Conditional loops while do while Counting loops for loops Arrays Recursion.
Programming Basics - array, loops, funcitons
Transcript of Programming Basics - array, loops, funcitons
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MS Alam TRIVUz
Founder, TRIVUz Network
PF03Programming
Fundamentals
TRIVUz Academy
TRIVUz Academy
Class Id:
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Recap PF01 & PF02
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Recap We Define Computer &
Programming
Programming Process
Programming Language
Inputs & Outputs
Define Logical Processing
Variables
Data Types
Define Conditional Statement
If… Then… Else…
PHP Operators
Programming Fundamentals
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We are going to learnVariable+
Array
Array Functions
Global Array
Loop
for, do…while, for each
Functions
Programming Fundamentals
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ArrayVariable+
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What is an Array?A variable is a storage area holding a number or text. The problem is, a variable will hold only one value.
Array
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What is an Array?A variable is a storage area holding a number or text. The problem is, a variable will hold only one value.
An array is a special variable, which can store multiple values in one single variable.
Array
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What is an Array?• An array in PHP is a structure which maps
keys (array element names) to values
• The keys can specified explicitly or they can be omitted
• If keys are omited, integers starting with 0 are keys
• The value mapped to a key can, itself, be an array, so we can have nested arrays
Array
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What is an Array?
Variable VS Array
Array
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What is an Array?
Variable VS Array?In Variable:
<?php
$student = “Farah”;
$student = “Tawhid”;
$student = “Jewel”;
?>
Array
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What is an Array?
Variable VS Array?In Array:
<?php
$student = array(“Farah”,”Tawhid”,”Jewel”);
?>
Array
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What is an Array?
Variable VS Array?Array will create Variable index like
$student[0] = “Farah”;
$student[1] = “Tawhid”;
$student[2] = “Jewel”;
Array
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ArrayVery simple array and output
Code<?php
$student = array(“Farah”,”Tawhid”,”Jewel”);
print_r($student);
?>
OutputArray ( [0] => Trivuz [1] => Tawhid [2] => Jewel )
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ArrayEcho value from array
Code<?php
echo $student[0]; echo $student[1];?>
OutputFarahTawhid
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ArrayChange Value in Array
Code<?php $student[0] = ”Trivuz”; $student[2] = "Asif Islam”; print_r($student);?>
OutputArray ( [0] => Trivuz[1] => Tawhid [2] => Asif Islam )
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Specifying an Array• A special function is used to specify arrays
array()
• Format of Usagearray([key=>]value, …)
• A key is either a string or a non-negative integer
• A value can be anything
• Format of associative array specification$ages = array(“Huzaifa”=>22, “Tuhin”=>23)
Array
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Specifying an Array• Here is another associative (hash) array:
$ages[‘Riaydh’]=“24”;
$ages[‘Piash’]=“21”;
• Implicit indices are integers, starting at 0$student = array(“Koushik”,”Tafsir”,”Eunus”);
• Here is the same array written differently$student[0] = “Koushik”;
$student[0] = “Tafsir”;
$student[0] = “Eunus”;
Array
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Specifying an Array• If and explicit integer index is followed by
implicit indices, they follow on from the highest previous index
• Here is an array indexed by integers 1,2,3$student = array(1=>“Avishek”,”Mehedi”,”Masud”);
• Here is an array indexed by integers 1,5,6$student = array(5=>“Avishek”,1=>”Mehedi”,”Masud”);
• Show output<?php print_r($student);?>
Array
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Specifying an Array• A two-dimensional hash array
$result = array(“Farah“=>array(“Bangla”=>85,”English”=>78));
echo $result[‘Farah’][‘Bangla];echo $result[‘Farah’][‘English’];
• A two-dimensional ordinary array$heights = array(10,20,30,40,50),array(100,200));
echo $heights[0][1]; // output : 20echo $heights[1][1]; // output : 200
• Change a two-dimensional array value$heights[0][0] = 130; $heights[0][1] = 140;print_r($heights); // output : Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => 130 [1] => 140 ) )
Array
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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions array – Create an array
array_change_key_case – Returns an array with all string keys lowercased or uppercased
array_chunk – Split an array into chunks
