Post on 13-Feb-2019
Satellite Digital Audio Radio
Service Front End Final Presentation
By: Keven Lockwood
Advisor: Dr. Prasad Shastry
1
Satellite Radio
2
Overview
• SDARS transmissions
• Functional description
• Goals
• Antenna design, specifications, and
measurements
• LNA design, specifications, and
measurements
• Conclusions
3
SDARS Transmissions
http://cegt201.bradley.edu/projects/proj2001/s
darsprj/funcdesc.html
4
System Description
5
Incoming
EM
signal
-105 dBm to -95 dBm39.5 dB to 49 dBLow gain 3 to 6 dB
Expanded Project Block Diagram
6
Transmission Polarization
7
Pictures from: Ulaby, Fawwaz T.
Fundamentals of Applied
Electromagnetics. 5th ed.
• Circular Polarization (CP) offers:
– The ability to receive in all planes.
– CP waves are better for penetrating and bending
around obstructions.
– The multipath effect is reduced.
– Signals are better at penetrating weather and foliage.
• CP measured by Axial Ratio
– Major axis / minor axis of the electric field
Linear Elliptical Circular
Project Goals
1) Design LP proximity coupled antenna
2) Design CP proximity coupled antenna
3) Fabricate the CP Antenna
4) CP Antenna measurements
5) Research and purchase low-noise amplifiers
6) Fabrication of LNA circuit
7) LNA measurements
8) Construct the active antenna (antenna plus LNA) and test with receiver
8
Antenna Specifications
• 2320 MHz to 2332.5 MHz
• 3 dBic gain
• VSWR 2:1
• LHCP Axial Ratio = 0 dB
9
Circularly Polarized Antenna
Design• Transmission line model
• Manual Tuning in Momentum
• L operating frequency
• W axial ratio (small effect)
• S Zimg
• Ws Zo
• Lo axial ratio (large effect)
• Substrate εr and thicknesses t and h preset
10
CP Antenna Design Cont.• Perturbations split modes, determine axial ratio
• Perturbed area derived from Quality Factor
• Lo moved to center
• Overall improved axial ratio
11
CP Antenna Simulations
12
2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.452.10 2.50
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
-3.0
0.0
Frequency
Ma
g.
[dB
]
Readout
m1
Readout
m2
S11
m1freq=dB(patch_mom..S(1,1))=-1.266
2.320GHz
m2freq=dB(patch_mom..S(1,1))=-1.265
2.332GHz
2.22 2.24 2.26 2.28 2.30 2.32 2.34 2.36 2.382.20 2.40
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
-70
0
freq, GHz
dB
(S(1
,1))
Readout
m4
Readout
m5
S11
m4freq=dB(S(1,1))=-19.380
2.320GHz
m5freq=dB(S(1,1))=-17.082
2.334GHz
• Return Loss
• Antenna patch length and width unchanged from initial LP design
Unmatched antenna Matched antenna
CP Antenna Simulations
13
freq (2.100GHz to 2.500GHz)
Readout
m3
S11
m3freq=patch_mom..S(1,1)=0.865 / -179.994impedance = Z0 * (0.072 - j5.248E-5)
2.326GHz
• Input impedance before matching (blue) and after (red)
CP Antenna Simulations
• Axial Ratio and Gain
14
Fabricated Antenna
15
Fab Antenna Measurements
• functions with receiver system
• Return loss measured (S11)
• Anechoic chamber experiment to be
complete
– Gain estimation
– Radiation pattern
– Axial Ratio
16
Fab Antenna Measurements
17
• Return loss (S11) simulated (left) and measured (right)
Fab Antenna Measurements
• Input impedance simulated (left) and measured (right)
18
freq (2.020GHz to 3.000GHz)
pro
xim
ity_
fed
_2
..S
(1,1
)
Readout
m12
m12freq=proximity_fed_2..S(1,1)=0.811 / -7.326impedance = Z0 * (6.997 - j4.237)
2.326GHz
LNA specifications
• 25.5 to 29.5 dB LNA gain – 2 amps cascaded: each with minimum 12.75 dB gain
• 28.5 to 32.5 dB total gain (LNA + antenna)
• 2320 MHz to 2332.5 MHz operation
• Zo = 50 Ω
• NF ≤ 0.9 dB
• HMC715LP3
– 2.1 to 2.9 GHz operation
– NF = advertises 0.9 dB, but is 0.86 on data sheet
– Gain = 19 dB
– 3 to 5 V supply
– Output P-1dB ≈ 18.5 dBm at 2326 MHz
19
Pictures taken from Hittite HMC715LP3E datasheet
LNA Block diagram
20
LNA Evaluation BoardHittite
HMC715LP3E
From antenna
Modular AmplifierMini-CircuitsZEL-1724LN
To Sirius Receiver
Gain = 19 dBNF = 0.9 dB
Gain = 20 dBNF = 1.5 dB
Blocking Capacitor
LNA Noise Figure Measurement
21
LNA Noise Figure Measurement
22
• Spectrum analyzer used– Pn1 dBm when noise source is off (top)
– Pn2 dBm when noise source is on (bottom)
• YdB = Pn2 dBm – Pn1 dBm
• Ft db = ENRdb – 10*log(Y-1)– ENR = Excess noise ratio of the source
• Ft = F1 + (F2 – 1)/G1
• Solve for F1 to get noise figure of the
LNA
• Ft dB is the noise figure of cascade
• Second stage noise factor
contribution is only 0.005
• Variance in measurements– Ft dB between 1.38 dB and 4.57 dB
LNA gain
• Measured using the network analyzer and
VeePro
• G = 19.2 dB @ Vs = +5V
• G = 17.9 dB @ Vs = +3V
• Slides 29 and 34 for graphs
23
Potential Improvements
• Observe impedance locus as a function of line inset to produce maximum coupling
• Decrease the length of the tuning stub and short the end with a via hole to increase bandwidth.
