Processing of Information and Performance of Experts

Models of information processing were prevalent from the 1950’s - 1980’s

Represented a shift in focus from product to process. Subjects’ experience and activities engaged in became important components in the analysis of tasks.

Cognitive models were used to explain motor behavior.

A serial model of information processing.

Input Perception Decision Effector Output

Intrinsic Information Feedback

Extrinsic Information Feedback

STM LTM

info processing 4

Perception

Clarity and Intensity Detection Recognition Comparison Selective Attention

Input Perception Decision Effector Output

Intrinsic Information Feedback

Extrinsic Information Feedback

STM LTM

info processing 5

Short-term memory

Utilization Organization Execution Evaluation

Input Perception Decision Effector Output

Intrinsic Information Feedback

Extrinsic Information Feedback

STM LTM

What is working memory?

Working memory is a way of describing short-term memory. The working memory perspective views the short-term memory like a workbench where input is received, past experiences are evaluated, and responses are shaped.

Some patterns, ideas, and information are received from STM and stored in some form for long term use.

Information is reshaped and transferred for performance.

Decision Simple, choice, and discrimination reactions Fractionated Reaction Time

Premotor reaction time Motor reaction time

Single channel processing Attention

Selective attention Psychological refractoriness (the “fake”)

Input Perception Decision Effector Output

Intrinsic Information Feedback

Extrinsic Information Feedback

STM LTM

Effector

Open loop and closed loop models

Input Perception Decision Effector Output

Intrinsic Information Feedback

Extrinsic Information Feedback

STM LTM

Dynamic systems models

the environment (environmental constraints) the physical properties (mechanical

constraints) the morphology (anatomical constraints)

S-R tradition

Hierarchical Models

Dynamic Systems Models

Development of Motor Behavior

Knowledge of Performance Feedback

KP is feedback about the movement form. It is related to the process of movement, e.g., proprioception (kinesthesis) or verbal information from a coach, teacher, ergonomist, or trainer. KP can be provided from internal or external sources. Gentile (2000) and Allard and Burnett (1985) advocated for providing KP in closed skills without intertrial variability.

Knowledge of Results Feedback

KR is feedback about the goal (result) of movement, e.g., seeing a ball go through the basket, hearing an administrator’s excitement at the completion of a task. KR can be provided through internal or external sources. Gentile (2000) and Allard and Burnett (1985) suggested KR is appropriate for open and closed skills that occur in variable environments.

Components of Expertise

Performance characteristics Hardware and software

Neurophysiological mechanisms Information processing

Memory

Differences in Expert and Novice Information Processing

Limitations space and time 7+2 items chunking of information organization repetition and development of central program

generators

Differences in Expert and Novice Performance Characteristics

Relationship between process/product Measures and analyses using biomechanics Degree of goal attainment Manipulation of objects Movement of the body

Knowledge Structures

What is explicit knowledge? What is implicit knowledge?

Defining Expertise

What is ability? What is expertise?

What is domain specific knowledge and expertise?

You are an expert!

Select a skill at which you consider yourself an expert

Attempt to uncover the components you bring to this skill that make you an expert

Identify the components discussed by Ericsson and Ward that make you an expert