WORK, VALUES,

and ATTITUDES

ROKEACH IDENTIFIES TWO TYPES OF VALUES

 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Instrumental and Terminal Values

Instrumental Values alternative behaviors or means by which we achieve desired ends

* consist, primarily, of personal characteristic and character traits

Terminal Values desired end-states or life goals

* are those things that we can work toward or we think are most important and that we feel are most desirable 6-3

The following two tables illustrate examples of instrumental and terminal values.

Terminal Values

A world at Peace (free of war and conflict)

Family Security (taking care of loved ones)

Freedom (independence, free choice)

Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all)

Self-respect (self esteem) Happiness

(contentedness) Wisdom (a mature

understanding of life

Instrumental ValuesAmbitious (Hard-working, aspiring)

Broadminded (Open-minded)

Capable (Competent, effective)

Cheerful (Lighthearted, joyful)

Clean (Neat, tidy)

Courageous (Standing up for your beliefs)

Forgiving (Willing to pardon others)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Instrumental Values Terminal Values

Helpful (Working for the welfare of others)

Honest (Sincere, truthful)

Imaginative (Daring, creative)

Independent (Self-reliant, self sufficient)

Intellectual (Intelligent, reflective)

Logical (Consistent, rational)

National security (protection from attack)

Salvation (saved, eternal life)

True friendship (close companionship)

A sense of accomplishment (a lasting contribution)

Inner Harmony (freedom from inner conflict)

A comfortable life (a prosperous life)

Instrumental Values

 

Loving (Affectionate, tender)

  Obedient (Dutiful,

respectful)  Polite (Courteous, well-

mannered)  Responsible (Dependable,

reliable)  Self - controlled

(Restrained, self discipline)

 

 

Mature love (sexual and spiritual intimacy)

  A world of beauty (beauty of

nature and the arts)

  Pleasure (an enjoyable

leisurely life)

  Social recognition (respect,

admiration)

  An exciting life (a stimulating

active life)

 

Terminal Values

Value Conflicts Intrapersonal Value

Conflict

Interpersonal Value Conflict

Individual-Organizational Value Conflict

6-7

6-8

A Values Model of Work/Family Conflict

Family Values

Value Similarit

y

Work Values

Value Congruence

Work/Family Conflict

Value Attainment

Job and Life

Satisfaction

General Life Values

Attitudes Attitude is defined

as “a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object”

 6-9

Attitudes

Three components of an attitudeAffective: feelings or emotions about an object

Behavioral: how one intends to act toward someone or something

Cognitive: beliefs or ideas one has about an object 6-10

6-11

Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance

Psychological discomfort experienced when attitudes and behavior are inconsistent

6-12

Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior

Attitude toward thebehavior

Subjectivenorm

Perceived behavioral

control

Intention Behavior

Figure 6-2

6-13

Timeline of Work Values and Attitudes

Work Attitudes Job

Involvement extent to which an individual is immersed in his or her personal job

Job Satisfaction is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one’s job

6-14

Causes of Job Satisfaction

Need Fulfillment Discrepancies Value

Attainment Equity Disposition/

Genetic Components

6-15

Correlates of Job Satisfaction

6-16

6-17

Work Attitudes

Organizational Commitment

  - Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, and wishing to maintain membership in the organization

-   Affective, normative, and

continuance commitment

6-18

Model of Organizational Commitment