MS Alam TRIVUz

Founder, TRIVUz Network

PF03Programming

Fundamentals

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Class Id:

Recap PF01 & PF02

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Recap We Define Computer &

Programming

Programming Process

Programming Language

Inputs & Outputs

Define Logical Processing

Variables

Data Types

Define Conditional Statement

If… Then… Else…

PHP Operators

Programming Fundamentals

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www.trivuzacademy.com

We are going to learnVariable+

Array

Array Functions

Global Array

Loop

for, do…while, for each

Functions

Programming Fundamentals

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ArrayVariable+

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What is an Array?A variable is a storage area holding a number or text. The problem is, a variable will hold only one value.

Array

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What is an Array?A variable is a storage area holding a number or text. The problem is, a variable will hold only one value.

An array is a special variable, which can store multiple values in one single variable.

Array

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What is an Array?• An array in PHP is a structure which maps

keys (array element names) to values

• The keys can specified explicitly or they can be omitted

• If keys are omited, integers starting with 0 are keys

• The value mapped to a key can, itself, be an array, so we can have nested arrays

Array

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What is an Array?

Variable VS Array

Array

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What is an Array?

Variable VS Array?In Variable:

<?php

$student = “Farah”;

$student = “Tawhid”;

$student = “Jewel”;

?>

Array

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What is an Array?

Variable VS Array?In Array:

<?php

$student = array(“Farah”,”Tawhid”,”Jewel”);

?>

Array

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What is an Array?

Variable VS Array?Array will create Variable index like

$student[0] = “Farah”;

$student[1] = “Tawhid”;

$student[2] = “Jewel”;

Array

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ArrayVery simple array and output

Code<?php

$student = array(“Farah”,”Tawhid”,”Jewel”);

print_r($student);

?>

OutputArray ( [0] => Trivuz [1] => Tawhid [2] => Jewel )

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ArrayEcho value from array

Code<?php

echo $student[0]; echo $student[1];?>

OutputFarahTawhid

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ArrayChange Value in Array

Code<?php $student[0] = ”Trivuz”; $student[2] = "Asif Islam”; print_r($student);?>

OutputArray ( [0] => Trivuz[1] => Tawhid [2] => Asif Islam )

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Specifying an Array• A special function is used to specify arrays

array()

• Format of Usagearray([key=>]value, …)

• A key is either a string or a non-negative integer

• A value can be anything

• Format of associative array specification$ages = array(“Huzaifa”=>22, “Tuhin”=>23)

Array

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Specifying an Array• Here is another associative (hash) array:

$ages[‘Riaydh’]=“24”;

$ages[‘Piash’]=“21”;

• Implicit indices are integers, starting at 0$student = array(“Koushik”,”Tafsir”,”Eunus”);

• Here is the same array written differently$student[0] = “Koushik”;

$student[0] = “Tafsir”;

$student[0] = “Eunus”;

Array

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Specifying an Array• If and explicit integer index is followed by

implicit indices, they follow on from the highest previous index

• Here is an array indexed by integers 1,2,3$student = array(1=>“Avishek”,”Mehedi”,”Masud”);

• Here is an array indexed by integers 1,5,6$student = array(5=>“Avishek”,1=>”Mehedi”,”Masud”);

• Show output<?php print_r($student);?>

Array

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Specifying an Array• A two-dimensional hash array

$result = array(“Farah“=>array(“Bangla”=>85,”English”=>78));

echo $result[‘Farah’][‘Bangla];echo $result[‘Farah’][‘English’];

• A two-dimensional ordinary array$heights = array(10,20,30,40,50),array(100,200));

echo $heights[0][1]; // output : 20echo $heights[1][1]; // output : 200

• Change a two-dimensional array value$heights[0][0] = 130; $heights[0][1] = 140;print_r($heights); // output : Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => 130 [1] => 140 ) )

