ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.
-
Upload
austen-doyle -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.
![Page 1: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRYAny molecule that
contains the element CARBON
![Page 2: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS
![Page 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Alkene A lkane
A lkyne R ing(Benzene)
HydrocarbonsONLY
Carbonand Hydrogen
Am ine Am ide
Substituded Hydrocarbons
+ N itrogen
organicacid
A lcohol
ester
ketone
aldehyde ether
Substituded Hydrocarbons
+ Oxygen
S u b s titu d ed
Hydrocarbons + Halogens
O rganicC hem istry
![Page 4: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Substituted Hydro-
carbons
![Page 5: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
5
>>
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that identify it as part of a
specific family.
Note that the double and triple bonds of alkenes and alkynes are considered the functional groups.
Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional groups.
![Page 6: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Identify the Functional Group
![Page 7: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
7
>>
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
What is the general formula of a halocarbon?
• A halocarbon is an organic compound that contains at least one covalently
bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.
HalocarbonsHalocarbons
ChloromethaneChloroethene
![Page 8: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
8
>>
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
What do mouthwash, perfume, and hairspray have in common?
They all contain an alcohol of some type.
An alcohol is an organic compound with an —OH group.
Alcohols Alcohols
Ethanol
![Page 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
9
>>
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Interpret DataInterpret Data
![Page 10: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.10
Compounds with Oxygen Atoms
Alcohols• contain a hydroxyl
group (-OH)
Phenols
• contain a benzene ring
with a hydroxyl group.
![Page 11: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.11
Alcohols are named
• with an IUPAC name that replaces the e in alkane name with ol
CH4 methane
CH3─OH methanol
CH3─CH3 ethane
CH3─CH2─OH ethanol
![Page 12: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.12
Naming Alcohols
![Page 13: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.13
Name the following Alcohol
CH3 OH │ │CH3─CH─CH2─CH2─CH─CH3
STEP 1 Name the longest carbon chain with the OH group. A six-carbon chain attached to an OH is
hexanol
![Page 14: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.14
Naming an Alcohol (continued)
STEP 2 Number the chain starting at the end closer to the OH group.
CH3 OH │ │ CH3─CH─CH2─CH2─CH─CH36 5 4 3 2 1
STEP 3 Give the location and name of each substituent relative to the OH group.
5-methyl-2-hexanol
![Page 15: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.15
Name the following:
STEP 1 Name the longest carbon chain with the OH group. A four-carbon chain attached to an OH is
butanol.
STEP 2 Number the chain starting at the end closer to the OH group.
STEP 3 Give the location and name of each substituent relative to the OH group.
2-methyl-1-butanol
CH3
│CH3─CH2─CH ─CH2─OH 4 3 2 1
![Page 16: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.16
Give the IUPAC name for the following:
OH CH3 | |CH3—CH—CH—CH2—CH3
STEP 1 Name the longest carbon chain with the OH group. A five-carbon chain attached to an OH is
pentanol.
STEP 2 Number the chain starting at the end closer to the OH group.
1 2 3 4 5
STEP 3 Give the location and name of each substituent relative to the OH group.
3-methyl-2-pentanol
![Page 17: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
The general formula of a carboxylic acid is RCOOH.
Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids
![Page 18: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
• The carboxylic acid CH3COOH is named ethanoic acid.
Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids
In the IUPAC system, carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e ending of the parent structure with the ending -oic acid.
![Page 19: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Interpret DataInterpret Data
Some Saturated Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
Molecular formula
Carbon atoms
IUPAC nameCommon
nameMelting
point (°C)
HCOOH 1 Methanoic acid Formic acid 8
CH3COOH 2 Ethanoic acid Acetic acid 17
CH3CH2COOH 3 Propanoic acid Propionic acid –22
CH3(CH2)2COOH 4 Butanoic acid Butyric acid –6
CH3(CH2)4COOH 6 Hexanoic acid Caproic acid –3
CH3(CH2)6COOH 8 Octanoic acid Caprylic acid 16
CH3(CH2)8COOH 10 Decanoic acid Capric acid 31
CH3(CH2)10COOH 12 Dodecanoic acid Lauric acid 44
CH3(CH2)12COOH 14 Tetradecanoic acid Myristic acid 58
CH3(CH2)14COOH 16 Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid 63
CH3(CH2)16COOH 18 Octadecanoic acid Stearic acid 70
![Page 20: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Lemons and limes contain citric acid, a carboxylic acid that gives citrus fruits their sour flavor.
Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids
![Page 21: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.21
Carboxylic acids are named• in the IUPAC system by replacing the e in the alkane
name of the longest carbon chain with oic acid
H─COOH methanoic acid formic acid
CH3─COOH ethanoic acid acetic acid
CH3─CH2─COOH propanoic acid
CH3─CH2─CH2─COOH butanoic acid
![Page 22: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Carboxylic Acids
22
![Page 23: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.23
Give the IUPAC name of the following Carboxylic Acid
CH3
| CH3—CH—CH2—COOH
STEP 1 Identify the carbon chain containing the carboxyl group and replace the e in the alkane name with oic acid.
butanoic acid
![Page 24: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.24
Example of Naming a Carboxylic Acid (continued)
STEP 2 Give the location and name of each substituent on the main chain by counting the carboxyl group as carbon 1.
CH3
| CH3—CH—CH2—COOH 4 3 2 1
3-methylbutanoic acid
![Page 25: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.25
Give the IUPAC name for the following: CH3 CH3
| | CH3─CH─CH2─CH─COOH
STEP 1 Identify the carbon chain containing the carboxyl group and replace the e with oic acid.
pentanoic acid
STEP 2 Give the location and name of each substituent on the main chain by counting the carboxyl group as carbon 1.
2,4-dimethylpentanoic acid
5 4 3 2 1
![Page 26: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Aldehydes and Ketones
What structural characteristic do an aldehyde and a ketone share?
Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes and Ketones
• A carbonyl group: it is a functional group with the general structure C O.
![Page 27: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Some Common Aldehydes
IUPAC name (common name)
Structural formula Ball-and-stick model
Methanal(formaldehyde)
Ethanal(acetaldehyde)
Benzaldehyde(benzaldehyde)
Interpret DataInterpret Data
![Page 28: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Some Common Ketones
IUPAC name (common name)
Structural formula Ball-and-stick model
Propanone(acetone)
Diphenylmethanone(benzophenone)
Interpret DataInterpret Data
![Page 29: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
29
Naming Naming AldehydesAldehydes
29
![Page 30: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3030
Give the IUPAC name for the Give the IUPAC name for the following:following:
AldehydeAldehyde
Cl O │ ║
CH3─CH2─CH─CH2─C─H
STEP 1 Name the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group by replacing the e in the alkane name with al.
pentanal
![Page 31: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3131
Aldehyde Aldehyde (continued)(continued)
STEP 2 Name and number substituents by counting the carbonyl group as carbon 1.
Cl O │ ║
CH3─CH2─CH─CH2─C─H 5 4 3 2 1
3-chloropentanal
![Page 32: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3232
Draw the condensed structural Draw the condensed structural formula for 2,3-dichloropropanal.formula for 2,3-dichloropropanal.
STEP 1 Draw the main chain of carbon atoms. Propanal has three carbon atoms with an aldehyde
group. O ║
C─C─C─H 3 2 1
STEP 2 Number the chain and place the substituents on carbons indicated by the numbers.
![Page 33: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3333
Solution (continued)Solution (continued)
Cl Cl O │ │ ║
C─C─C─H 3 2 1
STEP 3 Add the correct number of hydrogen atoms.
Cl Cl O │ │ ║
CH2─CH─C─H 2,3-dichloropropanal
![Page 34: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3434
Naming KetonesNaming Ketones
In the name for a ketone, the• IUPAC name replaces the e in the alkane name
by one• common name identifies the alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl group in alphabetical
order and adds the word ketone
![Page 35: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
35
Naming KetonesNaming Ketones
35
![Page 36: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3636
Give the IUPAC name for the following Ketone
O ║ Cl─CH2─CH2─C─CH2─Cl
STEP 1 Name the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group by replacing the e in the alkane name with one.
butanone
![Page 37: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3737
Example of Example of Naming a Ketone Naming a Ketone (continued)(continued)
STEP 2 Number the carbon chain starting from the end nearer the carbonyl group and indicate its location.
O ║ Cl─CH2─CH2─C─CH2─Cl 4 3 2 1
STEP 3 Name and number any substituents on the carbon chain.
1,4-dichloro-2-butanone
2-butanone
![Page 38: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3838
Give the IUPAC Give the IUPAC name for the name for the following:following:
CH3 O │ ║ CH3─CH2─CH─C─CH2─CH3
STEP 1 Name the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group by replacing the e in the alkane name with one.
hexanone
![Page 39: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
3939
SolutionSolution
STEP 2 Number the carbon chain starting from the end nearer the carbonyl group and indicate its location.
CH3 O │ ║ CH3─CH2─CH─C─CH2─CH3 6 5 4 3 2 1
3-hexanone
STEP 3 Name and number any substituents on the carbon chain.
CH3 O │ ║ CH3─CH2─CH─C─CH2─CH3 6 5 4 3 2 1
4-methyl-3-hexanone
![Page 40: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
40
>>
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
What is the general formula of an ether?
EthersEthers
• An ether is an organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups.
![Page 41: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
41
>>
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Diethyl ether was the first reliable general anesthetic.
EthersEthers
• However, because diethyl ether is highly flammable and often
causes nausea, it was eventually replaced by
other anesthetics.
