Post on 15-Aug-2015
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Perception refers to the way we try to understand the world around us. We gather information through our five sense organs, but perception adds meaning to these sensory inputs.
Perception is the process by which we organize and interpret our sensory impressions in order to give meaning to the environment. Here, a situation may be the same but the interpretation of that situation by two individuals may be immensely different.
Perception is the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment.
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What is Perceptual Process
• The Process by which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve and respond to information.
• The first process of perception is selection & attention
• The process of perceptual selection is based on internal factors & external factors
i) Internal – relating to the state of the individual
ii) External – the environment
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THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
• PROCESS OF RECEIVING STIMULI • PROCESS OF SELECTING STIMULI• PROCESS OR ORGANIZING STIMULI • PROCESS OF INTERPRETING • PROCESS OF CHECKING• PROCESS OF REACTING
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Fctors:govern the selection of
stimulus)External factors Influencing
Selection• Intensity – Adv, Strikes(generally, stimuli which
are high in intensity are perceived more readily than those of low intensity)
• Size• Contrast – differ from familiar• Movement• Repetition• Familiarity• Novelty
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Internal factors Influencing Selection
• Psychological need• Background• Experience• Personality• Self-acceptance
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Process of Organizing Stimuli
Grouping:• Similarity – stimuli which are similar are put
together.• Proximity – objects or persons closer put together• Closure – Triangle• Figure – ground – tendency to keep something in
focus and the others in the background• Perceptual Constancy – tendency to stabilize
perceptions
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Factors that attribute to the Process of Interpreting
• Perceptual set – Previously held beliefs• Stereo Typing(generally favorable or
unfavorable opinion a person holds for a particular group of person)
• Halo Effect(opinion or attitude towards a single person)positive & negative halo effect.
• Perceptual defense• (contextual factors)• Interpersonal context• Other person’s background
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Process of reacting• Impression formation – judgmentAction may be covert or overtCovert action: the formation of opinionOvert action: is a definite action in response to the
perception.Limitations1. Generalizations2. Surroundings3. Situational limitation – cannot show behaviors
critical for impression formation4. Preconceived Notions
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Selective AttentionSelective Attention
Emotions andEmotions andBehaviorBehavior
Organization andOrganization andInterpretationInterpretation
Perceptual Process ModelEnvironmental StimuliEnvironmental Stimuli
Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling TastingFeeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting
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• The perceptions and judgments regarding a person’s actions are often significantly influenced by the assumptions we make about the person’s internal state.
• Attribution theory refers to the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behaviour.
• Whenever we observe the behaviour of an individual, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused.
• Attributions are found to strongly affect various functions in an organization, e.g. the process of employee performance evaluations, nature of supervision or guidance or the general attitude towards the organization in general.
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• There are often some errors or biases in our judgment about others.
• When we make judgment about other people’s behaviour, we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors. This is called fundamental
attribution error.
• Another noticeable tendency, called self-serving bias, refers to the inclination for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.