Post on 17-May-2015
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PH51004 Foundation in Renewable PH51004 Foundation in Renewable EnergyEnergy
Group Project (2010/11)Group Project (2010/11)
TaiwanTaiwanFrank Duggan, Louis Barclay, Jennifer Scott, Frank Duggan, Louis Barclay, Jennifer Scott,
McGregor Snow & Christian OnweMcGregor Snow & Christian Onwe
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OutlineOutline
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction
2.2. Attitude of the Taiwanese governmentAttitude of the Taiwanese government
3.3. Imports/exports vs. rise in energy consumptionImports/exports vs. rise in energy consumption
4.4. Mitigation and control measuresMitigation and control measures
5.5. ConclusionsConclusions
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1. Introduction1. Introduction
Located across the Located across the Taiwan Strait from ChinaTaiwan Strait from China
Population ~ 22.8 billionPopulation ~ 22.8 billion
Area ~ 135,980 kmArea ~ 135,980 km22
High energy consumerHigh energy consumer
Lacks sufficient domestic Lacks sufficient domestic energy sourcesenergy sources
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Political historyPolitical history
Taiwan is politically known as the ROCTaiwan is politically known as the ROC Not part of the United Nations, UNFCCC and Not part of the United Nations, UNFCCC and
IPCCIPCC Participation rejected by the PRCParticipation rejected by the PRC
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2. Attitude of the Taiwanese 2. Attitude of the Taiwanese governmentgovernment
And the reasons for their stanceAnd the reasons for their stance
Taiwan’s president - Ma Ying-Jeou
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““Since assuming power in 2008, Since assuming power in 2008, Taiwan’s new administration has set Taiwan’s new administration has set energy conservation, carbon energy conservation, carbon reduction and response to climate reduction and response to climate change as a major policy…change as a major policy…””
- Taiwan Environmental Protection - Taiwan Environmental Protection AdministrationAdministration
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What are the reasons for this stance?What are the reasons for this stance?
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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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Some figuresSome figures
In 2008, Taiwan’s per capita carbon footprint was In 2008, Taiwan’s per capita carbon footprint was 13.17 tCO13.17 tCO22e – 3 x world average of 4.55 tCOe – 3 x world average of 4.55 tCO22ee
Taiwan’s COTaiwan’s CO2 2 emissions grew by 260.7% between emissions grew by 260.7% between 1980 & 2007 – compared to ~65% globally1980 & 2007 – compared to ~65% globally
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Energy in TaiwanEnergy in Taiwan
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1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
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Environmental concernsEnvironmental concerns
More extreme weather patternsMore extreme weather patterns
Rising sea levels – estimated 272kmRising sea levels – estimated 272km22 flooded by flooded by 21002100
Temperature increase – greater number of pests Temperature increase – greater number of pests & diseases& diseases
Longer & more regular dry periodsLonger & more regular dry periods
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Economic concernsEconomic concerns
41.3million USD insurance payouts due to floods 41.3million USD insurance payouts due to floods and typhoons between 2003 & 2006 – looks set to and typhoons between 2003 & 2006 – looks set to rise dramatically rise dramatically
Not in UNFCCC – so industries cannot reduce cost Not in UNFCCC – so industries cannot reduce cost of cutting emissions through CDMof cutting emissions through CDM
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Increase in energy consumption can primarily be put Increase in energy consumption can primarily be put down to increase in industry in recent decades – down to increase in industry in recent decades –
correlates with greater emissionscorrelates with greater emissions
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3. Import/Exports vs. Rise in Energy 3. Import/Exports vs. Rise in Energy ConsumptionConsumption
Correlation?Correlation?