![Page 42: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.42
Ethers• contains an ─O─ between two carbon atoms
• has a common name of the two alkyl names followed by ether
![Page 43: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.43
Write the condensed structural formula of diethyl ether.
This ether contains an ─O─ attached to two ethyl groups (CH3─CH2─ ).
CH3─CH2─O─CH2─CH3
![Page 44: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
44 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Esters are probably the most pleasant and delicious organic compounds one can study.
• Many esters have pleasant, fruity odors.
• Esters give blueberries, pineapples, apples, pears, bananas, and many other fruits their characteristic aromas.
• They also give many perfumes their fragrances.
EstersEsters
![Page 45: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >23.3 Carbonyl Compounds >
45 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
The general formula of an ester is RCOOR.
EstersEsters
![Page 46: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.46
Esterification
• is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
• uses an acid catalyst and heat O
║ H+, heatCH3 — C—OH + HO—CH2—CH3
O ║
CH3 — C—O—CH2—CH3 + H2O
![Page 47: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.47
Write the equation for the reaction of propanoic acid and methyl alcohol when heated in the presence of an acid catalyst.
O ║ H+, heatCH3—CH2—C—OH + HO—CH3
O ║CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3 + H2O
![Page 48: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.48
Esters
In an ester, the H in the carboxyl group is replaced with an alkyl group.
O ║
CH3—C—O—CH3
ester group
The ester methyl ethanoate (methyl acetate) is made from methyl alcohol and ethanoic acid (acetic acid).
![Page 49: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.49
The name of an ester includes
• name of the alkyl group from the alcohol • the name of the carbon chain from the acid
with the ic acid ending replaced by ate
![Page 50: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Esters
50
![Page 51: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.51
Example of Naming an Ester
Give the IUPAC and common names of the following compound, which is responsible for the flavor and odor of pears:
O ║
CH3—C—O—CH2—CH2—CH3
STEP 1 Write the name of the carbon chain from the alcohol as an
alkyl group. The alkyl group with three carbon atoms is propyl.
![Page 52: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.52
Example of Naming an Ester (continued)
STEP 2 Change the ic acid of the acid name to ate.In the IUPAC name, ethanoic acid is named ethanoate.
O
║ propylCH3—C—O—CH2—CH2—CH3
ethanoate
propyl ethanoate (IUPAC) propyl acetate (common)
![Page 53: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.53
O
║ CH3—CH2—CH2—C—O—CH2—CH3
Give the IUPAC for the following
STEP 1 Write the name of the carbon chain from the alcohol as an alkyl group.
STEP 2 Change the ic acid of the acid name to ate.
O
butanoate ║ ethyl CH3—CH2—CH2—C—O—CH2—CH3
ethyl butanoate (IUPAC)
ethyl
![Page 54: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.54
Draw the condensed structural formula of ethyl propionoate.
Opropionate ║ ethylCH3—CH2 —C—O—CH2—CH3
![Page 55: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
55
>>
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
What is the general formula of an amine?
AminesAmines
• An amine is an organic compound in which nitrogen is bonded to a carbon group.
Ethanamine
![Page 56: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.56
Amines
• are derivatives of ammonia, NH3
• contain N attached to one or more alkyl or aromatic groups
![Page 57: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.57
Naming Simple Amines
Simple amines have common names that list the alkyl groups attach to the N atom followed by amine.
![Page 58: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
58
>>
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
The -e ending of the parent hydrocarbon is changed to -amine.
– Ethanamine is used to make plastics, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides.
– Benzenamine is used to make furniture foam and some of the dyes that give clothes their colors.
AminesAmines
EthanamineBenzenamine
![Page 59: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.59
Learning Check
Give the common name for each of the following:
A. CH3—NH—CH2—CH3
CH3
|B. CH3—CH2—N—CH2—CH3
ethylmethylamine
diethylmethylamine
![Page 60: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.60
Draw the condensed structural formulas for
methylpropylamine
CH3–CH2–CH2–NH–CH3
![Page 61: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
23.1 Introduction to Functional 23.1 Introduction to Functional GroupsGroups
61
>>Identify Identify FamilyFamily and and Functional Group
aldehyde Amine
AlkeneKetone
Acid
Alkane
![Page 62: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
ester
acid
acid
halogen
alcohol
alcohol
alcohol halogen
![Page 63: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Chapter 17 – Organic Chemistry
4. The IUPAC name for isopropyl alcohol is:
A. 1–propanol
B. 2–phenol
C. 2–propanol
D. 1,2,3–propanetriolC. 2–propanol
![Page 64: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Chapter 17 – Organic Chemistry
5. The correct name of CH3-O-CH2CH3 is:
A. diethyl ether
B. ethyl ether
C. methyl ethyl ether
D. ethyl methyl oxide
C. methyl ethyl ether
![Page 65: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Any molecule that contains the element CARBON.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e625503460f94b5e078/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Map
65