Plant Systems

On the following slides, the green sections are the most important – Underlined words = vocabulary!Hyperlinks are shown in purple.Background Image

o The Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) is our state flower and a plant native to Texas.

o Remember that plants are NOT dead, but very much alive and composed of eukaryotic cells!

o In this unit we will discuss the systems in plants, specifically transport, reproduction, and response.

Introduction

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o Plants are multicellular eukaryotes w/ cell walls made of cellulose.

o Plants are autotrophs that carryout photosynthesis to obtain energy.

o To carry out cellular functions, plants need: o Sunlighto Watero CO2o Minerals

Review of Plant Cells

http://www.terrebonneonline.com/plantcell1.jpg

6CO2 + 6H20 + LIGHT C6H1206 + 602

(Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen)

o Photosynthesis – the process by which autotrophs convert light energy and carbon dioxide into glucose as a food source for the plant.

Review of Photosynthesis

http://s2.hubimg.com/u/701793_f520.jpg

o Plants have cell differentiation (different cell types perform specific functions).

o EX Root cells, stem cells, and flower petal cells all have specific functions (jobs) that they carry out for the plant.

o AKA Cell Specialization

Cell Differentiation

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o Roots are specialized underground organs that absorb water and minerals necessary for the plant and anchor [hold] the plant in the soil and help to prevent soil erosion.o tap root – (ex: carrot) single large central

root o fibrous root – (ex: grasses) clump of short

threadlike divisions

Absorption via Roots

http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c5/c5-1root.gif

o Stems are specialized tissues that support leaves to hold them up to sun, and transport water, sugars, and nutrients through the plant.

o Some stems are also modified for glucose [sugar] storage areas.

Transport via Stems

http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/images/plant_organs.jpg

o Just like in animals, vascular tissues transport materials for plants. o Xylem – transports

water (L for liquid) via capillary action in stacked cells to form straw-like drinking tubes; movement is up from roots to leaves

o Phloem – transports glucose; movement can be up and down

Transport Cont.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b8o0_bDa4QI/RsKvBY5ZufI/AAAAAAAAAF0/BmCafNOYe6A/s400/xylem1%5B1%5D.gif

o Leaves are the tissues where most photosynthesis, and transpiration [evaporation from plants] occurs.o Veins run through

the leaves, transport water, glucose, minerals, etc. to the plant cells

Photosynthesis via Leaves

http://www.ecomagic.org/fruition/leaves-1.jpg

o Stomata are openings in leaf tissue, much like the pores in our skin, used for gas exchange. o Guard cells control

the opening and closing of stoma; the cells surround the opening contain numerous mitochondria for energy conversion

Photosynthesis Cont.

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/interviews/stoma_diagram.gif

http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/plant/static/images/blumeninschwabenArabidopsisThaliana.jpg

Stomates forming cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. Image

o Flowers are a reproductive organ (not all plants have flowers) with male and female parts. o pollination –

transporting pollen (male sperm) to female part (ovule)

o fertilization – union of sperm with egg (creates a development of a plant embryo [seed] which grows into a mature plant).

Reproduction via Flowers

http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg

o Maleo Stamen – consist of the anther (produces

pollen) and filament (supports anther)o Pollen – contains sperm

o Femaleo Pistil – consists of the stigma, (where pollen

lands), style, (connects stigma to ovary), and the ovule (develops into the fruit)o Ovule – develops into an egg, eventually

becomes the seed when fertilizedo Non-sexual

o Petals – colored parts, attract pollinators (EX bees)

o Sepals – green parts, protect flower parts

Flowers Cont.

Flower Cont.

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/bj-peru.html

o Fruits develop from a flower’s female reproductive structure(s), and sometimes other parts too. o The fruits contain the

seed(s) o provide a means to

spread and disperse the seed(s) and/or as a food source [rich in nutrients] for the germinating seed.

o EX fleshy fruit like strawberries, apples, tomato,

o EX dry fruit like walnuts and acorns

Reproductive Tissues - Fruit

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/food-kitchen/food/fruits/tropical-fruits_4.jpg

o Seed Plants form seeds (a plant embryo surrounded by a food supply) in order to reproduce. o Seeds are encased in a

protective covering called a seed coat.

o Video

Reproductive Tissues – Seeds

http://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/seeds/seed.gif

http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/images_rev/seed-pics.jpg

o Seedless plants do not form hard seeds (EX mosses and ferns) and therefore these plants MUST have water in order for the sperm to swim to the egg..

Seedless Reproduction

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Photo and caption by Bente Haarstad

o Just like animals, plants respond to changes in their environments (called tropism) – Tropism Animation

o There are four main types of tropisms:o Gravitropism/Geotropism = response in

plants that make it grow either with the pull of gravity or against it

o Hydrotropism = response that bends it towards water

o Phototropism = response that bends it towards light

o Thigmotropism = response that bends it around an object (EX a vine wrapping around an arbor)

Response

Response Cont.http://withfriendship.com/images/h/38808/Tropism-picture.gif

o Another type of response, specifically to changes in pressure, is called a nastic response.

o The most common example is the infamous Venus flytrap which closes its leaf when the plant senses an insect to digest nutrients using enzymes.

o Nastic Slideshow

Response Cont.

http://www.justvenusflytraps.com/images/homepageimage.jpg

Plant Hormones

o A hormone is a chemical produced in one part of an organism that is transported to another part where it causes a physiological change - plant hormones regulate the growth and development in plants – o Some hormones include:

o Auxins – promote cell elongation and growth

o Gibberellins – promote cell elongation, bud development and seed germination

o Cytokinins – stimulate mitosis and cell division

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o Plants provide consumers with oxygen to breathe, food, shelter, as well as cleaning the air and water for the planet.

o Just like animals, plants are active responders within various environments to survive and thrive.

o Their use and importance is numerous; humans use plants with healing properties in medical treatments.

Conclusion

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