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ExportsExports
Due to high foreign demand Due to high foreign demand An increase in exports occurredAn increase in exports occurred
Exports included:Exports included: SteelSteel Electronic products such as computer monitorsElectronic products such as computer monitors SemiconductorsSemiconductors
Taiwan joined world trade organisation in 2002Taiwan joined world trade organisation in 2002
This gave rise to higher production demandThis gave rise to higher production demand
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Rise in energy demandRise in energy demand
High demand in foreign trade gave rise to high High demand in foreign trade gave rise to high production demand within Taiwanproduction demand within Taiwan
This gave rise to higher energy usageThis gave rise to higher energy usage
Taiwan’s industrial sector rose by 19% in Taiwan’s industrial sector rose by 19% in November 2010November 2010
This lead to a 2.8% rise in electricity demandThis lead to a 2.8% rise in electricity demand
This greater demand had to be met with supplyThis greater demand had to be met with supply
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Meeting the demandMeeting the demand
Taiwan needed to have security of supplyTaiwan needed to have security of supply
Taiwan imports 99% of their energy sources to meet this Taiwan imports 99% of their energy sources to meet this demanddemand
The country uses an average of 950,000 barrels of oil/dayThe country uses an average of 950,000 barrels of oil/day
Just over 1% of this is produced at homeJust over 1% of this is produced at home
Hence, large scale importing of fuelHence, large scale importing of fuel
This had a knock on effect on transportation emissionsThis had a knock on effect on transportation emissions
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ImportsImports
Importation of fuel supply lead to a average Importation of fuel supply lead to a average growth of imports of 13.5% between 2002 and growth of imports of 13.5% between 2002 and 20062006
105.5
84.3
252.5
160
22.1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Carbon Footprint ofexports
Carbon footprint ofimports
Total carbon footprint
Household indirect
Householddirect(transport & heat)
National Carbon Footprint (Million Tonnes C02 equivalent)
MtC02 Footprint
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This chart shows us that importation of goods to Taiwan has This chart shows us that importation of goods to Taiwan has lead to a carbon footprint of 84.3 million tonnes of COlead to a carbon footprint of 84.3 million tonnes of CO22
High carbon emissions can be seen to come from High carbon emissions can be seen to come from transportation of importstransportation of imports
We can see there is a correlation between imports/exports We can see there is a correlation between imports/exports and rise in energy demandand rise in energy demand
A correlation is evident between imports/exports and carbon A correlation is evident between imports/exports and carbon footprint alsofootprint also
A correlation can said to be present between Exports & GDP A correlation can said to be present between Exports & GDP growthgrowth
The period of 2002-2006 yielded a 4.7% average growth rateThe period of 2002-2006 yielded a 4.7% average growth rate
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Economic IndicatorsEconomic Indicators
Economic Indicators 2002-2006 avg. 2007 2008 2009
GDP (% growth, real) 4.7 5.7 4.1 4.6
Inflation (%, year-end) 0.8 1.8 3.1 2.0
Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) -2.1 0.1 -1.9 2.2
Exports (% growth, BOP goods) 12.1 10.1 7.9 10.4
Imports ((% growth, BOP goods) 13.5 7.3 14.3 9.9
Current Account (% of GDP) 7.0 8.6 5.2 5.6
Reserves (month of imports) 13.8 11.9 11.9 11.4
External Debt (% of GDP) 21.8 25.5 24.8 23.9
Debt Service ratio 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.2
Exchange rate (year-end, per USD) 33.2 32.4 30.3 29.4
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How Taiwan compares with other How Taiwan compares with other NationsNations
0500
10001500200025003000350040004500500055006000
Nations
MtCO2e Yearly Emissions
2005
2007
2005 542.2 5842 272
2007 530.2 5826.7 285.6
UK USA Taiwan
There is a 5% increase in Taiwan’s emissions for this periodThere is a 5% increase in Taiwan’s emissions for this period
This is compared to a decrease in emissions elsewhereThis is compared to a decrease in emissions elsewhere
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Taiwan’s increase in COTaiwan’s increase in CO2 2 emissionsemissions
There is a sizeable increase in Taiwan’s emissions in this periodThere is a sizeable increase in Taiwan’s emissions in this period
This can be attributed to the industrial growth hat this timeThis can be attributed to the industrial growth hat this time
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Correlation?Correlation? There is an apparent correlation between the industrial upturn & Taiwan’s There is an apparent correlation between the industrial upturn & Taiwan’s
Carbon footprintCarbon footprint
The rise in foreign demand was followed by a rise in exportsThe rise in foreign demand was followed by a rise in exports
The resulting rise in exports caused an increase in energy usageThe resulting rise in exports caused an increase in energy usage
The energy usage needed to be meet with security of supplyThe energy usage needed to be meet with security of supply
This brought an increase in importation of fuel supplies This brought an increase in importation of fuel supplies
This resulted in higher GHG emissionsThis resulted in higher GHG emissions
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4. Mitigation and control measures4. Mitigation and control measures
Taiwan EPATaiwan EPA
MOEMAMOEMA
Greenhouse Gas Reduction ActGreenhouse Gas Reduction Act
Renewable Energy Development Act Renewable Energy Development Act 20092009
Legislative YuanLegislative Yuan
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Taiwan Environmental protection Administration established in 1987 began carbon emission reduction efforts in 1998
The National Energy conference meetings set out plan to return carbon emission level 2000 level
Blue line shows the BAU scenario
The red line shows the return of carbon emission to 2000 level (219.4Mt) by 2025, and half of that level (109.7Mt) by 2050
