Processing of Information and Performance of Experts.
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Transcript of Processing of Information and Performance of Experts.
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Processing of Information and Performance of Experts
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Models of information processing were prevalent from the 1950’s - 1980’s
Represented a shift in focus from product to process. Subjects’ experience and activities engaged in became important components in the analysis of tasks.
Cognitive models were used to explain motor behavior.
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A serial model of information processing.
Input Perception Decision Effector Output
Intrinsic Information Feedback
Extrinsic Information Feedback
STM LTM
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info processing 4
Perception
Clarity and Intensity Detection Recognition Comparison Selective Attention
Input Perception Decision Effector Output
Intrinsic Information Feedback
Extrinsic Information Feedback
STM LTM
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info processing 5
Short-term memory
Utilization Organization Execution Evaluation
Input Perception Decision Effector Output
Intrinsic Information Feedback
Extrinsic Information Feedback
STM LTM
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What is working memory?
Working memory is a way of describing short-term memory. The working memory perspective views the short-term memory like a workbench where input is received, past experiences are evaluated, and responses are shaped.
Some patterns, ideas, and information are received from STM and stored in some form for long term use.
Information is reshaped and transferred for performance.
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Decision Simple, choice, and discrimination reactions Fractionated Reaction Time
Premotor reaction time Motor reaction time
Single channel processing Attention
Selective attention Psychological refractoriness (the “fake”)
Input Perception Decision Effector Output
Intrinsic Information Feedback
Extrinsic Information Feedback
STM LTM
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Effector
Open loop and closed loop models
Input Perception Decision Effector Output
Intrinsic Information Feedback
Extrinsic Information Feedback
STM LTM
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Dynamic systems models
the environment (environmental constraints) the physical properties (mechanical
constraints) the morphology (anatomical constraints)
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S-R tradition
Hierarchical Models
Dynamic Systems Models
Development of Motor Behavior
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Knowledge of Performance Feedback
KP is feedback about the movement form. It is related to the process of movement, e.g., proprioception (kinesthesis) or verbal information from a coach, teacher, ergonomist, or trainer. KP can be provided from internal or external sources. Gentile (2000) and Allard and Burnett (1985) advocated for providing KP in closed skills without intertrial variability.
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Knowledge of Results Feedback
KR is feedback about the goal (result) of movement, e.g., seeing a ball go through the basket, hearing an administrator’s excitement at the completion of a task. KR can be provided through internal or external sources. Gentile (2000) and Allard and Burnett (1985) suggested KR is appropriate for open and closed skills that occur in variable environments.
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Components of Expertise
Performance characteristics Hardware and software
Neurophysiological mechanisms Information processing
Memory
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Differences in Expert and Novice Information Processing
Limitations space and time 7+2 items chunking of information organization repetition and development of central program
generators
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Differences in Expert and Novice Performance Characteristics
Relationship between process/product Measures and analyses using biomechanics Degree of goal attainment Manipulation of objects Movement of the body
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Knowledge Structures
What is explicit knowledge? What is implicit knowledge?
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Defining Expertise
What is ability? What is expertise?
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What is domain specific knowledge and expertise?
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You are an expert!
Select a skill at which you consider yourself an expert
Attempt to uncover the components you bring to this skill that make you an expert
Identify the components discussed by Ericsson and Ward that make you an expert