Post on 29-Dec-2015
Prof. Dr. Mir Shabbar Ali
Urban transport planning, definitions and approaches
• Urban Transportation Planning process• Urban mobility challenges• Urban travel indicators• Developing a transportation plan• Conclusions and Recommendations
Lecture covers
Urban Transportation Planning Process
Basic elements of transportation planning
Situation definition Inventory transportation facilities, Measure travel patterns, Review prior studies
Problem definition Define objectives (e.g., Reduce travel time), Establish criteria (e.g., Average delay time), Define constraints, Establish design standards
Search for solutions
Consider options (e.g., locations and types, structure needs, environmental considerations)
Analysis of performance
For each option, determine cost, traffic flow, impacts
Evaluation of alternatives
Determine values for the criteria set for evaluation (e.g., benefits vs. cost, cost-effectiveness, etc)
Choice of project Consider factors involved (e.g., goal attainability, political judgment, environmental impact, etc.)
Specification and construction
Once an alternative is chosen, design necessary elements of the facility and create construction plans
The Importance of Transportation planning
• Growth in the demand for mobility– Considerable growth of the transport demand:
• Individual (passengers) and freight mobility.
– Larger quantities of passengers and freight being moved.
– Longer distances over which they are carried.– Multiplication of the number of journeys.– Wide variety of modes servicing transport
demands.
Holistic Approach
Urban travel indicators
Households are getting smaller with more vehicles…
U.S. Census
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Vehicles per Household Persons per Household
More workers and more cars on the road…
41.4
59.7
81.3
99.6
112.7
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
A Real Shift to Longer Commutes…
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1980 1990 2000
Commutes over 30 minutes one-way
Commutes over 45 minutes one-way
U.S. Census
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
ToFrmWrk
Vehicles commutes by time of day…
NHTS 2001
All Vehicles in Motion—The Changing Peak Period
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
ToFrmWrk FamPers Soc/Rec Other
22.1% of U.S. household vehicles
NHTS 2001
Urban Mobility• Traditional transport planning aims to improve
mobility, especially for vehicles, and may fail to adequately consider wider impacts.
• The real purpose of transport is to provide access for the citizens to work, education, friends and family, and goods and services.
• A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible, safe, environmentally-friendly, and affordable.
• Cities should improve the sustainability of their transport networks to create more vibrant, livable, sustainable cities.
Why Urban Mobility Matters ?
• Citizens expect high levels of mobility.• Sustainable urban mobility is essential
for:– Guaranteeing citizens a high quality of
accessibility and life– Facilitating economic development of cities,
thus helping growth and employment– Respecting the environment and ensuring
sustainable development
Challenges Faced By Cities• Congestion
– Increase of traffic in urban areas is causing congestion - this costs to citizens and businesses
– Parking – Major problem – Portion of road is occupied by Parking
• Energy consumption– Urban mobility - faced by the domination of oil as
a transport fuel.• Climate change
– Urban mobility accounts for 40% of all CO2 emissions of road transport.
Challenges Faced By Cities• Health issues
– towns and cities face increasing air pollution and noise problems, which impact on citizens health.
• Safety and security– road fatalities take place in urban areas -
pedestrians and cyclists are the most vulnerable victims.
17
Impact of Global Economic ChangeUrbanization, More cars & other vehicles, pollution, congestion, infrastructure development
Problems of Transport
Increasing Traffic intensity
Road Congestion parking
Accidents
Reasons for Unsustainable Transport• Absence of a integrated city development strategies – Need
for Integrated Metropolitan Land transport authority • Unsustainable transport policies driven by meeting demand
by creating additional infrastructures (construction of underpasses, flyovers, road widening works, etc.)
• Governance problems where politics won over technocratic advice.
• Ineffective Integrated transport planning and modal connectivity's
• Little data about the success or failure of implementation in achieving policy goals
Framework for AchievingSustainable Urban Transport
• Planning– Vision for a livable city and city
master plan• Land use planning• Transport master plan
• Design Integrated Transport Systems– Public transport – commuter rail,
metro rail, mono rail, commuter rail, city buses, taxis, autos
– Intermodal Transportation Hubs to connect different modes
– Promotion of Walking and cycling– Private vehicles– Trucks and freight movement
• Analyses– Political– Economic– Social– Technical– Environmental
• Implementation and Monitoring– Technical support– Stakeholder involvement– Institutional setup– Capacity– Policies– Financing
Definition of Transportation Planning
• Transportation planning provides the information, tools, and public involvement needed for improving transportation system performance
• Transportation planning is a continuous process that requires monitoring of the system’s performance and condition
Transportation Planning Affects…
• Policies • Choices among alternative strategies • Priorities • Funding allocations
More than Transportation
• Land Use• Clean Air Act / Air Quality Standards • National Environmental Policy• Environmental Justice
Overview of Transportation Planning
• What are the purposes of transportation infrastructure?