• Explore changes in patch length for better S11, after perturbations made
• Lengthen the tuning stub with a metallic strip or shorten to improve return loss
24
Conclusions
• A Proximity-coupled, perturbed patch antenna
• No time for LNA PCB design and integration, evaluation board used
for now
• Design of antenna and LNA was made modular, not integrated
• VSWR does not meet spec, yet signals are received
• LNA module pushes NF spec, yet signals are received
• Anechoic chamber experiment to be complete
25
Sources / Questions?
• [1] Kazuhiro Hirasawa, Misao Haneishi. Analysis, Design, and Measurement of Small
and Low-Profile Antennas. Artech House, Boston, London. Provided by Bradley
University. P. 59 and 71.
• [2] J.R. James, P.S. Hall, C. Wood. Edited by G. Millington, E.D.R. Shearman, J.R.
Wait. Microstrip Antenna Theory and Design. The Institute of Electrical Engineers,
London and New York. Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1981. Provided by Bradley University.
• [3] Balanis, Constantine A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. 2nd Ed. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 1997. pp. 760-762.
• [4] James R. James, Jim R. James, Institution of Electrical Engineers. Handbook of
Microstrip Antennas Vol. 2. Peter Peregrinus Ltd. 1989. pp. 228-231.
• [5] H. Iwasaki, H. Sawada, K. Kawabata. “A Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna
Using Singly-Fed Proximity Coupled Feed.” Institute of Electronics, Information and
Communication Engineers. September 1992. pp. 797-800.
26
Extra: Probe-fed Antenna S11
27
Measurements taken from Zombchek
LNA measurements: Vbias = 3V
HMC715LP3 gain (S21 mag dB), 2.32 GHz: 17.925 dB,
2.32625GHz: 17.956 dB. 2.3325GHz: 17.993 dB, 3V, 14mA
Measurements
taken using
VPro
28
LNA measurements: Vbias = 3V
S21 Phase. 2.32 GHZ: -99 degrees, 2.32625GHz: -94.841
degrees, 2.3325GHz: -90.553 degrees. 3V. 29
LNA measurements: Vbias = 3V
S11 magnitude dB. 3V. 2.32GHz: -10.159 dB, 2.32625GHz: -10.11
dB, 2.3325GHz: -10.145 dB.30
LNA measurements: Vbias = 3V
S12 mag dB. 2.32GHz: -31.246 dB, 2.32625GHz: -30.827 dB,
2.3325 GHz: -30.102 dB. 3V. 31
LNA measurements: Vbias = 3V
S22 mag dB. 2.32GHZ: -11.571 dB, 2.32625GHZ: -11.56 dB,
2.3325GHz: -11.582 dB. Vbias = 3V 32
LNA measurements: Vbias = 5V
S21 mag dB. 5V. 70.66mA. L: 19.288dB, C: 19.205, R: 19.245.
33
LNA measurements: Vbias = 5V
S21 phase. 5V. L:-88.856 degrees, C: -89.439 degrees, R: -90.147
degrees34
LNA measurements: Vbias = 5V
S11 mag dB. 5V. L: -9.974 dB, C: -9.995 dB, R: -9.984 dB.
35
LNA measurements: Vbias = 5V
S12 mag dB. 5V. L: -32.151 dB, C: -32.129 dB, R:-31.997 dB.
36
LNA measurements: Vbias = 5V
S22 mag dB. 5V. L: -11.627 dB, C: -11.574 dB, R: -11.55 dB.
37
LNA measurements: Vbias = 5V
S(1,1) and S(2,2) measured values
10.0734
0.319294 0.0223801 0.354151
9.213
0.3164 0.02475 0.26381
4.34
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
S(1,1) S(2,1) S(1,2) S(2,2)
(series 1) Hittite measurements, (series 2)
experimental measurements, (series 3) target values
lin
ear
mag
nit
ud
e
Series1
Series2
Series3
• Hittite specs match measurements.
