pressure loss) Method

3. Static Regain method

Velocity method• Here the velocity decreases as the flow

proceeds.

The various steps involved are:

Select suitable velocities in the main andbranch ducts

Find the diameters of main and branchducts from airflow rates and velocities forcircular ducts. For rectangular ducts, findthe cross-sectional area from flow rate andvelocity, and then by fixing the aspect ratio,find the two sides of the rectangular duct.

From the velocities and ductdimensions obtained, find thefrictional pressure drop for main andbranch ducts.

From the duct layout, dimensions andairflow rates, find the dynamicpressure losses for all the bends andfittings.

Select a fan that can provide sufficientairflow for the index run.

• Balancing dampers have to be installedin each run.

• The damper in the index run is leftcompletely open, while the otherdampers are throttled to reduce theflow rate to the required design values.

• The application of this method requiresselection of suitable velocities indifferent duct runs, which requiresexperience.

• Wrong selection of velocities can lead tovery large ducts, which, occupy largebuilding space and increases the cost, orvery small ducts which lead to largepressure drop and hence necessitates theselection of a large fan leading to higher fancost and running cost.

• The method is not very efficient as itrequires partial closing of all the dampersexcept the one in the index run, so that thetotal pressure drop in each run will be same.

Equal friction method• Here the frictional pressure drop per unit

length in the main and branch ducts (Δpf/L)are kept same, i.e.,

The stepwise procedure are as follows:

Select a suitable frictional pressure drop perunit length (Δpf/L) so that the combinedinitial and running costs are minimized.

Then the equivalent diameter of the mainduct (A) is obtained from the selected valueof (Δpf/L) and the airflow rate.

• Airflow rate in the main duct is equal to thesum total of airflow rates to all theconditioned zones.

• From the airflow rate and (Δpf/L) theequivalent diameter of the main duct (Deq.)can be obtained either from the friction chartor using the frictional pressure drop equation:

Since the frictional pressure drop per unitlength is same for all the duct runs, theequivalent diameters of the other duct runs,are obtained from the equation:

The velocity of air through each duct isobtained from the volumetric flow rate and thecross-sectional area.

Next from the dimensions of the ducts in eachrun, the total frictional pressure drop of thatrun is obtained by multiplying the frictionalpressure drop per unit length and the length

Next the dynamic pressure losses in eachduct run are obtained based on the typeof bends or fittings used in that run.

Next the total pressure drop in each ductrun is obtained by summing up thefrictional and dynamic losses of that run

Next the fan is selected to suit the indexrun with the highest pressure loss.Dampers are installed in all the duct runsto balance the total pressure loss.

• This method usually yields a better design asmost of the available pressure drop isdissipated as friction in the duct runs, ratherthan in the balancing dampers.

• Generally suitable when the ducts are not toolong, and it can be used for both supply andreturn ducts.

• However, it requires partial closure of dampersin all but the index run, which may generatenoise.

• If the ducts are too long then the total pressuredrop will be high and due to dampering, ductsnear the fan get over-pressurized.

Static Regain Method• Commonly used for high velocity systems

with long duct runs, especially in largesystems.

• The static pressure is maintained samebefore each terminal or branch.

The procedure followed is as given below:

Velocity in the main duct leaving the fan isselected first.

Velocities in each successive runs arereduced such that the gain in static pressuredue to reduction in velocity pressure equalsthe frictional pressure drop in the next ductsection. Thus the static pressure before eachterminal or branch is maintained constant.

If section 1 is the outlet of the fan, then itsdimensions are known from the flow rateand velocity (initially selected).

Since both the dimensions and velocity atsection 2 are not known, a trial-and-errormethod has to be followed to get requireddimensions of the section at 2.

The procedure is followed in the direction ofairflow, and the dimensions of thedownstream ducts are obtained.

The total pressure drop is obtained from thepressure drop in the longest run and a fan isaccordingly selected.

• Static Regain method yields a morebalanced system and does not call forunnecessary dampering.

• However, as velocity reduces in thedirection of airflow, the duct size mayincrease in the airflow direction.

• Also the velocity at the exit of thelonger duct runs may become too smallfor proper air distribution in theconditioned space.

AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Definitions

Principles of air distribution

Location of return duct opening

Air-handling SystemThe air handling system consists:

Figure shows schematic air-flow diagram foran air-conditioning system. It may be seenthat in circulation of air a closed loop isformed. In this loop the point is room itselfwhich can be considered at atmosphericpressure.

Through the inlets the air enters and it continues todrop in pressure until it reaches the fan. The fanraises the pressure, and this pressure thereafterstarts dropping again until the air enters the space.Therefore, the pressure on the discharge side of thefan is positive and on suction side negative.

Psychrometry - Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology

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