array_count_values – Counts all the values of an array
array_diff – Computes the difference of arrays
array_filter – Filters elements of an array using a callback funciton
array_flip – Flip all the values of an array
array_fill – Fill and array with values
array_intersect – Computes the intersection of arrays
array_key_exists – Checks if the given key or index exists in the array
array_keys – Return all the keys of an array
Array Functions
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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions array_map – Applies the callback to the elements of the given
arrays
array_merge – Merge two or more arrays
array_merge_recursive – Merge two or more arrays recursively
array_multisort – Sort multiple or multi-dimensional arrays
array_pad – Pad array to the specified length with a value
array_pop – Pop the element off the end of array
array_push – Push one or more elements onto the end of array
array_rand – Pick one or more random entries out of an array
array_reverse – Return an array with elements in reverse order
array_reduce – Iteratively reduce the array to a single value using a callback function
array_shift – Shift an element off the beginning of array
array_slice – Extract a slice of the array
Array Functions
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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions array_splice – Remove a portion of the array and replace it
with something else
array_sum – Calculate the sum of values in an array
array_unique – Remove duplicate values from an array
array_unshift – Prepend one or more elements to the beginning of array
array_values – Return all the values of an array
array_walk – Apply a user function to every member of an array
arsort – Sort an array in reverse order and maintain index association
asort – Sort an array and maintain index association
compact – Create array containing variables and their values
count – Count element in a variable
current – Return the current element in an array
Array Functions
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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions each – Return the current key and value pair from an array and
advance the array cursor
end – Set the internal pointer of an array to its last element
extract – Import variables into the current symbol table from an array
in_array – Return TRUE if a value exists in an array
Array_search – Searches the array for a given value and returns the corresponding key if successful
key – Fetch a key from an associative array
krsort – Sort an array by key
list – Assign variables as if they were an array
natsort– Sort an array using a “natural order” algorithm
pos – Get the current element from an array
prev – Rewind the internal array pointer
Array Functions
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PHP provides a huge set of array-manipulation functions range – Create an array containing a range of elements
reset – Set the internal pointer of an array to its first element
rsort – Sort an array in reverse order
shuffle – Shuffle an array
sizeof – Get the number of elements in variable
sort – Sort an array
uasort – Sort an array with a user-defined comparison function
uksort – Soft an array by keys using a user-defined comparison function
usoft– Soft an array by values using a user-defined comparison function
Array Functions
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Global Arrays PHP Creates 6 global arrays that contain EGPCS (ENVIRONMENT,
GET, POST, COOKIES and SERVER) information
PHP also creates a variable called $_REQUEST that contains all
the information in the 6 global arrays
PHP also creates a variable called $PHP_SELF that contains the
name of the current script (relative to the doc root)
$_ENV – Contains the values of any environment variables, such
as the browser version
Eg: $_ENV[HTTP_USER_AGENT]
$_FILES – Contains information about any files submitted
$_COOKIES – Contain any cookies submitted as name value
pairs
$_SERVER – Contains useful information about the webserver
Global Array
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$_SERVER Keys
[DOCUMENT_ROOT]
[HTTP_*]
[PHP_SELF]
[QUERY_STRING]
[REMOTE_ADDR]
[REQUEST_METHOD]
[REQUEST_URI]
[SCRIPT_FILENAME]
[SCRIPT_NAME]
[SERVER_PORT]
[SERVER_PROTOCOL]
[SERVER_SOFTWARE]
[COMSPEC]
[GATEWAY_INTERFACE]
[PATHEXT]
[PATH]
[REMOTE_PORT]
[SERVER_ADDR]
[SERVER_ADMIN]
[SERVER_SIGNATURE]
[SystemRoot]
[WINDIR]
Global Array
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LoopingControl Structure
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Loops execute a block of code a specified number
of times, or while a specified condition is true.
PHP loops are control structures and you can use
them the execute a code block more times. It
means you don't have to copy and paste your code
many times in the file just use a right loop
statement.
