Organic or BIOCHEMISTRY• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED

OF THE FOLLOWING BASIC ELEMENTS

•CARBON

•HYDROGEN

•OXYGEN

•NITROGEN

• A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON ISCALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO2)

•PHOSPHORUS•SULFUR

aka “CHNOPS”

Unique Properties of Carbon

• Forms 4 covalent bonds• Long Carbon chains are formed.

THERE ARE 4 Major CARBON CARBON COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING THINGS:

1. 1. CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

2. LIPIDSLIPIDS

4. 4. NUCLEICNUCLEIC ACIDSACIDS

3. 3. PROTEINSPROTEINS

CARBOHYDRATES

• Chemical Structure

Saccharide(monomer/subunit)One saccharide or Monosaccharide

Common Monosaccharides• Glucose• Galactose• Fructose

gl

ga

Common Disaccharides

• Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

• Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

• Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

gl ga

fr

+ =

gl fr+ =

gl gl+ =

gl ga

gl fr

gl gl

“ose” = sugar

Common Polysaccharides

gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl glStarch

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

…..

…..Cellulose

Starch = SugarCellulose is undigestible sugar (cotton, paper, wood, stems)

Glycogen = quick sugar because of branching

gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl …..Glycogen gl

glgl

glgl

gl

glgl

gl

CARBOHYDRATES•INCLUDE SUGARS, STARCHES, & CELLULOSE

• PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS

•Glucose: C6H12O6.– Main product of photosynthesis– Starting material for Cellular

Respiration– “fuel” in living things

•transported by body fluids to all cells, where is it METABOLIZED to release energy.

Polysaccharides: complex carbs•Formed by linking many monosaccharides•Starches: hundreds of glucose units linked

together– Storage for carbohydrates in PLANTS

•Glycogen: stored in human liver– Thousands of glucose units

•Cellulose: structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT)

– Glucose units, but cannot be released from one another except for a few species of organisms

»Wood»Cell walls of plants ***Humans CANNOT digest cellulose!***

Lipids• Chemical Structure

Fatty Acid(monomer/subunit)

Lipids

Lipids

LIPIDSINCLUDE FATS, OILS,, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS,.

•CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE CONVERTED INTO LIPIDSFOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE = FAT

•PHOSPHOLIPIDS – MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE

Nonpolar & Polar portions

Cell Membrane – LipidsPhospholipid bilayer

Lipids

Saturated: C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

UnsaturatedC-C-C=C-C-C-C-C

PROTEIN• Chemical Structure

Amino Acid(monomer/subunit)

PROTEIN

PROTEINS

•Most complex organic molecules

•COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES/SUBUNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS

•There are 20 Amino Acids (or AAs)

Protein Functions

• enzymes, muscles, skin, hair

NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA/RNA)

Nucleotide(monomer/subunit)

• Nitrogen Base• Sugar• Phosphate

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS•LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIALMade of Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base)1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A

(deoxyribose sugar)2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A (ribose sugar)

•D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES

Carbon Cycle