Post on 14-Dec-2015
Pan American Health OrganizationPan American Sanitary Bureau
Regional Office for the Americas for the
World Health Organization
Pan American Health Organization 2001 2
Partnerships for Advancing Health in the Americas
Collaboration between CDC and PAHO
David Brandling-BennettPan American Health Organization
Pan American Health Organization 2001 3
A Brief History of PAHO
• 1902 - Established to help American republics prevent the spread of diseases without impeding travel or trade
• 1924 - Pan American Sanitary Code defines functions of PAHO
• 1949 - Becomes the WHO Regional Office for the Americas
• 1950 - Recognized as the specialized health agency in the Inter-American system
Pan American Health Organization 2001 4
How Does PAHO Function?
• A presence in every country• Country-specific and regional programs• A technical cooperation agency, not a funding agency• Promotes cooperation among countries• Relies on partnerships for technical and financial
resources
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What is Technical Cooperation?
• Building internal capacity to address national and regional health needs
• The functions of technical cooperation– Training– Setting norms and standards– Mobilizing resources– Disseminating information– Research
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The Benefits of Partnership
• Skills and knowledge are mobilized and resources are shared
• Experience builds expertise• Common interests and approaches are developed• Further knowledge is gained and shared• Awareness of how to transfer and build capacity is
enhanced
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Some Areas of Collaboration in Infectious Diseases
• Poliomyelitis• Measles• Influenza• HIV/AIDS• STIs• Tuberculosis• Dengue• Hemorrhagic fevers• Foodborne diseases
• Malaria• Chagas disease• Lymphatic filariasis• Onchocerciasis• Cysticercosis• Rabies• Plague• Equine encephalitis• Hepatitis
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Some Areas of Collaboration in Infectious Diseases, cont’d
• Infectious disease surveillance• Response to epidemics and emergencies• Drinking water disinfection• Antimicrobial resistance• Response to emerging infections• Building public health laboratory capacity
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Some Other Collaborations
• Tobacco control• Reproductive health• Maternal mortality• Birth defects• Nutrition• Oral health• Violence• Injury surveillance,
prevention, control• Lead poisoning
• Environmental epidemiology
• Toxic hazards• Occupational health• Insecticide quality control• Diabetes• Blood lipids• Physical activity
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Some Other Collaborations, cont’d
• Behavioral risk factor surveillance• Non-communicable disease surveillance• Essential public health functions• Public health performance assessment• Laboratory management and performance• Disease classification• Mortality data analysis• Geographical information systems• U.S.-Mexico border health
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Polio-infected countries(map as of 27 June 2001) 253 cases*
350,000 cases
* EPI data as of August 2001
Polio Eradication Progress, 1988-2001*Polio Eradication Progress, 1988-2001*
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0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cases Coverage
Source: PAHO/WHO* Data as of 18 August 2001 - 384 confirmed cases
# Coverage data for children <1 year of age
Catch-up campaigns
Follow-up campaigns
Ro
utin
e infan
t vaccinatio
n co
verage (%
)C
on
firm
ed c
ases
(th
ou
san
ds)
Vaccination coverage and reported number of measles cases Region of the Americas,
1980-2001*#
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PAHO Measles Laboratory
Network
PAHO Measles Laboratory
Network
CDC, Atlanta
CAREC, Trinidad
INH, VenezuelaCCG, Panama
LDI, Argentina
FIOCRUZ, Brazil
IPK, Cuba
Inst. Adolfo Lutz, Brazil
LCM, Uruguay
LHU, Haiti
LNSP, Dominican Republic
LR, Costa Rica
LCMSP, El Salvador
LNR, Guatemala
CNDR, Nicaragua
Laboratories testing via EIA IgM Serology
Canada
INDRE, Mexico
INS, Colombia
INS, Peru
INH, Ecuador
ISP, Chile
LCSP, ParaguayCenetrop, Bolivia
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Salmonella Drug Resistance by Site (1998/1999)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Lima (N=23) Callao (N=33) Sta Cruz (N=12) NARMS 98 (N=1466)
Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin
Gentamicin Nalid. Acid
Sulfa/Trim
TetracyclineCephalothin
Kanamycin
% Resistant
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Potential Problems in Collaboration
• Tendency to do the job rather than transfer and build capacity
• Unclear lines of supervision and responsibility• Need to report back to the head office before decisions
are taken• Lack of familiarity with how to work with multiple
partners
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Elements Essential for Success
• Technology must be appropriate, evidence-based, and sustainable
• Mutual respect, shared commitment, open communication
• Adequate human and financial resources• Longer-term commitments when needed• Consistency with regional and global objectives
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Conclusions
• We must work to build capacity and generate resources so that progress is sustained internally.
• Collaboration usually involves multiple partners, including several government agencies, NGOs, universities, and others.
• Situations may change quickly, requiring sensitivity and flexibility.