• Ports are reasonably matched to 50 Ohms.
• Comparison of min gain spec in yellow. 38
-9.916184848
20.06352159
-33.00275955
-9.016230551
-9.995270503
19.28802142
-32.12849593
-11.57417492
12.74979459
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
S(1,1) S(2,1) S(1,2) S(2,2)
mag
nit
ud
e (
dB
)
(series 1) Hittite measurements, (series 2) experimental measurements, (series 3) target values
S-parameter measured values with 5V bias
Series1
Series2
Series3
S-Parameter measured values with 5V bias
Initial Calculations and PCAAD
6.0
39
Linearly Polarized Antenna
• Length of patch: 1538 Mil
• Width of patch: 1592 Mil
• length of feed line: 814 Mil
• Width of feed line: 89.25 Mil (50 Ohms)
• Red = upper layer
• Yellow = lower layer 40
L.P. Antenna 3D view
41
Proximity Coupled Patch:
PCAAD 6.0
• 3.9065 cm = 1538 Mil
• 4.0437 cm = 1592 Mil
42
L.P. Antenna Measurements: Zin at
port 1– Measurements using Momentum
– Center frequency = 2.32625 GHz
2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.452.20 2.50
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-4
12
freq, GHz
real(Z
in1)
Readout
m1
imag(Z
in1)
Readout
m2
m1freq=real(Zin1)=10.476
2.327GHz
m2freq=imag(Zin1)=-0.232
2.327GHz
43
L.P. Antenna S(1,1)
44
2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.452.20 2.50
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
-4.0
0.0
freq, GHz
dB
(S(1
,1))
L.P. Antenna gain and efficiency
Gain Based on input
power
Directivity Based on
radiated power
Efficiency = G/D
45
L.P. Antenna Polarization
• Gain is measured at max radiation 46
L.P. Antenna with Quarter-wave
Transformer Matching Network
m4freq=dB(S(1,1))=-45.317Min
2.326GHz
2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.392.30 2.40
-40
-30
-20
-10
-50
0
freq, GHz
dB
(S(1
,1))
Readout
m4
m4freq=dB(S(1,1))=-45.317Min
2.326GHz
m3freq=S(1,1)=0.006 / 146.475impedance = Z0 * (0.990 + j0.007)
2.325GHz
freq (2.300GHz to 2.400GHz)
S(1
,1)
Readout
m3
m3freq=S(1,1)=0.006 / 146.475impedance = Z0 * (0.990 + j0.007)
2.325GHz
L.P. Antenna with Shorted Single-Stub
Matching Network
2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.392.30 2.40
-40
-30
-20
-10
-50
0
freq, GHz
dB
(S(1
,1))
Readout
m4
m4freq=dB(S(1,1))=-42.985
2.326GHz
freq (2.300GHz to 2.400GHz)
S(1
,1)
Readout
m3
m3freq=S(1,1)=0.007 / -1.587impedance = Z0 * (1.014 - j3.984E-4)
2.326GHz
Circularly Polarized Design
49
• In progress
• Utilization of Momentum’s existing built in
optimization tool, or manual measurements of Lo
and S.
• Iwasaki Source gives f, εr, h has a small effect.
We can estimate position of the feed line
• S 12 – 18 % of total patch length
• W 34 – 46 % of offset range, measured from
the center to the edge of the patch width
Circularly Polarized Design
Circularly Polarized Design
Plan of Action
• Design a matching network for the linearly polarized antenna, fabricate, and
test.
• Finish design of the circularly polarized antenna, designing for minimum
axial ratio.
• Design the matching network for the circularly polarized antenna, fabricate,
and test
• Simulate the cascaded LNAs
• Fabricate and test the cascaded LNAs
– Outside services needed for fabrication
52
Original Timeline
53
Revised Timeline
54
1/23 –
1/26
1/27 –
2/2
2/3 –
2/9
2/10 –
2/16
2/17 –
2/23
2/24 –
3/1
3/2 –
3/8
3/9 –
3/15
3/16 –
3/22
3/23 –
3/29
3/30 –
4/5
4/6 –
4/12
4/13 –
4/19
4/20 –
4/26
4/27 –
5/3
Designspring break
Simulation/optimization
(linearly polarized
antenna) spring break
Simulation/optimization
(circularly polarized
antenna) spring break
Fabricate L.P. and C.P
Antenna and testing spring break
Simulation and
fabrication of cascaded
LNA board and testing
spring break
Incorporate both the
antenna and LNA and
test spring break
integrate with
commercial receiver
and test spring break
Presentation and Final
Project Report spring break
Questions
55