Post on 25-Dec-2015
Plant Systems
On the following slides, the green sections are the most important – Underlined words = vocabulary!Hyperlinks are shown in purple.Background Image
o The Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) is our state flower and a plant native to Texas.
o Remember that plants are NOT dead, but very much alive and composed of eukaryotic cells!
o In this unit we will discuss the systems in plants, specifically transport, reproduction, and response.
Introduction
Image
o Plants are multicellular eukaryotes w/ cell walls made of cellulose.
o Plants are autotrophs that carryout photosynthesis to obtain energy.
o To carry out cellular functions, plants need: o Sunlighto Watero CO2o Minerals
Review of Plant Cells
http://www.terrebonneonline.com/plantcell1.jpg
6CO2 + 6H20 + LIGHT C6H1206 + 602
(Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen)
o Photosynthesis – the process by which autotrophs convert light energy and carbon dioxide into glucose as a food source for the plant.
Review of Photosynthesis
http://s2.hubimg.com/u/701793_f520.jpg
o Plants have cell differentiation (different cell types perform specific functions).
o EX Root cells, stem cells, and flower petal cells all have specific functions (jobs) that they carry out for the plant.
o AKA Cell Specialization
Cell Differentiation
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o Roots are specialized underground organs that absorb water and minerals necessary for the plant and anchor [hold] the plant in the soil and help to prevent soil erosion.o tap root – (ex: carrot) single large central
root o fibrous root – (ex: grasses) clump of short
threadlike divisions
Absorption via Roots
http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c5/c5-1root.gif
o Stems are specialized tissues that support leaves to hold them up to sun, and transport water, sugars, and nutrients through the plant.
o Some stems are also modified for glucose [sugar] storage areas.
Transport via Stems
http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/images/plant_organs.jpg
o Just like in animals, vascular tissues transport materials for plants. o Xylem – transports
water (L for liquid) via capillary action in stacked cells to form straw-like drinking tubes; movement is up from roots to leaves
o Phloem – transports glucose; movement can be up and down
Transport Cont.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b8o0_bDa4QI/RsKvBY5ZufI/AAAAAAAAAF0/BmCafNOYe6A/s400/xylem1%5B1%5D.gif
o Leaves are the tissues where most photosynthesis, and transpiration [evaporation from plants] occurs.o Veins run through
the leaves, transport water, glucose, minerals, etc. to the plant cells
Photosynthesis via Leaves
http://www.ecomagic.org/fruition/leaves-1.jpg
o Stomata are openings in leaf tissue, much like the pores in our skin, used for gas exchange. o Guard cells control
the opening and closing of stoma; the cells surround the opening contain numerous mitochondria for energy conversion
Photosynthesis Cont.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/interviews/stoma_diagram.gif
http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/plant/static/images/blumeninschwabenArabidopsisThaliana.jpg
Stomates forming cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. Image
o Flowers are a reproductive organ (not all plants have flowers) with male and female parts. o pollination –
transporting pollen (male sperm) to female part (ovule)
o fertilization – union of sperm with egg (creates a development of a plant embryo [seed] which grows into a mature plant).
Reproduction via Flowers
http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg
o Maleo Stamen – consist of the anther (produces
pollen) and filament (supports anther)o Pollen – contains sperm
o Femaleo Pistil – consists of the stigma, (where pollen
lands), style, (connects stigma to ovary), and the ovule (develops into the fruit)o Ovule – develops into an egg, eventually
becomes the seed when fertilizedo Non-sexual
o Petals – colored parts, attract pollinators (EX bees)
o Sepals – green parts, protect flower parts
Flowers Cont.
Flower Cont.
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/bj-peru.html
o Fruits develop from a flower’s female reproductive structure(s), and sometimes other parts too. o The fruits contain the
seed(s) o provide a means to
spread and disperse the seed(s) and/or as a food source [rich in nutrients] for the germinating seed.
o EX fleshy fruit like strawberries, apples, tomato,
o EX dry fruit like walnuts and acorns
Reproductive Tissues - Fruit
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/food-kitchen/food/fruits/tropical-fruits_4.jpg
o Seed Plants form seeds (a plant embryo surrounded by a food supply) in order to reproduce. o Seeds are encased in a
protective covering called a seed coat.
o Video
Reproductive Tissues – Seeds
http://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/seeds/seed.gif
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/images_rev/seed-pics.jpg
o Seedless plants do not form hard seeds (EX mosses and ferns) and therefore these plants MUST have water in order for the sperm to swim to the egg..
Seedless Reproduction
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Photo and caption by Bente Haarstad
o Just like animals, plants respond to changes in their environments (called tropism) – Tropism Animation
o There are four main types of tropisms:o Gravitropism/Geotropism = response in
plants that make it grow either with the pull of gravity or against it
o Hydrotropism = response that bends it towards water
o Phototropism = response that bends it towards light
o Thigmotropism = response that bends it around an object (EX a vine wrapping around an arbor)
Response
Response Cont.http://withfriendship.com/images/h/38808/Tropism-picture.gif
o Another type of response, specifically to changes in pressure, is called a nastic response.
o The most common example is the infamous Venus flytrap which closes its leaf when the plant senses an insect to digest nutrients using enzymes.
o Nastic Slideshow
Response Cont.
http://www.justvenusflytraps.com/images/homepageimage.jpg
Plant Hormones
o A hormone is a chemical produced in one part of an organism that is transported to another part where it causes a physiological change - plant hormones regulate the growth and development in plants – o Some hormones include:
o Auxins – promote cell elongation and growth
o Gibberellins – promote cell elongation, bud development and seed germination
o Cytokinins – stimulate mitosis and cell division
Image
o Plants provide consumers with oxygen to breathe, food, shelter, as well as cleaning the air and water for the planet.
o Just like animals, plants are active responders within various environments to survive and thrive.
o Their use and importance is numerous; humans use plants with healing properties in medical treatments.
Conclusion
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