Post on 27-Dec-2015
Learning Objective
To discuss the major post disaster public health challenges and their preventive strategies.
Major Public Health Issues(Post disaster)
Environmental pollutiono Water Contaminationo Poor Sanitation
Malnutritiono Protein Energy Malnutrition(PEM)o Vitamin A deficiency
Epidemicso Spread of infectitious diseases
Causes of Outbreaks of Infectious Disease in Disasters
Population displacementEnvironmental changesLoss of public utilitiesDisruption of basic health servicesImpact of food scarcity and hunger
Common Modes of Transmission
Person-to-person
o Measles, Meningitis, ARI
Feco-oral/Enteric
o Shigella, Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis
Vector
o Malaria
Specific Infectious Diseases After Disasters
MeaslesAcute Respiratory InfectionCholeraShigellosisMalariaTyphoidHepatitis Meningitis
Displaced Populations 80 –90% Of Deaths
5 ConditionsMalnutritionMeaslesAcute respiratory infectionDiarrheal diseases (Cholera, Shigella)
Malaria
Diagnosis and Treatment
large numbers of patients limited resources austere conditionso So Rely ono Clinical Diagnosiso Empirical Treatment
Measles Vaccination
Early in the emergency situation– All children 6 months to 5 years– Long term situations children 9 months to 5 years– Any child vaccinated between 6 and 9 months -
revaccinate at 9 monthIf insufficient vaccine available, in order of
priority– undernourished children 6 month to 12 years– all other children ages 6 to 23 months– all other children 24-59 months
Concurrent vitamin A administration
Acute Respiratory Infections
A leading cause of death among effected populations
Pathogens Variety of viruses and bacteriaControl: Provide adequate space, shelter, clothing,
blankets, and ventilation
Vector Control Methods
Habitat ControlReducing ContactChemical Controlo Insecticides, larvicides, rodenticideso Repellents
Biological Control
Vector Borne DiseasesDisaster environments are very conducive to the proliferation of diseases-carrying insects and rodents (vectors)
Diseases such as:Malaria, filariasis, dengue, yellow fever, encephalitis, scabies, scrub typhus, plague, endemic typhus, relapsing fever leptospirosis
Vector Control MeasuresPhysical screens can be used to control immediate problemFor the longer term -make environment less favourable
•Improve personal hygieneSanitationDrainageGarbage disposalFood storage and handling practicesRemove stagnate waterCamp location
Insecticide use must be monitored by professionals
Disaster Preparedness
• Pre-disaster Preparedness• Post-disaster Preparedness
• Efficient action at all levels to save lives• Reduce sufferings &• Minimize damage to property
Factors for Disease Transmission After a Disaster
• Environmental considerations• Endemic organisms• Population characteristics• Pre- event structure and public health• Type and magnitude of the disaster
SEQs1. What is a disaster? Classify natural disasters.
Enumerate the specific infectious diseases likely to spread after disaster.
2. Which of the 4 phases do you consider to be the most important? Support your answer.
3. Giving examples (from your own country) state situations where Disaster Management could have been better implemented.
4. In the case of a natural disaster, both govt and individuals are responsible for how citizens are affected. List 3 actions/activities/methods each for both govt and individuals, which can be carried out to mitigate the effects of a known natural disaster.
MCQ-1
• After the earth quake of 8th October 2005, Capital Development Authority issued a directive that in future all the buildings to be constructed in capital territory will be built on strong iron pillars so that the buildings can sustain earthquake shocks. In disaster management phases, action of CDA is included in:a. Disaster preparednessb. Disaster impact & responsec. Rehabilitation/reconstructiond. Mitigatione. Recovery
MCQ-2
• In a temporary camp, maximum distance between a dwelling and a toilet should be:
a. <6 ----->50 Metersb. <5------>45 Metersc. <4------>40 Metersd. <8------ >55 Meterse. <9------->60 Meters
MCQ-3
• In a transient camp, 3000 people are required to be settled. Minimum shelter space required for these refugees will be:
a. 11500 m2
b. 10500 m2
c. 13500 m2
d. 9500 m2
e. 6000 m2
MCQ-4
• In earth quakes:a. Injuries < deathsb. Injuries = deaths are equalc. Deaths <injuriesd. Cannot be calculatede. None of the above
MCQ-5
• Crude Mortality Rate (CDR=deaths/10000/day) is single most important indicator of serious stress in affected populations in a disaster hit area. If CDR is >2, it indicates situation is:a. Under controlb. Serious conditionc. Out of controld. Major Catastrophee. No catastrophe