--Moving people --Shape land use patterns--Moving goods --Sense of place--Structure the city--Others?
• National Trends--Trips/VMT?--Number of vehicles?--Commute times?--Mass transit?--Other transportation modes (bikes, peds)?
(Following slides from http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/index.shtml)
Transportation Planning Terminology
• Key Terminology--Trips, Origins, Destinations--Person trip vs Vehicle trip--Mode, Modal split
• Types of Streets/Highways--A hierarchical system
Modern Transportation Planning• TSM (Transportation Systems Management) • Still applies a rational planning approach, but recognizes
alternatives and doesn’t focus as much on the traditional transportation planning approach
• Advantages– Investigates a fuller range of alternatives– Looks to affect transportation demand as well as supply– Looks to both the public and private sector for
implementation and financing– Considers the full range of travel modes (not just the
automobile)– Considers other purposes of transportation in society
Transportation Demand Management (TDM)
• TDM is a Systems Management approach that further recognizes the current constraints to transportation planning (costs of projects, funding availability, sunk costs).
• Advantages– Emphasizes increased system efficiency;
1) reduce demand 2) redirect demand 3) expand capacity through minor improvements 4) increase occupancy
– Looks even further to nontraditional supply approaches – New financial strategies (impact fees, development fees)
Transportation planning challenges• Transportability
– Transport costs.– Attributes of the transported goods (fragility, perishable,
price).• Derived demand
– Transportation cannot exists on its own– Direct derived demand:
• Movements directly the consequence of an economic activity.
– Indirect derived demand:• Movements created by the requirements of other movements.
• Environmental:• Important environmental impacts.• Pollution, exploitation of natural resources.
The Importance of Transportation and land use planning
• Spatial differentiation of the economy– Different locations– Location of resources (raw materials, labor,
manufacturing).– Spatial division of production and consumption.– Service embedded in the socio-economic life of
individuals, institutions and corporations.– Often invisible for to consumer, but always part of
all economic functions.
Spatial Impact of Transport Improvements – Cost Space and Time Space Convergence
1. Demand forAccessibility
2. TechnologicalDevelopment
3. TransportInnovation4. Time-space
convergence
5. Spatial adaptationto changes in time-space organization(centralization andspecialization
6. IncreasedInteraction
Search
Pakistan Strategy
PAKISTAN TRANSPORT PLAN STUDY
Development of transport system to support economic and social activities
• Supporting economic activities by connecting major economic centres with motorways or national highways
• Demand oriented project formation to avoid traffic congestion
• Establishment of stability by providing alternative mode or route
• Increase of urban bypasses• Development or improvement of inter-modal facilities• Strengthening of international routes• Management and effective utilization of existing resources
Development of transport network to support balanced growth of regional economy
• Harmonization of transport network development with regional development policies and plans
• Network development aiming at alleviation of poverty and regional disparity
• High priority setting on transport projects in poorer areas
• Project implementation by utilization of local materials and procurement of local labor force
• Effective monitor of how poverty alleviation measures and projects affect
Transport system to realize optimal modal share
• Policy C. • • Minimization of transport cost by multi-
modal transportation• • Fare competition between road and rail
The Accessibility approachIncreased speed can result in a proportionally larger increase in accessible area.
Implications:• More and faster travel increases accessibility.• Congestion can limit accessibility by a particular mode.• Efforts to increase automobility can reduce other forms of accessibility.
Use of indicators
*VMT = Vehicle Miles Traveled
*
Percentage Traveling ModeTravelling Mode
4 - Tanga0.65%
5 - Taxi0.30%
3 - Motor Cycle10.18%
2 - Cycle1.67%
1- Walk20.37%
11 – Minibus / Wagon59.96%
10 - Suzuki0.31%
9 - Company OwnedBus
2.60%
8 - Van / pickup0.62%
7 - Car / J eep1.74%
6 - Rickshaw1.22%
14 - Rail Car0.06%
15 - Bus / Others0.28%
17 - Truck0.00%
16 - Water Launch0.04%
People use public transport (Bus/Minibus) is 60%.