COCO22 emissions reduction scenarios emissions reduction scenarios
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Air Quality ImprovementAir Quality Improvement
Natural Gas Vehicle
Clean Diesel Vehicle
Hydrogen Vehicle
Fuel vehicle
Electric Vehicle
Fuel Cell Vehicle
(Gasoline)
Present Future
EPA targets to lower Sulphur content from current 50ppmw to 10ppmw in 2011
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Clean Vehicle projectClean Vehicle project
10 zones around the Island will be used to test the 10 zones around the Island will be used to test the initiative; each zone will get up to 300 electric vehicles. initiative; each zone will get up to 300 electric vehicles. This plan is to be subsidized by the Government about This plan is to be subsidized by the Government about NT$2.2billion has been budgeted for the projectNT$2.2billion has been budgeted for the project
Motorbikes are a commonly used means of Motorbikes are a commonly used means of transportation in Taiwan and are a great contribution transportation in Taiwan and are a great contribution to the generation of emissionsto the generation of emissions
Carbon monoxide emissions from these motorbikes Carbon monoxide emissions from these motorbikes accounts for about 10% of Taiwan’s total annual accounts for about 10% of Taiwan’s total annual emissionsemissions
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EPA also forced motorbike manufacturers to start developing low emission Fuel Injection Engines to reduce emissions 50% lower than
former carburettor engines and 18% more fuel efficient
Kwang Yang Motor Co (KYMCO)San Yan MotorsMotor power CoYamahaTai Ling Motor
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71% 16% 6.7% 6.6%
As of July 2009, the percentage of seriously polluted river section in Taiwan has decreased from 13.6% in 2001 to
6.6% in 2009
River Quality ImprovementRiver Quality Improvement
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Feed in tariffs for renewablesFeed in tariffs for renewables
Aim to have 10GW of installed renewable energy Aim to have 10GW of installed renewable energy in place in next 20 yearsin place in next 20 years
Supported through a feed-in tariff systemSupported through a feed-in tariff system
Nuclear & fossil fuel utilities obliged to pay into Nuclear & fossil fuel utilities obliged to pay into the fundthe fund
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Feed in tariffs for renewablesFeed in tariffs for renewables
Type of Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (NT$/kWh)
PV System: 1-10 kWp 11.1883
PV System: 10-500 kWp 12.9722
PV System: over 500 kWp 11.119
On-shore Wind Power System 1-10 kW 7.2714
On-shore Wind Power System Over 10 kW 2.3834
Off-shore Wind Power System 4.1982
Streamflow Hydropower 2.0615
Geothermal Power Generation 5.1838
Biomass Power Generation 2.0615
Waste Power Generation 2.0879
Others 2.0615
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Taipower plans to encourage and Taipower plans to encourage and incorporate renewable energy incorporate renewable energy
developmentdevelopmentRenewable
Energy
Currently installed(MW)
Year 2015 (MW)
Year 2020 (MW)
Year 2025 (MW)
Hydro 1,938 2,050 2,110 2,500
On-shore wind
252 806 956 1,156
Off-shore wind
- - - 1,000
Solar 5.6 320 1,000 1,000
Bio-Energy 739 850 954 1,500
Ocean - 1 30 200
Geothermal - 10 150 150
•The state owned ‘Taipower’ is the major power supplier in Taiwan.
•They are considered to be a significant emitter of greenhouse gases and have therefore adopted a solution to reduce CO2 emissions company-wide.
•Hydro electricity will hit 2,500MW by the year 2025 and 2,156MW is expected to come from onshore and offshore wind by the same year
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Taiwan Carbon Foot-Print LabellingTaiwan Carbon Foot-Print Labelling
Carbon label has become an international trend Carbon label has become an international trend and it can enable consumers to practice and it can enable consumers to practice environmental responsible consumptionenvironmental responsible consumption
Taiwan is aware that Carbon labeling can create Taiwan is aware that Carbon labeling can create various benefits for companies, such as carbon various benefits for companies, such as carbon reduction, product differentiation and reputation. reduction, product differentiation and reputation. In order to be geared into this international trend, In order to be geared into this international trend, Taiwan EPATaiwan EPA
Has also commissioned projects to study this Has also commissioned projects to study this issue and EPAissue and EPA
Has implemented carbon labeling in 2010Has implemented carbon labeling in 2010
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The number stands for “carbon footprint,” and is the CO2 emission equivalence calculated based on the materials and energy consumed during the life cycle of the product.
A heart that loves the nature; CO2 reduction for a “cool” planet; and green consumption for low-carbon society
Green leaf stands for health and environmental friendliness
Taiwan Carbon Footprint LabellingTaiwan Carbon Footprint Labelling
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Also, Taiwan EPA is working with 10 industrial associations on the development of product category rules (PCR) and carbon footprint
Selected out of 11 demonstrated for products carbon footprint, they will complete the verification review and obtain the Taiwan Carbon Footprint Label by the end of 2010
Hot Cathode Fluorescent Lamp
Butterfly orchid
Uncoated paper Aerated Water
Household Paper Hair conditioner
Printed of paper products
Fruit Juices
Spun lace Nonwoven
Needle Punched Nonwoven
LED Light _
Products using carbon footprint label
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ConclusionsConclusions
Foreign trade led to a growth in industry in Foreign trade led to a growth in industry in Taiwan leading to high energy demandTaiwan leading to high energy demand
This saw a dramatic rise in carbon footprintThis saw a dramatic rise in carbon footprint
Created a motivation to change due to these Created a motivation to change due to these circumstances, and the resultscircumstances, and the results
Government put in place various plans & Government put in place various plans & mitigation measures to tackle the effects of rising mitigation measures to tackle the effects of rising GHG emissionsGHG emissions