Array

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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions array – Create an array

array_change_key_case – Returns an array with all string keys lowercased or uppercased

array_chunk – Split an array into chunks

array_count_values – Counts all the values of an array

array_diff – Computes the difference of arrays

array_filter – Filters elements of an array using a callback funciton

array_flip – Flip all the values of an array

array_fill – Fill and array with values

array_intersect – Computes the intersection of arrays

array_key_exists – Checks if the given key or index exists in the array

array_keys – Return all the keys of an array

Array Functions

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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions array_map – Applies the callback to the elements of the given

arrays

array_merge – Merge two or more arrays

array_merge_recursive – Merge two or more arrays recursively

array_multisort – Sort multiple or multi-dimensional arrays

array_pad – Pad array to the specified length with a value

array_pop – Pop the element off the end of array

array_push – Push one or more elements onto the end of array

array_rand – Pick one or more random entries out of an array

array_reverse – Return an array with elements in reverse order

array_reduce – Iteratively reduce the array to a single value using a callback function

array_shift – Shift an element off the beginning of array

array_slice – Extract a slice of the array

Array Functions

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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions array_splice – Remove a portion of the array and replace it

with something else

array_sum – Calculate the sum of values in an array

array_unique – Remove duplicate values from an array

array_unshift – Prepend one or more elements to the beginning of array

array_values – Return all the values of an array

array_walk – Apply a user function to every member of an array

arsort – Sort an array in reverse order and maintain index association

asort – Sort an array and maintain index association

compact – Create array containing variables and their values

count – Count element in a variable

current – Return the current element in an array

Array Functions

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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions each – Return the current key and value pair from an array and

advance the array cursor

end – Set the internal pointer of an array to its last element

extract – Import variables into the current symbol table from an array

in_array – Return TRUE if a value exists in an array

Array_search – Searches the array for a given value and returns the corresponding key if successful

key – Fetch a key from an associative array

krsort – Sort an array by key

list – Assign variables as if they were an array

natsort– Sort an array using a “natural order” algorithm

pos – Get the current element from an array

prev – Rewind the internal array pointer

Array Functions

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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions range – Create an array containing a range of elements

reset – Set the internal pointer of an array to its first element

rsort – Sort an array in reverse order

shuffle – Shuffle an array

sizeof – Get the number of elements in variable

sort – Sort an array

uasort – Sort an array with a user-defined comparison function

uksort – Soft an array by keys using a user-defined comparison function

usoft– Soft an array by values using a user-defined comparison function

Array Functions

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Global Arrays PHP Creates 6 global arrays that contain EGPCS (ENVIRONMENT,

GET, POST, COOKIES and SERVER) information

PHP also creates a variable called $_REQUEST that contains all

the information in the 6 global arrays

PHP also creates a variable called $PHP_SELF that contains the

name of the current script (relative to the doc root)

$_ENV – Contains the values of any environment variables, such

as the browser version

Eg: $_ENV[HTTP_USER_AGENT]

$_FILES – Contains information about any files submitted

$_COOKIES – Contain any cookies submitted as name value

pairs

$_SERVER – Contains useful information about the webserver

Global Array

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$_SERVER Keys

[DOCUMENT_ROOT]

[HTTP_*]

[PHP_SELF]

[QUERY_STRING]

[REMOTE_ADDR]

[REQUEST_METHOD]

[REQUEST_URI]

[SCRIPT_FILENAME]

[SCRIPT_NAME]

[SERVER_PORT]

[SERVER_PROTOCOL]

[SERVER_SOFTWARE]

[COMSPEC]

[GATEWAY_INTERFACE]

[PATHEXT]

[PATH]

[REMOTE_PORT]

[SERVER_ADDR]

[SERVER_ADMIN]

[SERVER_SIGNATURE]

[SystemRoot]

[WINDIR]

Global Array

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LoopingControl Structure

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Loops execute a block of code a specified number

of times, or while a specified condition is true.

PHP loops are control structures and you can use

them the execute a code block more times. It

means you don't have to copy and paste your code

many times in the file just use a right loop

statement.