Percent Distribution of Average Monthly Income Levels of Families
14.77
34.53
26.18
12.33
4.471.28 0.13 0.03 0.01 0
6.27
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Per
cent
age
Income (Rs)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
< 500 500 -1000
1001 -1500
1501- 2000
2001- 3000
3001- 4000
4001- 5000
5001- 6000
6001- 7000
7001- 8000
8001 -10,000
10,001- 12,000
12,001- 15,000
Monthly Travelling Expenditure
Cycle M. CycleCar / J eep Bus / MinibusPickup / Wagon Truck / Mini TruckOthers
Percentage Monthly Traveling Expenditure vs Traveling Mode
10% of income spent for transportation
⇒ Target for Tariff of any Transport
Trip Start Time vs Trip Generation Rate on Typical weekday
Total Population = 12,094,629, Total Trips = 24,227,337, Ave. Trip number =2.003
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
04
01
- 0
50
0
05
01
- 0
60
0
06
01
- 0
70
0
07
01
- 0
80
0
08
01
- 0
90
0
09
01
- 1
00
0
10
01
- 1
10
0
11
01
- 1
20
0
12
01
- 1
30
0
13
01
- 1
40
0
14
01
- 1
50
0
15
01
- 1
60
0
16
01
- 1
70
0
17
01
- 1
80
0
18
01
- 1
90
0
19
01
- 2
00
0
20
01
- 2
10
0
21
01
- 2
20
0
22
01
- 2
30
0
23
01
- 0
00
0
00
01
- 0
10
0
01
01
- 0
20
0
02
01
- 0
30
0
03
01
- 0
40
0
Time
Pers
on T
rips
Total Trips
OFF PEAK
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Kimari Town
Site Town
Baldia Town
Orangi Town
Lyari Town
Saddar Town
J amsheed Town
Gulshan-e- Iqbal Town
Shah Faisal Town
Landhi Town
Korangi Town
North Nazimabad Town
New Karachi Town
Gulberg Town
Liquatabad Town
Malir Town
Bin Qasim Town
Gadap Town
Cantonment Areas
% of longer Time Trips
% of <90min% of <60min
1系列
M.W.Tower
Sohrab Goth
Quaidabad
Maikolachi
Korangi
Air Port
Super Highway
Major Flow of Citizen
1th
2nd
3rd
6th
4th
5th
Top 6 Major Route
CITY Corridor Plan
Strong Relationship of Town to Town
Port Area
Port Qasim
Airport
Industrial Area
Chinqui Filling the gap in absence of Urban Transit System
Urban public transport options
Bus Rapid Transit
• Premium transit using rubber tire vehicles• Dedicated running way• Fewer stops than local bus• Distinct stations, vehicles,
and systems
• Allows flexibility to operate multiple routes
LAMATA BRT Buses – Ojota Depot
LAMATA Bus Shelter – Ilupeju
Fixed Guide way Vehicles• Automated guide way
small and medium-sized vehicles that operate fully automatically on guideways with exclusive rights-of-way
• Typically on a loop or as a shuttle within central business districts, airports or other high activity centers
Light Rail Transit
• Modern version of traditional streetcars
• May operate alongside auto, rail traffic• Reduces costs• Increases travel time
• Stations 1∕3-1½ miles apart
Heavy Rail• The term heavy rail is often used
for regular rail, to distinguish from systems such as light rail, monorail, Street car etc.
• Heavy rail typically refers to the standard inter-city rail network, which is built to be robust enough for heavy and high-speed trains, including freight trains, and long distance passenger trains.
Role of the Transportation Planner
• “Bridge the gap”• Educate parties in an
understandable way• Focus on long term• Advocate for
underserved groups• Environmental justice• Use transportation to
improve community sustainability
ChoicesPrioritiesDecisions
Environmental
Economic Development
Land Use
Transportation
Outside Agencies/
Stakeholders
Public
Media support possible and useful
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Transportation needs and dynamics for Metropolitan cities of Pakistan must be exclusively addressed
• Sustainability issues must be incorporated in project planning and implementation
• Accessibility approach can provide a sustainable urban transportation system
• An integrated mass transit system is THE solution and the way forward.