Pre-Living Environment

2nd SEMESTER REVIEW

June 2012

Lackawanna High School

Relative dating

Using index fossils that are found in layers of sedimentary rock to

determine which layer is older than other layers

1.

Sedimentary rock

Formed in layers; only type of rock to contain fossils

2.

Index Fossils

Commonly found in sedimentary rock layers throughout the world; used for

relative dating

3.

Radioactive elements

Used to determine the absolute age of rock layers or fossils

4.

Information from fossils

1. Structural similarities

5.

2. Organisms have changed over time

3. Some organisms have gone extinct

Similar biochemistry

1. DNA has similar sequences of bases (A, T, C, G)

6.

2. Organisms that are related have similar enzymes

Similar body structures

1. ex. Lion leg, bat wing, dolphin fin

7.

2. Embryos are similar in early development

Divergent evolution

Organisms of the same species evolve and become different species

8.

Ex.) different species of finches that Darwin found on the Galapagos Islands

Convergent evolution

Unrelated species develop similar traits because their environments are similar

9.

Ex.) dolphins and fish have similar body structues

Co - evolution

Two organisms evolve so that they function together in an ecosystem

10.

Ex.) Bees have body structures that are adapted to pollinate certain flowers; the flowers produce nectar to feed the bees.

Who: CHARLES DARWINWHAT: Theory of Natural Selection

11.

WHERE: around the coast of South America to the Galapagos Islands

WHEN: 1831-1836 voyage and observations

WHY: Data and observations indicated common ancestryHOW: observations of fossils and living organisms

Natural Selection1. Overproduction of offspring

12.

2. Competition for resources

3. Variation of traits

4. Survival of the fittest – organisms that are unable to adapt go extinct

Gene Pool

All the genes in an entire population

13.

Adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment

14.

Evolution

Process by which a species gradually changes over time

15.

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment

16.

Biotic

living

17.

Abiotic

nonliving

18.

Population

All the members on ONE SPECIES in an environment

19.

Community

All the members on ALL SPECIES in an environment

20.

Ecosystem

all species (living, biotic) PLUS

environment (nonliving, abiotic)

21.

Biosphere

The part of the entire earth that supports life

22.

Habitat

The environment that an organism is adapted to survive in

23.

Exponential growth

time

24.

popu

latio

n

Limiting factor

something that stops a population from increasing beyond a certain number.

Ex. Food supply, disease, space

25.

Carrying capacity

time

26.

popu

latio

n

The maximum number of a population that a habitat can support because of limiting factors

Niche

The specific role that an organism plays in its habitat

27.

Niche

The specific role that an organism plays in its habitat

28.

Symbiotic relationship

Two organisms live together so that at lest one depends on the other

29.

Parasitism

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed.

30.

Commensalism

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected at all

31.

Mutualism

Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit

32.

Producer / autotroph

• Organism that makes its own food by doing photosynthesis

• Gets energy directly from the sun

• Bottom of energy pyramid

• Beginning of food chain or web

33.

Consumer / heterotroph

• Organism that obtains food from other organisms

• Gets energy directly the level below it on the pyramid

34.

Herbivore

Animal that eats only plants

35.

Carnivore

Animal that eats only animals

36.

Omnivore

Animal that eats both animals and plants

37.

Omnivore

Animal that eats both animals and plants

38.

Decomposer / saprophyte

• Feeds off of dead organisms• Helps nutrients recycle into the soil

39.

Food chain

• Shows energy flow through an ecosystem

• means “is eaten by” or “energy is transferred to”

• Always starts with a producer

40.

Food web

• Many interrelated food chains

41.

Biodiversity

• Number of different species that exist in an ecosystem

42.

Introduced species

• Species that is brought to an ecosystem by humans

• May or may not disrupt the existing food webs and niches

43.

Introduced species

• Species that is brought to an ecosystem by humans

• May or may not disrupt the existing food webs and niches

44.

Conservation biology

• Study of ecosystems with the goal of preserving biodiversity

45.

Ecological Succession

• Each species of plants modifies the environment so that the next

species can survive.• See page 13

46.

Ecological Succession

• Each species of plants modifies the environment so that the next

species can survive.• See page 13

47.

Homeostasis

• Stable, constant internal conditions.

• All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

48.

Enzyme

• Protein molecule that helps break down (digest) food into usable

molecules• Specific shape

• Works best at a specific temperature

49.

Glucose

Molecule that cells use to release energy

50.

Amino acid

• Molecule that forms chains to build protein

• Follows the instructions in DNA base sequence (A, T, C, G)

51.

How does the blood maintain homeostasis?

• Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells

• Transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells

52.

How do red blood cells maintain homeostasis?

• Transport oxygen to cells

53.

How do white blood cells maintain homeostasis?

• Part of the immune system• Produce antibodies to fight

antigens

54.

How do alveoli maintain homeostasis?

• Air sacs in the lungs full of capillaries where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes

place.

55.

How does the skin maintain homeostasis?

• Sweating to release excess heat and lower body temperature• Shivering to raise body

temperature• Barrier against outside changes

56.

Contrast response by the nervous system with a response by the endocrine system.

• NS responds quickly but for short duration

• ES responds slowly but for long duration

57.

Hormone

• Chemical released into the blood by a gland

• Has a specific shape to match a receptor in a cell membrane

58.

Neurotransmitter

• Chemical that communicates between nerve cells (neurons)

• Has a specific shape to match a receptor in the membrane of the

next nerve cell

59.

Receptor protein

• In or on a cell membrane• Shape fits the shape of specific

hormone or neurotransmitter

60.

Antibody

• Produced by white blood cell• Matches the shape of an antigen

to destroy it

61.

Antigen

• Foreign substance or cell that enters the body

• Pathogen = living antigen (bacteria, virus)

62.

Vaccine

• Weak pathogen or part of a pathogen

• Triggers WBC to make antibodies that match the shape of that

pathogen

63.

Insulin

• Hormone made by the pancreas• Allows glucose to move from the

blood into cells

64.

Pancreas

• Organ that makes insulin and glucagon

• (and many other digestive enzymes)

65.

Glucagon

• Hormone that allows glucose to re-enter the blood to move to

other cells• Made by the pancreas

66.

Adrenaline

• Hormone that increases heart rate, breathing, energy

• Made by adrenal glands (on top of kidneys)

67.

Noradrenaline

• Hormone that decreases heart rate, breathing, energy

• Counteracts adrenaline effects• Made by adrenal glands (on top of

kidneys)

68.

Feedback

• Up and down changes that work to maintain homeostasis

68.