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LoopingControl Structure
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<?phpecho " 1 ”;echo " 2 ”;echo " 3 ”;echo " 4 ”;echo " 5 ”;
?>
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LoopingControl Structure
A basic example:
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<?phpecho " 1 ”;echo " 2 ”;echo " 3 ”;echo " 4 ”;echo " 5 ”;
?>
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LoopingControl Structure
A basic example:
With a for loop it looks like this:<?php
for ($i=1; $i <= 5; $i++) {echo “ $i “;
}?>
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In PHP, we have the following looping statements:
While
Do…while
For
foreach
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LoopingControl Structure
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while loopControl Structure
Syntax
while
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while loopControl Structure
Syntax
while (condition)
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while loopControl Structure
Syntax
while (condition){
// code to be executed;}
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while loopControl Structure
Example
<?php
$i = 1;while ($i < 5) {
echo “ I = “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++;
}
?>
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while loopControl Structure
Execution
<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) {
echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++;
}?>
Code:
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while loopControl Structure
Execution (Loop - 1)
<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 1 {
echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // $i is now 2
}?>
Code:
Output:
Value of I is now 1
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while loopControl Structure
Execution (Loop - 2)
<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 2 {
echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // $i is now 3
}?>
Code:
Output:
Value of I is now 1Value of I is now 2
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While LoopControl Structure
Execution (Loop - 3)
<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 3 {
echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // $i is now 4
}?>
Code:
Output:
Value of I is now 1Value of I is now 2Value of I is now 3
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while loopControl Structure
Execution (Loop - 4)
<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 4 {
echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // $i is now 5
}?>
Code:
Output:
Value of I is now 1Value of I is now 2Value of I is now 3Value of I is now 4
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while loopControl Structure
Execution (Loop - 4)
<?php$i = 1;while ($i < 5) // $i is now 5 {
echo “ Value of I is now “ . $i . “<br />”;echo $i++; // not executed
} // next code to execute?>
Code:
Output:
Value of I is now 1Value of I is now 2Value of I is now 3Value of I is now 4
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do…while loopControl Structure
Syntax
do {// code to be executed;
}while (condition);
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do…while loopControl Structure
Example
do {$i++;echo “The number is “ . $i . “<br />”;
}while ($i < 5);
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for loopControl Structure
Syntax
for (init; condition; increment)
{// code to be executed;
}
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for loopControl Structure
Example
for ($i = 1; $i < 5; $++)
{echo “Current value of I is “ . $i . “<br />”;
}
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for eachControl Structure
FOREACH is used in PHP to loop over all elements of an array. The basic syntax of FOREACH is as follows:
FOREACH ($array_variable as $value){ //code to execute}
or
FOREACH ($array_variable as $key => $value){ //code to execute}
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for eachControl Structure
Simple Syntax
foreach (array_expression as $value)
// statement
foreach (array_expression as $key => $value)
// statement
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for eachControl Structure
Example
<?php
$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4);
foreach ($arr as &$value) {
$value = $value * 2;
}
// $arr is now array(2, 4, 6, 8)
unset($value); // break the reference with the last element
?>
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for eachControl Structure
Example
<?php$arr = array("one", "two", "three");reset($arr);while (list(, $value) = each($arr)) {
echo "Value: $value<br />\n”;}foreach ($arr as $value) {
echo "Value: $value<br />\n”;}
?>
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Function
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What is function?
How function help programmers?
Types of function
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Function
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System Defined Function
User Defined Function
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User-Defined Function
Function
In PHP, functions are defined in the following fashion:
function function_name ([variable [= constant][,…]) {
// any valid PHP code
}
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User-Defined Function
Function
Example: User-Defined Function to determine a Leap Year
<?php
function is_leapyear ($year = 2011) {
$is_leap = (!($year % 4) && (($year % 100) || !($year % 400)));
return $is_leap;
}
?>
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User-Defined Function
Function
Function with user defined argument
function function_name ($arg) {
// any valid PHP code
}
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User-Defined Function
Function
Example: User-Defined Function to determine a Leap Year<?phpfunction is_leapyear ($year) {
$is_leap = (!($year % 4) && (($year % 100) || !($year % 400)));
return $is_leap;
}
?>
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User-Defined Function
Function
Example: User-Defined Function to determine a Leap Year<?phpfunction is_leapyear ($year) {
$is_leap = (!($year % 4) && (($year % 100) || !($year % 400)));
return $is_leap;
}
?>Calling the user defined function is_leapyear
Is_leapyer(2008);Is_leapyer(2011);