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LoopingControl Structure

<?phpecho " 1 ”;echo " 2 ”;echo " 3 ”;echo " 4 ”;echo " 5 ”;

?>

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LoopingControl Structure

A basic example:

<?phpecho " 1 ”;echo " 2 ”;echo " 3 ”;echo " 4 ”;echo " 5 ”;

?>

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LoopingControl Structure

A basic example:

With a for loop it looks like this:<?php

for ($i=1; $i <= 5; $i++) {echo “ $i “;

}?>

In PHP, we have the following looping statements:

While

Do…while

For

foreach

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LoopingControl Structure

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while loopControl Structure

Syntax

while

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while loopControl Structure

Syntax

while (condition)

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while loopControl Structure

Syntax

while (condition){

// code to be executed;}

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while loopControl Structure

Example

<?php

$i = 1;while ($i < 5) {

echo “ I = “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++;

}

?>

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while loopControl Structure

Execution

<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) {

echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++;

}?>

Code:

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while loopControl Structure

Execution (Loop - 1)

<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 1 {

echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // $i is now 2

}?>

Code:

Output:

Value of I is now 1

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while loopControl Structure

Execution (Loop - 2)

<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 2 {

echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // $i is now 3

}?>

Code:

Output:

Value of I is now 1Value of I is now 2

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While LoopControl Structure

Execution (Loop - 3)

<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 3 {

echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // $i is now 4

}?>

Code:

Output:

Value of I is now 1Value of I is now 2Value of I is now 3

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while loopControl Structure

Execution (Loop - 4)

<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 4 {

echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // $i is now 5

}?>

Code:

Output:

Value of I is now 1Value of I is now 2Value of I is now 3Value of I is now 4

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while loopControl Structure

Execution (Loop - 4)

<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 5 {

echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // not executed

} // next code to execute?>

Code:

Output:

Value of I is now 1Value of I is now 2Value of I is now 3Value of I is now 4

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do…while loopControl Structure

Syntax

do {// code to be executed;

}while (condition);

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do…while loopControl Structure

Example

do {$i++;echo “The number is “ . $i . “<br />”;

}while ($i < 5);

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for loopControl Structure

Syntax

for (init; condition; increment)

{// code to be executed;

}

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for loopControl Structure

Example

for ($i = 1; $i < 5; $++)

{echo “Current value of I is “ . $i . “<br />”;

}

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for eachControl Structure

FOREACH is used in PHP to loop over all elements of an array. The basic syntax of FOREACH is as follows:

FOREACH ($array_variable as $value){ //code to execute}

or

FOREACH ($array_variable as $key => $value){ //code to execute}

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for eachControl Structure

Simple Syntax

foreach (array_expression as $value)

// statement

foreach (array_expression as $key => $value)

// statement

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for eachControl Structure

Example

<?php

$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4);

foreach ($arr as &$value) {

$value = $value * 2;

}

// $arr is now array(2, 4, 6, 8)

unset($value); // break the reference with the last element

?>

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for eachControl Structure

Example

<?php$arr = array("one", "two", "three");reset($arr);while (list(, $value) = each($arr)) {

echo "Value: $value<br />\n”;}foreach ($arr as $value) {

echo "Value: $value<br />\n”;}

?>

Function

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What is function?

How function help programmers?

Types of function

Function

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System Defined Function

User Defined Function

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User-Defined Function

Function

In PHP, functions are defined in the following fashion:

function function_name ([variable [= constant][,…]) {

// any valid PHP code

}

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User-Defined Function

Function

Example: User-Defined Function to determine a Leap Year

<?php

function is_leapyear ($year = 2011) {

$is_leap = (!($year % 4) && (($year % 100) || !($year % 400)));

return $is_leap;

}

?>

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User-Defined Function

Function

Function with user defined argument

function function_name ($arg) {

// any valid PHP code

}

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User-Defined Function

Function

Example: User-Defined Function to determine a Leap Year<?phpfunction is_leapyear ($year) {

$is_leap = (!($year % 4) && (($year % 100) || !($year % 400)));

return $is_leap;

}

?>

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User-Defined Function

Function

Example: User-Defined Function to determine a Leap Year<?phpfunction is_leapyear ($year) {

$is_leap = (!($year % 4) && (($year % 100) || !($year % 400)));

return $is_leap;

}

?>Calling the user defined function is_leapyear

Is_leapyer(2008);Is_leapyer(2011);

Thank You

MS Alam TRIVUzFounder, TRIVUz Academytrivuz@gmail.com